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Copyright of ESTUDAM Public Health Journal is the property of ESTUDAM Public Health Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The objective of this study was to idenitfy the knowledge levels of families regarding third-hand smoke (THS), which represents the most significant health risk currently, and to raise awareness of the subject. Material and Methods: The 'Beliefs About Third-hand Smoke' (BATHS) scale was applied to 1016 caregivers. The BATHS scale and sub-factor scale results were compared in terms of participant-related variables such as smoking behaviors, THS awareness and beliefs, and sociodemographic findings. Results: Awareness of the term THS was very low (8.7%). Statistically significantly low smoking habits and high BATHS scale scores were determined among participants who owned their own homes, those with higher levels of education and income, and in non-parent relatives (p<0.001). Parental THS awareness was lower among mothers. Being a university graduate increased awareness 19 times and owning one's own home 2.6 times. While not smoking at all resulted in a significant increase in BATHS scores, it did not affect THS awareness. Conclusion: Despite the availability of numerous programs and educational material concerning the harm caused by first-and second-hand smoke, levels of information about TSH, a more important but invisible danger, are unfortunately very low in society and among health professionals. It is therefore essential to increase the requisite sensitivity to the issue and to encourage smoke-free society studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakültesi Dergisi DTCF Dergisi is the property of Ankara Universitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakultesi (DTCF Dergisi) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı gebe kadınların üçüncü el sigara dumanı hakkındaki inançlarının belirlenmesidir. Yöntem: Bu araştırma tanımlayıcı tiptedir. Çalışma Temmuz-Ekim 2022 tarihleri arasında Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan bir hastanede 290 gebe kadın ile gerçekleştirildi. Araştırma verileri tanıtıcı bilgi formu ve Üçüncü El Sigara Dumanı Hakkındaki İnanışlar Ölçeği (BATHS-T) kullanılarak toplandı. Elde edilen veriler bağımsız örneklem t-test ve tek yönlü varyans analizi yapılarak değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Gebelerin yaş ortalaması 28,54±5,45 idi. Kadınların %41,7’si lise mezunuydu ve %69,7’si çalışmıyordu. Katılımcıların %75,2’sinin gebeliği planlanmıştı, %57,6’sı multigravidaydı ve %86,9’u gebeliğinde herhangi bir sorun yaşamamıştı. Gebeliğinde sigara içenlerin oranı %19’du ve kadınların %54,1’inin eşi sigara içiyordu. Gebelerin günlük içtikleri sigara sayısı ortalaması 4,21±2,27 idi. Katılımcıların BATHS-T toplam puan ortalaması 3,90±0,91, sağlık alt boyutu 3,91±0,94 ve kalıcılık alt boyutu 3,89±0,97 olarak bulundu. Üniversite mezunlarında ve primigravidalarda BATHS-T puan ortalaması daha yüksekti. Sonuç ve Öneriler: Hastaneye başvuran yaklaşık 10 kadından ikisi gebeliğinde sigara içiyordu. Eğitim düzeyi ve gravida ile üçüncü el sigara dumanının zararlarına yönelik inanışlar arasında anlamlı fark vardı. Üçüncü el sigara dumanına maruz kalmanın etkileri konusunda farkındalık geliştirmeye yönelik eğitim ve müdahale programları düzenlenmelidir.

The managerial approaches followed by companies that produce products harmful to health and carry out activities that harm public health by promoting the use of these products are expressed as commercial determinants of health. The tobacco industry is a sector that produces products that carry risks for public health, and tobacco and products derived from tobacco cause an increase in the burden of disease, loss of life years, increase in health expenditures, and decrease in national and global output with increasing production losses. The aim of this study is to evaluate the losses caused by the tobacco industry in terms of public health and economy in Turkey in terms of the demand effects of taxation of tobacco products, which is one of the indicators of the MPOWER policy package implemented under the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The taxes imposed on tobacco products in Turkey and the effects of these taxes on demand will be analyzed in terms of indicators such as the affordability of cigarettes, i.e. the percentage of GDP per capita required to purchase 100 packs (2,000) of cigarettes of the most sold brand, and its relationship with the minimum wage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Midwifery & Health Sciences is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on smoking-cessation success prediction in adult individuals who smoke. The study, designed with a quantitative cross-sectional, included individuals aged 18 and above who smoke and volunteered to participate. The "Sociodemographic and COVID- 19 Information Form" and "Smoking Cessation Success Prediction Scale" were used as data collection tools. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with the participation of 506 individuals. SPSS 26 Program and descriptive statistics were utilized in the analysis of the data. Participants who had experienced COVID-19, been hospitalized due to COVID-19, or lost a loved one due to COVID-19 and were vaccinated against COVID-19 were found to have higher smoking cessation success prediction scores. According to the study, 61.5% of the participants thought about giving up smoking as a result of COVID-19. Determining public health policies for this population, which may be at high risk for COVID-19 complications, and providing support for smoking-cessation could be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tahkik Journal of Critical Editions of Islamic Manuscripts is the property of Hacveyiszade Foundation for Science & Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ahi Evran Medical Journal is the property of Ahi Evran University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu çalışma tütün üretim ve pazarlama kooperatiflerin sayıca fazla kurulduğu Adıyaman-Çelikhan’da yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, tütün üretim ve pazarlama kooperatiflerine üye olan ve üye olmayan üreticilerin sosyo-ekonomik özellikleri, işletme özellikleri ve tütün üretim ve pazarlama kooperatiflerinin geliştirilmesi ve yaygınlaştırılmasına katkıda bulunmak amacıyla, aynı köyde yaşayan kooperatife üye olan ve üye olmayan tütün üretimi yapan toplam 90 üretici oransal örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiş ve yüz yüze anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; kooperatife üye olan üreticilerin; daha fazla sözleşme yaptıkları, daha fazla çiftçi kayıt sistemine dahil oldukları, sarmalık kıyılmış tütün mamullerinden alınan ÖTV oranını daha fazla bildikleri, ortak olma nedenlerinde “ürünleri yüksek fiyata satabilmenin ilk sırada yer aldığı”, kooperatifin en önemli fonksiyonunun ürün alımı olduğunu, kooperatifçilik konusunda eğitime ihtiyaç duydukları, teknik veya hukuki konularda ziraat odasından daha fazla bilgi aldıkları kooperatife üye olmayan üreticilerin ise, başka ürün yetiştirmeyi bilmedikleri için tütün üretimi yaptıklarını, kooperatiflerin daha iyi ve başarılı olması için devletin finansal yardım yapması gerektiğini, kooperatife üye olmak istememelerinin başlıca sebepleri arasında; mevcut kooperatifleri güvenilir olarak bulmadıklarını, başarılı olamayacaklarını belirtip, ancak bu sorunların çözülmesi halinde %83,8’i üye olabileceklerini ifade etmişlerdir. Kooperatif yöneticileri ve üyelerine hak ve yükümlülükleri ile kooperatif ve işletmecilik konularında belli periyodlarla eğitim faaliyetlerinin yürütülmesi kooperatifçiliğin devamlılığını sağlamaya katkı sağlayacaktır.

