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The time-resolving magnetic recoil spectrometer (MRSt) is a transformative diagnostic that will be used to measure the time-resolved neutron spectrum from an inertial confinement fusion implosion at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). It uses a CD foil on the outside of the hohlraum to convert fusion neutrons to recoil deuterons. An ion-optical system positioned outside the NIF target chamber energy-disperses and focuses forward-scattered deuterons. A pulse-dilation drift tube (PDDT) subsequently dilates, un-skews, and detects the signal. While the foil and ion-optical system have been designed, the PDDT requires more development before it can be implemented. Therefore, a phased plan is presented that first uses the foil and ion-optical systems with detectors that can be implemented immediately—namely CR-39 and hDISC streak cameras. These detectors will allow the MRSt to be commissioned in an intermediate stage and begin collecting data on a reduced timescale, while the PDDT is developed in parallel. A CR-39 detector will be used in phase 1 for the measurement of the time-integrated neutron spectra with excellent energy-resolution, necessary for the energy calibration of the system. Streak cameras will be used in phase 2 for measurement of the time-resolved spectrum with limited spectral coverage, which is sufficient to diagnose the time-resolved ion temperature. Simulations are presented that predict the performance of the streak camera detector, indicating that it will achieve excellent burn history measurements at current yields, and good time-resolved ion-temperature measurements at yields above 3 × 1017. The PDDT will be used for optimal efficiency and resolution in phase 3.

The effect of Protein isolate from fermented melon seeds (Ogiri Protei Isolates; OPI) of Cucumeropsis manii on blood glucose, lipid profile, and antioxidant enzyme activities in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Thirty Male Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups. GThe first control group with no exposure. The second group of rats with Streptozotocin-induced non-treated diabetes. The 3rd and 4th groups of rats with Streptozotocin-induced diabetes supplemented with Ogiri protein isolates (200, 600 mg/kg in diet). And the 5th group of rats with Streptozotocin-induced diabetes administered glibenclamide in a dose 500 ug/kg in diet [17]. The OPI was administered for 6 weeks. The administration of OPI reduced the blood glucose concentration of the STZ-induced diabetic rats. Sera and hepatic superoxide dismutase, activities of the STZ-induced diabetic rats were significantly (P< 0.05) increased in comparison with the diabetic control rats. Lipid peroxidation of the supplemented OPI diabetic rats was significantly (P< 0.05) decreased in comparison with the diabetic control rats as the administration of OPI to the STZ-induced diabetic rats significantly increased the enzymes’ activities. The concentration of low-density lipoproteins in the OPI supplemented rats was significantly elevated. These data demonstrate that OPI supplements might be beneficial for correcting hyperglycemia but the consumption of OPI can modulate some tissue lipids in a direction not beneficial for CVD risk in patients with diabetes.

Objective The primary objective was to compare the quality attributes of steaks from “naturally raised” branded beef programs (NAT) with steaks from commodity beef (CONV) with similar marbling specifications. Materials and Methods Ribeye rolls were purchased from 5 branded programs with identical marketing claims (no dietary antibiotic or ionophore inclusion and no growth promotants) and 2 major beef packing companies and were wet-aged at 2°C for 14 d from the box date. After wet aging, ribeye rolls were removed from vacuum packaging and pH of the LM was measured before steaks were cut for fresh instrumental color, fatty acid analysis, antibiotic residue testing, Warner-Bratzler shear-force determination, and consumer sensory evaluation. Results and Discussion The LM pH did not differ (P = 0.072) between CONV and NAT ribeye rolls, but CONV LM had lesser (P = 0.014) L* values than NAT LM. Although CONV LM had greater (P = 0.019) proportions of 18:1 trans fatty acids than NAT LM, concentrations of SFA (P = 0.799), monounsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.724), and PUFA (P = 0.420) were not different between CONV and NAT. Penicillin G residues were detected in 2 NAT steaks, but no antibiotic residues were detected in the CONV LM steaks. Neither Warner-Bratzler shear-force values nor consumer panelists’ sensory ratings differed (P ≥ 0.166) between CONV and NAT. Implications and Applications There was little to no difference in fresh beef color, fatty acid composition, or cooked beef palatability between steaks from CONV and NAT, especially when cattle were fed high-concentrate finishing diets.

An experimental campaign has been undertaken to explore the flow around a feeder vessel as it manoeuvres in and out of the well dock of a mothership. The parent hulls for this study are drawn from the floating harbour transhipper concept created by Sea Transport Corporation. Laser measurement techniques have been employed to analyse the flow field within the well dock while the feeder vessel both enters and departs. For the Master of the feeder vessel to safely perform these manoeuvres, the complex flows resulting from the highly confined nature of the well dock concept need to be understood and potentially mitigated. It is shown that the inclusion of vents in the well dock can significantly influence the flow and that their effectiveness is determined by the size of the vents. This study further progresses the authors’ recent work on the same novel concept where the confined water effect of the well dock and inclusion of vents is quantified for both the seakeeping behaviour and the docking/departure performance. It is concluded that the use of vents is very beneficial when a feeder vessel docks or departs the well dock, however a compromise on the vent size must be reached in order to reduce adverse effects on feeder vessel motions when docked and exposed to a seaway. It is likely that the optimum solution, that covers all operational parameters, only requires the inclusion of relatively small vents.

New designs and a new analysis technique have been developed for an existing compact charged-particle spectrometer on the NIF and OMEGA. The new analysis technique extends the capabilities of this diagnostic to measure arbitrarily shaped ion spectra down to 1 MeV with yields as low as 106. Three different designs are provided optimized for the measurement of DD protons, T3He deuterons, and 3He3He protons. The designs are highly customizable, and a generalized framework is provided for optimizing the design for alternative applications. Additionally, the understanding of the detector’s response and uncertainties is greatly expanded upon. A new calibration procedure is also developed to increase the precision of the measurements.

Charged particle spectrometry is a critical diagnostic to study inertial-confinement-fusion plasmas and high energy density plasmas. The OMEGA Laser Facility has two fixed magnetic charged particle spectrometers (CPSs) to measure MeV-ions. In situ calibration of these spectrometers was carried out using 241Am and 226Ra alpha emitters. The alpha emission spectrum from the sources was measured independently using surface-barrier detectors (SBDs). The energy dispersion and broadening of the CPS systems were determined by comparing the CPS measured alpha spectrum to that of the SBD. The calibration method significantly constrains the energy dispersion, which was previously obtained through the measurement of charged particle fusion products. Overall, a small shift of 100 keV was observed between previous and the calibration done in this work.

