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El intercambio de datos terminológicos entre aplicaciones de gestión terminológica se realiza mediante una serie de interfaces como, por ejemplo, TermBase eXchange (TBX = 30042). El presente artículo analiza el grado de conformidad de la recién lanzada versión SDL MultiTerm 2014 para con el estándar TBX, y propone mecanismos de conversión alternativos en casos de no conformidad. L'intercanvi de dades terminològiques entre aplicacions de gestió terminològica es porta a terme mitjançant una sèrie de interfícies, com ara TermBase eXchange (TBX = 30042). El present article analitza el grau de conformitat de la recent versió SDL MultiTerm 2014 amb l'estàndard TBX, i proposa mecanismes de conversió alternatius en casos de no conformitat. Exchanging terminological data between tools can be achieved by using exchange formats like TermBase eXchange (TBX = ISO 30042). The present article examines if the recently launched version SDL MultiTerm 2014 is in compliance with TBX and proposes alternative conversion routines in case of non-compliance.

The enteric nervous system, which is present in the wall of the digestive tract, and contains as many neurons as the spinal cord, controls the gut movement and the secretion of hormones allowing the digestion. Its development is a slow and complex process starting at mi-gestation and ending during the first week after birth. It is controlled by many parameters, among them guidance signals for the neuronal migration, but few is known about the genetics of the development of the multiple neuronal types present in it. During my thesis, I showed that the transcription factor Tbx3 is essential for the well development of the enteric nervous system because its absence leads to the death of the animals with a loss of half of the neurons, however the identification of a precise missing subtype is difficult with nowadays knowledge. I also showed that the inactivation of the transcription factors Hmx2 and Hmx3, despite their expression during the differentiation phases, do not lead to a massive loss of neurons in the enteric nor parasympathetic systems., Le système nerveux entérique qui occupe la paroi du tube digestif et contient autant de neurones que la moelle épinière, contrôle les mouvements de l’intestin et la sécrétion d’hormone permettant la digestion. Son développement est un processus lent et complexe commençant vers le milieu de la gestation et se terminant durant les premières semaines de vie. Il est contrôlé par de nombreux paramètres dont des signaux des guidages de la migration des neurones, mais peu d’éléments sont connus quant à la génétique du développement des nombreux types de neurones qui composent ce système. Durant ma thèse j’ai montré que le facteur de transcription Tbx3 est essentiel au bon développement du système nerveux entérique puisque son absence provoque la mort des animaux avec une perte d’environ la moitié des neurones, cependant l’identification d’un sous-type particulier manquant est difficile en l’état actuel des connaissances. J’ai aussi montré que l’inactivation de facteurs de transcription Hmx2 et Hmx3, malgré leur expression pendant les phases de différenciation, n’engendre pas de perte neuronale massive dans les systèmes entérique ni parasympathique.

The enteric nervous system, which is present in the wall of the digestive tract, and contains as many neurons as the spinal cord, controls the gut movement and the secretion of hormones allowing the digestion. Its development is a slow and complex process starting at mi-gestation and ending during the first week after birth. It is controlled by many parameters, among them guidance signals for the neuronal migration, but few is known about the genetics of the development of the multiple neuronal types present in it. During my thesis, I showed that the transcription factor Tbx3 is essential for the well development of the enteric nervous system because its absence leads to the death of the animals with a loss of half of the neurons, however the identification of a precise missing subtype is difficult with nowadays knowledge. I also showed that the inactivation of the transcription factors Hmx2 and Hmx3, despite their expression during the differentiation phases, do not lead to a massive loss of neurons in the enteric nor parasympathetic systems., Le système nerveux entérique qui occupe la paroi du tube digestif et contient autant de neurones que la moelle épinière, contrôle les mouvements de l’intestin et la sécrétion d’hormone permettant la digestion. Son développement est un processus lent et complexe commençant vers le milieu de la gestation et se terminant durant les premières semaines de vie. Il est contrôlé par de nombreux paramètres dont des signaux des guidages de la migration des neurones, mais peu d’éléments sont connus quant à la génétique du développement des nombreux types de neurones qui composent ce système. Durant ma thèse j’ai montré que le facteur de transcription Tbx3 est essentiel au bon développement du système nerveux entérique puisque son absence provoque la mort des animaux avec une perte d’environ la moitié des neurones, cependant l’identification d’un sous-type particulier manquant est difficile en l’état actuel des connaissances. J’ai aussi montré que l’inactivation de facteurs de transcription Hmx2 et Hmx3, malgré leur expression pendant les phases de différenciation, n’engendre pas de perte neuronale massive dans les systèmes entérique ni parasympathique.