This study aimed to evaluate the opinions of health professionals and patients about tobacco products and compare these opinions. The descriptive and cross-sectional study sample consists of 124 healthcare professionals working in a state hospital and 276 patients treated in this hospital. The data were collected face-to-face with an information form containing socio-demographic information and a questionnaire containing questions about tobacco use. SPSS 25 package program was used in the data analysis of the study. It was determined that 33.1% of the healthcare workers used to smoke daily, and 45.7% of the patients did not smoke at all. When being a role model for society regarding smoking / non-smoking is examined, 52.4% of the healthcare professionals answered "yes", while 50.4% of the patients answered "no". Regarding the continuation of the indoor smoking ban in Turkey, the answer given by 66.9% of healthcare professionals and 7.5% of patients is "the ban should continue as the same way". According to the results of the study, men compared to women; It can be stated that healthcare professionals use more tobacco products than patients. Awareness-raising trainings should be given to health workers and patients about the harms of tobacco products. Smoking cessation incentive programs and public service announcements should be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ardahan University Journal of the Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Ardahan Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ardahan University Journal of the Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Yavuz Sultan Selim’in 1516 yılında Mısır’ı, Suriye’yi ve Kudüs’ün de içinde bulunduğu Filistin bölgesini Osmanlı Devleti’nin hakimiyeti altına almasıyla birlikte, bu bölgelerdeki ilmî hareketlilik canlılığını koruyarak gelişmeye devam etmiştir. Osmanlı yönetiminin, buradaki farklı din ve kültürlerin, çeşitli itikadî ve fıkhî mezheplerin yaşamasına, kendini geliştirmesine ve ifade etmesine imkân tanıyan düzeni ve himayesi altında, 19. yüzyılda başlayan işgal ve sömürgecilik dönemlerine kadar bu istikrarlı ve verimli ilmî hayat devam etmiştir. Osmanlı Filistin’inde yetişmiş ve sonrasında Mısır’a giderek çağının en önemli ilim merkezlerinden olan Ezher’de hem tahsilini ikmal etmiş hem de tedris vazifesini üstlenmiş olan Mer‘î b. Yûsuf el-Hanbelî (ö. 1033/1624) de bu bölgenin ve dönemin ilginç simalarından birisidir. Osmanlı devletine ve yönetimine sadakatini ve bağlılığını ifade eden bir eser de kaleme almış olan Mer‘î b. Yûsuf, tarih, hadis, akaid, Arap dili gibi alanlarda da eser telif etme kudretine sahip bir Hanbelî fakihidir. Özellikle belirli konulara yoğunlaştığı risale çapındaki eserlerle öne çıkan bu âlimin, fıkıh ilmine dair çalışmaları da müstakil olarak değerlendirilmeyi hak etmektedir. Bu eserleri arasında Hanbelî fürû’-i fıkhına dair yazılmış kitaplar olduğu gibi mezhebin ve Selefîliğin en güçlü isimlerinden İbn Teymiyye’nin (ö. 728/1328) hayatına ve menkıbelerine dair kitapları da vardır. Bu yazımızda Mer‘î b. Yûsuf’un fıkıhla ilgili çalışmalarını tanıtacak, hâlâ güncelliğini koruyan bir mesele olan duhânın ne olduğu ve dinî hükmüne dair ne söylenmesi gerektiği gibi konuları ele aldığı Tahkîku’l-burhân fî şe’ni’d-duhân ellezî yeşrebuhu’n-nâsu’l-ân adlı risalesini inceleyeceğiz. Müellif, bu risalesinde, kendi dönemi için henüz yeni bir mesele olan ve gittikçe yaygınlaşan tütün içme adetini, konuyla ilgisini kurduğu âyet ve hadisler, selef ulemasının görüşleri, özellikle Hanbelî fakihlerinden nakillerle ele almaktadır. Bu konuyu, Hanbelî mezhebinin usulü çerçevesinde, ibâha, tahrîm, bid’at, emir, nehiy ve benzeri temel kavramlar ışığında irdelemekte, ihtiyatı ve temkini de elden bırakmayan bir söylem ile bazı sonuçlara ulaşmaktadır. Bu eseri ile de ictihadî bir bakış açısına sahip olduğunu kanıtlamış olan Mer‘î b. Yûsuf’tan bahsedilmesi, 17. yüzyılın Osmanlı hakimiyeti altındaki Arap dünyasının zengin ve renkli ilim ve fikir dünyasının bir tanığı olarak geçmişle günümüz arasındaki irtibatı düşünmeye bir katkı sunacaktır. Müellifin risalesinde, duhânın hükmünün iki temel gerekçeden hareket ederek tenzihen mekruh olduğu sonucuna vardığı görülmektedir. Bunlardan birisi kötü kokusu sebebiyle rahatsız edici olması, diğeri de tütün içen kişinin onu çevreleyen ateş ve dumanla cehennem ehline benzer bir görüntü ortaya koymasıdır. Nispeten hafif bir hüküm olan tenzihen mekruhu dile getiren müellif, tütün içme hakkında daha ağır bir hüküm verilmesini yanlış bulmakta, bu kanaatte olanları eleştirmektedir. Özellikle aslî ibâha ilkesini ve onunla irtibatlı argümanları öne