In laser-produced high-energy-density plasmas, large-scale strong magnetic fields are spontaneously generated by the Biermann battery effects when temperature and density gradients are misaligned. Saturation of the magnetic field takes place when convection and dissipation balance field generation. While theoretical and numerical modeling provide useful insight into the saturation mechanisms, experimental demonstration remains elusive. In this letter, we report an experiment on the saturation dynamics and scaling of Biermann battery magnetic field in the regime where plasma convection dominates. With time-gated charged-particle radiography and time-resolved Thomson scattering, the field structure and evolution as well as corresponding plasma conditions are measured. In these conditions, the spatially resolved magnetic fields are reconstructed, leading to a picture of field saturation with a scaling of B∼1/L_{T} for a convectively dominated plasma, a regime where the temperature gradient scale (L_{T}) exceeds the ion skin depth.

Mono-energetic proton radiography is a vital diagnostic for numerous high-energy-density-physics, inertial-confinement-fusion, and laboratory-astrophysics experiments at OMEGA. With a large number of campaigns executing hundreds of shots, general trends in D

Lean (80%) ground beef was formulated with 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% mature bull trimmings, formed into patties, cooked to 71 °C in an air-impingement oven, and stored at −20 °C until reheating to 71 °C either in a microwave oven or on a gas-fired chargrill. Instrumental color of raw patties was not (P ≥ .080) affected by levels of bull trim. After initial cooking, internal cooked redness values were not affected (P ≥ .202) by the proportion of bull trim; however, the internal reheated patty redness increased (greater a* values and lesser HA; P ≤ .001) with increasing proportions of bull trimmings. Formulating ground beef with high levels (>50%) of mature, bull trimmings had minimal effects on raw ground beef color, but patties formulated with the highest proportions of bull trimmings appeared undercooked even after cooking twice to 71 °C.

Recent progress at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), with neutron yields of order 1 × 1017, places new constraints on diagnostics used to characterize implosion performance. The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS), which is routinely used to measure yield, ion temperature ( Tion), and down-scatter ratio ( dsr), has been adapted to allow measurements of dsr up to 5 × 1017, and yield and Tion up to 2 × 1018 in the near term with new data processing techniques and conversion foil solutions. This paper presents a solution for extending MRS operation up to a yield of 2 × 1019 (60 MJ) by moving the spectrometer outside of the NIF shield wall. This will not only enhance the upper yield limit by 10× but also improve signal-to-background by 5×.

International audience; Five vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) ligands (VEGF-A, -B, -C, -D, and placental growth factor [PlGF]) constitute the VEGF family. VEGF-A binds to VEGF receptors 1 and 2 (VEGFR1/2), whereas VEGF-B and PlGF only bind VEGFR1. Although much research has been conducted on VEGFR2 to elucidate its key role in retinal diseases, recent efforts have shown the importance and involvement of VEGFR1 and its family of ligands in angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and microinflammatory cascades within the retina. Expression of VEGFR1 depends on the microenvironment, is differentially regulated under hypoxic and inflammatory conditions, and it has been detected in retinal and choroidal endothelial cells, pericytes, retinal and choroidal mononuclear phagocytes (including microglia), Müller cells, photoreceptor cells, and the retinal pigment epithelium. Whilst the VEGF-A decoy function of VEGFR1 is well established, consequences of its direct signaling are less clear. VEGFR1 activation can affect vascular permeability and induce macrophage and microglia production of proinflammatory and proangiogenic mediators. However the ability of the VEGFR1 ligands (VEGF-A, PlGF, and VEGF-B) to compete against each other for receptor binding and to heterodimerize complicates our understanding of the relative contribution of VEGFR1 signaling alone toward the pathologic processes seen in diabetic retinopathy, retinal vascular occlusions, retinopathy of prematurity, and age-related macular degeneration. Clinically, anti-VEGF drugs have proven transformational in these pathologies and their impact on modulation of VEGFR1 signaling is still an opportunity-rich field for further research.

An experimental campaign has been undertaken to explore the flow around a feeder vessel as it manoeuvres in and out of the well dock of a mothership. The parent hulls for this study are drawn from the floating harbour transhipper concept created by Sea Transport Corporation. Laser measurement techniques have been employed to analyse the flow field within the well dock while the feeder vessel both enters and departs. For the Master of the feeder vessel to safely perform these manoeuvres, the complex flows resulting from the highly confined nature of the well dock concept need to be understood and potentially mitigated. It is shown that the inclusion of vents in the well dock can significantly influence the flow and that their effectiveness is determined by the size of the vents. This study further progresses the authors’ recent work on the same novel concept where the confined water effect of the well dock and inclusion of vents is quantified for both the seakeeping behaviour and the docking/departure performance. It is concluded that the use of vents is very beneficial when a feeder vessel docks or departs the well dock, however a compromise on the vent size must be reached in order to reduce adverse effects on feeder vessel motions when docked and exposed to a seaway. It is likely that the optimum solution, that covers all operational parameters, only requires the inclusion of relatively small vents.

The subduction of seamounts and ridge features at convergent plate boundaries plays an important role in the deformation of the overriding plate and influences geochemical cycling and associated biological processes. Active serpentinization of forearc mantle and serpentinite mud volcanism on the Mariana forearc (between the trench and active volcanic arc) provides windows on subduction processes. Here, we present (1) the first observation of an extensive exposure of an undeformed Cretaceous seamount currently being subducted at the Mariana Trench inner slope; (2) vertical deformation of the forearc region related to subduction of Pacific Plate seamounts and thickened crust; (3) recovered Ocean Drilling Program and International Ocean Discovery Program cores of serpentinite mudflows that confirm exhumation of various Pacific Plate lithologies, including subducted reef limestone; (4) petrologic, geochemical and paleontological data from the cores that show that Pacific Plate seamount exhumation covers greater spatial and temporal extents; (5) the inference that microbial communities associated with serpentinite mud volcanism may also be exhumed from the subducted plate seafloor and/or seamounts; and (6) the implications for effects of these processes with regard to evolution of life. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Serpentine in the Earth system’.