Vertebrate body appendages include a number of structures such as limbs, paired and median fins, the tail bud, the cloacal region, barbels or pharyngeal arch derivatives. Despite differences in form and function, these appendages share a number of developmental genetic mechanisms. Development of these structures is chiefly regulated by Fgf, Shh, Wnt, Tgf-β and retinoic acid signalling pathways, activity of transcription factors such as Hox or Tbx along with cis-regulatory elements controlling the genes in which these factors are encoded. A recurring feature shared by some of the herein discussed anatomical structures is a transient epithelial ridge whose activity influences production and proliferation of the adjacent mesenchyme. Some are also instructed by a signalling centre, which confers asymmetry to the structure. In this text, the various appendages are compared on the basis of their development in relation to tetrapod limbs and theories evaluating the emergence of vertebrate paired appendages. The fin fold theory and archipterygial theory are discussed in the light of recent data provided by evolutionary developmental biology. All together, this thesis evaluates shared and derived characteristics of vertebrate body appendages with the aim to provide a basis for the upcoming work on the role...

International audience; This article provides an in-depth comparison and proposal for mapping between Simple KnowledgeOrganization System (SKOS) and TermBase eXchange (TBX), two important exchangestandards within the knowledge and terminology landscape. The attempt to develop an interfaceor conversion routine between SKOS and TBX is rooted in a strong demand in the language andknowledge industries for resource leverage and based on the premise that the two formalisms aregoverned by similar data models, namely the description of concepts (rather than words).

Standards provide harmonization insofar as they are agreed means of doing something. They define requirements for offering a service, specifications for data exchange, compatibility conditions, security measures, or process qualifications. Standards deal, then, with numerous activities where organizations and customers are involved. The translation and localization industry is also guided by standards, set by experts representing sellers, buyers, customers, associations, users or regulators. This special issue of Tradumàtica, co-edited by Willem Stoeller and Celia Rico, gathers contributions from some of these experts, addressing standards in translation and localization both from an academic perspective and the industry point of view. Els estàndards proporcionen harmonització en tant que mitjans consensuats per fer alguna cosa. Defineixen els aspectes que s'han de complir per oferir un servei, com les especificacions per a l'intercanvi de dades, les condicions de compatibilitat, les mesures de seguretat o la capacitació professional necessària per executar un procés. Per això, els estàndards estan relacionats amb nombroses actividadas que afecten tant a organitzacions com a clients. La indústria de la traducció i la localització també està guiada per estàndards fixats per experts que representen els agents venedors de traducció, els compradors, els clients, les associacions, els usuaris i els reguladors. Aquest número especial de Tradumàtica, coeditat per Willen Stoeller i Celia Rico, inclou contribucions d'alguns d'aquests experts i proposa un acostament als estàndards de traducció i de localització tant des de la perspectiva acadèmica com des del punt de vista de la indústria. Los estándares proporcionan harmonización en tanto que medios consensuados para hacer algo. Definen los aspectos que deben cumplirse para ofrecer un servicio, como las especificaciones para el intercambio de datos, las condiciones de compatibilidad, las medidas de seguridad o la capacitación profesional necesaria para ejecutar un proceso. Por eso, los estándares están relacionados con numerosas actividadas que afectan tanto a organizaciones como a clientes. La industria de la traducción y la localización también está guiada por estándares fijados por expertos que representan a los agentes vendedores de traducción, los compradores, los clientes, las asociaciones, los usuarios y los reguladores. Este número especial de Tradumática, coeditado por Willen Stoeller y Celia Rico, incluye contribuciones de algunos de esos expertos y propone un acercamiento a los estándares de traducción y de localización tanto desde la perspectiva académica como desde el punto de vista de la industria.

