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Bi2.5Y0.5Fe5O12 and Bi3Fe5O12 thin films were prepared on Gd3Ga5O12 substrates using a metal organic decomposition (MOD) method as magneto-optical indicators (MOI) to visualize the distribution of magnetic flux. Their structural and magneto-optical properties were studied. The Faraday rotations of Bi2.5Y0.5Fe5O12 and Bi3Fe5O12 thin films were 15.5 μm/degrees at a wavelength of 524 nm for the former and 23.0 μm/degrees at 530 nm for the latter. We found that these films prepared by MOD were suitable for MOI, because of their large Faraday rotation, in-plane magnetic anisotropy, and extinct magnetic domain structures.

Single crystals of β′-(BEDT-TTF)2ICl2 were grown electrochemically. In the crystal growth we used a large glass cell of which inner volume was more than 200ml. In addition, the solution was replaced by newly prepared one every two months where total period of synthesis was about one year. As a result we obtained a number of large crystals over 10mg. The weight of the largest crystal is about 50mg. The crystallinity was confirmed by X-ray topograph imaging.

An ionic pseudopotential for semiconductors is proposed, which consists of a set of continuous exponential functions. Introduced damping and amplitude parameters into the pseudopotential are to be treated as adjustable. The most important features of the proposed pseudopotential is that (1) it has no sharp cut-off parameter for the core-repulsion and (2) it is continuous and has continuous derivatives to arbitrary order. The proposed pseudopotential is applied to Si and the adjustable parameters are determined so as to be consistent with the Si crystal empirical pseudopotential of high quality by taking a valence electron dielectric screening effect into account. The effectiveness of the proposed ionic pseudopotential is discussed by (1) comparing the calculated ionic energy levels of Si with experiments, (2) checking the consistency between the ionic and crystal pseudopotentials for Si, and so on.

In the framework of the pseudopotential theory, the three-dimensional momentum densities, ϱ(q) of Si and Ge are calculated using the cubic harmonics expansion method. In these expansions, we have included the sixteen relevant cubic harmonic functions (up to l = 22). The converging properties ϱ(q), Comptons profiles Jz(qz), and B(r) functions are discussed in connection with the reconstruction procedure for the three dimensional momentum densities from the experimental Jz's of semiconductors. It is shown that (1) the qualitative features of the three-dimensional momentum densities are well reproduced by the first three terms in the cubic harmonics expansion, and (2) the first ten terms are enough to reproduce ϱ(q) and its anisotropic part to detailed features.

OBJECTIVES: The reproducibility of clinical tests for skin extensibility and consistency, essential for differentiating between types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) and benign joint hypermobility syndrome (BJHS), is unknown. Paraclinical methods may provide objective differential diagnostic methods. METHODS: Six EDS, 11 BJHS, and 19 controls completed the trial. We analysed the overall inter-examiner agreement on clinical tests for skin extensibility and consistency, in addition to analyses on suction cup (SC) and soft tissue stiffness meter (STSM) methods. RESULTS: Overall agreement on tests for skin extensibility and consistency varied between 0.44 and 0.72. Extensibility evaluated by SC showed an insignificant difference between EDS patients and controls (p = 0.056). Consistency evaluated by STSM showed significant differences (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Overall inter-examiner agreement on clinical tests for skin extensibility and consistency was below 0.80, which was required a priori to conduct a reproducibility study. Further refinement of tests and a training phase are necessary. The SC and STSM results are encouraging but must be reproduced in a larger study population.

