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Synopsis The cross sections for ionization by electron impact of rubidium 5s shell have been calculated by the Classical Trajectory Monte Carlo method. The kinetic energy of the projectile is in the range between 5 and 1000 eV. We compared our results with other theoretical and experimental data..

Synopsis General expressions for the shakeup and shakeoff probabilities following sudden change in central potential have been obtained for arbitrary atomic shells by the use of nonrelativistic hydrogenic wave functions. The final formulae are given in terms of Gauss-type hypergeometric functions. The obtained results are used to calculate the shakeup and shakeoff probabilities for outer-shell electrons following β−decay.

Evolution of the KL X-ray satellite line was studied. Four theoretical models based on the adiabatic approximation were fitted to the experimental data for the intensity ratio of the satellite line relative to the diagram line for Fe and Zn as a function of incident photon energy. The Thomas, the Vatai, the Roy and the modified Roy (Roy2) models were considered. Comparison of these four models was made for the case of inner-shell electron transitions and their difference was clarified. The reason that the models developed for bound–bound transitions can give satisfactory results for bound-free transitions is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The L-shell X-ray production cross sections have been measured for sulphur ions in the energy range of 12.8–120 MeV for Au and Bi elements. The experimental L X-ray spectra were analyzed using the method that takes into account the multiple ionization in outer shells. The L-subshell ionization cross sections have been obtained from measured X-ray production cross sections for resolved Lα 1,2 Lγ 1 and Lγ 2,3 transitions using the L-shell fluorescence and Coster–Kronig yields modified by the multiple ionization effects in the M and N shells. The results are compared with the predictions of ECUSAR theory, which is the modified ECPSSR approach describing both direct ionization and electron-capture processes and the semiclassical approximation (SCA) calculations for direct ionization. These approaches were modified by the L-subshell coupling effects within the “coupled-subshell model” (CSM). Both modified approaches are in good agreement with the data. Remaining discrepancies are discussed in terms of the L-shell decay rates modified for the multiple ionization effects.

Since rebamipide is effective for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), we examined the involvement of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the action of rebamipide.Fifty-five and forty female Balb/c mice, respectively, were used in Exp. 1 and 2.50 mg/kg/day rebamipide (Exp. 1) and 1 x 10(7) pfu pAxCAHGF (the CAG promoter-driving HGF gene in adenovirus vector) (Exp. 2) were intrarectally introduced after induction of colitis by 4 % dextran sulfate sodium (DSS).Therapeutic effects were assessed by cell proliferation and apoptosis.Rebamipide caused proliferation of epithelial cells at 10 days after treatment, and decreased apoptosis at 10, 14 and 21 days, compared with controls. Expression of HGF was greatly increased in rebamipide-treated mice. pAxCAHGF caused cell proliferation and apoptosis, which showed the same pattern as with rebamipide treatment.Rectal administration of rebamipide is effective for DSS-induced colitis in association with induction of HGF.

We investigate the nonradiative decay properties of resonantly photoexcited [1s2p] nln ′ l ′ ( n , n ′≧3) states of Ne atom, where square brackets indicate hole states, using soft X-ray undulator radiation. Partial ion-yield spectra for the Ne 2+ –Ne 4+ ions were measured in the region of double excitation resonance by means of time-of-flight spectrometry. The Ne 3+ partial ion-yield spectrum has been found to reveal resonant enhancements at the energy positions of doubly excited states, which implies the most plausible decay channels leading to the third step Auger processes. Energy diagram of the excited and relaxed states associated with the [1s2p]( 3 P)3p 2 doubly excited state of the neutral Ne as well as the Ne ions was calculated based on the multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock (MCDF) method in order to interpret the possible nonradiative decay channels. The low-energy electron spectrum originated from the second/third step Auger processes was preliminarily measured to show a rich structure induced at the [1s2p]( 3 P)3p 2 double excitation resonance.