Zajednički jezik nužna je pretpostavka za učinkovitu komunikaciju. Leksičkom sastavnicom jezika struke tj. nazivljem pojedinoga predmetnoga područja bavi se terminologija. Terminologija ima ključnu ulogu u osiguranju pravne sigurnosti. Nedvojbeno je da su terminološke baze mjesta na kojima se najbolje može opisati pravno nazivlje. Trenutačno postoje dvije terminološke baze u kojima je dostupno pravno nazivlje Europske unije na hrvatskome jeziku: IATE (višejezična terminološka baza Europske unije) i Struna (terminološke baze hrvatskoga strukovnog nazivlja). Međutim, podaci koji su nužni za opis pravnih pojmova često se nalaze u općim poljima za unos podataka i ostaju nestrukturirani. Pravni pojmovi imaju specifičan životni ciklus i za njihov su opis potrebne specifične kategorije podataka i posebne vrste odnosa među pojmovima. Promišljanjem prvo nastaju pojmovi, a tek nakon toga mogu, ali i ne moraju nastajati predmeti (pri čemu za neke pravne pojmove uopće ne postoje predmeti) i po tome je odnos između predmeta i pojma u području prava poseban. Iako tradicionalna terminološka teorija često zanemaruje dijakroniju i pokušava pojmovima pristupiti sinkronijski, za pravne pojmove nužno je uzeti u obzir i dijakronijsku dimenziju. Tu dimenziju potrebno je formalizirati ne samo specifičnim kategorijama za pojedini pojam, nego i za odnos među pojmovima. Na temelju analize pojmova prava Europske unije unesenih u Strunu opisane su posebnosti toga nazivlja i razvrstane s obzirom na to odnose li se na naziv, pojam ili odnose među pojmovima. Cilj je istraživanja bio objasniti prirodu pravnih pojmova i osmisliti model terminološke baze u formatu TBX u kojemu će se na adekvatan način moći obrađivati pravno nazivlje Europske unije.

Lack of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, mediated by the Gli proteins, leads to severe pulmonary hypoplasia. However, the precise role of Gli genes in lung development is not well established. We show Shh signaling prevents Gli3 proteolysis to generate its repressor forms (Gli3R) in the developing murine lung. In Shh(-/-) or cyclopamine-treated wild-type (WT) lung, we found that Gli3R level is elevated, and this upregulation appears to contribute to defects in proliferation and differentiation observed in the Shh(-/-) mesenchyme, where Gli3 is normally expressed. In agreement, we found Shh(-/-);Gli3(-/-) lungs exhibit enhanced growth potential. Vasculogenesis is also enhanced; in contrast, bronchial myogenesis remains absent in Shh(-/-);Gli3(-/-) compared with Shh(-/-) lungs. Genes upregulated in Shh(-/-);Gli3(-/-) relative to Shh(-/-) lung include Wnt2 and, surprisingly, Foxf1 whose expression has been reported to be Shh-dependent. Cyclins D1, D2, and D3 antibody labelings also reveal distinct expression patterns in the normal and mutant lungs. We found significant repression of Tbx2 and Tbx3, both linked to inhibition of cellular senescence, in Shh(-/-) and partial derepression in Shh(-/-); Gli3(-/-) lungs, while Tbx4 and Tbx5 expressions are less affected in the mutants. Our findings shed light on the role of Shh signaling on Gli3 processing in lung growth and differentiation by regulating several critical genes.

