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Rice-based crackers with functional properties were formulated according to Taguchi's L8 design using four variables; flour composite (a0 = rice: wheat flour in 50:50 ratio, a1 = rice: wheat: corn: green gram flour in 50:40:5:5 ratio), dehydrated Moringa oleifera leaves powder (DML) (b0 = 0%, b1 = 1%), dehydrated Spirulina powder (DSP) (c0 = 0%, c1 = 1%), and Syzygium cumini bark decoction (SCBD) (d0 = 0%, d1 = 15%). Of the eight treatment combinations, crackers comprising the treatment of a1b0c0d1 (rice: wheat: corn: green gram flour in 50:40:5:5 ratio, 0% DML, 0% DSP, 15% SCBD) was selected as the most preferred sample with an acceptable sensory profile. Further studies with the crackers from the same treatment combination (a1b0c0d1) demonstrated a significantly high protein and mineral content, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity along with a significantly low carbohydrate content compared to crackers prepared with 50:50 ratio of rice and wheat flour (a0b0c0d0). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kombucha is a fermented tea drink using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast. This drink has been widely used to maintain blood sugar levels. Meanwhile, leaf boiled water of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. has been used as an alternative medicine for diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. If this herb is made into kombucha, it may have higher antihyperglycemic activity than kombucha from tea leaves. However, there are no scientific reports of antihyperglycemic activity from S. polyanthum leaf kombucha by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase. This study aims to determine the activity and kinetics inhibition of S. polyanthum leaves kombucha against α-glucosidase. Samples were prepared at varying concentrations (12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 g/L), while phytochemical components in the products were identified, and the inhibitory activity as well as kinetics were comprehensively analyzed. In silico evaluations were conducted to further explore the inhibitory activity. The results showed that the products contained secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase ranged from 81.05 to 89.41%. The inhibition mechanism was identified as uncompetitive, with a Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) of 0.1357 mM and a vmax value of 27.7008 U/ml minute. Several metabolites showed promising inhibition potential due to their strong binding interactions with α-glucosidase, including hydrogen bonding (H-bond), hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic forces. Additionally, two metabolites, farnesol and α-pinene, were found to interact with other human proteins. These observations showed the potential of S. polyanthum leaves kombucha as a health-promoting beverage that might aid blood sugar control in diabetic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) infusion on preserving the quality of corn during storage. The research employed an experimental approach using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications. The treatments included A (control corn), B (25% (v/v) bay leaf infusion), C (50% (v/v) bay leaf infusion), D (75% (v/v) bay leaf infusion), and E (100% (v/v) bay leaf infusion). The observed variables included damaged kernels, moldy kernels, moisture content, and aflatoxin content. Corn with high aflatoxin content was immersed in bay leaf infusion according to the respective treatments and then stored for four weeks. The research results showed that soaking corn with high aflatoxin content in bay leaf infusion (had a significant effect (P<0.01) on moisture and aflatoxin content but did not have a considerable impact (P>0.05) on damaged kernels and moldy kernels. Based on the research findings, it was concluded that the application of 100% (v/v) bay leaf infusion improved the quality of corn during a 4 -week storage period, with the percentage of damaged kernels at 4.75%, moldy grains at 0.75%, moisture content at 14.60%, and a decrease in aflatoxin content by 41.11% (150 -88.33 ppb). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study proposes an efficient antidiabetic strategy by identifying potential mechanisms of antioxidant metabolism and α‐amylase inhibition in Syzygium cumini L. fruits. Six indigenous landraces of S. cumini were evaluated for major phytochemicals and bioactive constituents using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) profiling and correlated with antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Black jamin landrace‐6 (BJLR‐6), characterised by small fruits, exhibited greater 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and in vitro α‐amylase inhibition, especially in the kernel. The kernel of BJLR‐6 had the lowest IC50 for DPPH radicals (4.2 μg mL−1) and α‐amylase inhibition (5.3 μg mL−1). Therapeutic compounds like terpenoids in the pulp and alkaloids in the seed contribute to their curative potential. GC–MS profiling of BJLR‐6 revealed major bioactive constituents like propanamide, allantoic acid and 2‐furancarboxaldehyde in the pulp and alkaloids such as piperazine, 3‐pyridinol, imidazole and furan carboxaldehyde in the kernel tissues. Pathway enrichment analysis of bioactive constituents emphasises antioxidant and insulin‐regulating pathways, steroid hormone metabolism and signal transduction pathways associated with therapeutic/antidiabetic activity in fruit pulp and kernel tissues. This study unveils the phytochemical composition and novel bioactive constituents in the fruit parts of small‐fruited S. cumini BJLR‐6, emphasising their potential as a better source of functional herbal formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium genus is extensively used in managing different diseases such as antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The present study aims to investigate phytochemicals by screening tests and GC-MS analysis and evaluate the antioxidants, cytotoxicity, analgesic, and anti-diarrheal activity of the extracts of the leaves of Syzygium reticulatum. The leaves of the S. reticulatum were extracted with hexane and methanol by the maceration process successively, denoted as SRH and SRM. The extract's phytochemical analyses found flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and carbohydrates. The GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract identified 8 compounds. The major components were identified as Diisooctyl phthalate (96.903 %), 2-methyltetracosane (1.094 %), and others with fewer amounts. The result of the antioxidant study of the extracts as total phenolic content of SRH 8.92 ± 0.62 and SRM 340.107 ± 11.11 mg/g, respectively, total flavonoids content of SRH 7.85 ± 0.71 and SRM 105.16 ± 0.93 mg/g, IC50 values of the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay of SRM was 14.67 μg/mL, SRH was 41.26 μg/mL and ascorbic acid 14.08 μg/mL; the total antioxidant capacity of SRH was 21.33 ± 2.52 mg/g, whereas SRM was 353.71 ± 4.59 mg/g. The results of these studies suggest that methanol extract has a more potent antioxidant capacity than hexane extract. The methanol extract also exhibited higher toxicity (LC50 value 49.99 μg/mL) compared to hexane extract (LC50 value 370.348 μg/mL), as revealed by the Brine shrimp nauplii cytotoxic study. An analgesic study of the methanol extract found that a lower dose (250 mg/kg) has more significant analgesic activity than the higher dose and standard drug aspirin. At 90 min, the hot plate's highest percentage of latency elongation was 110.32, while the acetic acid-induced writhing inhibition was 63.04 %. At a dose of 500 mg/kg, the methanol extract also shown good efficacy in mice suffering from castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea. The findings from the study of the leaves of the S. reticulatum exhibited that methanol extracts have significant antioxidant, cytotoxic, analgesic, and anti-diarrheal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an endemic disease which is a health problem in Indonesia, which can be transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Control of the Aedes aegypti mosquito as a dengue vector has been widely carried out using synthetic controls, other controls can be carried out using natural larvicides. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight)) are one of the plants that can be used as a natural larvicide because they contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, tannins, saponins and essential oils. This research aims to determine the effect of bay leaf juice on the death of third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. This research is an experimental study by looking at the death of third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae from bay leaf juice. The treatment was carried out by making various concentrations of bay leaf juice, namely 4%, 8%, 16%, 20%, 32%, 64% and 80%. Each treatment container contained 25 third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae with 2 repetitions for 24 hours. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA analysis of variance. The conclusion of this research is that bay leaf juice has a significant effect on the death of third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae and a concentration of 16% is an effective concentration in killing third instar Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) contamination in water poses a significant threat to public health across the globe which requires effective remediation strategies. The main objective of this study is to achieve a removal efficiency of Pb(II) ions from aqueous media using activated Syzygium cumini (java plum) stem biochar. It was prepared by slow pyrolysis at 400 °C after treating the biomass with potassium hydroxide for activation. These biochars were characterized thoroughly (SEM, SEM–EDX, TEM, FTIR, XRD, elemental analyses, and SBET) to conduct a set of batch experiments. The effect of several parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial lead concentrations, and co-existing ions were explored. The decrease in starting lead concentrations from 50 to 10 mg L−1 resulted in improved removal efficiency. The removal effectiveness of activated biochar was 97%, but non-activated biochar was just 19%. Lead adsorption increased considerably as pH increased from 3 to 5. Further, the activated biochar was optimized through various isotherms models, kinetic equations, and thermodynamic analysis. It was observed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Temkin isotherms were the best-fitted models that identify the mechanism of chemisorption and monolayer sorption. According to this study, activated biochar is a promising biosorbent for removing lead from an aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ascribed work suggests a fabrication pathway of carbon aerogel material from the rose apple (Syzygium jambos) fruit (RACA), in which a hydrothermal step, followed by a calcination process under various temperatures from 600 to 900 °C was carried out. RACA were characterized via multiple methods to briefly determine the optimal calcination temperature for the application, revealing that the temperature of 700 °C provided an intermediate deconstruction effect to form the amorphous structure and amplified the surface area. Whence, the materials were assessed for the adsorption capacities towards diesel oil which provided a capacity of approximately 35 g/g, although the adsorption capacity decreased slightly after 5 cycles of recovery and reuse. Furthermore, RACA‐700 exhibits high adsorption capacity of organic solvents (toluene, cyclohexane, butanol, hexane, and chloroform) and the ciprofloxacin antibiotic. Besides, the utilization of the fabricated carbon aerogel in the supercapacitor was also investigated. The obtained results elucidate the highest specific capacitance of 61.20 F/g, corresponding with the lowest resistance of 195.6 Ω, which indicates the ability to maintain capacitance after 5000 cycles and still retain 60 % efficiency, thereby signifying the potential application of carbon aerogel in sustainable material construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As microbes develop resistance to various drugs, the treatment of infections becomes increasingly challenging, leading to prolonged illness, heightened severity of infections, elevated mortality rates, and increased healthcare costs. Essential oils are lipophilic and volatile mixtures of compounds that have gained attention in research for novel antimicrobial agents. Therefore, the present study evaluated the essential oil of Syzygium cumini leaves (EOSC) in order to prospect its antifungal and trichomonacidal activities. The essential oil from the leaves was extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Antifungal activity was evaluated using the serial microdilution method. Additionally, the potential of the EOSC as an enhancer of fluconazole (FCZ) action was tested at subinhibitory concentrations. To assess anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity, concentrations ranging from 15.6 to 500 μg/mL of EOSC were tested. Finally, the SwissADME platform was employed to analyze the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the major component of EOSC. The GC-MS analysis identified 94.24% of the components of EOSC, with α-pinene (51.11%) and nerol (8.25%) as major constituents. EOSC exhibited low antifungal activity against the evaluated Candida strains. However, the combination of EOSC and FCZ reduced the IC50 against Candida krusei from 45.29 to 0.30 μg/mL. EOSC also demonstrated significant activity against T. vaginalis (IC50 = 88.2 μg/mL). In silico prediction with α-pinene showed low toxic action and important physicochemical aspects for drug production. The essential oil of Syzygium cumini emerges as a promising candidate for the discovery of molecules with potential antifungal and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzgium cumini (L.) Skeels powder (S. cumini powder), also known as Jamun, is well-known for its various medical and health benefits. It is especially recognized for its antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Thus, S. cumini powder is used in various industries, such as the food and cosmetic industries. In this work, the fruit of S. cumini was utilized; its seeds were extracted, dried, and ground into powder. The ground powders were subjected to various techniques such as physicochemical tests, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and antioxidant analysis. From the physicochemical tests, it was revealed that the jamun seed filler contained cellulose (43.28%), hemicellulose (19.88%), lignin (23.28%), pectin (12.58%), and wax (0.98%). The FTIR analysis supported these results. For instance, a peak at 2889 cm−1 was observed and associated with CH stretching, typically found in methyl and methylene groups, characteristic of cellulose and hemicellulose structures. The XRD results demonstrated that the crystallinity index of the jamun seed filler was 42.63%. The particle analysis indicated that the mean (average) particle size was 25.34 μm. This observation was ensured with SEM results. The EDX spectrum results showed the elemental composition of the fillers. Regarding thermal degradation, the jamun seed filler had the ability to withstand temperatures of up to 316.5 °C. Furthermore, endothermic and exothermic peaks were observed at 305 °C and 400 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant property of the powder displayed a peak scavenging activity of 91.4%. This comprehensive study not only underscores the viability of S. cumini powder as a sustainable and effective particulate filler in polymer composites but also demonstrates its potential to enhance the mechanical properties of composites, thereby offering significant implications for the development of eco-friendly materials in various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study sought to perform antibacterial screening of the Lubeg leaf extracts derived from a 12- year Lubeg Plantation at Apayao State College, Payanan, San Gregorio, Luna, Apayao, against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. The 100% Lubeg leaf extracts exhibited the highest mean zone of inhibition against E. coli after 20 hours while after 30 hours of incubation, the 50% Lubeg leaf extracts exhibited the highest mean zone of inhibition and active antibacterial activity against E. coli. Meanwhile, the 25% Lubeg leaf extracts exhibited the highest mean zone of inhibition and active antibacterial activity against S. aureus for both 20 hours and 30 hours of incubation. The Lubeg leaf extract has potential antimicrobial activities against these two bacterial strains, revealing its high potential as an antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical compositions in the leaf essential oils of four Syzygium species were first identified by the GC-FID/MS analysis. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (39.6-51.1%), and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (27.0-37.8%) were the main chemical classes in S. formosum and S. syzygioides leaf oils, whereas sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (83.0-83.8%) were predominant in S. Megacarpum and S. chantaranothaianum leaf essential oils. Bicyclogermacrene (9.1-37.0%) was the principal compounds in these essential oils. All the tested essential oils with the MIC values of 16-128 µg/mL were comparable to the positive control streptomycin against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, and Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The leaf essential oils of S. formosum, S. syzygioides, and S. chantaranothaianum with the MIC values of 16-128 µg/mL were comparable to the positive control cycloheximide against the yeast Candida albicans. Four samples also exhibited good larvicidal activity against the mosquito Aedes aegypti with the 24-h and 28-h LC50 values of 25-40 µg/mL [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Syzygium (Myrtaceae) from Carranglan, Nueva Ecija, Luzon, Philippines – Syzygium crystalliferum is described and illustrated here as species new to science. Syzygium crystalliferum is similar to S. purpuriflorum by having sessile leaves, cordate base, terminal inflorescence, large flowers and free perianth lobes. However, it is unique in pustules in dried leaves and inflorescence, and having chartaceous‐coriaceous leaf texture, coarser secondary leaf venation, individual flowers borne on a distinct pedicel, shorter hypanthium, smaller calyx lobes, and red fruit turning deep purple when ripe. Preliminary assessment of conservation status following IUCN guidelines assign S. crystalliferum as Critically Endangered (CR). This discovery makes the first addition to Philippine Syzygium in over 70 years since Elmer D. Merrill's last taxonomic work on the genus. Additionally, a lectotype for the basionym Eugenia purpuriflora is designated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the tannase purification produced by a tannery effluent-originated fungal isolate i.e., Aspergillus fumigatus MA under solid state fermentation (SSF) condition. Purification of tannase from culture filtrate was attained using ammonium sulfate precipitation with subsequent diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose mediated ion exchange chromatographic technique. Fractional precipitation of the culture filtrate with 60–80% ammonium sulfate yielded 80.9% recovery of tannase with 6.16-fold purification. The enzyme fractions were collected and eluted as a single peak using 0.5 M NaCl-gradient concentration. DEAE-cellulose column chromatography results in overall 23-fold purification with 27.6% recovery of the enzyme. SDS-PAGE analysis of purified tannase confirmed the presence of a single band of protein with a molecular mass equivalent to 66.2 kDa. The highest activity of tannase was observed at optimum pH ranged between 5.0–6.0 whereas, the tannase stability (>80%) was observed at 4.0 to 7.0 pH ranges. The purified tannase activity was found to be optimally active at 30 °C whereas stability (>90%) was accomplished between 30–50 °C temperature. The Km and Vmax were found to be 1.61 × 10−3 M and 1.04 mM respectively. These properties suggest the potential of the enzyme to be utilized in various food, feed, and pharmaceutical sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myrtle rust, caused by Austropuccinia psidii, has been associated with more than 480 plant species belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Intraspecific variability in pathogenicity has been reported among isolates of A. psidii from different hosts. However, there are few studies that have comparatively quantified the disease in guava (Psidium guajava) and rose apple (Syzygium jambos). The objective of this work was to quantify the pathogenic variability of A. psidii isolates collected from guava and rose apple in Brazil and to investigate the mechanisms of infection and colonization of the pathogen at the cellular level. The monocyclic components of the rust disease were evaluated on young leaves of rose apple and guava plants cross‐inoculated with isolates from rose apple and guava. Pathogenic specialization of both A. psidii isolates for their respective hosts was confirmed in this work. The guava A. psidii isolate was able to infect and colonize rose apple leaf tissues but no sporulation occurred. Similarly, the rose apple A. psidii isolate infected guava plants but did not sporulate. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that lobed haustoria were present within rose apple leaves at 2 days post‐inoculation (dpi) with both isolates, which resulted in intense mesophyll colonization for both interactions at 9 dpi. The latter is remarkable because infection of rose apple with the guava A. psidii isolate did not result in mature rust pustules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Geoxyles, a distinctive feature of Afrotropical savannas and grasslands, survive recurrent disturbances by resprouting subshrub branches from large below-ground woody structures. Underground trees are a type of geoxyle that independently evolved within woody genera of at least 40 plant families in Africa. The environmental limits and determinants of underground tree biogeography are poorly understood, with the relative influence of frost and fire debated in particular. We aim to quantify variability in the niche of underground tree species relative to their taller, woody tree/shrub congeners. Methods Using occurrence records of four Afrotropical genera, Parinari (Chrysobalanaceae), Ozoroa (Anacardiaceae), Syzygium (Myrtaceae) and Lannea (Anacardiaceae), and environmental data of nine climate and disturbance variables, the biogeography and niche of underground trees are compared with their open and closed ecosystem congeners. Key Results Along multiple environmental gradients and in a multidimensional environmental space, underground trees inhabit significantly distinct and extreme environments relative to open and closed ecosystem congeners. Niche overlap is low among underground trees and their congeners, and also among underground trees of the four genera. Of the study taxa, Parinari underground trees inhabit hotter, drier and more seasonal environments where herbivory pressure is greatest. Ozoroa underground trees occupy relatively more fire-prone environments, while Syzygium underground trees sustain the highest frost frequency and occur in relatively wetter conditions with seasonal waterlogging. Lannea underground trees are associated with the lowest temperatures, highest precipitation, and varying exposure to disturbance. Conclusions While underground trees exhibit repeated convergent evolution, varied environments shape the ecology and biogeography of this iconic plant functional group. The multiplicity of extreme environments related to fire, frost, herbivory and waterlogging that different underground tree taxa occupy, and the distinctiveness of these environments, should be recognized in the management