Type V and VI collagen were capable to joint each other and with type I and IV collagen, as well as mucopolysaccharides. This capability suggested that these collagens function for cohesion of fibrillar tissue components of dermis. This study demonstrated the locality of these types of collagen in dermis. Fresh specimens of normal skin were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline, overnight. Besides, in order to loosen the twist of collagen fibril, some pieces of the skin specimens were treated by citrate buffer pH 3.0, prior to fixation. The specimens were embedded in Technovit 4100 and the ultrathin sections were stained by antibody to type V collagen and followed by antibody to type I, III, IV and VI collagen. The immune reactant was visualized by gold particles for electron microscopic observation. Type V and VI collagen formed networks in dermis and jointed to collagen fibrils, elastic fibre and basal lamina. Type V collagen was found inside collagen fibrils, broad elastic fibres and junctions. Dermo-epidermal junction showed type V collagen on the dermal aspects of basal lamina and at the sites where anchoring filaments joint to basal lamina, while in junction of mesenchymal tissues, no precise structural components for type V collagen were identified. Type VI collagen wove with type V collagen in dermis and associated with mucopolysaccharides. In conclusion, type V collagen formed networks in dermal interfibrillar space and participated in assembling collagen fibrils and forming broad elastic fibres. Epithelial and mesenchymal cells cohered to the underlying dermal matrix in the junction by type V collagen. Type VI collagen interwove with type V collagen in the interfibrous space and associated with mucopolysaccharides. Types V and VI collagen preserved architecture of dermal matrix.

This paper deals with the urban satellite-diversity (Sat D) and space-diversity (SD) characteristics measurements for mobile broadcast geostationary satellite orbit (GSO) system using the GPS (Global Positioning System) signal. For designing a digital broadcast system from a geostationary satellite, we must clarify attenuation characteristics by urban buildings, electrical light poles and trees etc. Southern orbital arc GPS satellite signals with elevation angle between 40/spl sim/50 degrees data are used for propagation characteristics measurements, rather than actual geostationary satellites. To overcome urban attenuation, the Sat D system and SD system characteristics are systematically examined by using measured data for low and high elevation angles, ie, 40 and 80 degrees. From processing the Sat D characteristics results, improvements of half fade duration time and twice non-fading duration time can be achieved in urban areas by selecting two diversity satellites with separation angle about 90 degrees. On the contrary, for the SD system, the improvement for urban attenuation can not be obtained sufficiently.

This paper deals with the urban propagation characteristics and satellite-diversity (Sat. D) characteristics of mobile broadcast geostationary satellite system by using GPS (Global Positioning System) signals. For designing digital broadcasting from geostationary satellites, it must be clarified the shadowing characteristics by urban buildings, electrical light poles and trees etc. Southern orbital arc GPS satellite signals with elevation angles of 46/spl sim/50 degrees data are used for the propagation characteristics, rather than an actual geostationary satellite, e.g., the N-STAR. This new measuring method has several merits, i.e., low measuring equipment cost, easy data accumulation (i.e., satellite position, receiver position and height, received signal levels etc.). A receiving system on a vehicle measured signal fades caused by shadowing buildings etc. As a result, west to east urban roads are heavily attenuated. Furthermore, to overcome this attenuation, the Sat. D characteristics are processed from measured data. From processing results, more than 90% satellite visibility percentage can be achieved in an urban city by selecting two diversity satellites with separation angles more than about 45 degrees.

We report a case of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. A 52-year-old man gradually developed dementia and abnormal behaviors, which were later accompanied by spastic paraplegia and sensory disturbance in his lower limbs. MR imaging of his brain showed high signal intensity lesions on T2 imaging. IMP-SPECT images of the brain showed diffuse reduction of radioisotope uptake. Many skin rashes that looked like senile hemangioma were observed on his body. Several of those were biopsied, and the diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma was made because of malignant B lymphocytes filling the vessel lumens in one of the seven biopsy specimens. CHOP therapy was performed and found to be effective for the neurological disorders such as dementia, paraplegia, and sensory disturbance. Our case suggests that skin biopsy for more than one sample of the skin rashes is very important for the diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. CHOP therapy might be effective in this case because of early diagnosis by skin biopsy.