Gure proiektua, medikuntzako kontzeptuak biltzen dituen ontologia eleanitz batetik datu-base bat eraikitzea eta hau ahalik eta azkarren kontsultatzea edota maneiatzea ahalbidetzen duen aplikazio bat inplementatzea da, hiztegi on-line gisa garatua. Horrez gain, IXA taldeak euskararekiko duen konpro- misua izanik, hiztegi hori euskaratu eta aplikazioan integratuko da.

L'intercanvi de dades terminològiques entre aplicacions de gestió terminològica es porta a terme mitjançant una sèrie de interfícies, com ara TermBase eXchange (TBX = 30042). El present article analitza el grau de conformitat de la recent versió SDL MultiTerm 2014 amb l’estàndard TBX, i proposa mecanismes de conversió alternatius en casos de no conformitat., Exchanging terminological data between tools can be achieved by using exchange formats like TermBase eXchange (TBX = ISO 30042). The present article examines if the recently launched version SDL MultiTerm 2014 is in compliance with TBX and proposes alternative conversion routines in case of non-compliance., El intercambio de datos terminológicos entre aplicaciones de gestión terminológica se realiza mediante una serie de interfaces como, por ejemplo, TermBase eXchange (TBX = 30042). El presente artículo analiza el grado de conformidad de la recién lanzada versión SDL MultiTerm 2014 para con el estándar TBX, y propone mecanismos de conversión alternativos en casos de no conformidad.

