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The article is devoted to the actual problem of modern special education – history of the development of education of children with children orthopedic impairments in Ukraine. Historical and pedagogical studies of the formation and development of the education system of children with children orthopedic impairments are an important source for reforming the system of special education in the realities of the New Ukrainian School, can help determine the prospects of providing quality education to children of the specified nosology, the development of the science of orthopedics. The purpose of the article is to highlight the process of the formation of a system of education of children with children orthopedic impairments in Ukraine in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The author analyzes the ways of providing education to children with children orthopedic impairments during the specified period. The problems of the activity of medical and pedagogical offices are considered and their main tasks are defined. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature, conclusions were drawn about the main directions of activity of the medical-pedagogical offices in the issues of diagnostics, study, differentiation, and assistance to children with life-limiting activities. The end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, rich in historical events, the years of revolutions, national liberation competitions in Ukraine, new pedagogical searches have sharpened the attention of the society to the problems of caring, education, training, and rehabilitation of children with disorders of the musculoskeletal system. This period is marked by a change in attitude towards children and adults with intellectual and physical disabilities. In the nineteenth century, not only learning but also the right to education became more aware. There is an involvement of persons with impaired functions of the musculoskeletal system to work in enterprises (the impact of the industrial revolution, the end of the industrial revolution, bourgeois reforms in Russia). Issues of education, education of children of this category in the early twentieth century were actively studied and discussed. Only some attempts were made to organize the education of children with children orthopedic impairments, but no differentiated state system of their education was issued. In the course of scientific research, the following methods were used: the method of studying the scientific literature; method of theoretical analysis (generalization and systematization) in order to reveal the content of the study; comparative-historical method.

Lipids from the fresh aerial part, flowers, roots, and seeds of Ajuga turkestanica were studied. The contents, classes, and fatty-acid compositions of neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids of extracts and the compositions of free and bound lipids from seeds were established. Iridoids and traces of ecdysterone and flavonoids that co-extracted with the lipids and were characteristic of A. turkestanica were found in phospholipids of vegetative and generative plant organs.

Lipids from seeds with pericarp and leaves of Solenanthus circinnatus Ledeb. (Boraginaceae) were studied. The contents and class and fatty-acid compositions of neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids were established. The composition of unsaponified substances of lipids from seeds and leaves was determined. It was found that an insignificant part of S. circinnatus alkaloids was extracted with the lipids.

An intensive process of land deterioration of some regions in Uzbekistan including the Aral Sea basin has led to a significant increase in soil salinity levels and consequently to a considerable reduction of total fertile soil area, as these lands are of little use for plant growth. The area is estimated to be more than 1.4 million ha of seabed. As a result, there was an immediate need to cultivate new crops capable of stopping the movement of sands and the enlargement of saline soils. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is considered to be a moderately salt-tolerant crop and, as such, one of a few crops well suited to the cropping systems of salt-affected soils. It is used in Uzbekistan as a reserve crop when the culture of the main crop fails. In spite of the great economic importance of this oil, there is almost no available information in the literature on the effect of salinity on oil quality and its chemical ingredients. The purpose of the present study was to determine, in greenhouse and field experiments, how irrigation with saline water would influence content of oil, lipids and other lipophylic components in safflower. We found that irrigation of safflower with moderate concentrations of saline water seems feasible, as far as oil and lipid composition is concerned. Consequently, safflower might be a potential crop for lands of little use for plant growth in Uzbekistan or other similar sites in the world.

Lipids of Crambe abyssinica Hochst (Brassicaceae) seeds grown in hothouses in Israel and in the open in Uzbekistan in soil imported from the Aral Sea region were studied. It was found that the seed oil content decreased as the irrigation-water salinity increased. The content of total unsaturated fatty acids of neutral lipids was in the range 91.31–94.81%; of polar lipids, 69.59–83.78%.

Seed characteristics and the lipid and fatty-acid compositions were determined for the new cotton varieties ASh-25, Omad, 9771-I, Termez-43, and Bukhara-6.