of African grassy ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Genetic variation for salt tolerance remains elusive in jamun (Syzygium cumini). Methods: Effects of gradually increased salinity (2.0–12.0 dS/m) were examined in 20 monoembryonic and 28 polyembryonic genotypes of jamun. Six genotypes were additionally assessed for understanding salt-induced changes in gas exchange attributes and antioxidant enzymes. Results: Salt-induced reductions in leaf, stem, root and plant dry mass (PDM) were relatively greater in mono- than in poly-embryonic types. Reductions in PDM relative to control implied more adverse impacts of salinity on genotypes CSJ-28, CSJ-31, CSJ-43 and CSJ-47 (mono) and CSJ-1, CSJ-24, CSJ-26 and CSJ-27 (poly). Comparably, some mono- (CSJ-5, CSJ-18) and poly-embryonic (CSJ-7, CSJ-8, CSJ-14, CSJ-19) genotypes exhibited least reductions in PDM following salt treatment. Most polyembryonic genotypes showed lower reductions in root than in shoot mass, indicating that they may be more adept at absorbing water and nutrients when exposed to salt. The majority of genotypes did not exhibit leaf tip burn and marginal scorch despite significant increases in Na+ and Cl−, suggesting that tissue tolerance existed for storing excess Na+ and Cl− in vacuoles. Jamun genotypes were likely more efficient in Cl− exclusion because leaf, stem and root Cl− levels were consistently lower than those of Na+ under salt treatment. Leaf K+ was particularly little affected in genotypes with high leaf Na+. Lack of discernible differences in leaf, stem and root Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents between control and salt treatments was likely due to their preferential uptake. Correlation analysis suggested that Na+ probably had a greater inhibitory effect on biomass in both mono- and poly-embryonic types. Discriminant analysis revealed that while stem and root Cl− probably accounted for shared responses, root Na+, leaf K+ and leaf Cl− explained divergent responses to salt stress of mono- and poly-embryonic types. Genotypes CSJ-18 and CSJ-19 seemed efficient in fending off oxidative damage caused by salt because of their stronger antioxidant defences. Conclusions: Polyembryonic genotypes CSJ-7, CSJ-8, CSJ-14 and CSJ-19, which showed least reductions in biomass even after prolonged exposure to salinity stress, may be used as salt-tolerant rootstocks. The biochemical and molecular underpinnings of tissue tolerance to excess Na+ and Cl− as well as preferential uptake of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ need to be elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Development of obscured fingerprints on a diverse range of surfaces is a crucial aspect of forensic investigations. Aims and Objectives: In this particular study, the utilization of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Jamun) seed powder was examined for the purpose of revealing hidden fingerprints on a variety of surfaces, including both permeable and impermeable substrates. Materials and Methods: The seed powder was extracted using a simple process and was analysed using multiple analytical techniques. The efficacy of the jamun seed powder in developing latent fingerprints was evaluated. Results: The findings of this investigation demonstrate that the jamun seed powder was capable of producing fingerprint patterns of exceptional quality and clarity on numerous surfaces. Conclusion: This research highlights the potential use of jamun seed powder as a practical and effective alternative for the development of hidden fingerprints in forensic investigations, while also providing cost-effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to dry jamun pulp (Syzygium cumini) by combining infrared and microwave energy in refractance window drying. The two different sets of experiments were planned using the hybrid design. The three independent parameters considered for the infrared refractance window drying (IR-RWD) included infrared lamp power (30–70% of the 1000 W lamp), pulp layer thickness (1–3 mm), and distance between the lamp and pulp layer (3.42–6.60 cm). In microwave refractance window drying (MW-RWD), the independent variables were oven-set microwave power (150–450 W), pulp layer thickness (1–3 mm), and power density (1–2.5 W g−1). The optimum conditions in IR-RWD were 40.75% infrared lamp power, 1 mm pulp layer thickness, and 3.42 cm distance between the lamp and pulp layer, resulting in dry jamun flakes with 17.93 ± 0.32 mg GAE g−1 total phenolic content, 4.37 ± 0.13 color change, 8.90 ± 0.22 mg QE g−1 total flavonoid content, and 179.05 ± 2.17 C3G mg/100g total anthocyanin content. In the case of MW-RWD, the optimum conditions were 212.4 W oven-set microwave power, 3 mm pulp layer thickness, and 2.2 W g−1 power density, resulting in 15.68 ± 0.28 mg GAE g−1 total phenolic content, 8.47 ± 0.25 color change, 8.20 ± 0.21 mg QE g−1 total flavonoid content, and 149.72 ± 1.81 C3G mg/100g total anthocyanin content. The Page model can precisely describe the jamun pulp drying behavior of IR-RWD and MW-RWD. Also, apparent moisture diffusivity was estimated in both drying methods. IR-RWD was found to be a better drying method than MW-RWD in terms of drying rates and the quality parameters of the dry jamun flakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Syzygium heyneanum is a valuable source of flavonoids and phenols, known for their antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. This research aimed to explore the potential of Syzygium heyneanum ethanol extract (SHE) in countering Parkinson's disease. The presence of phenols and flavonoids results in SHE displaying an IC50 value of 42.13 when assessed in the DPPH scavenging assay. Rats' vital organs (lungs, heart, spleen, liver, and kidney) histopathology reveals little or almost no harmful effect. The study hypothesized that SHE possesses antioxidants that could mitigate Parkinson's symptoms by influencing α-synuclein, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), TNF-α, and IL-1β. Both in silico and in vivo investigations were conducted. The Parkinson's rat model was established using paraquat (1 mg/kg, i.p.), with rats divided into control, disease control, standard, and SHE-treated groups (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg) for 21 days. According to the ELISA statistics, the SHE treated group had lowers levels of IL-6 and TNF-α than the disease control group, which is a sign of neuroprotection. Behavioral and biochemical assessments were performed, alongside mRNA expression analyses using RT-PCR to assess SHE's impact on α-synuclein, AChE, TNF-α, and interleukins in brain homogenates. Behavioral observations demonstrated dose-dependent improvements in rats treated with SHE (600 > 300 > 150 mg/kg). Antioxidant enzyme levels (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione) were significantly restored, particularly at a high dose, with notable reduction in malondialdehyde. The high dose of SHE notably lowered acetylcholinesterase levels. qRT-PCR results indicated reduced mRNA expression of IL-1β, α-synuclein, TNF-α, and AChE in SHE-treated groups compared to disease controls, suggesting neuroprotection. In conclusion, this study highlights Syzygium heyneanum potential to alleviate Parkinson's disease symptoms through its antioxidant and modulatory effects on relevant biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Jamelon anthocyanins are a natural and healthier alternative to synthetic colorings. • Anthocyanins obtained from Jamelon fruit was extracted and encapsulated. • SEM indicated the existence of whole capsules, without cracks or leaked material. • Higher preservation of the anthocyanins content in maltodextrin microcapsules. • Maltodextrin offer protection for biological properties of Jamelon anthocyanins. The purpose of this research was to produce and encapsulate anthocyanins obtained from Jamelon fruit using β-cyclodextrin and maltodextrin as wall materials and evaluate the effects of this process on their physico-chemical properties and