sürerek bir âlimin dinî bir meselenin hükmünü verirken farkında olması gereken ciddi mesuliyete dikkat çekmektedir. Satır aralarında, içinde yaşadığı toplumun ve ilim ehlinin durumuna dair tenkitlerini de dile getiren Mer’î b. Yûsuf’un bu risalesi dönemine ve muhitine dair tarihî bir belge niteliği de taşımaktadır. Tahkîku’l-burhân aslında yaklaşık on sayfalık bir risale olup, Meşhûr b. Hasen tarafından tahkikli neşri yapılmıştır. Müellif ve konu ile ilgili birçok detayı ihtiva eden bu neşri esas alınarak, risalenin sadece metin kısmı tercüme edilmiş ve makalenin eki olarak okuyucuya sunulmuştur. Tütün içmenin fıkhî hükmüne dair son dönemlerde gittikçe artan bir ilginin olduğu görülmektedir. Bu ilgi daha ziyade konuyla ilgili risale boyutunda eser veren Hanefî Osmanlı âlimleri üzerinde yoğunlaşmış durumdadır. Merkeze uzak bir bölgede ve Hanbelî mezhebine mensup bir âlimin tütün içme konusunda ortaya koyduğu görüşler ve vardığı hükmün ilgili literatüre katkı sunacağı aşikârdır.

Geo-marked Çelikhan tobacco grown in Çelikhan district of Adıyaman province is an significant agricultural activity and income source for the region. The intensive use of pesticides at many stages of tobacco farming from seedlings to harvest causes harmful effects on human and environmental health, especially the residue issue. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the use of pesticides in tobacco farming and to assess the level of awareness of farmers on agricultural pest management. In the study, it was aimed to reveal the amount and usage patterns of pesticides in tobacco farming and to evaluate the level of awareness of farmers on agricultural pest management. The material of the study consisted of the data obtained from 94 farmers growing tobacco in Çelikhan district through questionnaires. As a result of the research, it was observed that 44.0 %, 45.0 %, and 11.0 % of the farmers had low, medium, and high level of pesticide management awareness, respectively. In addition, there was a difference between the awareness levels of the farmers before, during and after the pesticide treatment and it was revealed that the farmers obeyed the rules more strictly before the pesticide treatment. Although farmers had an idea about the harmful effects of pesticides on human health, environmental health and biodiversity, they continue to apply erroneous practices by not giving up traditional practices. In the agricultural education and extension activities planned in the region, supporting the educational contents with visuals in conveying the harmful effects of pesticides and strictly monitoring the use of pesticides based on prescription can help to solve the issues. On the other hand, the direct consumption of Çelikhan tobacco leaves brings pesticide residues to the agenda, and further studies on pesticide residues in tobacco and their effects on human health are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Osmangazi Journal of Medicine / Osmangazi Tip Dergisi is the property of Eskisehir Osmangazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a board game and tobacco cessation education on nicotine addiction in adolescent smokers. Material and Methods: This randomized controlled study included 103 adolescents who declared to smoke at least one cigarette per day. For data collection, sociodemographic data form, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, and stages of change scale were used. The study groups consisted of three intervention groups; board game, tobacco cessation education, and the combined use of these two interventions, and a control group. All interventions were compared with the control group. Follow-ups were conducted at baseline, 8th, and 12th week. Results: While 38.8% (n=40) of all participants were addicted to nicotine at a very low level, 6.8% (n=7) were very high. 37.9% (n=39) of the participants reported smoking the first cigarette of the day within the first 5 minutes. Groups had an effect on the nicotine addiction level of adolescents (p=0.031), while there was no significant difference for the period, and period*group interaction (p=0.472 and p=0.339, respectively). The difference was due to the board game group. In the post evaluation, three of the adolescents who played board games and two of the adolescents who received tobacco cessation training were in the action phase. Conclusion: The results showed that the board game group participants had a decrease in the level of nicotine addiction. Our suggestion is to use and disseminate games as an alternative method that will attract the attention of adolescents in tobacco cessation education.