We previously reported that activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is involved in the mitogenic stimulation of normal human melanocytes (NHMC) by endothelin-1 (ET-1). In the present study, we determined signaling mechanisms upstream of MAPK activation that are involved in ET-1 stimulation and their synergism with stem cell factor (SCF). Pretreatment of cultured NHMC with ET(B) receptor antagonists, pertussis toxin, a specific phospholipase C inhibitor (), or a protein kinase C inhibitor (calphostine) blocked a transient tyrosine phosphorylation of MAPK induced by ET-1, whereas the addition of a calcium chelator (BAPTA) failed to inhibit that tyrosine phosphorylation of MAPK. Treatment with ET-1 and SCF together synergistically increased DNA synthesis, which was accompanied by synergism for MAPK phosphorylation. The time course of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation revealed that there is no difference in the level of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate stimulated by ET-1 + SCF or by ET-1 alone. Evaluations of the serine phosphorylation of MEK and Raf-1 activity showed a synergistic effect in SCF + ET-1-treated NHMC. Stimulation with SCF + ET-1 induced a more rapid and stronger tyrosyl phosphorylation of proteins corresponding to p52 and p66 Shc than did stimulation with SCF only, and this was accompanied by a stronger association of tyrosine-phosphorylated Shc with Grb2. Interestingly, a more rapid and marked tyrosine phosphorylation of c-kit was also detected in NHMC-treated with SCF + ET-1 than NHMC treated with SCF only. These data indicate that the synergistic cross-talk between SCF and ET-1 signaling is initiated through the pathway of tyrosine phosphorylation of c-kit, which results in the enhanced formation of the Shc-Grb(2) complex which leads in turn to the synergistic activation of the Ras/Raf-1/MEK/MAP kinase loop.

Essential acrocyanosis (EA) present as a dusky discoloration of the hands as the sole symptom without any other abnormal results from laboratory investigation. Previously, the authors have found twisted collagen fibrils (TCF) in the normal skin of an EA patient. This study was intended to evaluate the significance of TCF in EA. Thirteen patients showing dusky discoloration were randomly selected and studied for TCF in normal skin by routine electron microscopy. TCF were found in 10 of 13 patients; 3 patients with only the discoloration (EA), 3 with the mild symptoms which were supposed to be Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), 1 with definite symptoms of EDS, 1 with Raynaud's disease and 2 with hyperglobulinemia. TCF were the ultrastructural sign for inherited malformation of collagen fibrils. EA was probably elucidated as a vascular disorder in TCF-carrying people. EA could be included in the disease category of EDS but it seems unreasonable to force EA patients into one of the subtypes of EDS. For pathogenesis, the inherited dysfunction in the hypertrophic pericytes of the subpapillary vascular plexus was presumed.

To investigate the presence of melanin and melanocytes (MC) in stable vitiligo, skin biopsies from five patients with vitiligo lesions of between 1 to 17 years duration were examined under the electron microscope. Areas of the upper dermis and epidermis were explored. There was a significant amount of melanin in a few keratinocytes (KC) grouped in the stratum basale in 1-3 year-old vitiligo lesions. In these KC, the melanosomes were most often aggregated into melanosome complexes (MCo) while the remaining KC were completely devoid of melanin. Solitary MCo were also observed in a few dermal cells in all vitiligo biopsies. All non-keratinocytes were scrutinized in series of 200-300 consecutive sections and were identified according to morphological characteristics. Neither active nor inactive MC, nor MC dendrites were found. These observations show that melanin in non-negligible amounts can be found even in 3 year-old vitiligo epidermis. Since there were no MC detected in the epidermis it implies that the melanosomes can persist in certain KC for some time after the onset of vitiligo.