Photoinduced Ba L x-rays were measured, in the excitation energy range of 5.6-30 keV, by using high-brilliance undulator radiation. The obtained intensity ratios, the excitation-energy independent L beta(4)/L beta(3), L eta/L beta(1), L iota/L alpha(1,2), L beta(6)/ L alpha(1,2) and L beta(2,15)/L alpha(1,2) as well as the excitation- energy dependent L beta(1)/L alpha(1,2), L beta(3)/L alpha(1,2) and L beta(3)/L beta(1), were compared with theoretical calculations, in which the calculations were performed by applying various subsets of the L subshell fluorescence yields and Coster-Kronig yields. Deviations of the theoretical calculations from the experimental results call on improvements in theory for the emission rates. We have also surveyed the L alpha(1,2) related x-ray hypersatellite lines in the photoinduced Ba L x-ray spectrum.

We measured the relative intensities of satellite lines in the 1s core-level photoemission spectra of Ne, as a function of excitation energy, using high-brilliant soft x-ray undulator radiation. Measured excitation functions for these satellite lines were merged with the previously reported results and discussed in terms of the intra-atomic electron–electron correlations. Some results have suggested that the internal electron scattering might play an important role in characterizing the near-threshold behaviour for the 2p →np excitation process accompanying 1s photoionization. The observed intensity ratios of the satellite lines relative to the main line were analysed with the aid of the analytic Thomas model. The observed near-threshold behaviours were also compared with the simple model calculations which take account of both the sudden creation of an inner-shell vacancy and the Coulomb interaction between the ionized electron and atomic electrons. The comparison has implied that both the amplitude and the shape of the measured excitation functions cannot be satisfactorily explained by the simple model calculations. This fact may call on an improvement in the theoretical treatment in such simple model calculations.

We studied the effect of Coster?Kronig transitions between L subshells on the anisotropy of x-rays emitted from Au ions following L-shell photoionization. The angular distribution of L x-rays was measured at incident photon energies selected above the threshold energy for each subshell with a crystal spectrometer. The experimental results show that the Coster?Kronig transitions have a small influence on the anisotropy of x-ray emission. Simple model estimations for the effect of the vacancies of the M or N shells on the anisotropy of x-ray emission following the Coster?Kronig transitions were made. The calculated results also indicate a small effect.

The coupling and binding effects in ionization of L-shell electrons by heavy ions have been studied by measuring the L γ (L–N,O) X-ray transitions in gold excited by an impact of O, Si and S ions in the energy range 0.3–5 MeV/amu. The L-subshell ionization cross sections were extracted from measured X-ray spectra taking into account their substantial modifications due to the multiple ionization effects, which also change the fluorescence and Coster–Kronig yields. In order to interpret the data the L-subshell couplings were incorporated in the theoretical calculations based on the semiclassical approximation (SCA) within the “coupled subshell model” (CSM). Resulting SCA–CSM calculations, which describe the data for oxygen ions quite satisfactory, are further modified to include the saturation of the binding effect in order to describe the data for heavier Si and S ions. We find that the semiclassical SCA–CSM calculations of L-shell ionization by heavy ions ( Z 1 ≫ 1), which include corrections both for coupling and binding saturation effects, agree reasonably well with the measured data.

Auger decay process following multielectron excitation accompanying F 1s photoionization of CF4 molecule has been studied in the excitation energy range between 700 and 750 eV using angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy. The observed spectra have shown an enhancement in the specific band, at an electron kinetic energy of ∼ 644 eV, only in the spectrum recorded at 710 eV excitation energy of horizontally polarized light. This feature is discussed in terms of the resonant Auger emission originated from the doubly excited state. The evolution of spectral shape has also exhibited the excitation energy dependence above the threshold of multiple excitation. The origin of the spectral variation is considered due to gradual growth of the satellite Auger lines originated from the multielectron excitation.

Photoion yields of sodium have been measured following K-shell excitation by time-of-flight (TOF) technique with a high-resolution incident photon energy. For comparison, we also measured single- and double-excitation spectra for Ne in the K-shell excitation region. The incident energy dependence of Na ion TOF spectra shows that in the 1s single-excitation (1s−1np) region below the K-edge (1079 eV), the Na2+ yield is dominant and the fraction of Na+ is much smaller. This is very different when compared with the results of neon single-excitation. Above the K-edge, Na2+ yield decreases and Na3+ yield increases.

The photoexcited F K α X-ray intensity’s evolution was measured for CaF2 with fine energy-step from the [1s2p] double excitation threshold to the saturation region, where square brackets indicate hole states. The observed evolution was directly compared with the X-ray absorption spectrum, and the contribution of multielectron excitation to the absorption spectrum was successfully resolved. The F-K fluorescence XANES spectra were calculated based on the coherent second-order optical processes for comparison.