The declaration of the Ottoman State that it could not pay its debts in 1875 prompted the European states to produce solutions that guarantee the collection of their receivables. This solution is the process that led to the establishment of Rüsumu Sitte, Duyun-u Umumiye and finally the Reji Administration. Tobacco, a product with a high profit potential in the Ottoman state, attracted the attention of European states. The Reji Administration managed all kinds of income that could be obtained from tobacco in the Ottoman lands and aimed to make payments to the countries that the Ottoman state owed with this income. In practice, the Reji Administration did not take an attitude aimed at increasing tobacco production and exports, but focused only on increasing the profit rate. The activities carried out for this purpose have led the producer to complain. The relations of the Reji Administration with the Ottoman state did not progress in a positive way. However, the debt dilemma of the Ottoman state required the continuation of relations with the Reji Administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Crimean War of 1853 is a turning point in Ottoman history. It was understood that the economic recession that started in the 16th century could no longer be corrected with new taxes, domestic borrowing and adulteration, and for the first time in Ottoman history, foreign borrowing was resorted to. The Ottoman Empire, which fought against Russia with its allies in the Crimean War, was financed by its allies. The foreign borrowing process that started in 1854 resulted in financial bankruptcy after 15 borrowings in 21 years. After the financial bankruptcy, various solutions were sought with the pressure of the creditor states. After the success of the Rusûm-ı Sitte Administration, which was established in 1879 as a result of this search, the Düyun-ı Umumiye Administration was established by signing the Muharrem Decree with the European creditor states in December 1881. After the administration started its activities, the tobacco income under the administration was transferred to the Regie Company, which started its activities in 1884 under the administration. The Regie Company was quickly organized and became the sole arbiter in every field related to tobacco. The type of relationship developed by Regie Company has caused great problems and troubles. One of the provinces where the company is strongly organized is Ma'muratü'l-Aziz Province, and in our article, the activities and results of the company after it was established in the aforementioned province in 1883, the date of its establishment, were tried to be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Banatica is the property of Museum of Highland Banat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tobacco is one of the most planted products in worldwide and the whole Nicotiana tabacum L. plant, its leaves, flowers, seeds or roots, and individual chemical compounds have medicinal uses such as as sedative, diuretic, or expectorant. From the past to the present, tobacco has been used in various dosage forms including oral/transdermal films, sublingual tablets, mouth/nasal spray, and inhaler. In addition, Tobacco is a very valuable plant with uses in medicine and bioengineering applications. In this review, it was aimed to give information about the tobacco plant and its medicinal uses and also the pharmaceutical dosage forms as well as novel delivery systems of nicotine compound of tobacco via comprehensively search method of the literature by using Pubmed, ScienceDirect, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar databases for articles published in peer-reviewed journals from mostly 2016 to 2021. It is also aimed to draw attention to the pharmaceutical use of tobacco plant instead of potential harmful uses. In conclusion, there is need to be carried out new studies to enlighten the exact mechanisms of tobacco and its major compound of nicotine on other diseases such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and prose memory and attention than smoking cessation therapy and evaluate its safety and develop more effective novel pharmaceutical dosage forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With Yavuz Sultan Selim's annexation of Egypt, Syria and Palestine including Jerusalem in 1516, the scholarly activities in these regions continued to develop by preserving its vitality. This stable and scholarly productive life was maintained under the order and patronage of the Ottoman administration which allowed different religions and cultures, various creeds and legal sects to live, develop and express themselves until the occupation and colonialism periods that started in the 19th century. Mar῾ī b. Yūsuf alḤanbalī (d. 1033/1624), who grew up in Ottoman Palestine and later went to Egypt, where he completed his education and taught in Azhar, was one of the interesting figures of this region and the period. Mar῾ī b. Yūsuf was a competent Hanbali jurist who compiled various works in different fields such as history, hadith, faiths and Arabic lan)guage. Among them was a special work in which he expressed his loyalty and devotion to the Ottoman state and administration. This scholar stands out with his treatises which focuses on certain subjects and especially his works on fiqh deserves to be eva)luated separately. Among these works are books written on Ḥanbalī fiḳh, as well as a treatise on the life and anecdotes of Ibn Taymiyya who was one of the most powerful figures of the madhhab and Salafism. In this paper, I will introduce his works on fiqh and examine his treatise named Tahqīq al-burhān fī shaʼn al-dukhān in which he dealt with various issues such as what dukhān is and what should be said about its religious rule. In this treatise, the author describes the new habit of smoking tobacco in his time and became increasingly widespread and mentions the verses and hadīths related to the subject and the views of the scholars, especially the narrations from the Ḥanbalī jurists. He tackles with the issue within the framework of the Ḥanbalī sect in the light of some basic concepts like ibāḥa, taḥrīm, bidʼa. In the treatise, the author came to the conclusion that the rule for dukhān is makrūh tanzīhan (mild detested), based on two basic reasons. The first is that it is disturbing due to its bad smell, and the other is that the smoker presents an image similar to the people of hell with the fire and smoke surrounding him. The author finds it wrong to make a more severe judgment about smoking and criticizes those who have this opinion. In particular, he draws attention to the serious responsibility that the scholar should be aware of when making a judgment on a religious issue, by putting forward the principle of original ibāḥa and the arguments connected with it. It should also be said that this treatise is a historical document about his period and environment. Tahqīq al-burhān is a treatise of just ten page, and it has been edited and published by Mashūr b. Ḥasan. Based on this publication, which contains many details about the author and the subject, we translated only the text of the treatise and presented it to readers as an appendix to this article. We see that there has been an increasing interest in legal rulings of smoking tobacco in recent years. This interest has mostly focused on Ḥanafī Ottoman scholars. It is obvious that the views and judgment of a Ḥanbalī scholar on tobacco smoking from a far away region will contribute to the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1925 yılında Reji İdaresi’nin lağvedilmesiyle birlikte Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nde tütün alanında yeni bir dönem başlamıştır. 1923 yılında Cumhuriyet’in ilan edilmesiyle birlikte millileştirme politikaları hız kazanmıştır. Millileştirme politikasının uygulandığı alanlardan biri de tütün ekonomisi olmuştur. Tütün ekonomisinde millileştirme politikasının uygulandığı illerden biri de Urfa olmuştur. 1883 ile 1925 yılları arasında Reji İdaresi’nin denetiminde olan tütün 1925 ile 1950 yılları arasında devlet tekeli olarak nitelendirilebilecek İnhisarlar Umumi Müdürlüğüne bağlı olan Urfa İnhisarlar Tütün Atölyesi Müdürlüğünün denetimine girmiştir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada müdürlüğün kuruluş süreci, tarihsel gelişimi, tütün ve sigara sektöründe meydana gelen kayıt dışı ekonomi faaliyetleri ele alınacaktır. Ayrıca Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında hizmet veren Urfa İnhisarlar İdaresi Tütün Atölyesi’nin kaçakçılıkla mücadelesi ve ekonomiye olan yansımaları istatistiki veriler ışığında değerlendirilecektir. Konu incelenirken, Reji İdaresi’nden devlet inhisarına geçen tütünde kaçakçılık faaliyetlerindeki gelişmeler göz önünde bulundurularak hazineye olan katkısı değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada kaynak olarak Başbakanlık Cumhuriyet Arşivi, Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Zabıt Cerideleri, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Resmi Gazetesi, yerel basın yayın organları, yazılı kitap, tez ve makaleler kullanılmıştır.