bioaccessibility. The capsules were produced from the anthocyanins extract with the wall materials, obtaining the samples synthesized with β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and maltodextrin (MMD). MβCD and MMD had their structure evaluated, as well as their phenolic content, antioxidant activity and percentage of bioaccessible anthocyanins. The microphotographs obtained through SEM indicated the existence of whole capsules, without cracks or leaked material and, alongside the data from the FT-IR, they indicate an association between the anthocyanin molecules and the wall material. MβCD presented higher resistance to thermal degradation at 300 ºC, while MMD had higher encapsulation efficiency (93.01 %). The content of anthocyanins varied between 2.29 and 47.04 mg.mL−1 among samples and no significant differences were observed regarding phenolic content and antioxidant activity of MβCD (37.98 EAG/100 g and 8.93 µM TEAC/g, respectively) and MMD (39.17 mg EAG/100 g and 8.93 µM TEAC/g, respectively). It was noted higher preservation of the anthocyanins content in MMD, which after simulated digestion showed a bioaccessible percentage of 26.22 %. According to the data obtained through this research, maltodextrin is indicated as the ideal wall material for jamelon anthocyanins encapsulation, being able to offer protection for its biological properties, represented by the considerable values of antioxidant activity and stability after simulated digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants and their extracts have immense potential for the management and treatment of wounds. The phyto-medicines for wound healing are not only cheap and affordable but are also safe as hypersensitive reactions are rarely encountered with the use of these agents 2. These natural agents induce healing and regeneration of the lost tissue by multiple mechanisms. However, there is a need for scientific validation, standardization and safety evaluation of plants of the traditional medicine before these could be recommended for healing of the wounds. In ayurvedic treatment, a medicine consists of plant products, either single drug or in combination with others (polyherbal formulation), which are considered to be less toxic and free from side effects are used as wound healing agents. On review of literature it was found that the plant Syzygium cumini, Linn is traditionally being used in treatment of wound. Hence, the present work was attempted to scientifically validate the traditional claim, by using experimental animal models. The aim of present study was to evaluate the wound healing activity of Syzygium cumini, Linn root extract in Excision, Incision and dead space wound models in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium maire (swamp maire) is an endemic New Zealand Myrtaceae tree species. Current threats to this species include habitat destruction, myrtle rust, declining remnant populations and low capacity for natural regeneration. Large-scale replanting for conservation/restoration initiatives would mitigate against these threats. However, there is limited information available on propagation of this species. In this study, we looked at sexual propagation using seed germination and asexual propagation using softwood cuttings. For seed germination, we examined the effect of seed pretreatments (intact fruit or de-pulped seed) and temperature settings (15/25°C or 20/30°C) to optimise germination. For softwood cutting propagation, we investigated the diameter of the cuttings (1–2 mm or 3–5 mm) and application of exogenous indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0, 1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 g L−1) on their efficacy of producing adventitious rooting. The most critical factor for seed germination was the removal of seed pulp. De-pulping the seeds shortened the mean time to germination and positively affected the germination percentage, regardless of the incubation temperature. Germination percentage of ≥94.5% was achieved in seeds sown without pulp. Propagation by softwood cutting of 1–2 mm in diameter was possible without IBA treatment (63.3% of cuttings rooted), but the application of 1.5 g L−1 IBA increased the rooting percentage (to 75%), thereby inducing the production of a higher number of roots. Seed germination and softwood cutting were effective strategies to propagate S. maire. The findings of this research contribute to the knowledge of propagation and restoration of S. maire populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium cumini anthocyanins have become an area of great interest as biocolourants in the food industry. These anthocyanins impart a deep colour over a suitable pH range due to the high amount of anthocyanin content compared to other natural sources. An important aspect is selecting an appropriate technique where a high yield of anthocyanins can be obtained from the pulp of S. cumini fruit. Among various extraction techniques, ionic/ organic solvents and ultrasonication are the most employed methods due to their efficiency. These green extraction techniques are advantageous over conventional techniques due to the high recovery of anthocyanins utilising much less solvent in a shorter duration with minimal degradation. Despite that, the utilisation of recovered anthocyanins is restricted to mainly acidic (dairy) products due to their instability towards environmental parameters such as pH, light, temperature, enzymes, and metal complexes. Additionally, according to experimental studies, co-pigmentation and acylation could improve anthocyanins' stability. Being one of the most potential sources of anthocyanins, S. cumini fruits can be exploited for extraction of this biocolourant. However, there is discontinuity in the research between extraction and utilization of S. cumini anthocyanins as is evident from the literature survey. In this review we have summarized the research advances being executed to enhance the extraction and utilization of S. cumini anthocyanins using green or novel techniques and a brief account of stability analysis, characterization, and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salam leaves, a traditional food flavoring spice, are a widely recognized herb in Indonesia and are used in many regions. This study aimed to investigate the drying kinetics of salam leaves, comprising mathematical modeling, moisture diffusivity, and other nutritional values as qualitative parameters. The drying process was examined using a forced convective system (CSD) and open sun drying (OSD). The drying behavior was examined by observing the drying kinetics characteristics using 12 thin-layer semi-theoretical mathematical for drying of agricultural products, determining the moisture diffusivity, as well as measuring the content of chlorophyll a, b, and total dissolved solids as nutritional quality indicators of the drying products. According to the obtained results from the non-linear regression analysis, the Midilli model demonstrates the highest degree of appropriateness for drying salam leaves. The moisture diffusivity of CSD is greater than that of open-air solar drying. Regarding nutritional composition, the study revealed that chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid levels in the dried leaves obtained through CSD were more significant than those obtained by OSD. As an environmentally friendly dryer, CSD can potentially be applied in herb-drying industries, especially salam leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits of Syzygium jambos (L.) are recognized as a "food", exhibiting significant antidiabetic activities. However, the α-glucosidase inhibition of the components from Syzygium jambos (L.) have not yet been investigated. In this study, a total of 14 compounds were isolated from Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, eight of which showed significant inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase, with IC50 values in the range of 0.011–0.665 mM. Notably, compounds 1–3 (IC50: 0.013, 0.011 and 0.030 mM, respectively) exhibited