Lipids of seeds with pericarp and an admixture of the air-dried aerial part (AP) of Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisch. et Mey. (Boraginaceae) were studied. The contents and component and fatty-acid compositions of neutral lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids, and strongly bound lipids were established. It was found that part of the alkaloids was extracted together with the lipids from these plant organs. The chromatographic mobility of the heliotrope alkaloids was determined under the lipid separation conditions.

Lipids from the air-dried aerial part (AP) and seeds of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerth. (Asteraceae) were studied. The class and fatty acid compositions of neutral lipids (AP, seeds) and glyco- and phospholipids (AP) were determined. Neutral lipids (NL) with a complicated set of lipophilic components, mainly triterpenols, sterols, and their esters predominated in the AP. The fatty acids of the AP were dominated by 16:0, 18:2 (glycolipids), and 18:3 (neutral lipids, phospholipids); of seed NL, by 18:2 and 18:1. The content and composition of flavolignans isolated from defatted seeds and the content of total protein in the meal were found.

Lipids from Crambe amabilis Butk. et Majlun and C. kotschyana Boiss. grown in the open in Uzbekistan in soil imported from the Aral Sea region were studied. It was found that the seed oil content decreased with increasing salinity of irrigation water with EC 1.5 up to 9.0 dS/m. The content of polar lipids increased. The content of unsaturated acids from C. amabilis neutral lipids was 94.74–97.46%; C. kotschyana, 95.76– 96.78%.

Lipids from roots ofAlthaea nudifloraandA. Armeniacawere studied. The carbohydrate and fatty-acid compositions were found. The lipids ofA. NudifloraandA. Armeniacacontain 22.3 and 12.6%, respectively, of cyclopropenoid fatty acids, the physical chemical properties of which are presented. The optimal degree of grinding, temperature, and raw-material-to-extractant ratio for aqueous extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from althaea roots were chosen from a single statistically significant experiment

Lipids of leaves, runners, and stems of Callisia fragrans were investigated. Classes of neutral, glyco-, and phospholipids and their fatty-acid compositions were determined. The contents of ascorbic acid and organic acids and chlorophyll and carotinoid pigments in various plant organs were established.

Use of diamond grinding wheels with organic and ceramic bonds makes it possible to avoid the phenomenon of wheel glazing during fine grinding of molybdenum single crystals and to obtain a high quality ground surface with the minimum level of structural distortions. The nature of the orientation dependence of surface structural distortions is established by studying {001}, {110}, and {111} molybdenum single crystals. This is connected with features of plastic deformation during grinding.

Lipids of Eminium Lehmannii leaves and tuber casings and cores were studied. Their class and fatty-acid compositions were determined. Leaf pigments were investigated.

Fruits of two varieties of Hippophae rhamnoides L. collected in Kyrgyzstan (I) and Uzbekistan (II) were investigated. Differences in their morphological and biochemical properties were demonstrated. Titrable acids, ascorbic acid, and protein dominated in the fruits of I. Pulp oil of II contained more free fatty acids (acid number 2.9 mg KOH) and carotinoids (419.3 mg%). The principal pulp acid was 16:1. Among the rarely encountered acids of pulp oil, an insignificant quantity of 16:2 was detected (1.2–4.6%). Seed oil of the studied specimens contained >40% of the essential acids 18:2 and 18:3 (vitamin F).

The composition and amounts of various classes of lipids of the seeds of Hibiscus sp. have been investigated. Seven classes of neutral lipids, five of phospholipids, and five of glycolipids have been identified and their fatty-acid and triglyceride compositions have been established. The presence has been shown of 16 main types of triacylglycerols and 25 types of epoxyacyldiacylglycerols. An epoxy-18.0 and an epoxy-18:1 acid in a combined amount of 1.4% have been detected among the acids of the free lipids, together with 8.1% of cyclopropenoid acids.

Unsaponified compounds of lipids from Mediasia macrophylla were investigated. They were found to contain about 50% essential oil. The content of petroselinic acid in the mixture of acids isolated from the neutral lipids and glycolipids of the leaves was determined by TLC, GC, and destructive oxidation.