Tütün, bilhassa 17. Yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun idari, ekonomik ve sosyal hayatında önemli bir yere sahip olmuştur. 1871 yılına kadar tütün inhisarı genel olarak devlet eliyle hazırlanan nizamnamelerle idare edilmiştir. 1871 yılından itibaren tütün alanında yeni bir kanunlaşma ve yenileşme süreci başlamıştır. Bu bağlamda 27 Aralık 1886 tarihli nizamname bu anlamda dönüm noktası olmuştur. “İnhisar-ı Duhan Nizamnamesi” adıyla yürürlüğe giren nizamnameyle birlikte tütünün üretimi, tüketimi, ticareti ve gelirleri tam anlamıyla Reji Şirketi’nin inhisarına yani yabancı bir şirketin tekeline girmiştir. İmparatorluk genelinde Reji Şirketi’nin tekeline giren tütün üreticilerinin, tüketicilerinin ve tüccarlarının Reji Şirketi’ne, Reji Şirketi’nin ise onlara karşı olan hukuk ve vazifelerinin neler olduğuna dair hükümlere yer verilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, bilhassa nizamnamede yer alan hükümlerin imparatorluk genelinde uygulamadaki karşılığının neler olduğu üzerinde durmaktır. Bu çerçevede imparatorluğun farklı bölgelerinden tespit edilen örnekler arşiv belgelerinden istifade edilerek incelenmiştir.

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Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is among the agricultural products with the highest added value in Turkey. Although frequently associated with its negative effects on human health, it also provides important contributions to the Turkish economy with the employment it creates in rural areas and continues to be a strategic product. Many postgraduate theses and studies related to the sociological and economic importance of the production of this plant, which is of great importance for our country, have been carried out. However, there are very limited studies on plant diseases in tobacco production areas in Turkey. Phytoplasma is one of the important plant pathogens that cause yield loss in tobacco. Since available data on phytoplasma diseases on tobacco was very scarce worldwide, field surveys to collect samples showing phytoplasma infection-like symptoms such as yellowish color changes, leaf blisters, proliferation, dwarfism, and other physical abnormalities were carried out in Çanakkale and Balıkesir provinces of Turkey from June to August 2021. The presence of phytoplasmas in six samples was confirmed by 16S ribosomal DNA amplification by nested-PCR using universal phytoplasma primer sets, which also suggested the pathogen associated with the symptoms on tobacco. According to phylogenetic study and virtual-RFLP analysis using AluI and MseI endonuclease enzymes, the six Turkish tobacco phytoplasma strains all belong to group 16SrXII and have more than 99% nucleotide sequence identity with some members of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' of the taxonomic subgroup 'stolbur' (16SrXII-A). Genetic distances analysis indicated that group 16SrI was more closely related to 16SrXII than 16SrVI, in agreement with the groups clustering in the phylogenetic tree. Neutrality tests found that 16SrI and 16SrXII groups are experiencing expanding or bottleneck selections, probably due to new mutations in the 16S rRNA gene fragment. Meanwhile, 16SrVI populations are shown to be undergoing balancing selections, indicating that its isolates have evolved for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tütün dünyaya Amerika'dan yayıldı. Bu nedenle Amerika dışındaki dünyada geçmişi 500 yıl kadardır. Amerikan yerlileri tütünü tedavi edici olarak ve dini ayinlerde kullanmışlardır. Tütün coğrafi keşiflerden sonra İspanya aracılığıyla Avrupa'ya getirilmiştir. Avrupa’da sigara, sarmalık nargile, enfiye, çiğnemelik gibi pek çok farklı formda tüketilmiştir. Baş ağrısı, mide hastalıkları, kadın hastalıkları gibi pek çok hastalığı da iyi geldiği iddia edilmiştir. Günümüzde pek çok hastalığın, özellikle de kanser hastalıklarının sebebi olarak kabul edilse de alışkanlık yapma özelliği nedeniyle pek çok kişi istediği halde vazgeçememektedir. 1500'lü yılların başında Avrupa'ya gelen tütün, kısa süre sonra denizciler aracılığıyla Osmanlıya ulaştı. Tedavi edici olduğu kanaati ile birlikte alışkanlık yapma özelliği tütünü kısa zamanda önemli bir sanayi bitkisi yaptı. Osmanlı'dan alacaklarını tahsil etmeye gelen Düyun- u Umumiye ve bu çerçevede kurulan ve 10 yıllık Tekel elde eden çok uluslu Reji Şirketi, tütün üretimini, tüketimini ve ticaretini kontrol etmiştir. Adana Külahçılar da Tütün Fabrikası da bu çerçevede tütün mamülleri üretimi ve ticareti yapmıştır. Bu çalışmada Adana Külahçılarda bulunan tütün fabrikasının Aslıoğlu Serahim Efendiye devir teslimine ait Osmanlı arşiv belgesi esas alınarak söz konusu fabrikayla ilgili ekonomik veriler ortaya konulmuştur.