The postthymic gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma is rare, and most occur as extranodal tumors, e.g., in hepatosplenic or cutaneous forms. We here report an unusual nodal case that initially presented as a T-zone lymphoma. The neoplasm recurred as systemic lymphadenopathy 25 months after complete remission with terminal high-grade transformation. Phenotypic analysis showed CD1-, CD2+, CD3+, CD4-, CD5-, CD7+, CD8+, CD10-, CD16-, CD19-, CD20-, CD21-, CD25-, CD56-, CD57-, T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha/beta antigens negative, TCR gamma/delta antigens positive, and an HLA-DR+ phenotype. Cytogenetic studies showed clonal chromosomal translocations involving chromosomes 1, 5, 6, 8, 15, and X in eight of 15 cells; t(X;5;1)(q13;q13;p22) and t(6;15;8)(p22;q26;q13). Genotypic analysis showed the same clone, characterized by the TCR gamma-chain gene rearrangement pattern, to be present in both initial and recurrent tumors. The lymphoma cells were also demonstrated to express the latent membrane protein-1 by immunohistochemistry and EBV-encoded small RNAs by in situ hybridization. Southern blot analysis using the probe of the terminal repeat demonstrated incorporation of multiple copies of EBV in the recurrent tumor. However, the initial lesion, which contained a smaller number of EBV-positive cells, showed no such evidence of clonal proliferation. These data suggest that EBV may be associated with high-grade transformation, although its exact role in lymphomagenesis remains uncertain. The present study also adds to our understanding of the clinicopathologic spectrum of gamma/delta T-cell neoplasia.

The aim of this study, was to observe the effects of KH-1060, a new vitamin D3 analogue, on the dermis of hairless mice by electron microscopy. KH-1060 (0.2 micrograms/ml in isopropanol) or KH-1060 following betamethasone 17-valerate (2 mg/ml in isopropanol) was applied topically to the backs of hairless mice for 4 weeks. KH-1060 increased the number of dermal fibroblasts, the cytoplasm of which was dominated by secretory components. Mast cells contained normal mature granules and degranulated after disintegration. No extrusion of non-disintegrated granules was seen. Collagen fibrils were thickened and increased in number; however the content of type I collagen in the fibrils did not increase. Glycosaminoglycan figures appeared distinct. KH-1060 prevents betamethasone-induced changes in collagen fibrils and glycosaminoglycans, while no prevention was seen for mast cells.

A new highly potent analogue (KH-1060) of vitamin D3 has been recently shown to stimulate the growth and differentiation of keratinocytes. This study was intended to determine the effects of this new analogue on epidermis at the ultrastructural level. KH-1060 was applied topically on the backs of hairless mice for 4 weeks; the skin was then studied by routine electron microscopy. The effects were compared with those of betamethasone-17-valerate and with concomitant treatment of KH-1060 following betamethasone. KH-1060 stimulated normal function of keratinocytes and formed a thick epidermis. The ultrastructure of the thick epidermis represents an enhanced normal process of keratinization and proliferation. Moreover, KH-1060 diminished the atrophogenic effects of betamethasone.

A patient suffering from generalized morphea developed blisters in the morpheic plaques on her buttocks. The plaques had an increased concentration of serum aminoterminal propertice of type III procollagen, an echo response and thickened skin on ultrasound scanning, and compact bundles of collagen fibrils with bimodal distribution of the diameters. The blisters appeared as an echo-free band in the subepidermal zone by ultrasound scanning. Electron microscopy revealed blisters in the upper papillary dermis, surrounded by degraded collagen fibrils.

A critical-point behavior in angle-resolved photoemission has been studied in single-crystal silicon for the incident-photon-energy range from 7.1 to 8.6 eV. A sharp and highly dispersive peak is observed in the relatively broad spectrum. In the direct-optical-transition model, this peak is attributed to photoexcitation of electrons from the highest valence band to a local minimum of the fifth conduction band located in the middle of the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{-}K$ line. The energy value $E$ of this local minimum relative to the top of the valence band and the magnitude of its wave vector $|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}|$ are determined to be $E=6.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ eV and $|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}|=(5.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively. The experimental results are quantitatively consistent with the band-structure calculation by Nara and Kobayasi.