The active region of x-ray emission was studied. The x-ray emission rates for K and L x-rays were calculated as a function of the maximum radial distance in integration of matrix elements for radiative transitions and the radius of the active region of x-ray emission was determined. This radius depends on the multipolarity of the transition and also the sum of numbers of nodes of the wavefunctions concerned. The approximate expression for the radius of the active region is obtained in terms of the mean radius of the wavefunction for the initial vacancy state. Applications of the present results to multiple ionization and to chemical effects are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The measurements combining K β resonant x-ray emission and partial fluorescence yield spectroscopy were performed for Fe metal, Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 near K absorption edge. Spin states of these materials are studied systematically with considering the origins of the K β' line and of the pre-edge peak. Theoretical calculations for the cluster model of Fe 2 O 3 were performed and reproduce well the experimental emission spectra. Resonant Raman scattering effect both in the absorption edge and in the pre-edge regions was observed and compared with the theory. Chemical effects between metal and its oxides were also discussed.

Theoretical studies on X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy are discussed. Simple expressions for X-ray emission rate and X-ray absorption cross section are presented in the dipole approximation. Various atomic models to obtain realistic wave functions and theoretical calculations for X-ray absorption cross sections and X-ray emission rates are described. In the case of molecules and solids, molecular orbital methods for electronic structures and molecular wave functions are discussed. The emphasis is on the procedures to obtain the excited-state and continuum wave functions for molecules and to calculate the multi-center dipole matrix elements. The examples of the calculated X-ray absorption and emission spectra are shown and compared with the experimental results.

Fe Kα3,4 satellite spectra are investigated using a Johann-type spectrometer at the BL15XU undulator beam line, SPring-8. The intensity of the Kα3,4 satellite relative to the Kα1 emission line is found to increase asymptotically with excitation energy up to 9000 eV, almost saturating at 10 000 eV. The satellite threshold energy is found to be 7882 ± 14 eV. This corresponds to the ionization energy of Fe 1s + 2p*, where * indicates that the value is from the Z + 1 approximation. The appearance of a small peak around the [1s2s] double ionization energy suggests that the satellite intensity with the excitation energy can be increased not only by the formation of the 2p spectator holes, but also by a combination of the [1s2s] resonance and [2s2p] Coster–Kronig transition.

Electron shakeup and shakeoff probabilities accompanying inner-shell ionization of atoms were calculated for K-, L- and M-shell electrons using hydrogenic wavefunctions. The dependence of shake probabilities on atomic number Z is estimated. It is found that both shakeoff and shakeup probabilities are proportional to 1/Z2. Based on this Z-dependence, the shakeup-plus-shakeoff probabilities are expressed in a simple analytical form with two parameters. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The photoexcited Kα satellite spectra for Fe (Z = 26), Ni (Z = 28) and Zn (Z = 30) were measured with an x-ray crystal spectrometer using synchrotron radiation. The intensity variation of the KαL1 satellite lines was obtained as a function of the excitation photon energy, from threshold to saturation. While the excitation energy increases, the continuous intensity rise from threshold to saturation could be explained by the shake-off process for inner-shell electrons of the medium-Z atoms. Applying the analytic Thomas model to the experimental data, the evolution of the KαL1/Kα1,2 intensity ratio, the threshold energy and the radius of the shake shell were determined.

The alignment of Au+ ions following L3 photoionization has been studied using a high-resolution x-ray spectrometer. We observed a small anisotropy for the angular dependence of Au Lι and Lα emissions. The alignment parameter derived from the experimental results is compared with theoretical calculations by Hartree–Fock approximation and random phase approximation with exchange. The contribution to the alignment of quadrupole interaction is discussed.