Copyright of Balikesir Health Sciences Journal / Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Balikesir Health Sciences Journal (BAUN Health Sci J) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The World Health Organization (WHO) defined the use of tobacco products as a preventable global epidemic. WHO has determined the policy topics that countries should implement to prevent this epidemic, known as MPOWER for short. It follows the activities of countries for these topics and publishes them in annual reports. As a result of the studies carried out under the leadership of WHO, the use of tobacco products by countries has decreased. The use of tobacco products, which was 32.7% in the world in 2000, is expected to decrease to 20.4% in 2025. In our country, it is predicted to decrease from 32.9% to 29.9% in the same way. Our country has successfully implemented the policy package within the scope of WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and as a result, it has become one of the two countries that fully implemented MPOWER measures at the highest level of success. Companies that manufacture and sell tobacco products have launched new products in the face of these developments. The most popular of these products are Electronic Nicotine/ Non-Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS/ENNDS) and Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs). The fact that the target audience of these new products is mostly 13 years old and over and their rapid spread among young people has led to the opening of new fronts in the war against tobacco. The rapid spread of new products was influenced by the fact that their appearance was designed to attract young people, presented as an alternative to cigarettes, and created a perception of less harm. Studies have shown that these products are not harmless. WHO has stated that reducing the damage does not reduce the risk in terms of human health. The second most important factor affecting the use is the different perspectives and legal regulations of countries on these new products. While some countries have banned it, some countries have allowed its sale. This review aims to provide detailed In this review, about the legal regulations made in our country regarding novel and emerging nicotine and tobacco products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Meandros Medical & Dental Journal is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Duzce University Institute of Social Sciences / Düzce Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Duzce University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Harran Journal of Agricultural & Food Science is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is about the discussions on the tobacco business in Turkey after the abolishment of the monopoly of the private French Régie Company on tobacco in 1923. In these discussions which continued throughout the 1920's, the Turkish merchants led a campaign to put pressure on the government to introduce a system of free trade and free market in tobacco business. By analyzing these discussions on tobacco monopoly, the article aims to reveal the nature of the relations between the relatively new business class in the country and the rulers of the newly build Turkish Republic. Since Turkey is a late developed capitalist economy, the origins and development of its capitalist class has always been an issue of discussion. The article tries to demonstrate that the Turkish businesspersons possessed the capacities and means of guiding and confronting the political government in the early years of the republican period. It argues that the campaign on tobacco organized by Turkish merchants proves their organization capacities to defend their common interest and that these businesspersons deserve to be called as the merchant bourgeoisie of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışma, Tokat/Erbaa ve Tokat/Kazova lokasyonlarında tarla koşullarında 2017 yılında topraktan artan dozlarda (0, 3, 6 ve 9 kg da-1) MgSO4 uygulamalarının Xanthi 81 tütün çeşidinin yaprak verimi, kalitesi ile yaprağın bazı kimyasal (Mg, S, N, K, P, nikotin, şeker, klorogenik ve rutin konsantrasyonu) içeriklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuş olup, hasat olgunluğuna gelen yapraklar üç elde hasat edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, artan dozlarda MgSO4 uygulaması ile Erbaa ve Kazova lokasyonlarında yetiştirilen tütün çeşidinin yaprak veriminde artışlar meydana gelmiştir. Yaprak veriminde ortaya çıkan artış en fazla MgSO4’ın 6 kg da-1 dozunda görülmüş ve bu artış Erbaa lokasyonunda %22, Kazova lokasyonunda ise %6,4 düzeyinde olmuştur. Artan MgSO4 uygulamaları ile yaprak Mg ve S konsantrasyonlarında istatiksel olarak önemli artışlara neden olduğu, en fazla artışın yaprak veriminde olduğu gibi MgSO4’ın 6 kg da-1 dozunda olduğu görülmüştür. Tütün için çok önemli bir alkaloid bileşeni olan nikotin konsantrasyonu MgSO4 uygulaması ile her iki lokasyonda da azalmıştır. Sonuçlar, artan dozlarda MgSO4 uygulamalarının tütün yaprağının veriminde artışa neden olduğu, yaprak Mg ve S konsantrasyonlarında artışa, nikotin konsantrasyonlarında ise azalmaya neden olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a board game and tobacco cessation education on nicotine addiction in adolescent smokers. Material and Methods: This randomized controlled study included 103 adolescents who declared to smoke at least one cigarette per day. For data collection, sociodemographic data form, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, and stages of change scale were used. The study groups consisted of three intervention groups; board game, tobacco cessation education, and the combined use of these two interventions, and a control group. All interventions were compared with the control group. Follow-ups were conducted at baseline, 8th, and 12th week. Results: While 38.8% (n=40) of all participants were addicted to nicotine at a very low level, 6.8% (n=7) were very high. 37.9% (n=39) of the participants reported smoking the first cigarette of the day within the first 5 minutes. Groups had an effect on the nicotine addiction level of adolescents (p=0.031), while there was no significant difference for the period, and period*group interaction (p=0.472 and p=0.339, respectively). The difference was due to the board game group. In the post evaluation, three of the adolescents who played board games and two of the adolescents who received tobacco cessation training were in the action phase. Conclusion: The results showed that the board game group participants had a decrease in the level of nicotine addiction. Our suggestion is to use and disseminate games as an alternative method that will attract the attention of adolescents in tobacco cessation education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regie Company, t is a multinational institution established under the Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye Administration, which gave a clear status to the foreign capital control over the important income items of the Ottoman Empire. Regi was organized in Ankara as a directorate and civil servant in 1884, as it was throughout the empire. The fact that the company was operating with a large staff structure throughout the province between 1884 and 1925 shows that tobacco is an important source of income in the region. In this context, the establishment, organizational structure, administrative staff structure, social and economic reflections of the activities of Reji Company in the region, which has privileges in all kinds of activities from tobacco cultivation and production to sales in Ankara province, archive documents, provincial yearbooks and findings obtained from written sources, investigated accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, a total of 202 surface (0-20 cm) soils were collected from the lands of the producers who made contractual production with private companies in the villages where tobacco cultivation is intensively carried out in the Erbaa district of Tokat province. Basic soil properties, macro phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) and micro nutrient (Fe), zinc (Zn) copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) concentrations of soil samples were determined. Spatial distributions of clay content, pH, EC, calcium carbonate, macro and micro nutrient concentrations of tobacco growing lands were modeled using geostatistical methods and spatial distributions were mapped. The coordinates of the sampling locations were recorded using a precise GPS. Soils were mostly neutral and slightly alkaline. Neutral soil pH is desired for sustainable tobacco production. Plants may not be able to uptake some of nutrients in soils with moderate alkalinity. In this case, the use of acid character fertilizers is recommended. All of the macro nutrients are at sufficient levels in the tobacco growing lands. Copper and iron concentrations were at sufficient levels in all fields. Plant available manganese was sufficient in almost half of the sampled lands, while it was insufficient in the other half. Available zinc concentration was well below the sufficient level in most of the lands. In order to increase the production to the desired level, fertilizers should be applied based on the plant requirement and soil analysis results. The registration of the soil sampling locations provides an opportunity to create a very useful database for researchers, producers and suppliers who want to understand how the quality of the tobacco growing lands has changed over time.