The lipid composition of ripe and green fruit of Hibiscus esculenthus cultivated in Uzbekistan was studied. The fatty-acid composition of pod and seed lipids was determined. Carbohydrate components including water-soluble polysaccharides, pectinic substances, and hemicellulose were characterized.

Lipids from Mediasia macrophylla leaves were studied. Classes of neutral, glyco-, and phospholipids and their fatty-acid composition were determined. The content of chlorophyll and carotinoid pigments in the leaves and lipid extract was found. Essential oil was isolated by steam distillation and contained free and bound fatty acids.

The compositions and amounts of polar lipids in cotton seeds and the products of their processing have been investigated. Six glycolipids have been identified, the main ones being monogalactosyldiglyceride (MGDGs), digalactosyldiglycerides (DGDGs), and sterol glycosides. The fatty acid compositions of the neutral lipids and of the phospho- and glycolipids have been determined. In the glycolipids, saturated fatty acids — palmitic and stearic — predominated.

Lipids of the leaves, stems, and rhizomes with roots ofAcorus calamusL. were investigated. The neutral-lipid classes and fatty-acid composition of neutral-, glyco-, and phospholipids were determined. The essential oil content in the total lipids of A. calamus was established by steam distillation.

The compositions of classes and fatty acids inArum Korolkowiitubers are determined. The principal acids are 16:0, 18:1, and 18:2. Triterpenes, 4-monomethylsterol, and sterols are found among the unsaponified substances

The composition and lipid content of the lipoprotein complexes of cotton kernels (I), meal (II), and isolate (III) have been investigated. It has been shown that with the aid of an acidic alcohol-containing extractant it is possible to isolate up to 99% of the strongly bound lipids (SBLs) of their total mass. In the composition of the strongly bound lipids (I–III) have been found neutral lipids comparable with the free lipids of the kernel; of polar lipids, glycolipids were present. It was found that an acid extractant extracts polyphenolic compounds together with the SBLs.

The composition of free, bound, and strongly bound lipids ofAmaranthus sp. is studied. The fatty-acid composition of separate lipid classes is determined. Unsaponified sterols that were fractionated by TLC into five components were isolated.

The chemical composition of the seed lipids ofAmaranthus caudatus L. has been investigated. The fatty acid compositions of the neutral lipids and of the phospho- and glycolipids have been determined. The hydrocarbon components ofA. caudatus have been identified and its alcohol-soluble carbohydrates, water-soluble polysaccharides, and pectin substances have been characterized.

The unsaponifiable substances of the lipids of the leaves ofHibiscus sp. have been studied. The compositions have been found of seven classes of compounds: hydrocarbons, carotenoids, tocopherols, isoprenols, triterpenols, and phytosterols and their esters.

The lipids of the leaves, stems, and roots ofHibiscus sp. have been studied. Their fatty acid compositions have been determined. The greatest amount of unsaturated fatty acids was present in the glycolipids of the leaves and the stems. More than 25% of low-molecular-mass C10-C12 fatty acids have been found in the neutral lipids of the roots.

The composition and amount of lipids in the seeds and leaves of the cotton plant of variety 6524 S over the vegetation periods have been investigated. The rate of biosynthesis of neutral lipids in cotton seeds in the 20-day period after flowering to the moment of maturation increases by a factor of 1.6 while the amounts of phospho- and glycolipids decrease by factors of 3.9 and 4.3, respectively. The fatty acid compositions of the neutral lipids and of the phospho- and glycolipids of the seeds and leaves have been determined.

Free and bound lipids from Helianthus tuberosus tubers were investigated. Neutral, glyco-and phospholipid classes and their fatty-acid compositions were determined. The composition of unsaponified substances was established.

On the basis of a quantitative analysis of the volatile carbonyl compounds present in acetone-treated meal it has been shown that they contain a total of about 11 compounds, the main ones of which are acetone and mesityl oxide.It has been established that the moist heat treatment of extraction meal does not lead to the complete elimination of these compounds, and under severe conditions it actually leads to an increase in the amount of carbonyl compounds through degradation of, mainly, the fatty fraction of the meal.