Photoexcited F Kα satellite spectra of CaF2 were studied as a function of excitation energy from threshold. The observed spectra show that the intensity evolution of the KL satellite line is not a monotonic function increasing with excitation energy, in contrast to the prediction from the conventional shake model, but has a small bump. Comparison with the Hartree–Fock calculations indicates that the origin of the bump can be ascribed to resonances of multi-electron excitation processes in photoabsorption. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The method of analysis of the multiple ionization effects in low-resolution X-ray spectra induced by heavy ions is described here. It is shown that, by fitting the X-ray spectra measured by a semiconductor detector with the proposed model, which accounts for the multiple ionization effects, the ionization probabilities can be determined as free fitting parameters. This approach is based on the assumption that the intensity distribution of emitted X-ray satellites is approximately described by the binomial distribution parameterized by the ionization probability at the moment of X-ray emission. In particular, we demonstrate that the excited X-ray satellites, when measured by a low-resolution semiconductor detector, appear as the Gaussian profile, which is shifted and broadened with respect to the diagram line. Moreover, we find that both X-ray line shift and width are expressed in terms of the multiple ionization probabilities, as well as the X-ray energy shifts per vacancy. These observations allowed to develop a novel method of X-ray spectra fitting. Detailed discussion of the approximations used in the present approach is given. The method developed, using the calculated Dirac–Fock X-ray energy shifts per vacancy, was applied to determine the multiple ionization probabilities in M- and N-shell by fitting the measured X-ray spectra for L γ (L→N,O) transitions induced by heavy ions in selected high-Z atoms.

The Kalpha satellite spectra arising from the correlative multielectron processes accompanying K-shell photoionization of Ca, Ti and V were measured using a broad range crystal spectrometer. Multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations were performed to interpret the observed,x-ray energies and the spectral line shape., The calculations agree fairly well with the experimental results. The variation of the KalphaL(1) satellite and the Kalpha(1,2)(h) hypersatellite intensities was measured as a function, of excitation energy in the range of 8-35 keV. The KalphaL(1)/Kalpha(1,2) intensity ratio for each,element is already saturated in our energy range, and the asymptotic values of 1.58 +/- 0.08, 1.26 +/- 0.06 and 0.97 +/- 0.05% for Ca, Ti. and V were determined. By combining the present results and the previously measured values for various elements, we have found a Z(-3.5) scaling law for the KalphaL(1)/Kalpha(1,2) intensity ratio, The measured Kalpha(1,2)(h)/Kalpha(1,2) for each element, is found to increase smoothly from its onset and shows a long saturation range extending up to at least 25 keV above the threshold for Ti. The evolution of the Kalpha(1,2)(h)/Kalpha(1,2) intensity ratio is compared with the analytic Thomas model and with the theoretical calculation based on the screened hydrogenic model. (Less)

The ionization of L-subshell electrons in gold by the impact of 0.4-2.2 MeV amu-1 O ions was studied by observing excited Lγ(L-N, O) x-rays. We demonstrate that both the multiple ionization in outer M- and N-shells as well as the coupling effects in the L-shell play an important role in understanding the measured L-subshell ionization cross sections. The multiple ionization was found to be important in two aspects: first, the analysis of x-ray energy shifts and line broadening was crucial for proper interpretation of measured x-ray spectra; second, the additional vacancies in the M- and N-shells substantially influenced the L1-subshell fluorescence and Coster-Kronig (CK) yields, mainly by closing strong L1-L3M4,5 CK transitions. The data are compared with the simplified coupled-channels calculations using the `coupled-subshell model' (CSM) based on the semiclassical approximation (SCA), which describes both direct Coulomb ionization as well as the L-subshell couplings within the same theoretical approach. A good agreement of the present data with the theoretical predictions based on the discussed SCA-CSM approach is observed. Present findings partly explain the long-standing problem of inadequate theoretical description of L-shell ionization by heavy ion impact.

Multiple ionization in outer M- and N-shells in Ta, Os, Au, Bi, Th and U targets was studied for O, Si and S ion impact at energies of 0.3-2.2 MeV amu-1. Excited Lγ(L-N, O) x-rays measured with a semiconductor Si(Li) detector were resolved by using a newly developed method accounting for simultaneous x-ray energy shift and line broadening due to the multiple ionization. The measured ionization probabilities, corrected for the effect of the vacancy rearrangement up to the moment of L x-ray emission, are interpreted as the ionization probabilities for M- and N-shells for the zero impact parameter. The ionization probabilities for the N-shell are found to be substantially increased by the super-Coster-Kronig transitions. Derived ionization probabilities for M- and N-shells are compared with the predictions of the geometrical model (GM) and the semiclassical (SCA) calculations in the united-atom limit. The universal scaling of the measured ionization probabilities for the M- and N-shells is discussed within the GM and SCA approaches.