Heated tobacco products release nicotine without burning tobacco with an electronically controlled heating system. 56-year-old male patient admitted with sudden onset of chest pain and shortness of breath. He had been using a heated tobacco product (I quit ordinary smoking, IQOS) for 2.5 years. Thoracic computed tomography scan revealed pleural-based atelectasis and fibroatelectatic changes in the lower lobe of the right lung, pleural fluid in the right upper lobe, fibroatelectatic changes and pleural thickening in the left lung. Biopsy taken with video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) showed lymphoid aggregation in nodular form and widespread anthracosis around the lung, fibrillar material that double-refracting the light in the alveoli, hyaline membrane-like material in the alveoli, type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, an interstitial organization, and a subacute lung injury picture with exogenous lipoid material. These findings were evaluated in accordance with toxic substance-induced chemical pneumonia. It was thought that it might be related to 2.5 years of using heated tobacco product.

Copyright of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal is the property of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of tobacco products causes many people to lose their lives and leads to serious health problems every year. Countries take various initiatives and develop policies and rules in order to prevent these problems and reduce the social and economic burden caused by the use of tobacco products. Many policies and rules have been developed in our country regarding tobacco use. One of them is the prohibition of smoking in indoor areas for attempts to prevent passive exposure and cessation of smoking. In this study have been tried to be addressed the experience and opinions of cafe owners who are one of the two groups affected by the prohibition of smoking indoor areas. Therefore, in-depth interviews were held with 12 cafe owners. These interviews were analyzed using qualitative methods and as a result 6 theme were obtained; "Cafes as a Cigarette Use Area, Effects of Smoking Prohibition in Indoor Areas on Cafes, Applicability and Functionality of the Prohibition, Denunciation and Control and lastly Recommendations from Cafe Owners Regarding Prohibition. As a result of the study, it was found that cafe owners had doubts about the functionality of the prohibition, they thought the prohibiton was not applicable and also was frequently violated due to financial concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introducere. Incidenţa fumatului atinge cote alarmante la nivel mondial, iar adolescenţii reprezintă grupa de vârstă cea mai predispusă la procesul de iniţiere a fumatului. Consecinţele sunt numeroase, atât prin complicaţii medicale, cât şi prin costurile implicite. Situaţia exactă în ceea ce priveşte fumatul la adolescenţi la nivel naţional nu este cunoscută, dar intensificarea intervenţiilor la vârstă pediatrică este absolut necesară. Material şi metode. Studiul s-a bazat pe un chestionar care a cuprins un număr de 10 întrebări, aplicat la 371 profesionişti (medici pediatri, medici de familie etc.) în domeniul sănătăţii. Aceştia au semnat un consimţământ informat privind participarea la studiu. Studiul a fost aprobat de Comisia de Etică a Societăţii Române de Pediatrie. Rezultatele au fost centralizate şi prelucrate statistic. Rezultate şi discuţii. Majoritatea respondenţilor cunosc noţiunile referitoare la fumat şi consecinţele acestui obicei asupra stării de sănătate. Peste 90% dintre cei chestionaţi insistă asupra aspectelor legate de fumat în discuţiile cu pacienţii şi cu părinţii acestora, încercând identificarea cât mai rapidă a elementelor de risc. Fumatul în timpul sarcinii şi în perioada de alăptare a fost identificat în 82% dintre chestionarele realizate. Concluzii. Magnitudinea fumatului la populaţia pediatrică este îngrijorătoare, plasând România pe locul 4 în Uniunea Europeană în ceea ce priveşte numărul adolescenţilor de 13 ani care fumează săptămânal. Combaterea acestui fenomen trebuie realizată în bună parte de către profesioniştii din domeniul medical prin informarea corectă, completă şi permanentă a adolescenţilor şi, deopotrivă, a părinţilor, utilizând argumente ştiinţifice medicale şi, totodată, evaluând periodic această categorie de adolescenţi în vederea identificării apariţiei precoce a patologiilor derivate în urma fumatului.