much stronger activity than acarbose (IC50: 2.329 ± 0.109 mM). The enzyme kinetics study indicated that compound 1 was an uncompetitive inhibitor, and compounds 2–8 were mixed-type inhibitors. Moreover, the interactions between compounds and α-glucosidase were investigated by molecular docking, which further revealed that the number of olefin double bonds and 2-COOH of heptadeca-phenols had a notable effect on the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This study demonstrated that Syzygium jambos (L.) fruit might serve as a functional food for the prevention of diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the use of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from Syzygium cumini seeds prepared through hydrothermal synthesis for anti-oxidant, bioimaging, and anti-neoplastic activities. Syzygium cumini seeds were incorporated with various biomass-sourced precursors to enhance their physicochemical properties, and doping of folic acid was performed to create surface passivated folate receptors for better anti-neoplastic activity exhibiting minimal toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, outstanding luminosity, and optical features. The concentration of CQDs required to inhibit the proliferation of cells by 50% (at 500 μg mL−1 concentration) was calculated by applying the dose–response curve applied to the HeLa cell line, and the conclusion was computed by means of an augmented mimicking approach, leading to roughly identical inhibition by folic acid doped S. cumini seeds (40.926%) and doxorubicin (DOX) (43.39%) justifying better anti-neoplastic activity. The anti-oxidant potency of the prepared CQDs was assessed to be exceedingly excellent, with an index of up to 98.99%, implying resilient surface passivation. CQDs utilized for in vitro photoluminescence and live cell imaging of S. cerevisiae displayed green and blue fluorescence images with stabilized luminescence with extraordinary quantum yield (50.74%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preterm delivery is a considerable burden on prenatal healthcare and a major risk factor for neurological impairment and disability. A study looked at whether an aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini (AESC) bark could stop rats from giving birth too early. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of AESC in vitro, and the results showed that this extract possesses free radical scavenging activity, which helps to prevent premature labour. A piece of an isolated rat uterus was used for in-vitro pharmacological testing of the AESC at 25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml. The extract showed free radical scavenging activity, effectively suppressing uterine contractions by 45.7% and 66.9%, respectively. The researchers concluded that AESC has considerable tocolytic activity, resulting in a decrease in the rate of premature birth. The extract showed no significant adverse effects on mothers or their infants, suggesting it may be a safe option for pregnant individuals seeking to prevent preterm labor. The extract also exhibited a dose-dependent effect, with higher doses resulting in a greater reduction in premature birth rates, further supporting its efficacy as a tocolytic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium species are consumed worldwide, and their edible conventional and unconventional parts contain nutrients and bioactive compounds with beneficial health effects. This review aims to summarize and discuss available information on the nutritional composition and presence of bioactive compounds in Syzygium species, highlighting their ability to promote beneficial health effects, considering studies published in the last 10 years and screened in the databases PubMed Scopus, and Web of Science. These studies show that different parts of Syzygium species (fruits, leaves, bark, and seeds) contain phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids, saponins, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals capable of promoting health. The body of evidence gathered from in vitro and animal model experiments shows that several Syzygium species exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, hepatoprotective, and antibacterial properties. Syzygium species could be used to develop novel functionalized ingredients, food products, and nutraceuticals as strategies to stimulate their consumption, applicability, and valorization.

The article "Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Leaf Essential Oil of Syzygium salicifolium" provides information on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of Syzygium salicifolium, a tree native to India. The essential oil contains 47 constituents, with sesquiterpene hydrocarbons being the main group. The dominant components of the oil are β-vetivenene, γ-amorphene, δ-elemene, β-elemene, β-gurjunene, trans-dauca-4(11),7-diene, δ-selinene, and cis-muurol-5-en-4-α-ol. This study is the first to explore the volatile profile and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of this Indian endemic Syzygium species. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Background The genus Syzygium (Myrtaceae) comprises several essential oil-rich species that are utilized traditionally for treating tooth infections and toothache. The current study aimed to extract essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Syzygium samarangense and Syzygium malaccense cultivated in Egypt for the first time and screen their antimicrobial potential against oral-related pathogens. Methods The intended EOs were extracted using hydrodistillation (HD) by boiling fresh leaves with distilled water; supercritical fluid (SF) by extracting the dried leaves using supercritical CO2 at 40 °C and 150 bar; and the headspace (HS) in which the fresh leaves were heated in a glass vial and the vaporized aroma were analyzed. The volatile constituents were analyzed using GC/MS and identified by comparing the experimental Kovats' retention indices with the literature. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans using agar diffusion, microwell dilution, and biofilm formation assays. Statistical significance (p

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is a commercial fruit that belongs to one of the most species-rich tree genera in the world. We report here the first complete S. samarangense mitogenome obtained using a hybrid assembly strategy. The mitogenome was a 530,242 bp circular molecule encoding 61 unique genes accounting for 7.99% of the full-length genome. Additionally, 167 simple sequence repeats, 19 tandem repeats, and 529 pairs of interspersed repeats were identified. Long read mapping and Sanger sequencing revealed the involvement of two forward repeats (35,843 bp and 22,925 bp) in mediating recombination. Thirteen homologous fragments in the chloroplast genome were identified, accounting for 1.53% of the mitogenome, and the longest fragment was 2,432 bp. An evolutionary analysis showed that S. samarangense underwent multiple genomic reorganization events and lost at least four protein-coding genes (PCGs) (rps2, rps7, rps11, and rps19). A total of 591 RNA editing sites were predicted in 37 PCGs, of which nad1-2, nad4L-2, and rps10-2 led to the gain of new start codons, while atp6-1156, ccmFC-1315 and rps10-331 created new stop codons. This study reveals the genetic features of the S. samarangense mitogenome and provides a scientific basis for further studies of traits with an epistatic basis and for germplasm identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of multi-cellular terrestrial life is found in tropical forests and is either an invertebrate or a plant: for decades ecologists have sought to understand why. As global change erodes the list of extant species on our planet quantifying what species remain, along with their origins and ecology, contributes to our ability to preserve ecosystem functioning and resilience. Here we study three feeding guilds of caterpillars (Lepidoptera) and seek to understand the drivers of their