Purpose To explore real-world effectiveness of intravitreal aflibercept injection (IAI) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in Germany. Design A 24-month, prospective, noninterventional, noncontrolled, multicenter observational cohort study. Participants Patients (n = 848) with nAMD treated with IAI. Methods Patients (n = 988) were screened at 67 study sites. Therapeutic decisions were made by the treating physician. Primary end point analysis was performed after 12 months for the entire study cohort and for predetermined subgroups of treatment-naive and previously treated patients. Additionally, outcomes with regular injection intervals (bimonthly after 3 monthly injections) were compared with those of patients with irregularities in their treatment regimen. Main Outcome Measures The primary end point was the mean change in visual acuity (VA) from baseline after 12 months. Other key end points included the proportions of patients gaining 15 letters or more and patients with reading vision (≥70 letters). Furthermore, the number of injections, anatomic measurements, and safety data were recorded. Results Mean ± standard deviation VA improvement was 5.3±17.4 letters in treatment-naive patients and −0.1±15.6 letters in previously treated patients (P ≤ 0.0001), and that of the total study group was 2.9±16.8 letters. Baseline VA was 53.4±17.9 letters for treatment-naive patients, 52.9±18.4 letters for previously treated patients, and 53.2±18.1 letters for the total patient population. Treatment pattern was associated with VA outcome: best outcomes—an average VA gain of 8.0±17.7 letters—were seen in treatment-naive patients in the regularly treated population, whereas irregularly treated, treatment-naive patients achieved a mean VA gain of only 4.0±17.1 letters. Among previously treated patients, regular treatment also was associated with better outcomes (+3.1±10.7 vs. −1.1±16.8 letters). For the total study group, the mean VA gain was the following: regularly treated population, 6.1±15.6 letters; irregularly treated population, 1.5±17.1 letters (P = 0.008). No cases of endophthalmitis were observed during the first 12 months of the study. Adverse events were in line with the known safety profile of IAI. Conclusions After 12 months of treatment with IAI, treatment-naive patients showed substantial functional benefit, whereas previously treated patients maintained their VA. With regular IAI treatment, it seems that similar results as those in pivotal IAI studies can be achieved in routine clinical practice.

Mono-energetic proton radiography is a vital diagnostic for numerous high-energy-density-physics, inertial-confinement-fusion, and laboratory-astrophysics experiments at OMEGA. With a large number of campaigns executing hundreds of shots, general trends in D3He backlighter performance are statistically observed. Each experimental configuration uses a different number of beams and drive symmetry, causing the backlighter to perform differently. Here, we analyze the impact of these variables on the overall performance of the D3He backlighter for proton-radiography studies. This study finds that increasing laser drive asymmetry can degrade the performance of the D3He backlighter. The results of this study can be used to help experimental designs that use proton radiography.

This paper presents data from experiments with protons at non-normal incidence to CR-39 nuclear track detectors, analyzing the properties of detection efficiency, proton track diameter, track contrast, and track eccentricity. Understanding the CR-39 response to protons incident at an angle is important for designing charged particle detectors for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) applications. This study considers protons with incident energies less than 3 MeV. In this regime, an incident angle of 10° has no effect on CR-39 detection efficiency, and >85% detection efficiency is preserved up through 25° in the range of 1.0 MeV-2.1 MeV. For ICF applications, incident angles above 30° are deemed impractical for detector design due to significant drops in proton detection at all energies. We observe significant reductions in detection efficiency compared to theoretical predictions, particularly at low energies where proton tracks are etched away. The proton track diameter measured by the scan system is observed to decrease with higher incident angles. The track diameters are analyzed with two fitting models, and it is shown that the diameter-energy relation can be fit with the existing models at angles up to 30°. The optical contrast of the tracks tends to increase with the angle, meaning that the tracks are fainter, and a larger increase is observed for higher energies. Eccentricity, a measure of how elongated proton tracks are, increases with the incident angle and drops after the critical angle. The lowest energy tracks remain nearly circular even at higher angles.

Ground beef was formulated into six treatments of 82 or 93% lean with 0, 10, or 20% lean finely-textured beef (LFTB). Batches (n = 5/treatment) were ground and formed into patties, then aerobically packaged for 5 days of simulated retail display to measure fresh color and lipid oxidation (TBARS). Additional patties were cooked to 71.1C before measuring external and internal cooked color, TBARS, and Lee-Kramer shear force (LKSF). Lightness (L*), redness (a*), and pH of fresh patties increased (P 0.07) cooked color. Practical Applications Lean finely-textured beef (LFTB) is a product made using an advanced meat recovery system from high-fat, beef trimmings, and LFTB is treated with food-grade ammonia to increase product pH and reduce potential pathogenic bacteria contamination. Even though LFTB has received considerable negative media coverage since 2012 (Yadavalli and Jones 2014), results of this research indicate that the inclusion of LFTB up to 20% could lend many positive quality characteristics to both fresh and cooked ground beef patties. Decreased lipid oxidation along with improved fresh color could result in a product with greater quality attributes, especially a more appealing color to consumers. With no negative effects on cooked color or cooking loss and the potential for increased tenderness, LFTB inclusion is a viable way to produce a desirable product while ensuring more complete utilization of beef carcasses.

In 2 experiments, dark-cutting (DC) beef strip loins were used to test the effects of citric acid-enhancement pH on visual and instrumental color of fresh and cooked steaks. In Exp. 1 and 2, each DC (mean pH = 6.57 and 6.65, respectively) and normal-pH, low USDA Choice (CH; mean pH = 5.48 and 5.51, respectively) strip loin was cut into 2 equal-length sections, and DC sections were injected to 111% of raw section weight with pH 3.5 to 5.0 (Exp. 1) or pH 2.0 to 3.5 (Exp. 2) solutions made by mixing citric acid in either 0.05% orthophosphate (PO) solution or tap water (HO) base solutions (Exp. 1) and 0.5% PO or 0.5% tripolyphosphate solution base solutions (Exp. 2). After enhancement, sections were cut into steaks, which were assigned to either 5 d of simulated retail display or cooked to 71°C for cooked color measurement. Postenhancement pH of DC steaks enhanced with pH 3.5 to 5.0 solutions did not ( ≥ 0.180) differ from that of nonenhanced DC steaks (Exp. 1) but linearly decreased ( < 0.001) as solution pH decreased from 3.5 to 2.0 (Exp. 2). Even though fresh color scores were increased ( < 0.001) by citric acid enhancement over untreated DC steaks during the first 3 d of display, fresh steak color never ( < 0.001) approached that of nonenhanced CH steaks. When compared with nonenhanced DC steaks, enhancement with pH 3.5 to 5.0 solutions received lower cooked color scores, whereas enhancing DC sections with pH 2.5 solutions produced cooked color and degree-of-doneness scores similar ( ≥ 0.113) to those of nonenhanced CH steaks (Exp. 2). Results indicated that the pH of citric acid enhancement solutions, regardless of base solution, were insufficient to improve the fresh color of DC beef; however, enhancement with pH 2.5 citric acid solutions effectively eliminated the persistent red cooked color typically associated with DC beef comparable with that of normal-pH beef.