A new method to estimate the linewidth for a single vacancy for 3d elements by the use of the asymmetry index is proposed and applied to re-evaluate previous experimental data for chromium and its compounds. The chemical effect on the width of Kα1,2 lines and Coster–Kronig transitions is studied and their relation to the electronic structures is discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Kβ/Kα x-ray intensity ratios for compounds of 3d elements were calculated with the discrete-variational Xα (DV-Xα) molecular orbital method. It was found that the calculated results for V and Cr compounds are strongly correlated with the effective number of 3d electrons. The Kβ/Kα ratio is expressed as a linear function of the number of 3d electrons, but the slope of the straight line is different for different crystal symmetries. The Kβ/Kα ratio for Td symmetry is generally larger than that for Oh. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Anisotropic photofragmentation of SF{sub 6} following F 1s excitation is ascribed to the localization of the valence holes created as a result of the Auger decay of the F 1s core hole, itself polarized by excitation with linearly polarized light. Theoretical calculations based on the localized core-hole model are in reasonable agreement with the observation. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

The structure and bond nature for the ground state of the UF(5) monomer have been investigated by means of relativistic and nonrelativistic discrete-variational (DV) Xalpha molecular orbital (MO) methods. It is found that the nonrelativistic calculation provides only less than half of the U-F bond overlap population obtained by the relativistic calculation for the monomer with the C(4)(v)() geometry which was determined experimentally. Comparison of the U-F bond overlap population and valence level structures between the C(4)(v)() and D(3)(h)() geometries indicates that the stability of the D(3)(h)() monomer is almost equal to that of the C(4)(v)() one. Furthermore, it is confirmed that an intermediate structure (C(2)(v)()) between the two geometries shows similar values of effective charge, orbital, and bond overlap populations. This suggests that the energy barrier between the D(3h) and C(4)(v)() geometries is very small and the geometry of the UF(5) monomer is fluxional between the C(4)(v)() and D(3)(h)() symmetries. This is consistent with the previous results reported by the Hartree-Fock method with relativistic effective core potentials [Wadt, W. R.; Hay, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 5198]. The flexibility of the UF(5) structure originates from the fact that the U 5f atomic orbitals, which play a major role in the U-F bonding interactions, spread with wide angular distributions of the electrons in hybridization with the U 6d atomic orbital.

The first experimental results of a high-resolution study of Th and U Lγ-X-rays induced in collisions with 230 MeV and 360 MeV oxygen ions, undertaken to investigate the dynamics of the multiple ionization in M-, N- and O-shells and the structure of M- and N-shell X-ray satellites, are reported. The measurements were performed using the transmission curved- crystal spectrometer installed in DuMond geometry. An instrumental resolution of about 10 eV was achieved for Lγ (L-N,O) X-ray transitions, allowing clear separation of M-shell X-ray satellites for Th and U. Moreover, the N-shell satellite structure in the Lγ6 (L2-O4) X-ray transition was observed for 360-MeV O ion impact on a thorium target. This, to our knowledge, is the first observation of this kind. Other observed Lγ X-ray diagram lines are shifted and widened, with respect to the photoinduced X-ray spectra excited by an X-ray tube, due to the unresolved N-shell and, probable the O-shell, satellite structure.

The structure and bond nature for the ground state of the UF(5) monomer have been investigated by means of relativistic and nonrelativistic discrete-variational (DV) Xalpha molecular orbital (MO) methods. It is found that the nonrelativistic calculation provides only less than half of the U-F bond overlap population obtained by the relativistic calculation for the monomer with the C(4)(v)() geometry which was determined experimentally. Comparison of the U-F bond overlap population and valence level structures between the C(4)(v)() and D(3)(h)() geometries indicates that the stability of the D(3)(h)() monomer is almost equal to that of the C(4)(v)() one. Furthermore, it is confirmed that an intermediate structure (C(2)(v)()) between the two geometries shows similar values of effective charge, orbital, and bond overlap populations. This suggests that the energy barrier between the D(3h) and C(4)(v)() geometries is very small and the geometry of the UF(5) monomer is fluxional between the C(4)(v)() and D(3)(h)() symmetries. This is consistent with the previous results reported by the Hartree-Fock method with relativistic effective core potentials [Wadt, W. R.; Hay, P. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 5198]. The flexibility of the UF(5) structure originates from the fact that the U 5f atomic orbitals, which play a major role in the U-F bonding interactions, spread with wide angular distributions of the electrons in hybridization with the U 6d atomic orbital.