diet breadth across four diverse tropical plant genera in Papua New Guinea. Host specificity is central to biodiversity estimates and the resilience of ecological networks. Specifically, we calculate distance-based host specificity in relation to plant phylogenetic relationships alongside chemical and mechanical traits of leaves. In terms of chemical defenses, we focus on the major polyphenol groups, a compound class shared across many plant species. We refine our data exploration using food webs and ordinations to pick out specific traits of relevance to insect host specificity. Our results showed that the degree of specialization for caterpillars took the following order: phylogenetic>polyphenol>mechanical, such that insect specificity was explained best by host phylogeny and polyphenol chemistry in our study system. Leaf mining insects had higher host specificity than those feeding externally. Of the traits studied hexahydroxydiphenoyl derivatives, galloyl derivatives, trichome density, quinic acid derivatives, myricetins and successional index explained the most variation in overall insect community structure. Our findings build on earlier studies of New Guinean rainforest communities and add a mechanistic explanation to previous findings that host genera are functional islands for insect herbivores. Further, we demonstrate that different plant genera combine different defensive traits that appear to drive associated insect diversity. Our approach integrates trait data and phylogeny to explore dimensions of specialization and we welcome metabolomic studies that will provide more detailed explanations for insect-herbivore host use. Finally, chemical diversity is directly linked to organismal diversity and by studying a range of insect herbivore guilds we make a connection between feeding ecology and specialization that will help to predict species interactions and, potentially, the persistence of ecological networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonellosis is a major food-borne disease in humans worldwide caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Currently, selected phytochemicals are gaining attention as effective substitute therapeutics for management and control of microbial drug resistance. The present investigation appraises the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of seed and leaf extract from Syzygium cumini against Salmonella enteritidis. Anti-salmonella activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts from seeds and leaves of Syzygium cumini was determined by the agar well diffusion method, whereas minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was estimated by the microtiter broth dilution method. Cytotoxic potential was observed by MTT assay on Vero cell lines. Of the tested extracts, methanolic extract of seeds showed higher antimicrobial activity with zone of inhibition (ZOI) 15 ± 0.6 mm and MIC 50 μg/mL. The MTT results indicated more than 50% cell survival at extract concentrations ≤213.1 μg/mL. GC-MS confirmed the presence of several active compounds such as heptanedioic acid, 3-methyl-dimethyl ester, 1,10-dicyanodecane, dimethylmalonic acid, 2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl isohexyl ester, 1,10-dicyanodecane, etc. The present results support the potential uses of the methanolic extract of Syzygies cumini seeds as an alternative antibacterial agent/antibiotic against Salmonella enteritidis with a safe cytotoxic profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a combination of natural ingredients as a mouthwash was expected to have a synergistic effect in preventing gingivitis, a common oral disease. The objective of this study was to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effect of different proportions of mouthwash infusions: F1 (75% Syzygium polyantha and 25% Piper betle) and F2 (25% Syzygium polyantha and 75% Piper betle) on oral microbiota causing gingivitis. Twenty-four Rattus norvegicus were divided into four groups, and bacteria were injected into the periodontal sulcus. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by calculating the reduced number of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. A cytotoxicity test was carried out on the normal fibroblast cell line 3T3-L1. There were no significant differences in the decreased number of PMN leukocytes (p=0.079>0.05). Both F1 and F2 showed results of cell viability approaching 100% of living cells at concentrations of 0.29 ppm and 0.04 ppm, equivalent to 0.058% and 0.029%, respectively. This study concluded that both formulations of Syzygium polyantha and Piper betle have potential effects on gingivitis prevention. They had an effectiveness level almost similar to Chlorhexidine gluconate 2%. The toxicity value of formulation F1 is superior to that of formulation F2. Further studies concerning the toxicity of the mixtures and their effect on oral biofilm are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium Gaertn., the largest genus in Myrtaceae, is the most species-rich tree genus worldwide. Despite some attempts at phylogenetic work on this genus, the phylogenetic positions of many endemic species are difficult to determine due to the sample collection difficulties. In this study, we assembled four complete chloroplast (cp.) genomes of Syzygium and annotated one published cp. genome without an available annotation. The Syzygium cp. genomes were highly conserved in genome size structure, GC content, gene content, and gene order. The single-copy regions and intergenic regions were more diverged than the inverted repeat regions and gene regions. We identified eight hyper-variable regions in the Syzygium cp. genomes, which could be used to develop accurate and cost-effective molecular markers. By using the recently published phylogenetic tree as the backbone structure, we reconstructed a phylogenetic tree to detect the phylogenetic positions of some endemic or narrowly distributed species. The 13 newly analyzed species fell into three different subgenera. We found that the Chinese endemic Syzygium species did not cluster into a monophyletic clade and instead belonged to three subgenus. This study reported the phylogenetic position of Chinese endemic Syzygium species for the first time and revealed that China may be one of the main diversity centers of this genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of the genus Tarsonemus Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877 (Acari: Heterostigmatina: Tarsonemidae) named as Tarsonemus dakshinbharaticus Karmakar and Kayal sp. n. and Tarsonemus sertum Karmakar and Kayal sp. n. are described based on the specimens collected on the leaves of Mimusops elengi L. (Sapotaceae), Syzygium cumini (L.) (Myrtaceae), Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) respectively, from Bengaluru, Karnataka in the southern plateau and hill region, India. A key to the Indian Tarsonemus spp. is also provided.Zoobank code: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:61B0B93A-E314-4C6B-9567-57DED6B3CE49 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Floating tablets prolong the gastric residence time of drugs, improves bioavailability, and facilitate local drug delivery to the stomach. With this objective, floating tablets containing extract of Syzgium cumini seed extract as active ingredient was prepared for the treatment of antidiabetic. Material and method: Floating tablets of Syzgium cumini seed extract were prepared by direct compression method using Magnesium stearate, Microcrystalline cellulose, Citric acid and Sucrose. The formulations were evaluated for various physical parameters, floating lagtime. Result: The thickness was in the range 4.02-4.086 mm. The hardness ranged from 3.1-3.3 kg/cm2, All formulations passed the USP requirements for friability and uniformity of weight. The buoyancy time of all tablet formulations was less than 5min and tablet remained in floating condition throughout the study. Conclusion: The optimized formulation was found to be F5 batch which released 98.13% of drug in 8hr