In two separate experiments, carcasses of intact Kiko × Boer male kids were assigned randomly to tension treatments applied 30 min postmortem: 1) suspended by the Achilles tendon (AT); 2) suspended from the pelvic bone with front and hind legs tied together (TS); or 3) suspended by the Achilles tendon, and the fore- and hindsaddle were separated at the 12th/13th thoracic intervertebral disk, external fat, accessory muscles and epimysium surrounding the longissimus muscle (LM) were cut (TC), and a 2.3-kg weight attached to the neck (TC + W). Warner-Bratzler shear force values for the LM were reduced (P 0.05) 24.4 to 35.9 N in TS carcasses compared to AT carcasses, and WBSF values of SM from TS carcasses were 25.0 and 20.3 N less (P 0.05) than those for AT and TC + W carcasses, respectively. Results indicated that cooked goat meat tenderness, particularly the LM and SM, may be improved greatly by suspending goat carcasses by the pelvic bone.

Purpose.To assess FGF-β, TGF-β, and COX2 expression and immunocompetent cells in the orbital tissue of patients with severe and mild Graves’ orbitopathy.Patients and Methods.Orbital tissue was taken from 27 patients with GO: (1) severe GO (n=18), the mean clinical activity score (CAS) being 8.5 (SD 2.5); and (2) mild GO (n=9), the mean CAS being 2.2 (SD 0.8), and from 10 individuals undergoing blepharoplasty. The expression of CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, and CD68 and FGF-β, TGF-β, and COX2 in the orbital tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemical methods.Results.We demonstrated predominant CD4+ T cells in severe GO. CD68 expression was observed in the fibrous connective area of mild GO and was robust in severe GO, while the prominent TGF-βexpression was seen in all GO. Increased FGF-βexpression was observed in the fibroblasts and adipocytes of severe GO. No expression of COX2 was found in patients with GO.Conclusions.Macrophages and CD4 T lymphocytes are both engaged in the active/severe and long stage of inflammation in the orbital tissue. FGF-βand TGF-βexpression may contribute to tissue remodeling, fibrosis, and perpetuation of inflammation in the orbital tissue of GO especially in severe GO.

Crossbred pigs (n = 216) were used to test the effects of phase-feeding beef tallow (BT) and yellow grease (YGr) on live performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid composition of subcutaneous (s.c.) fat depots of growing-finishing swine. Pigs were blocked by initial BW (26.0 ± 5.3 kg) before allotment to pens (6 pigs/pen), and pens (6 pens/block) were assigned randomly to 1 of 6 dietary treatments: 1) corn-soybean meal-based grower and finisher diets formulated with 4.7% YGr fed during all 5 feeding phases (YG15), 2) corn-soybean meal-based diets formulated with 5.0% BT fed during all 5 phases (BT15), 3) diets containing 5.0% BT fed during the first 2 phases and diets with 4.7% YGr fed the last 3 phases (YG345), 4) diets formulated with 5.0% BT fed during first 3 phases and diets containing 4.7% YGr fed during the last 2 phases (YG45), 5) diets containing 4.7% YGr fed during the first 3 phases and diets with 5.0% BT fed during the last 2 feeding phases (BT45), or 6) diets formulated with 4.7% YGr fed during the first 2 phases and diets with 5.0% BT fed during the last 3 phases (BT345). Overall performance was similar (P ≥ 0.06) among dietary treatments; however, overall ADG and ADFI increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.05) with increasing days fed BT, but duration of dietary YGr did not affect ADG (P ≥ 0.22) or ADFI (P ≥ 0.30). There was no (P ≥ 0.23) effect of fat inclusion on carcass characteristics, but carcass lean yield decreased (linear, P = 0.02) as duration of YGr feeding increased from 37 to 103 d. Proportions of back fat SFA (quadratic, P = 0.03) and jowl fat MUFA (linear, P = 0.02) increased as the time fed BT increased from 47 to 103 d. Conversely, PUFA content of both s.c. fat depots increased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing durations of dietary YGr. Moreover, quadratic slopes for linolenic (18:2n-6) and linolenic (18:3n-3) acids in jowl fat differed (P ≤ 0.05) between BT and YGr durations, indicating that the percentages of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 increased at a greater rate with increasing time fed YGr than the rate of decreases in 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 associated with increasing time fed BT. Results of this study confirm that the fatty acid composition of s.c. fat depots are similar to that of the dietary fat source fed during the last 2 or 3 feeding phases, yet deposition rates of specific fatty acids appear to be dependent on the length of time pigs are fed a specific fat source.

Crossbred pigs (n = 216) were used to test the effects of phase-feeding beef tallow (BT) and yellow grease (YGr) on fresh belly and bacon quality characteristics of growing-finishing swine fed dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Pigs were blocked by initial BW (26.0 ± 5.3 kg) before allotment to pens (6 pigs/pen), and pens (6 pens/block) were assigned randomly to 1 of 6 dietary treatments: 1) corn-soybean meal-based grower and finisher diets formulated with 4.7% YGr fed during all 5 feeding phases (YG15); 2) corn-soybean meal-based diets formulated with 5.0% BT fed during all 5 phases (BT15); 3) diets containing 5.0% BT fed during the first 2 phases and diets with 4.7% YGr fed the last 3 phases (YG345); 4) diets formulated with 5.0% BT fed during first 3 phases and diets containing 4.7% YGr fed during the last 2 phases (YG45); 5) diets containing 4.7% YGr fed during the first 3 phases and diets with 5.0% BT fed during the last 2 feeding phases (BT45); or 6) diets formulated with 4.7% YGr fed during the first 2 phases and diets with 5.0% BT fed during the last 3 phases (BT345). All dietary treatments were formulated with 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) during the first 3 phases, 15% DDGS in the fourth phase, and no DDGS during the last phase. Fresh belly quality data were collected on the left-side bellies, whereas bacon from the right-side bellies was prepared under commercial processing conditions. Additionally, USDA-certified No. 1 slices were collected for cooking characteristics and sensory panel evaluations. Bellies from the YG15-fed pigs were softer (P ≤ 0.05) than bellies from BT15-fed pigs; however, instrumentally measured belly firmness was not (P ≥ 0.06) different among treatments. Concentrations of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids, as well as all SFA and all MUFA, were greater (P < 0.01) in bellies from BT15- than YG15-fed pigs. In contrast, proportions of linoleic acid, all PUFA, and iodine value were greater (P < 0.01) in belly fat from YG15-fed pigs in comparison with BT15-fed pigs. Yield of commercially processed bacon (P ≥ 0.06), mechanical bacon tenderness (P ≥ 0.69), and bacon palatability attributes (P ≥ 0.55) were not affected by the dietary treatments. Thus, results of this study indicated that phase-feeding BT to pigs fed diets formulated with DDGS produced minor improvements in fresh belly firmness due to greater proportions of SFA but had no effect on yields of commercially processed bacon or bacon quality characteristics.