The coupling and binding effects have been studied in $L$-subshell ionization of heavy Au, Bi, Th, and U atoms by an impact of ${^{28}\text{S}\text{i}}^{q+}$ ions in the energy range of 8.5--36.0 MeV. The measured $\mathit{L}$ x-ray spectra were analyzed taking into account the multiple ionization effects in outer $M$ and $N$ shells. The $L$-subshell ionization cross sections have been obtained from measured x-ray production cross sections using the $L$-shell fluorescence and Coster-Kronig yields which were modified for a reduced number of electrons and closed Coster-Kronig transitions in the multiply ionized atoms. The results are compared with the available calculations, which are based on the semiclassical approximation (SCA) as well as the plane-wave Born approximation (PWBA). We demonstrate that for silicon ion impact these theoretical approaches have to be modified to include the $L$-subshell coupling effect using the ``coupled subshell model'' (CSM) as well as the saturation of the binding effect at the united atom limit. The calculations modified for both effects are in much better agreement with the data. In particular, an order-of-magnitude improvement of agreement between the data and the SCA-CSM calculations including the binding-saturation effect is reported for low-energy Si ions for the ${L}_{2}$-subshell. The results are also compared with the predictions of the PWBA based ECPSSR and ECUSAR theories accounting for the energy-loss (E), Coulomb-deflection (C), and relativistic (R) effects treating the binding effect within the perturbed stationary state (PSS) approximation with correction for the binding-saturation effect introduced to describe the united-atom and separated-atom (USA) limits.

FKα X-ray satellite spectra of NaF and KF induced by photon impact were observed. The intensity of a K1L1 satellite peak relative to a K1L0 diagram line of KF was much reduced compared to that of NaF. The reduction in the relative intensity of the K1L1 satellite peak of KF has been explained qualitatively by the delocalization of the F2p−1 hole through molecular orbitals in the ionized or K1L1 state. However, a degree of the reduction in the K1L1 satellite peak intensity was estimated here quantitatively from calculations of X-ray emission rates using the numerical basis SCC-DV-Xα method in the ionized or hole states. The calculated results indicate that the formation of molecular orbitals in the K1L1 state of KF is not responsible for the reduction in X-ray emission rate for the K1L1 satellite.

We report an (e,2e) binding energy spectrum of Xe obtained at an impact energy of 2.1 keV, which covers the binding energy range up to 220 eV. The result is directly compared with data from high-energy photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that an (e,2e)-specific, very broad band appears at around 120 eV, although in other energy regions the binding energy spectra by the two methods are in good agreement. The presence of such a band is revealed for the first time, which can be attributed to the second-order effects of the electron-target interaction that involves giant resonance phenomena of the Xe 4d electron.

High-energy resolution $K{L}_{23}{L}_{23}$ Auger spectra of polycrystalline Cu and Ni metals were measured while tuning the energy of the exciting x-rays in the near threshold region up to $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ above the $K$ absorption edge. The intensity evolution of the pronounced satellite lines as a function of photon energy reveals different behavior for particular satellites as a consequence of initial state and final state shake excitations. The satellite intensity development near threshold is compared to predictions of different simple models based on the free atom approximation. The observed energy separations between the satellites and the $^{1}D_{2}$ main diagram line is in accord with results from a cluster molecular orbital model and confirms the assignment based on the satellite intensity evolution curves concerning the origin of the satellites.

The Ti $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ satellite is investigated using a Johann-type spectrometer on the BL15XU undulator beam line of SPring-8 at excitation energies between 4996 and $7000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV}$. The intensity of the $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ satellite relative to that of $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1,2}$ exhibits an abrupt jump from $0%$ to $\ensuremath{\sim}1%$ in a range of $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV}$ around an excitation energy of $5010\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV}$. The energy range to reach saturation is $\ensuremath{\sim}500\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV}$. The creation of spectator holes is implicated to be due to shake-up processes, inducing the emergence of the $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ satellite. The onset energy for the appearance of the satellite is $5011.0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0\text{.8}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV}$, corresponding to the $[1s3p]$ double-ionization threshold energy by a $Z+1$ approximation. The experimental results obtained in this work confirm that the $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ satellite originates from a $3p$ spectator hole, as predicted theoretically by Scott [Phys. Rev. A 34, 4438 (1986)].