A large improvement of the properties of undoped melt‐grown GaAs is obtained by short‐time heat treatment with a SiO2 encapsulating layer. C‐V and Hall measurements showed that deep acceptor traps lying at 0.23 eV below the conduction band were contained with the range of free‐carrier concentration in the starting materials but they are completely removed by heat treatment above 800 °C. The photoluminescence efficiency for near‐gap transition is improved considerably after heat treatment to approach that of solution‐grown material. A highly doped thin surface layer was formed in most samples annealed above 850 °C. The introduction of a large concentration of shallow donors, however, never contributes to the intensity increase of the near‐gap emission but induces low‐energy broad‐band emissions peaked at 1.30 and 1.15 eV. The behaviors of native defects responsible to the nonradiative centers are explained as follows: (i) in undoped material the defects, presumably Ga vacancies, are solely annealed out and (ii) if a large concentration of donors are presented, annealing accompanies the formation of more stable complex defects.

A pseudopotential calculation has been performed for the anisotropies of the Compton profiles of Sn, GaAs, ZnSe, InSb and CdTe. The IV semiconductors have the largest anisotropies followed by the III-V semiconductors and then the II-VI semiconductors, which is consistent with the ionic trend in the bonding character. It is found that the extrema appearing in the dependences on q of a anisotropies have an intimate connection with the bonding properties of the semiconductors. Only small differences are observed, however, between the calculated anisotropies of Si, Ge and Sn (IV semiconductors), between those of GaAs and InSb (III-V) and between those of ZnSe and CdTe (II-VI). It is concluded that, except for the region where q is small, the anisotropies of the Compton profiles of the semiconductors studied are insensitive to the potentials used in the band calculations.

The XPS spectra of valence bands in CuCl, CuBr, and CuI show the existence of two separate bands after appropriate deconvolution. The evaluation of the average p-d mixing rates on the basis of the tight-binding approximation with a few simplifying assumptions indicates, in accordance with optical data, that the upper valence band arises mainly from the 3d state of copper. The XPS spectra coincide qualitatively but not quantitatively with the spectra obtained by excitation with monochromatized synchrotron radiation at 40, 61, and 76 eV. A major difference is that the ratio of integrated intensity of the upper band to that of the lower band is larger in the case of excitation at 40, 61, or 76 eV. The XPS spectra of PbI 2 and CdI 2 have also been measured. In both materials, the valence band spectra have composite structures and give two well-defined peaks after deconvolution. The profile of the spectrum of PbI 2 appears to have some deviation from the reported energy band structure.

Dermal cells maintained in cultured human skin explants for up to 10 weeks were studied by electron microscopy. Common findings in the cell organelles were: 1) altered nuclear shapes and numerous nuclear bodies; 2) reduced rough endoplasmic reticulum; 3) a prominent Golgi complex; and 4) an increasing number of free ribosomes, mitochondria, glycogen granules, lysosomes and lipid droplets. The individual types of dermal cells showed various cytoplasmic changes according to duration of the culture. The fibroblasts displayed a moderately developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. The macrophages were filled up with lysosomes and residual bodies. The mast cells showed typical as well as atypical granules. The smooth muscle cells had a variable content of myofilaments. The pericytes and the smooth muscle cells, both surrounded by a basal lamina, became increasingly difficult to discern from each other as a consequence of the decreasing number of myofilaments in the latter. The endothelial cells were recognized because of the preserved blood vessel architecture. Besides the above-mentioned cell types, two other types appeared with the culture time. The unidentifiable cells were characterized by dense zones of the cell membrane and an adjacent extracellular basal lamina-like material. This cell type may be derived from the pericytes of the small blood vessels. The primitive cells had a large rounded nucleus and a cytoplasm with few organelles. This cell type is assumed to represent a precursor cell common to various cell types.