Several studies illustrate the favorable association between physical activity (PA) and cholesterol levels. There is a paucity of data examining the PA patterns of individuals with and without hypercholesterolemia (HC).To examine self-reported moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA) patterns using the most recent PA guidelines among US adults with and without HC.Cross-sectional study utilizing a secondary data analysis approach.We used data from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). PA categories were based on the 2008 Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) guidelines.The age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported HC in US adults was 34%. When stratified by gender, the age-adjusted prevalence of HC was found to be significantly higher in men (36.2%; 95% CI 35.6, 36.8) compared with women (31.8%; 95% CI 31.3, 32.3). The age-adjusted prevalence of meeting the DHHS PA recommendation was 59.1% among participants reporting HC and 68.3% among participants not reporting HC (P0.05). Following adjustment for demographics and health history, the odds ratio for meeting the DHHS PA recommendation among participants with HC compared with those without HC was 0.86 (95% CI 0.83, 0.89).Although a large proportion of adults reporting HC report engaging in a volume of MVPA necessary to meet national guidelines, their odds of meeting these guidelines and their MVPA volume may be significantly lower than adults who did not report HC.

In 2 experiments, dark-cutting (DC) beef strip loins were used to test the effects of citric acid-enhancement pH on visual and instrumental color of fresh and cooked steaks. In Exp. 1 and 2, each DC (mean pH = 6.57 and 6.65, respectively) and normal-pH, low USDA Choice (CH; mean pH = 5.48 and 5.51, respectively) strip loin was cut into 2 equal-length sections, and DC sections were injected to 111% of raw section weight with pH 3.5 to 5.0 (Exp. 1) or pH 2.0 to 3.5 (Exp. 2) solutions made by mixing citric acid in either 0.05% orthophosphate (PO) solution or tap water (HO) base solutions (Exp. 1) and 0.5% PO or 0.5% tripolyphosphate solution base solutions (Exp. 2). After enhancement, sections were cut into steaks, which were assigned to either 5 d of simulated retail display or cooked to 71°C for cooked color measurement. Postenhancement pH of DC steaks enhanced with pH 3.5 to 5.0 solutions did not ( ≥ 0.180) differ from that of nonenhanced DC steaks (Exp. 1) but linearly decreased (0.001) as solution pH decreased from 3.5 to 2.0 (Exp. 2). Even though fresh color scores were increased (0.001) by citric acid enhancement over untreated DC steaks during the first 3 d of display, fresh steak color never (0.001) approached that of nonenhanced CH steaks. When compared with nonenhanced DC steaks, enhancement with pH 3.5 to 5.0 solutions received lower cooked color scores, whereas enhancing DC sections with pH 2.5 solutions produced cooked color and degree-of-doneness scores similar ( ≥ 0.113) to those of nonenhanced CH steaks (Exp. 2). Results indicated that the pH of citric acid enhancement solutions, regardless of base solution, were insufficient to improve the fresh color of DC beef; however, enhancement with pH 2.5 citric acid solutions effectively eliminated the persistent red cooked color typically associated with DC beef comparable with that of normal-pH beef.

We have examined the influence of spontaneous nano-patterning on the placement of InAs quantum dots (QDs) on (Al)GaAs surfaces using an experimental-computational approach. Both atomically flat and mounded surfaces, generated via a surface instability induced by the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier, are employed as templates for the subsequent deposition of InAs QDs. Using height profiles from atomic-force micrographs, we simulate QD deposition with a 2D phase field model, which describes the time evolution of the InAs layer driven by a chemical potential gradient. For flat surfaces, phase-field simulations result in QD densities comparable to experimental observations. For mounded surfaces, the simulations reveal QDs preferentially positioned in regions of positive curvature (substrate valleys), e.g., at the edge of surface mounds, consistent with the anisotropic QD placement observed experimentally. We discuss the role of curvature-driven diffusion in the spontaneous ordering of QDs, demonstrating the applicability of this mechanism to AlGaAs mounds.We have examined the influence of spontaneous nano-patterning on the placement of InAs quantum dots (QDs) on (Al)GaAs surfaces using an experimental-computational approach. Both atomically flat and mounded surfaces, generated via a surface instability induced by the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier, are employed as templates for the subsequent deposition of InAs QDs. Using height profiles from atomic-force micrographs, we simulate QD deposition with a 2D phase field model, which describes the time evolution of the InAs layer driven by a chemical potential gradient. For flat surfaces, phase-field simulations result in QD densities comparable to experimental observations. For mounded surfaces, the simulations reveal QDs preferentially positioned in regions of positive curvature (substrate valleys), e.g., at the edge of surface mounds, consistent with the anisotropic QD placement observed experimentally. We discuss the role of curvature-driven diffusion in the spontaneous ordering of QDs, demonstrating the applicab...

We report geochemical analysis of seven rock specimens and six stone artifacts from Nihoa and Necker Islands, Hawai'i. The analyzed rock specimens exhibit chemistry consistent with published data sets and establish a major element distinction between Nihoa and Necker. Their trace element data indicate that the analyzed rocks and artifacts are local in origin and they reliably discriminate from sources on Kaua'i. These preliminary results support Emory's thesis that early (archaic) Hawaiian colonists on Nihoa and Necker relied on their local basaltic stone to manufacture stone tools, containers, and other portable objects.