The present questionnaire survey, designed to interview Japanese internists and pediatricians who were specialists or nonspecialists in allergy or asthma, was conducted to determine the acceptance of "Asthma Prevention and Management Guidelines 1998" 1 year after release. The surveyor visited each physician and used the questionnaire form at the interview. Replies were obtained from a total of 5,963 physicians. The percentage of physicians who were aware of the guidelines was 96% among specialists and 68% among nonspecialists. Among the internists who were aware of the guidelines, the percentage of physicians giving a reply of "I refer to them often" or "I refer to them" in the actual diagnosis and management of asthma was 95% among specialists and 92% among nonspecialists. Therefore, reference was very high. Except for nonspecialists among pediatricians, not less than 60% of physicians expected that propagation of the present guidelines would allow a further decrease in asthma death and further improvement of patient's quality of life. The present survey revealed an increase in guideline awareness over the last several years, which was especially marked in nonspecialists. Furthermore, high reference and high expectancy also verified that physicians recognize the contents of the present guidelines as appropriate.

We present a precise measurement of the photoexcited F K alpha satellite intensity's evolution for NaF from [1s2p] double excitation threshold to saturation. A direct comparison between the observed evolution and the x-ray absorption spectrum was successfully made, and the contribution of multielectron transitions to the absorption spectrum was clearly resolved for the first time. A resonance-like feature observed in the near-threshold evolution is attributed to the [1s2p]3p(2) resonant double excitation as confirmed by calculations.

Angular distribution of L x rays of Au and Pb following photoionization by synchrotron radiation has been measured at the incident photon energies corresponding to the energy between ${L}_{3}$ and ${L}_{2},$ between ${L}_{2}$ and ${L}_{1},$ and above ${L}_{1}$ absorption edges. No evidence of L x-ray anisotropy was observed within the experimental errors for all incident photon energies, but in the case of ${L}_{l}$ x rays an anisotropy of a few percent might be possible. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.

The single-atom approximation for the $K\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{to}\ensuremath{-}K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x-ray intensity ratios for chemical compounds of $3d$ elements has been tested with the discrete-variational $X\ensuremath{\alpha}(\mathrm{DV}\ensuremath{-}X\ensuremath{\alpha})$ molecular-orbital (MO) method. The effective numbers of electrons in each atomic shell are obtained with the $\mathrm{DV}\ensuremath{-}X\ensuremath{\alpha}$ method and used to calculate the $I(K\ensuremath{\beta})/I(K\ensuremath{\alpha})$ ratio in the single-atom approximation. The calculated results are in good agreement with the $\mathrm{DV}\ensuremath{-}X\ensuremath{\alpha}$ MO values for octahedral symmetry, but systematically smaller for tetrahedral symmetry. The reason for this discrepancy is ascribed to be the $K{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2,5}$ component, which is appreciable in some compounds with the tetrahedral symmetry.

Multiple ionization in M-, N- and O-shells in solid Au, Bi, Th and U targets was studied for Oq+, Siq+ and Sq+ ions of energies 0.4–2 MeV/amu under charge equilibration condition. From L-x-rays, detected by Si(Li) detector, the ionization probabilities for M- and N-shells were derived. This was done by fitting the measured spectra using a developed model, which describes x-ray energy shifts and line broadening in terms of the ionization probabilities. Derived ionization probabilities are compared with the predictions of the geometrical model (GM). For M- and N-shell the data agree quite well with calculations. The ionization probabilities for O-shell, estimated from line intensity ratios, are in strong disagreement with theoretical predictions, indicating an influence of solid state effects. An importance of multiple ionization effects on derivation of L-subshell ionization cross sections is evidenced and discussed.