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias A hematúria enzoótica bovina (HEB) é uma doença de evolução crónica caracterizada por episódios intermitentes de hematúria, relacionados com o desenvolvimento de lesões inflamatórias e neoplásicas na superfície interna da bexiga, em bovinos com mais de 2 anos de idade. Os tumores de bexiga (Tbx) são a principal manifestação lesional da HEB. No presente trabalho provou-se a associação entre a ingestão do feto comum (Pteridium aquilinum) e a HEB, identificaram-se as áreas da ilha de São Miguel mais afectadas pela HEB/Tbx, bem como, as práticas de maneio alimentar favorecedoras da ocorrência desta patologia nos bovinos. Foram doseados níveis elevados (média = 2 533 μg.g-1) de ptaquilósido (Pta) em 50 amostras de rebentos e frondes de feto comum colhidas nas pastagens micaelenses. O Pta é um glucósido norsesquiterpenóide com propriedades mutagénicas, clastogénicas e cancerígenas. É considerado o principal composto tóxico do feto comum. Na monitorização dos Tbx realizada no Matadouro Industrial de São Miguel (MISM), no período compreendido entre Jan/00 a Dez/09, constatou-se que o grupo de bovinos mais atingido pela HEB/Tbx foi o das vacas paridas com mais de dois anos de idade. Foram reprovadas para consumo 14,4% (16 986) das carcaças (117 755) desta faixa etária. Nos bovinos machos com mais de 2 anos a taxa de reprovações por Tbx foi de 0,65% (77/11 782), enquanto que nos bovinos até aos dois anos de idade foi de apenas 0,16% (69/42 723) Justifica-se a maior incidência de Tbx no grupo das vacas pela maior exposição desta população às toxinas do feto comum. As condições climatéricas e a orografia da ISM, associadas a práticas de maneio alimentar e de gestão das pastagens menos apropriadas favorecem e/ou promovem a ocorrência de patologia relacionada com a ingestão das toxinas do feto comum, designadamente surtos de IAF e HEB. Registaram-se diferenças significativas nos parâmetros hematológicos estudados entre novilhas oriundas de explorações com e sem problemas de HEB/Tbx. O deficiente maneio alimentar e a maior exposição às toxinas do feto comum nas explorações com problemas de IAF e/ou HEB justificaram as diferenças observadas. VI Foi realizado um rastreio de OE em 481 bovinos provenientes de 70 explorações de cinco ilhas do arquipélago, o qual revelou a existência de carências generalizadas de iodo, selénio, cobalto, cobre e zinco. O défice em OE foi mais acentuado nas novilhas de reposição, devido à ausência de suplementação com alimentos concentrados ou minerais na generalidade das explorações, tornando esta população mais vulnerável ao efeito tóxico do Pta. As novilhas criadas em explorações com problemas de HEB revelaram valores de GPx significativamente inferiores aos obtidos nas novilhas oriundas de explorações-controlo. Esta informação sugere que o selénio poderá desempenhar um importante papel na génese dos Tbx, à semelhança do que se verifica para algumas neoplasias humanas. O mapeamento das lesões neoplásicas identificadas na mucosa de 100 bexigas de bovinos abatidos no MISM, possibilitou concluir que as áreas envolventes do trígono vesical e que se localizam ventralmente, com maior tempo de contacto com a urina, são aquelas que revelaram maior número de neoplasias. Esta informação é compatível com o metabolismo e acção biológica do Pta. O rastreio de ADN viral de BPV-2 em 300 amostras de bexiga de bovinos com (n=200) e sem lesões neoplásicas (n=100), por técnicas de PCR, possibilitou constatar que cerca de 43% dos animais revelaram positividade. Contudo, não foram registadas diferenças de prevalência entre amostras com e sem lesões tumorais. São necessários estudos mais aprofundados para determinar qual o papel dos BPVs na génese dos Tbx. As medidas profilácticas para a HEB implementadas na ISM visaram, predominantemente, o controlo e erradicação do feto comum das pastagens micaelenses. Estas têm-se revelado eficazes na redução do número de rejeições por Tbx no MISM, no número total de explorações afectadas pela HEB/Tbx e na redução de casos clínicos nos bovinos dos produtores com maior casuística de toxicidade provocada pelo feto comum. A taxa de rejeições por Tbx decresceu de 18% para 8,8% e o número de explorações atingidas pela HEB/Tbx decresceu de 60% para 33% no período compreendido entre 2004 e 2009. ABSTRACT - Bovine enzootic haematuria: a contribution on its etiopathology - Bovine enzootic haematuria (BEH) is a disease of chronic progress characterized by intermittent episodes of haematuria, associated with the development of inflammatory and neoplasic lesions of the inner surface of the urinary bladder in cattle of more than two years old. Urinary bladder tumours (UBT) constitute the main lesional feature of BEH. The present study establishes the association between BEH and ingestion of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum). The areas on Sao Miguel Island (SMI) most affected by BEH/UBT were identified, together with the feed management practices promoting the occurrence of this pathology in cattle. High levels of ptaquiloside (average = 2,533 μg g-1) were found in 50 bracken samples (mainly composed of croziers and soft parts of the weed) from pastures of SMI dairy herds. Ptaquiloside (Pta) is a norsesquiterpenoid glycoside with carcinogenic activity. Slaughterhouse records obtained from the only abattoir on the island (SMI) during the period January 2000 to December 2009 showed that UBT was the main cause of whole carcass condemnations. 14.4% (16,986) of cows slaughtered (117,755) were rejected due to UBT. In male cattle of more than 2 years old the rate of condemnations due to UBT was 0.65% (77/11,782); this rate was only 0.16% (69/42,723) in males under 2 years old. The higher exposure of cows to bracken toxins can explain the differences observed. The weather conditions and irregular topography of SMI, together with poor feed and pasture management practices favour and/or promote the occurrence of bracken- related diseases such as acute bracken poisoning (ABP) and BEH. There were significant differences in haematological parameters between heifers from herds with and without HEB/UBT problems. Poor feed management and greater exposure to bracken toxins in problem herds could explain the differences found between these two groups. A survey of trace elements in 481 cattle from 70 herds from five different islands of the Azores archipelago revealed that there are generalized deficiencies in iodine, selenium, cobalt, copper and zinc. Trace elements deficit was more pronounced in replacement heifers, due to the lack of supplementation with feed concentrates or VIII minerals in the majority of herds. This fact makes this population more vulnerable to the toxic effects of Pta. Heifers reared in herds with BEH problems showed low levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), compared with heifers from control herds. The information suggests that selenium could have an important role in UBT genesis, as has been found for some human cancers. The results of mapping all neoplasic lesions seen in 100 urinary bladder mucosae from cattle slaughtered at the SMI abattoir showed that the areas surrounding the trigone and ventrally localized areas of the urinary bladder, which had more time in contact with urine, had greater numbers of neoplasias. This finding is compatible with the metabolic and biological activity of Pta. Using PCR techniques, a survey of viral DNA of BPV-2 in a total of 300 cattle urinary bladder samples, 200 with neoplasic lesions and 100 controls, revealed that about 43% of animals were positive. However, there were no significant differences between cases and controls. Further, more detailed studies are needed to investigate the role of BPVs on UBT genesis. Prophylactic measures for BEH were implemented to control and eradicate bracken from cattle pastures on SMI. These control measures were successful in reducing the number of condemnations due to UBT at the SMI slaughterhouse from 18% in year 2004 to 8.8% in year 2009. The total number of herds affected by UBT is also decreasing, from 60% in 2004 to 33% in 2009. At herd level, a reduction in the number of clinical cases of BEH and ABP has been observed, especially in the most affected herds.