In order to constrain the magma sources and the structural evolution of Hana Ridge, noble gas isotope ratios and 40Ar/39Ar ages were determined for this submarine extension of the east rift zone of Haleakala volcano. 40Ar/39Ar ages of ten lavas from Hana Ridge are bimodally distributed. Three samples have ages of 1.8–1.9 Ma and seven samples have ages of 1.4–1.5 Ma. The observation of older lavas overlying younger ones in two locations suggests that growth of Hawaiian rift zones occurs endogenously by continuous intrusion of magmas and patchy resurfacing at outbreak points. The 0.5 Ma age range for submarine Hana Ridge lavas, coupled with previously published K/Ar ages of 0.97–1.1 Ma for subaerial Honomanu lavas on the Haleakala Volcano, indicates that Haleakala shield volcanism persisted for nearly 1 My. Furthermore, the new 40Ar/39Ar ages, when considered with isotopic compositions of the lavas, suggests that the source for Hana Ridge magmas gradually shifted over a period of 0.5–1.0 My. The majority of samples from the ridge have relatively uniform 3He/4He ratios between 18 and 22 Ra, which is higher than 3He/4He of subaerial Honomanu tholeiites. 20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne ratios define linearly correlated trend that overlaps with the Loihi–Kilauea trend. He–Ne systematics of the Hana Ridge indicate that the magmas comprising most parts of the ridge were derived from a source with a primordial less-degassed mantle component. Since Hana Ridge lavas predate the subaerial Honomanu lavas, temporal decrease of 3He/4He ratios suggests that contribution of this primordial component had decreased in the magma source during establishment of Hana Ridge and Haleakala volcano. Pb–Sr isotopes demonstrate that Hana Ridge magmas are representative of the Kea component. However, such isotopic signatures associated with elevated high 3He/4He ratios precludes that the Kea component is a distinct endmember, such as recycled oceanic crust or lithospheric mantle. Alternatively, we propose that it is a common sub-component that is a mixture of Loihi endmember and recycled oceanic crust. Ne isotope ratios of the Hawaiian samples, including the Hana Ridge, show primordial signature irrespective of 3He/4He ratios. Such apparent decoupling of He and Ne isotopes may be also attributed to mixing of the Loihi component and recycled component in the mantle plume, either of which components needs to be elementally fractionated prior to mixing.

Bulk products such as iron ore and coal are usually shipped directly from shore facilities using large bulk carriers. This often involves significant cost due to major dredging operations, long jetties, large storage sheds and the acquisition of large tracts of coastal land. The costs of direct shore to an ocean-going export vessel (OGV) loading often run into billions of dollars — prohibitive for small- to medium-scale mining operations, particularly in remote regions with only distant access to deep water ports. The current industry standard for mitigating these issues is transhipping; the bulk cargo is transported from a smaller shore based facility to the export vessel moored in deep water by a small feeder vessel. Transhipment, while mitigating many of these issues, does introduce other concerns with respect to limiting seastate, environmentally harmful dust and potential spillage during materials transfer. The Australian company Sea Transport Corporation and the Australian Maritime College at the University of Tasmania are developing new technology for bulk ore transhipment: the floating harbour transhipper (FHT). The FHT is essentially a large floating warehouse with an aft well dock to support material transfer operations from the feeder vessel. The major advantages to the mining export industry are in the form of environmental and economic improvements, in some cases completely avoiding expensive dredging while minimising the environmentally invasive onshore infrastructure. In addition, the whole process is enclosed, therefore eliminating grab spillage and dust transport issues common to other transhipping methods. This paper presents an overview of the main hydrodynamic issues currently being investigated: primarily the interaction between multiple floating bodies close to one another in a seaway. The two primary ship-to-ship interactions that are being investigated are the effects experienced by the feeder vessel when it is docking or undocking within the FHT well dock and the interactions between the three vessels when operating in close proximity in an open seaway. A combination of physical scale model experiments and numerical techniques is employed, with a significant portion of the experimental program dedicated to the validation of the numerical simulation codes used to investigate the behaviour of the vessels. ShipMo3D is an object based library developed by DRDC for the purpose of analysing the seakeeping performance of vessels operating in a seaway in either the frequency or time domain. The capabilities of ShipMo3D are applied to this novel application in an attempt to provide realistic simulations of the interaction between the vessels of the FHT system. DualSPHysics, an open source Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) code, is being applied to the domain within the very restricted water environment of the FHT well dock to investigate the fluid flow behaviour and the effect that this has on the feeder vessel when entering/exiting.

Purpose.To evaluate the relationship between the expression of orbital tissue mRNA for FOXP3, CTLA-4/CD28/CD80/CD86, and CD40/CD40 and the severity of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO).Material and Methods.Orbital tissue was obtained from 26 patients with GO, with mild (n=6) or severe GO (n=20), and 7 healthy controls. The expression of mRNA of FOXP3, CTLA-4/CD28/CD80/CD86, CD40/CD40L was measured by RT-PCR. TCR and CD3 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.Results. Higher mRNA for FoxP3 (relative expression: 1.4) and CD40 (1.27) and lower expression of CTLA-4 (0.61) were found in the GO tissues versus controls. In severe GO as compared to mild GO higher mRNA expression for FoxP3 (1.35) and CD40 (1.4) and lower expression for CTLA-4 (0.78), CD28 (0.62), and CD40L (0.56) were found. A positive correlation was found between FOXP3 mRNA and CD3 infiltration (R=0.796,P=0.0000001).Conclusions. The enhanced FOXP3 mRNA expression in GO samples may suggest the dysfunction of FOXP3 cells in the severe GO. The diminished mRNA expression of CTLA-4 in severe GO may indicate inadequate T regulatory function. The enhanced mRNA expression of CD40 in severe GO and negative correlation to CRP mRNA may suggest their role in the active and inactive GO.

We report Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope compositions for 17 bulk-rock samples from the submarine Hana Ridge, Haleakala volcano, Hawaii, collected by three dives by ROV Kaiko during a joint Japan–US Hawaiian cruise in 2001. The Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios for the submarine Hana Ridge lavas are similar to those of Kilauea lavas. This contrasts with the isotope ratios from the subaerial Honomanu lavas of the Haleakala shield, which are similar to Mauna Loa lavas or intermediate between the Kilauea and Mauna Loa fields. The observation that both the Kea and Loa components coexist in individual shields is inconsistent with the interpretation that the location of volcanoes within the Hawaiian chain controls the geographical distribution of the Loa and Kea trend geochemical characteristics. Isotopic and trace element ratios in Haleakala shield lavas suggest that a recycled oceanic crustal gabbroic component is present in the mantle source. The geochemical characteristics of the lavas combined with petrological modeling calculations using trace element inversion and pMELTS suggest that the melting depth progressively decreases in the mantle source during shield growth, and that the proportion of the recycled oceanic gabbroic component sampled by the melt is higher in the later stages of Hawaiian shields as the volcanoes migrate away from the central axis of the plume.