Kurşun (Pb), belirli eşik konsantrasyonları aştığında insanlar, hayvanlar ve bitkiler için tehlikeli olan bir ağır metaldir. Tütün bünyesinde yüksek konsantrasyonlarda kurşun biriktirebilen bir bitkidir. Kurşun alımında tütün genotipleri arasındaki farklılıklar ve bitkilerin kurşuna verdikleri henüz cevap açıkça belirlenmemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Pb dozlarının (Pb 0; 0,25; 2,5 ve 10 mg kg-1) iki farklı tütün çeşidinin (Xanthi/2A ve Nail) biyomas (kök ve yeşil aksam) üretimi, Pb konsantrasyonu ve mikro besin konsantrasyonları üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemektir. Kontrollü koşullar altında yetiştirilen tütün çeşitlerine artan Pb dozları ile birlikte temel makro (N, P ve K) ve mikro (Fe ve Zn) besin elementleri verilmiştir. İki farklı tütün çeşidinde biomas üretimi (kök ve yeşil aksam kuru madde verimi), yeşil aksam Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn ve Cu konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Artan dozlarda Pb uygulaması ile çeşitlerin kuru madde verimi önemli ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Kök ve yeşil aksamda ortaya çıkan azalmaya karşın, artan dolarda kurşun uygulamaları ile tütün çeşitlerinin yeşil aksam kurşun konsantrasyonlarında istatiksel olarak önemli artışlara neden olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Artan dozlarda Pb uygulaması ile tütün çeşitlerinin yeşil aksam Zn, Fe, Mn ve Cu konsantrasyonlarında istatiksel olarak önemli artış ve azalışlara neden olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak en yüksek kurşun dozunda dahi Nail ve Xanthi/2A tütün çeşitlerinin yeşil aksamında 1,0 mg kg-1’ın altında Pb konsantrasyonuna sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Buna rağmen kurşun ile kirlenmiş topraklarda yetişen tütün çeşitleri ile yapılan tütün mamulleri insanlar içim risk teşkil etmektedir.

In this study, the claims of the Hemavend Tribe about tobacco smuggling in the region during the Adana Regime Administration in the 19th century were evaluated. Since the Ottoman Empire had fertile lands, many ports, important trade routes and a wide trade market, in addition to having wide borders, the phenomenon of smuggling emerged as a problem that occupied the state administrators. This situation not only affected the Empire's trade with foreign states, but also affected local trade. XIX. An example of this situation in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century occurred in the Adana Reji Administration. There are many reasons for smuggling activities in the Ottoman Empire. However, our aim in this study is that Hemavend Tribe XIX. It is to try to determine the security problems caused by smuggling activities in the region as well as the economic problems throughout the province with the settlement of Adana Province since the middle of the century. In this context, it is especially focused on the tobacco smuggling allegations of the Hemavend Tribe throughout the province. In particular, the process of settlement of Hemavendians in Adana, smuggling activities in the region and the measures taken to prevent such attempts will be discussed. In this context, in this study on Adana Regiment Administration, smuggling and the activities of the Hemavend Tribe It has been prepared by making use of archive documents and provincial yearbooks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study was conducted to adapt the scale assessing beliefs about thirdhand smoke to Turkish and evaluate its validity and reliability. Materials and Methods The methodological study was conducted with 315 people who met the participation criteria. As a data collection tool, a questionnaire developed by the researchers and BATHS were used. Item reliability and Cronbach alpha coefficient were calculated for reliability studies. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis methods were used to evaluate the validity of the scale. Results The Kaiser-Meyer Olkin coefficient of the scale was 0.695, and the Bartlett test's chi-square value was 661.77 and the result was significant (p <0.001). When the factor loads of the items are analyzed, it varies between 0. 512 and 0.829. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.71. Conclusion As a result of the validity and reliability analysis, it was observed that the scale assessing beliefs about thirdhand smoke is a valid and reliable scale for the Turkish society consisting of 9 items and 2 subdimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Gediz Havzası yaygın tütün tarımı yapılan toprakların verimlilik durumlarının incelenmesine yönelik yapılan bu çalışmada, 60 farklı noktadan 0-30 cm derinlikten alınan toprak örneklerinin bazı fiziksel-kimyasal özellikleri ile besin elementi içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre topraklar; genel olarak kumlu-tın bünyeli, hafif alkalin reaksiyonlu, kireçli, organik maddece iyi ve tuzluluk yönünden herhangi bir tehlike içermemektedir. Yöre toprakları genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, %94’ünde toplam azot %62’sinde alınabilir K yetersiz iken, %70’inde alınabilir P, %85’inde alınabilir Ca ve %56’sında alınabilir Mg yeterli bulunmuştur. Toprakların genel olarak alınabilir Fe (%83’ü) ve alınabilir Cu (%92’si) kapsamları yeterli iken alınabilir Zn (%86’sı) ve alınabilir Mn (%85’i) içerikleri yetersizdir. İncelenen toprakların fiziksel-kimyasal özellikleri ve besin elementleri arasındaki ikili ilişkilerde, pH-Elektriksel İletkenlik (EC), pH-kireç, pH-silt, pH-kil, pH-K, pH-Ca; EC-N, EC-P, EC-K, EC-Ca, EC-Cu, EC-Zn; organik madde (OM)-N, OM-P, OM-Ca, OM-Cu, OM-Zn; % kum-Fe; kil-K, Kil-Ca, Kil-Mg, Kil-Cu içerikleri arasında pozitif; pH-kum, pH-Fe, pH-Zn ve pH-Mn; OM-kum; % kum-kil, kum-silt, kum-K, kum-Ca, kum- Cu; kil-Fe içerikleri arasında önemli negatif korelasyonlar bulunmuştur. Besin elementleri açısından toprakların N-P, N-Ca, N-Cu, N-Zn; P-Cu, K-Mg, Mg-Fe, Mg-Cu, Fe-Cu, Fe-Zn, Fe-Mn, Cu-Zn, Cu-Mn, Zn-Cu, Zn-Mn arasında pozitif; Ca-Fe arasında ise güçlü negatif ilişkiler belirlenmiştir. Tütünde kalite özelliklerini doğrudan etkileyen azot, Zn ve Mn elementlerinin yöre topraklarında yetersiz olması nedeniyle yörede yapılacak gübreleme programlarında bu durumun göz önünde bulundurulmasında yarar vardır.

Copyright of Journal of Tepecik Education & Research Hospital / İzmir Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Dergisi is the property of Logos Medical Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)