The free, bound, and strongly bound lipids of the seed kernels of the cotton plant of variety 108-F have been studied. It has been shown that the free and bound lipids include 97.3% and 47.6% of neutral lipids, respectively. The polar lipids consist mainly of phospholipids and glycolipids. Two groups of glycolipids — sterol glycosides and glycosylglycerides — have been isolated and their compositions have been determined.

The conditions for the extraction of gossypol from cottonseed flakes and from isolated gossypol glands have been investigated. It has been established that the amount of gossypol extracted by hexane is affected mainly by the degree of stirring, the moisture content, the material, and the temperature. By steeping the flakes first with concentrated miscella and then with hexane it is possible to extract about 60–65% of the gossypol. It has been shown that hexane and miscella extract practically no gossypol either from dry or from moistened gossypol glands, and only acetone extracts it almost completely.

A comparative study has been made of the lipid composition of defective and first-grade cotton seeds after their prolonged storage under industrial conditions. On the basis of the change in the lipids of the seeds subjected to thermal spoilage it is proposed to consider the process of spontaneous heating as a group of enzymatic processes taking place mainly in not fully ripe seeds when they are damaged by pathogenic microflora.

The free, bound, and strongly bound lipids of the crushed seeds, pulp, husks, and meal have been characterized. It has been shown that the bound and strongly-bound lipids differ from the free lipids by a higher level of saturated acids. The acid numbers of the bound lipids are 5–6 times higher than those of the free lipids.

It has been shown that oil of the best quality is obtained on its selective extraction by hexane. Subsequent extraction from the meal of gossypol by 70–80% aqueous, and then dry, acetone permits meal to be obtained with a light cream color containing 0.02% of free gossypol. The omission of dry acetone leads to a darkening of the meal. It has been established that it is possible to achieve a reduction in the consumption of solvents on the direct extraction of cottonseed flake by using weak oil and gossypol miscellas.

The fatty-acid and triacylglycerol compositions of forepressing cottonseed oil and the refined and standard oils, and also of the palmitin fraction have been studied. It has been shown that the scheme of fractionation adopted does not give a clear separation of cottonseed oil into salad oil and palmitin. It has been found that typical compositions of the diunsaturated-monosaturated TAGs of the forepressing and refined and salad oils are practically the same, while the amount of diun-saturated-monosaturated TAGs in the palmitin fraction is far higher than in the others.

It has been established that a complex lipase preparation fromOospora lactis possesses a high activity, causes no position and geometric isomerization of the fatty acids isolated with its aid, possesses no specificity of action, and splits off the fatty acids from all three positions of the triglyceride molecule. The high activity of the complex lipase preparation permit its recommendation for the hydrolysis of fat in order to isolate the total fatty acids in the native state, which is important in the study of their chemical structure and also in the splitting of fats in industry.

The water-soluble proteins of twelve varieties of castor-oil plant have been studied by electrophoresis. The high hemagglutinating activities of proteins of the seeds is connected with the presence of an electrophoretic component having Rf 0.042.

The physical and chemical properties and the fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of the oil ofHibiscus syriacus L. have been investigated. The oil was found to contain 16.87% of the cyclopropenoid acids malvalic and sterculic acids.

1. The physical and chemical properties and the fatty-acid and glyceride compositions of the oils of four plants of the family Malvaceae have been studied. They all belong to the palmito-oleo-linoleic group. 2. Their glyceride structure does not correspond to the principle of statistical distribution, since almost all the unsaturated-acid radicals are concentrated in the β position.

The physical and chemical properties of the oils of four plants —Erysimum gypsaceum,Brassica campestris,Crambe schugnana, andCamelina rumelica — have been determined. Their fatty-acid and glyceride compositions have been established. In these triglycerides, erucic acid occupies only the α,α' positions. Erucic acid has been isolated from the mixed fatty acids ofErysimum gypsaceum.