Desmosomes of a patient suffering from pemphigus vegetans were studied by electron microscopy and analysed by morphometry, The desmosomes were fewer in the patient´s skin than in healthy individuals. The desmosomes of the patient were thin and short, showing pathological ultrastructures, viz. lack of median lines, single-sided attachment plaques and direct cell contact with some thickened cell membranes. These desmosomal changes were more manifest in the involved than in the uninvolved skin. The changes suggest deterioration or defective formation of desmosomes in pemphigus vegetans.

Zinc deficiency was produced in rats by feeding them a diet containing 0.5 mg zinc per kg. After 2 weeks the zinc-deficient rats showed markedly stunted growth as compared with control rats receiving an identical diet supplemented with 50 mg zinc per kg. After about 3 weeks all rats in the zinc-deficient group developed a greasy, coarse and scaly coat with dispersed, denuded, eczematous patches. After 32 days the animals were sacrificed and skin specimens were obtained from the abdominal area. Electron microscopy showed two different patterns of epidermal changes: (A) edematous cell bodies and cell organelles, degenerate nuclei, while desmosomes were well preserved: (B) parakeratotic and dyskeratotic cells with sparse keratohyalin granules, abnormal keratinosomes, poorly developed desmosomes, and disintegrated mitochondria in the upper part of the epidermis. In the lower part, keratinocytes contained numerous ribosomes and thick chromatin aggregates in the nuclei. Dendritic cells were disintegrated in pattern A, while they appeared normal in pattern B. In both patterns mitochondria showed vacuoles and a lack of DNA granules. A transient form of type A and B changes was also observed.

Mucosal biopsies from the pharynx, right main stem bronchus and right lower lobe were obtained during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy and were examined with light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) in 10 asthmatics after 11 months' (range 7-15 months) treatment with high doses of inhaled budesonide via the Nebuhaler, i.e. 1600 micrograms daily. Results were compared with biopsies from 10 controls suspected of having focal, malignant lung diseases. Visual inspection of the tracheobronchial tree showed no signs of atrophy, ulcerations or thrush patches, and LM and EM showed no specific signs of mucosa and connective tissue atrophy; however, epithelial desquamation was seen in the asthmatics. No complications were observed.

A report is given of the first quantitative study of the spontaneous and stimulated electronic Raman scattering by a resonance doublet of the sodium atom excited resonantly at the D1 and D2 lines by a tunable dye laser. Theoretical and experimental analyses of the differential scattering cross section and polarization properties at the Stokes and anti-Stokes frequencies show that the observed scattering is due to a nearly resonant process involving the ground state 3S1/2 as the dominant intermediate state. The stimulated Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering lines, which are shifted from the D1 and D2 lines by an amount corresponding to the frequency separation between lowest-lying excited doublets 3P1/2 and 3P3/2, are observed by exciting a sodium vapor cell with a passively mode-locked dye laser.

The restricted conductivity sum rule is applied to the optical absorption of liquid mercury, by calculating the oscillator strength for the conduction band to 5d core Pauli-forbidden transition. The sum rule suggests that the optical data showing substantial deviation from the Drude theory are quantitatively well supported.

Routine electron microscopy was carried out on biopsy material taken in an active stage from cutaneous sarcoid granulomas of 5 patients. In addition, mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood of 2 patients and 2 controls were studied prior to and after culture with phytohemagglutinin. The infiltrating cells of the sarcoid granulomas varied only slightly from patient to patient. The dominant cell types were macrophages and epithelioid cells rich in endoplasmic reticulum. Epithelioid cells with numerous secondary lysosomes were frequently seen. Typical as well as atypical lymphocytes, giant cells and epithelioid cells with many primary lysosomes were less frequent. No atypical lymphocytes were seen among the mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood, either before or after culture with phytohemagglutinin.

As an experimental verification of a novel application of the laser-Raman radar, frequency-shifted Raman components of a Q-switched ruby-laser pulse from atmospheric molecular gases and from chemicals in an oil plume, such as CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , O 2 , and N 2 , were analyzed selectively. These results demonstrate the practical usefulness of this new optical system as a real-time air pollution probe.