International audience; This paper adresses issues raised by the management of lexicons automatically acquired from comparable corpora. These lexicons require specialized post-editing tools and adapted exchange formats. First, we present a term-alignment validation tool that was specially designed for this kind of lexicons and that takes advantages of the linguistic information harvested during the extraction process. Second, we suggest a TBX (Term Base eXchange) variant for the exchange of automatically generated lexicons.

The heart of higher vertebrates is a structurally complicated multi-chambered pump that contracts synchronously. For its proper function a number of distinct integrated components have to be generated, including force-generating compartments, unidirectional valves, septa and a system in charge of the initiation and coordinated propagation of the depolarizing impulse over the heart. Not surprisingly, a large number of regulating factors are involved in these processes that act in complex and intertwined pathways to regulate the activity of target genes responsible for morphogenesis and function. The finding that mutations in T-box transcription factor-encoding genes in humans lead to congenital heart defects has focused attention on the importance of this family of regulators in heart development. Functional and genetic analyses in a variety of divergent species has demonstrated the critical roles of multiple T-box factor gene family members, including Tbx11, −2, −3, −5, −18 and −20, in the patterning, recruitment, specification, differentiation and growth processes underlying formation and integration of the heart components. Insight into the roles of T-box factors in these processes will enhance our understanding of heart formation and the underlying molecular regulatory pathways.

The Göttingen Observatory, workplace of the famous scholar Carl Friedrich Gauss, is an important architectural monument. In 2005, it has been reconstructed jointly by the Georg-August-University and the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen. Since then it serves as a representative building for the University and is the seat of the Academy. With the use of the historic rooms for exhibitions this imposing building is open to the public for the first time. 200 years ago the observatory represented the recent scientific findings of its time and moved the University of Göttingen into the leading group of the foremost research institutions in Europe at this time. Also due to its architecture it has been a big leap for Georg Heinrich Borheck, architecture of the University of Göttingen. The war of the Napoleonic era disrupted the attempt of Borheck to publish his description of the construction of the Göttingen observatory in 1805. But his writing is still relevant today and will be finally published with this band for the first time accessible to a wide public. It shows the principles on which public buildings were designed then, explains the importance of the construction in art- and science-historical perspectives and informs on the plans for the restoration of the observatory in a separate article and in the preface by the President of the Georg-August University Prof. Dr. Dr. hc Kurt von Figura. Die Göttinger Sternwarte, Wirkungsstätte des berühmten Gelehrten Carl Friedrich Gauß, ist ein bedeutendes Baudenkmal. Im Jahre 2005 wird sie gemeinsam von der Georg-August-Universität und der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen renoviert, um dann als repräsentatives Gebäude der Universität und Arbeitsstätte der Akademie zu dienen. Die Nutzung der historischen Räume für Ausstellungen macht diesen imposanten Bau erstmals der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich. Die Sternwarte war bei ihrer Errichtung vor 200 Jahren ein nach seinerzeit neuesten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen konzipierter Bau, der die Universität Göttingen in eine der vordersten Stellen Europa rückte. Auch aufgrund ihrer Architektur ist sie ein großer Wurf des Göttinger Universitätsbaumeisters Georg Heinrich Borheck. Durch die Kriegswirren der Napoleonischen Zeit zerschlug sich Borhecks Versuch einer Publikation seiner Beschreibung des Baus der Göttinger Sternwarte 1805. Doch seine Schrift ist auch heute noch aktuell und wird mit diesem Band erstmals einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugängig gemacht. Er zeigt die Grundsätze, nach denen damals öffentliche Bauten konzipiert wurden, erläutert die Bedeutung des Baus aus kunst- und wissenschaftshistorischer Sicht und informiert über die Pläne zur Restaurierung der Sternwarte in einem separaten Beitrag und im Geleitwort des Präsidenten der Georg-August Universität Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Kurt von Figura. peerReviewed