invitro, while the floating lag time was 92 seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Malaria is still one of the most severe public health problems worldwide. The development of treatment, prevention, and control of malaria is one of the substantial problems in the world. Aims: To investigate the in vitro antimalarial activity of Syzygium cumini methanol fruit fraction. Methods: Syzygium cumini L fruit powder was macerated with methanol (PA) and the extract obtained was fractionated using the liquid–liquid partition method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, chloroform, methanol, and water solvents. In vitro antimalarial assay was conducted using the culture of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain culture that had reached >5% growth and was examined for IC50 values using a 24-well microplate in duplicate. Each treatment and control well contained 1,080 µl of complete media. Well, number 1 was added with 120 µl fraction, and then the solution was diluted until it reached 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µg/ml the final concentration in the microtiter well. The control only contained complete media and infected erythrocytes without the addition of anti-malarial drugs. The microplate was incubated for 48 hours. After 48 hours, a thin blood smear was made fixed with methanol and stained with 20% Giemsa for 20 minutes to determine the IC50 value by plotting sample concentrations and percentage of parasitemia in Excel. Results: The IC50 values of ethyl acetate fraction, n.hexane fraction, butanol fraction, and water fraction were 1.189, 76.996, 1,769, and 15.058 µg/ml, respectively. Whereases the IC50 values of C1 fraction (mix fraction from chloroform: methanol 100:0 and 90:10) and C4 fraction (mix fraction from chloroform: methanol 20:80, 10:90, and 0:100) were 100.126 and 1.015 µg/ml, respectively. The results showed that the IC50 value of ethyl acetate, butanol, and C4 fraction were lower than 10µg/ml and were considered as good activity (strong antimalarial activity). Conclusion: The ethyl acetate, butanol and C4 subfraction from S. cumini fruit have the potential to be developed as an antimalarial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The genus Syzygium (Myrtaceae) comprises several essential oil-rich species that are utilized traditionally for treating tooth infections and toothache. The current study aimed to extract essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Syzygium samarangense and Syzygium malaccense cultivated in Egypt for the first time and screen their antimicrobial potential against oral-related pathogens. Methods: The intended EOs were extracted using hydrodistillation (HD) by boiling fresh leaves with distilled water; supercritical fluid (SF) by extracting the dried leaves using supercritical CO2 at 40 °C and 150 bar; and the headspace (HS) in which the fresh leaves were heated in a glass vial and the vaporized aroma were analyzed. The volatile constituents were analyzed using GC/MS and identified by comparing the experimental Kovats' retention indices with the literature. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans using agar diffusion, microwell dilution, and biofilm formation assays. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was determined by applying one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc test. Results: The yield of the extracted EOs differs between the applied methods, and the SF approach harvested the maximum (0.52–0.46%). The GC–MS analysis of SF EOs revealed a discrepancy between the two species. Since S. malaccense showed an abundance of hydrocarbons represented mainly by squalene (60.60%), S. samarangense was deemed to have oxygenated sesquiterpenes exemplified in globulol (52.09%). On the other side, the HD and HS EOs were sequentially comparable, while differed in the percentage of their majors. γ-terpinene (33.06%) pioneered the HS-derived aroma of S. malaccense, while S. samarangense was abundant with α-pinene (30.18%). Concurrently, the HD EOs of S. malaccense and S. samarangense were commonly denoted by caryophyllene oxide (8.19%-18.48%), p-cymene (16.02%- 19.50%), and γ-terpinene (12.20%-17.84). Ultimately, both species EOs exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential, although the HD EO was more potent than the SF EO. The HD EOs of both species potently inhibited the growth of E. coli (MIC 3.75 µL/mL) and suppressed C. albicans biofilm formation by 83.43 and 87.27%, respectively. The SF-EOs efficiently suppressed the biofilm formation of Gram-positive bacteria by 76.45%-82.95%. Conclusion: EOs extracted from both species by different methods possessed a unique blend of volatile components with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. They were promoted as bioactive hits for controlling oral infections, however further investigations concerning their safety in clinical settings are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of diabetes and its associated complications continues to rise globally, creating a pressing need for effective and safe therapeutic approaches. Herbal remedies have gained significant attention as potential adjuncts or alternatives to conventional diabetes management. Syzygium cumini (Linn), commonly known as Jamun or Indian blackberry, possesses established antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. This research paper aims to optimize herbal drug formulations using Syzygium cumini extracts to enhance their antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. The study will involve extraction optimization, formulation development, and evaluation of the final products for potential therapeutic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzygium cumini, also known as jambolan or jamun, is an evergreen tree widely known for its medicinal properties, fruits, and ornamental value. To understand the genomic and evolutionary basis of its medicinal properties, we sequenced S. cumini genome for the first time from the world's largest tree genus Syzygium using Oxford Nanopore and 10x Genomics sequencing technologies. We also sequenced and assembled the transcriptome of S. cumini in this study. The tetraploid and highly heterozygous draft genome of S. cumini had a total size of 709.9 Mbp with 61,195 coding genes. The phylogenetic position of S. cumini was established using a comprehensive genome-wide analysis including species from 18 Eudicot plant orders. The existence of neopolyploidy in S. cumini was evident from the higher number of coding genes and expanded gene families resulting from gene duplication events compared to the other two sequenced species from this genus. Comparative evolutionary analyses showed the adaptive evolution of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid-flavonoid (PF) biosynthesis pathway and other secondary metabolites biosynthesis such as terpenoid and alkaloid in S. cumini, along with genes involved in stress tolerance mechanisms, which was also supported by leaf transcriptome data generated in this study. The adaptive evolution of secondary metabolism pathways is associated with the wide range of pharmacological properties, specifically the anti-diabetic property, of this species conferred by the bioactive compounds that act as nutraceutical agents in modern medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infestation of Ophiorrhabda mormopa (Meyrick, 1906) (Tortricidae) on flowers and fruits of Syzygium aqueum and S. samarangense (Myrtaceae) is newly reported from Kerala, India. Diagnosis of O. mormopa, including male and female genitalia, is provided. Mean intensity of infestation on flower buds of S. aqueum was 25.86 % and 35.6 % respectively in two localities. On S. samarangense, 13.3 % was the mean flower infestation. Chrysonotomyia sp. (Eulophidae) and an unidentified Bethylidae (both Hymenoptera) are reported as larval parasitoids of O. mormopa. This is the first report of O. mormopa on S. samarangense and Syzygium myrtifolium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]