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Laser Raman radar offers a promising approach to the remote sensing of atmospheric pollutants in stack plume. An analysis revealed that the combination of the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser, a synchronous single photoelectron counting (SSPC) scheme, and narrow passband interference filter employed for light source, signal processor, and separation of Raman-scattered light respectively gave the most sensitive system for stack effluent monitoring. Using a laser Raman radar constructed on the basis of the analysis, the concentration of SO2 in the plume emitted from a 150 m high stack of a power plant was measured at a distance of 228 m.

In reference to the optical absorption data for K, Rb, and Cs, it is shown that, when an optical coupling between conduction and core electrons is strong, the Pauli-forbidden transitions of conduction electrons to occupied core states play an important role in the sum rule applied restrictively to the conduction electron system.

This paper reviews the recent progress of the laser radar method, providing single-ended and range-resolved means for remote detection and analysis of various molecular species in the polluted as well as ordinary atmosphere, based on the existence of their Raman backscattering; simply called the laser-Raman radar method. A brief description is given of the operational principle including the basic concept and fundamental characteristics of this scheme, along with critical discussions of their advantages. The differential backscattering cross section and the spectral distribution of Raman scattering of molecular species present in the atmosphere are discussed and summarized from the practical view-point for providing molecular density evaluation and interference-free detection. After presenting experimental approaches of the laser-Raman scheme to show the feasibility of in-field monitoring and analysis of chemical species in various air conditions, the estimation of molecular concentrations is performed from observed Raman spectra. Analytical discussions on the minimum detectable concentration and the range detectivity are also presented to indicate the present capability and limitation of this laser-Raman technique. The potentiality for further progress in resonance Raman scattering for range-resolved measurement of dispersed pollutants in ambient air is pointed out.

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To interpret the spectra of the valence bands showing strong pd mixing, the interference between the copper and halogen sublattices in the photo-excitation process is taken into account. The ratio of integrated intensity of the upper band spectrum to that of the lower one can be explained well in terms of the pd mixing rates and the interference effect.

A new technique which detects the presence of DNA-polymerase and primer-template DNA by measuring the incorporation of 3H-thymidine-5'-triphosphate (3H-TTP) showed nuclear labelling of enzymatically liberated epidermal cells of human skin.

The x-ray photoelectron spectra of the valence bands of CuCl, CuBr, and CuI have been measured. The spectra show that the valence bands of these materials consist of two branches. The existence of a forbidden band between the two branches and a few additional structures are revealed by the deconvolution of the spectra with a measured instrumental response function. The average $p \ensuremath{-}d$ mixing rates in the valence bands are evaluated by taking the transition matrix elements into account. It is shown that the upper branch of the valence bands arises mostly from the $3d$ states of a cuprous ion, in accordance with the optical-absorption spectra in the ultraviolet region. The results are compared with other experimental and theoretical data. Especially, the fundamental absorption spectra are reinterpreted.

In biopsies obtained from syphilitic chancres of varying ages in 10 patients, a total of 766 ultrathin sections of Treponema pallidum were studied by electron microscopy. The course and number of axial filaments observed reveal that one bunch of 3-4 filaments without interruption entwine the whole cytoplasmic body. In 9.2% of the sections a trilaminar or a fragmentary trilaminar periplastic membrane was observed outside the cytoplasmic membrane and the axial filaments. The occurrence of the periplastic membrane decreased with advancing ages of the chancres. A protective function of the membrane is discussed. A peritreponemal fine reticular halo demonstrable in most fragments is supposed to be due to fixation induced shrinkage of treponemal hyaluronidase-influenced semifluid glycosaminoglycans. Peritreponemal reticular halos were also observed in collagen tissue. A destructive effect of the treponemes on collagen fibres could explain how the organisms penetrate through the collagen rich meninges into the central nervous system. A surface associated narrow border of electron dense amorphous substance, probably originating from the host organism, yields to tangentially cut treponemes a spiny caterpillar-like appearance.