Background/aim: Although antiproliferative drugs have been used successfully to prevent scarring after filtration surgery in patients with glaucoma, complications associated with their use (such as hypotony or endophthalmitis) energise the search for an alternative treatment. Single application of β radiation leads to long term growth arrest and expression of p53 in human Tenon’s capsule fibroblasts (hTf). The authors assume that the activation of p53 is one of the cellular triggers. Their aim was to analyse the effect of p53 overexpression on hTf and to determine which pathways are involved. Methods: A recombinant adenoviral vector (rAd.p53) containing transgenes encoding for human p53 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to induce overexpression of p53 in hTF and a control vector (rAd.GFP). Transgene expression was detected by western blot (p53 and p21WAF-1/Cip1). Cell proliferation and viability were investigated using cell counts, 5′-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (BrdU assay) and tetrazolium reduction (MTT assay). Results: Infection of hTf with rAd.p53 resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and metabolic activity in vitro. Western blot showed increased levels of p53 and p21WAF-1/Cip1 in rAd.p53 infected cells, but not in rAd.GFP and uninfected cells. Apoptosis was excluded with flow cytometry. Conclusions: Adenoviral p53 gene transfer leads to significant growth inhibition in hTf. P53 induces p21WAF-1/Cip1 expression and does not cause apoptosis in hTf in vitro. p53 as an antiproliferative drug has the potential to replace mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil in glaucoma surgery.

The Samoan volcanic lineament has many features that are consistent with a plume-driven hotspot model, including the currently active submarine volcano Vailulu'u that anchors the eastern extremity. Proximity to the northern end of the Tonga trench, and the presence of voluminous young volcanism on what should be the oldest (not, vert, similar5 my) western island (Savai'i) has induced controversy regarding a simple plume/hotspot model. In an effort to further constrain this debate, we have carried out geochronological, geochemical and isotopic studies of dredge basalts from four seamounts and submarine banks that extend the Samoan lineament 1300 km further west from Savai'i. 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages from Combe and Alexa Banks (11.1 my—940 km, and 23.4 my—1690 km from Vailulu'u, respectively) fit a Pacific age progression very well. The oldest volcanism (9.8 my) on Lalla Rookh (725 km from Vailulu'u) also fits this age progression, but a new age is much younger (1.6 my). Isotopically, these three seamounts, along with Pasco Bank (590 km from Vailulu'u), all lie within, or closely along extensions of, the Sr–Nd–Pb fields for shield basalts from the Eastern Samoan Province (Savai'i to Vailulu'u); this clearly establishes a Samoan pedigree for this western extension of the Samoan hotspot chain, and pushes the inception of Samoan volcanism back to at least 23 my. From geodetic reconstructions of the Fiji–Tonga–Samoa region, we show that the northern terminus of the Tonga arc was too far west of the Samoa hotspot up until 1–2 my ago to have been a factor in its volcanism. Young rejuvenated volcanism on Lalla Rookh and Savai'i may be related to the rapid eastward encroachment of the Trench corner. The Vitiaz Lineament, previously thought to mark a proto-Tongan subduction zone, was more likely created by the eastward propagation of the tear in the Pacific Plate at the northern end of the arc.

Hana Ridge, the longest submarine rift zone in the Hawaiian island chain, extending from Maui 140 km to the ESE, has a complex morphology compared with other Hawaiian rift zones. A total of 108 rock specimens have been collected from the submarine Hana Ridge by six submersible dives. All of the rocks (76 bulk rocks analyzed) are tholeiitic basalts or picrites. Their major element compositions, together with distinctively low Zr/Nb, Sr/Nb, and Ba/Nb, overlap those of Kilauea lavas. In contrast, the lavas forming the subaerial Honomanu shield are intermediate in composition between those of Kilauea and Mauna Loa. The compositional characteristics of the lavas imply that clinopyroxene and garnet were important residual phases during partial melting. The compositions of olivine and glass ( formerly melt) inclusions imply that regardless of textural type (euhedral, subhedral–undeformed, deformed) olivine crystallized from host magmas. Using the most forsteritic olivine (Fo90 6) and partition coefficients K melt DFe Mg and D ol melt CaO , the primary magma composition is constrained to have 16 7% MgO and 8 4 wt % CaO. Modeling calculations using MELTS show that olivine first crystallized at 1380–1390 C and 0 1–0 3 GPa, under slightly hydrous conditions (0 5–1 wt % water).

Top: map of the southeastern Indian Ocean, after Smith & Sandwell (1997). The box indicates the 86–118°E portion of the SEIR; theposition of the ridge axis is shown by the black line. HS, hotspot. Bottom: axial depth vs longitude in the study area and AAD (Australian–AntarcticDiscordance) from Sempe´re´

We have examined the influence of bismuth (Bi) and nitrogen (N) fluxes on N and Bi incorporation during molecular-beam epitaxy of GaAs1-x-yNxBiy alloys. The incorporation of Bi is found to be independent of N flux, while the total N incorporation and the fraction of N atoms occupying non-substitutional lattice sites increase with increasing Bi flux. A comparison of channeling nuclear reaction analysis along the [100], [110], and [111] directions with Monte Carlo-Molecular Dynamics simulations indicates that the non-substitutional N primarily incorporate as (N-As)As interstitial complexes. We discuss the influence of Bi adatoms on the formation of arsenic-terminated [110]-oriented step-edges and the resulting enhancement in total N incorporation via the formation of additional (N-As)As.

Purpose To assess FGF-β, TGF-β, COX2 expression and immunocompetent cells in the orbital fat/connective tissue of patients with severe and mild Graves’ orbitopathy as possible prognosting factors of the course of disease. Methods Orbital tissue from 27 patients with GO undergoing orbital decompression (26 females and 1 male): 1) patients with severe GO (n = 18), the mean clinical activity score (CAS) was 8,5 (SD 2.5); 2) Patients with mild GO (n= 9), CAS was 2.2 (SD 0.8). 10 individuals undergoing blepharoplasty with no history of orbital inflammation served as controls. We evaluated the expression of CD4+, CD8+. CD20+, CD68 and FGF-β, TGF-β, COX2 in the orbital tissue by immunohistochemical staining Results The robust intraorbital CD4 + T cells infiltration in severe GO more than with mild GO with absence of CD20+ B lymphocytes and less CD8 infiltration were seen. CD68 expression (fibroblasts and macrophages staining) observed in the fibrous connective area of the adipose tissue of the mild GO and robust in severe GO. Increased FGFβ expression was observed in the fibroblasts and adipocytes in the connective tissue of the severe GO. The prominent TGFβ expression was observed in the fibrous connective tissue of the severe and mild GO. No expression of COX2 in the orbital tissue specimen was found in patients with GO. Conclusion Macrophages and CD4 T lymphocytes are both engaged in the active/severe and long stage of inflammation in the orbital tissue. FGFβ and TGFβ expression may contribute to tissue remodeling, fibrosis and perpetuation of inflammation in the orbital tissue of GO especially in severe GO. Their high expression may suggest lack of effect of anti-inflammatory treatment.