The inner-shell ionization cross sections by charged-particle impact have been calculated in the distortion approximation. A finite-basis-set variational approach is used to solve the Schrodinger or Dirac equation for atomic potentials. The obtained atomic orbitals and pseudostates are employed to calculate the inner-shell ionization cross sections. The results are compared with the experimental data and other theoretical calculations.

One hundred and twenty five cases of atopic children such as atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma were orally provocated with rare hen egg every 20 minutes one by one upto the whole amount. In one week observation 75 cases showed any symptoms of allergy including eruption and exacerbation of atopic eczema in an immediate, late, and/or delayed responses. Frequency of positive egg white-induce IL-2 responsiveness test in patients with positive oral provocation was 90.7% (68 out of 75 cases; sensitivity). That of negative test in patients with negative provocation was 84.0% (42 out of 50 cases; specificity). In contrast, specificity of IgE RAST for egg white were 88.0% comparable to the value of antigen-specific IL-2 responsiveness (AIR) test, but the specificity was lower value (37.3%) for screening the etiological antigens as compared to that of AIR test. High frequency of positive egg white-induced IL-2 responsiveness test was observed over an immediate, late and delayed responses, while low frequency of positive IgE RAST for hen egg was observed largely in patients showing delayed but not immediate response. The results indicate that IgE RAST in this study reflects IgE-mediated immediate type hypersensitivity, whereas AIR test reflects, in addition to immediate responses, late and delayed type hypersensitivity. The combined results suggest that AIR test in hen egg allergy is a useful method in vitro for both screening and determining etiological allergens, and might be able to substitute for provocation test in vivo for which many times, labours, expenses, and patients' risks are required, and to cover IgE RAST which fails to determine etiological allergens in 62.7% of patients with positive oral provocation.

In asthmatic children without he egg allergy, spontaneous IgE production of PBMC showed 1.27 +/- 0.28 IU/ml (Mean +/- SE) and IgE production of Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) stimulated PBMC after which IFN-gamma decreased to 0.89 +/- 0.23 IU/ml (Mean +/- SE) (p0.001). IgE production of Ovalbumin (OVA) stimulated PBMC after which IFN-gamma showed no decrease. In asthmatic children with hen egg allergy, IgE production of OVA stimulated PBMC and IFN-gamma decreased to 1.0 +/- 0.52 IU/ml (Mean +/- SE). In spontaneous IgE production it was 1.61 +/- 0.91 IU/ml. (p0.05). IL-4 mRNA was expressed in spontaneous PBMC in asthmatic children, but not in healthy non atopic children. The expression of IL-4 mRNA was suppressed in Df stimulated PBMC followed by IFN-gamma in asthmatic children. In asthmatic children, IFN-gamma mRNA were expressed in Df stimulated PBMC after which IFN-gamma. And simultaneously IgE production in Df stimulated PBMC were suppressed by addition of IFN-gamma.

Momentum profiles have been measured for the two outermost atomic orbitals of noble gases, Ar, Kr and Xe, at incident electron energy of about 2 keV using a newly developed multichannel (e,2e) spectrometer. The experimental results exhibit significantly improved statistics compared with those achieved in previous studies while covering a wide range of momenta up to 3.6 a.u. The results are compared with theoretical calculations using four (e,2e) scattering models, the plane-wave impulse and Born approximations (PWIA and PWBA), and the distorted-wave impulse and Born approximations (DWIA and DWBA). The DWIA and DWBA scattering models have been found to satisfactorily reproduce the experimental momentum profiles in terms of both shape and intensity over the entire momentum range covered, indicating the importance of distorted wave effects for quantitatively describing (e,2e) reaction.

The Ti K?'' satellite was investigated using a Johann-type spectrometer at the BL15XU undulator beam line, SPring-8. Ti K? spectra were measured varying the excitation energy between 4996?eV and 10?000?eV. The relative intensity of the Ti K?'' satellite to that of the K?1,2 abruptly increases from 0?% to 1.2?% within 10?eV around 5010?eV. This indicates that shake-up process is likely to be concerned with creation of a 3p spectator hole which induces the K?'' satellite. Onset energy of the satellite appearance experimentally determined is 5005?eV, and this value corresponds to the [1s3p] double ionization threshold energy in Z?+?1 approximation. The experimental results of this work confirm that the origin of the K?'' satellite is a 3p spectator hole as predicted by Scott theoretically.