Mit der Berufung Ludwig Prandtls als Professor für Angewandte Mechanik wurde die kleine Universitätsstadt Göttingen im Jahr 1904 zur Wiege der modernen Strömungsmechanik und Aerodynamik. Prandtl begründete hier nicht nur mit der Aerodynamischen Versuchsanstalt (AVA) und dem Kaiser- Wilhelm-Institut für Strömungsforschung zwei Forschungseinrichtungen von Weltrang, sondern auch mit der so genannten "Göttinger Schule" eine außergewöhnlich fruchtbare wissenschaftliche Denkweise, die sich durch eine eigentümliche Balance von physikalischer Intuition und mathematischer Exaktheit auszeichnet. Die wissenschaftliche Methode Prandtls und seiner Schüler hat ihren Niederschlag in zahlreichen Dissertationen, Monographien und Lehrbüchern gefunden, die mittlerweile als klassisch gelten und damit zum Grundbestand der Strömungslehre gehören. Doch viele dieser Publikationen sind seit langer Zeit nicht mehr verfügbar. Die Reihe "Göttinger Klassiker der Strömungsmechanik" stellt deshalb ausgewählte Publikationen, die der Göttinger Schule um Ludwig Prandtl zuzurechnen sind oder in einem gewissen historischen Bezug dazu stehen, wieder zur Verfügung.Die sehr persönliche Biografie Ludwig Prandtls, zusammengestellt von seiner jüngeren Tochter Johanna Vogel-Prandtl, wird durch zahlreiche Fotos aus Prandtls Arbeits- und Privatleben ergänzt. Sie rundet das Bild des Gründungsvaters der modernen Strömungsmechanik ab, dessen wissenschaftliche Bedeutung bis auf den heutigen Tag nachwirkt. peerReviewed

Cranial placodes are specialized regions of the ectoderm, which give rise to various sensory ganglia and contribute to the pituitary gland and sensory organs of the vertebrate head. They include the adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, trigeminal, and profundal placodes, a series of epibranchial placodes, an otic placode, and a series of lateral line placodes. After a long period of neglect, recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in placode induction and specification. There is increasing evidence that all placodes despite their different developmental fates originate from a common panplacodal primordium around the neural plate. This common primordium is defined by the expression of transcription factors of the Six1/2, Six4/5, and Eya families, which later continue to be expressed in all placodes and appear to promote generic placodal properties such as proliferation, the capacity for morphogenetic movements, and neuronal differentiation. A large number of other transcription factors are expressed in subdomains of the panplacodal primordium and appear to contribute to the specification of particular subsets of placodes. This review first provides a brief overview of different cranial placodes and then synthesizes evidence for the common origin of all placodes from a panplacodal primordium. The role of various transcription factors for the development of the different placodes is addressed next, and it is discussed how individual placodes may be specified and compartmentalized within the panplacodal primordium. Finally, tissues and signals involved in placode induction are summarized with a special focus on induction of the panplacodal primordium itself (generic placode induction) and its relation to neural induction and neural crest induction. Integrating current data, new models of generic placode induction and of combinatorial placode specification are presented.