During a survey of the axis of the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR), we discovered a 1100 m tall, volcanically active submarine volcano, Boomerang Seamount, near the spreading center on the Amsterdam–St. Paul (ASP) Plateau. The summit of the volcano is 650 m below sea level and has a 200-m-deep, 2-km-wide circular caldera. Samples of very fresh volcanic glass, dated by the 210Po–210Pb technique at ∼5 months old, were collected from the floor of the caldera in March 1996. The volcano is 18 km northeast of Amsterdam Island near the intersection of a long spreading segment and the Boomerang Transform Fault. It is built on the stationary Antarctic Plate, where widely scattered volcanic activity thickens the crust, continuing to build the plateau. Water column profiles reveal a 1.7°C temperature anomaly and a 0.3 V stepped nephelometer (water column turbidity) anomaly within the caldera, nearly an order of magnitude larger than other hydrothermal plume anomalies we measured. These anomalies suggest hydrothermal activity within the caldera. Volcanic glass compositions at two sample sites on the volcano summit are similar to each other and to Amsterdam and St. Paul Island basalts, but have some important differences as well. K2O/TiO2 ratios in Boomerang Seamount glasses are similar to St. Paul Island samples, but differ significantly from Amsterdam Island samples. Rare earth element patterns in lavas from Boomerang, Amsterdam, and St. Paul are similar. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios in samples from the Boomerang Caldera floor are similar to samples from Amsterdam Island. However, another sample from Boomerang Seamount deviates from a SEIR–St. Paul–Amsterdam mixing trend and shows evidence of mixing with a Kerguelen-like source component. The geochemical complexity of these three closely spaced volcanic edifices on the ASP Plateau suggests that the Boomerang Seamount source is heterogeneous on a very small scale.

We report new helium isotope analyses for basaltic glasses recovered along the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between longitudes 77oE and 88oE. In this region, the SEIR shoals to a depth less than 1800 m as it crosses the Amsterdam‐St. Paul (ASP) plateau. Atop the plateau, where the average sample spacing is10 km, 3 He= 4 He ratios range between 9.3 and 13.4 RA (RAD atmospheric ratio) with significant variability over short distances. Away from the plateau, ridge segments show a more restricted 3 He= 4 He range, between 7 and 9 RA. Elevated 3 He= 4 He ratios on the plateau are evidence for a deep mantle plume component that has been injected into the sub-ridge mantle beneath the region. Ridge segments southeast of the plateau show lower 3 He= 4 He (7.6‐8.3 RA) than segments to the northwest (8.3‐9.0 RA), suggesting either a systematically varying ‘background contamination’ of the MORB asthenosphere in the region, or localized input of a ‘low 3 He= 4 He’ component along the southeastern ridge segments, possibly derived from the distant Kerguelen hotspot. A double peak structure exists in the regional 3 He= 4 He spatial distribution, because there is also a strong plume-derived He isotope signal which is offset from the shallowest, thickest section of the ridge. High 3 He= 4 He ratios (up to 14.1 RA) are present all along the ridge segment immediately to the northwest of the ASP plateau (segment H), where anomalies in K=Ti ratio are also observed. The high 3 He= 4 He ratios persist to the northern end of segment H, beyond which they abruptly drop to MORB background levels, which apparently persist all the way to the Rodrigues Triple Junction. This pattern suggests that the high- 3 He= 4 He ASP plume supplies a shallow north-northeastward mantle flow toward adjacent portions of the SEIR. There is a systematic difference in 3 He= 4 He‐K=Ti behavior between axial lavas from the ASP plateau and those from segment H, suggesting a higher He=Ti elemental abundance ratio in the plume source material beneath segment H compared to that beneath the ridge axis on the ASP plateau. These observations are consistent with a model in which plume material supplied to segment H is derived from the outer portions of the ASP plume, where removal of He (relative to Ti) has been less efficient than within the core of the plume located beneath the Amsterdam and St. Paul islands. These outer portions of the plume have lower temperatures and have undergone less partial melting, leading to a higher relative He=Ti ratio compared to the inner portions of the plume that feed portions of the sub-ridge mantle beneath the ASP plateau. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The development of petrogenetic models of igneous processes in the mantle is dependent on a detailed knowledge of the diversity of magmas produced in the melting regime. These primary magmas, however, undergo significant mixing and fractionation during transport to the surface, destroying much of the evidence of their primary diversity. To circumvent this problem and to determine the diversity of melts produced in the mantle, we used melt inclusions hosted in primitive plagioclase phenocrysts from eight mid-ocean ridge basalts from the axial and West Valleys of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. This area was selected for study because of the demonstrated close association of enriched (E-MORB) lavas and incompatible element enriched depleted (N-MORB) lavas. Rehomogenized melt inclusions from E-MORB, T-MORB, and N-MORB lavas have been analyzed by electron and ion microprobe for major and trace elements. The depleted and enriched lavas, as well as their melt inclusions, have very similar compatible element concentrations (major elements, Sr, Ni and Cr). Inclusion compositions are more primitive than, yet collinear with, the host lava suites. In contrast, the minor and trace element characteristics of melt inclusions from depleted and enriched lavas are different both in range and absolute concentration. N-MORB lavas contain both depleted and enriched melt inclusions, and therefore exhibit the largest compositional range (K2O: 0.01 to 0.4 oxide wt%, P2O5

Clinopyroxene/melt and garnet/melt partition coefficients have been determined for Ti, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Hf, and rare earth elements from 19 doped experiments on 1921 Kilauea basalt. The experiments were carried out from 2.0 to 3.0 GPa and 1310° to 1470 °C. The purpose was to derive a set of partition coefficients for high-field-strength elements (HFSE) and rare earth elements (REE) in a systematic, linked set of experiments at P and T conditions relevant to basalt petrogenesis. These data are used in melting models to understand the development of negative HFSE anomalies observed in many abyssal peridotite clinopyroxenes. It is shown that melting can account for the observed trace element patterns in some residual peridotites, but that other processes may also be needed to account for most residual mantle compositions in mid-ocean ridge systems. It is also shown that REE are more strongly fractionated by garnet at these P-T conditions than previously thought.