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Abstract: Ultraviolet radiation serve as a principal carter to dermatoheliosis, also professed as extrinsic aging or photoaging that encompasses premature skin vicissitudes secondary to damage instigated by chronic sun exposure. The present literature study embarks on the fundamental understanding of molecular/pathophysiological mechanisms and signal transduction pathways convoluted in the process of photoaging. Special impetus have also been laid to the morphological, biological and histological aspects highlighting the impact of age, gender, type of skin, intensity of radiation exposure and cellular biomarkers. Further, this review examines the state-of-the-art practices or experimental models (such as in vitro cell lines/in vivo animal models/ex vivo skin models) employed for the physicochemical and toxicological characterization of nanobiomaterials in photoaging research. Efforts have been made to recapitulate the potential application of phytoprotectants based nanotherapies or approaches in the efficacious management of photoaging. Furthermore, the study aims to disseminate the recent advances (in terms of patented compositions, novel nanotechnologies and commercial nanoformulations (having diverse anti-aging and photo-protective product portfolio) available in the clinical settings or in the cosmaceutical sector for improvising the aesthetic performance) underlining the tremendous growth in the nutracosmaceutical sector. The authors firmly believe that the current review shall not only capture the interest of readers towards the process of dermatoheliosis but, could also rekindle the attention of scientific community for inclusive assimilation of nanotechnology with nutraceuticals that may aid as a barrier against exogenous or endogenous toxic substances currently in practice to treat a variety of skin disorders.

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, multifactorial, chronic, neurodegenerative disease with high prevalence and limited therapeutic options, making it a global health crisis. Being the most common cause of dementia, AD erodes the cognitive, functional, and social abilities of the individual and causes escalating medical and psychosocial needs. As yet, this disorder has no cure and current treatment options are palliative in nature. There is an urgent need for novel therapy to address this pressing challenge. Digital therapeutics (Dtx) is one such novel therapy that is gaining popularity globally. Dtx provides evidence based therapeutic interventions driven by internet and software, employing tools such as mobile devices, computers, videogames, apps, sensors, virtual reality aiding in the prevention, management, and treatment of ailments like neurological abnormalities and chronic diseases. Dtx acts as a supportive tool for the optimization of patient care, individualized treatment and improved health outcomes. Dtx uses visual, sound and other non-invasive approaches for instance-consistent therapy, reminiscence therapy, computerised cognitive training, semantic and phonological assistance devices, wearables and computer-assisted rehabilitation environment to find applications in Alzheimer's disease for improving memory, cognition, functional abilities and managing motor symptom. A few of the Dtx-based tools employed in AD include "Memory Matters", "AlzSense", "Alzheimer Assistant", "smart robotic dog", "Immersive virtual reality (iVR)" and the most current gamma stimulation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current trends in digital health in AD and explore the benefits, challenges, and impediments of using Dtx as an adjunctive therapy for the management of AD.

Background: Synthetic polymers present disadvantages such as high cost, limited availability, safety concerns, environmental hazards and overtime accumulation in body. Lignin, an aromatic biopolymer, is highly abundant and offers various advantages including cost effectiveness, biocompatibility and biodegradability. It also possesses various pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer and UV protection, thus lignin has become a popular biopolymer in recent years and is no more considered as bio-waste rather an extensive research is been carried out on developing it as drug carrier. Lignin also has non-biomedical applications including dispersing agents, surfactants, detergent/cleaning agents, energy storage, etc. Methods: This review compiles patents granted on production of technical lignin, different lignin therapeutic carriers and its biomedical and non-biomedical applications. The literature is collected from recent years including both articles as well as patents and is carefully analyzed and compiled in an easy to comprehend pattern for guiding future research. Results: The reviewed patents and articles highlighted the advancement made in lignin isolation and valorization. Numerous lignin nanoformulations as drug delivery agents or as standalone entities with various pharmacological actions like antibacterial, antioxidant or UV protectant have been reported. As well as industrial applications of lignin as adhesives, insulators or supercapacitors have also made lignin a biopolymer of choice. Conclusion: Lignin being a bio-inspired polymer has huge potential in commercial applications. New methods of lignin isolation from lignocellulosic biomass including physical pretreatments, solvent fraction, and chemical and biological pretreatment have been widely patented. Several micro/nano lignin formulations with improved and controllable reactivity like nanocontainers, nanocapsules, nanoparticles have also been reported recently. Also various pharmacological properties of lignin have also been explored, thus valorization of lignin is a hot topic of hour.

Nanoemulgel is an emanating drug delivery system particularly being explored in research and development of various topical formulations for both pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications. Nanoemulgel consists of emulsion, which can be water in oil or oil in water type, incorporated into gel base. The gel base is prepared using gelling agent which modifies emulsion into non-greasy, more stable, and viscous formulation. Incorporation of hydrophobic drugs in a topical gel formulation along with favorable patient compliance is not feasible, but nanoemulgel form of the same drug does that efficiently. Rationalized formulation development of nanoemulgel for various drugs could solve various problems related to drug solubility, stability and drug release associated with other topical formulations.

Nanomedicine combination therapy, a strategy to delivery multiple drugs via a single nanosystem has opened new avenues to treat cancer and prevent side effects and overcome chemoresistance. The present work utilizes a chemotherapeutic agent topotecan hydrochlorideand a natural chemosensitizer (thymoquinone, TQ) incorporated into poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) to target tumor. The objective of the present work is to develop a reversed phase HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of TQ along with the pH dependent lactone and carboxylate forms of topotecan and validate its applicability. Chromatographic separation was obtained on Agilent 1200 Infinity series C18 analytical column using gradient elution with acetonitrile and 1% triethylamine acetate (TEAA) buffer (pH 5.5) as mobile phase and a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Analytical detection was done at 253 nm. Validation was performed as per ICH guidelines and characterization and stability of the optimized nanoparticles were evaluated. The retention time of 5.93, 8.73, and 19.76 min was obtained for lactone, carboxylate and TQ, respectively. Linearity response was established in the range of 5‒45 µg/mL. The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 15 and 50 ng/mL for lactone, 18 and 59 ng/mL for carboxylate, and 5 and 18 ng/mL for TQ, respectively. The method was validated in terms of robustness, precision, accuracy, specificity and percent loading, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The stability of the nanoparticles was determined using the above validated method. The method was successfully validated and applied for routine analyses indicating its use as a suitable analytical tool to determine efficiency of the proposed therapy.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with depletion of acetylcholine. Oral treatment with tacrine hydrochloride; a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, finds limited use in Alzheimer’s disease due to frequent dosing, hepatotoxicity and extensive pre-systemic metabolism. Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, safety and stability profile of transdermal w/o nanoemulsion gel of tacrine hydrochloride and determine its relative bioavailability from transdermal nanogel in contrast to marketed capsule and conventional hydrogel. Methods: The optimized nanoemulsion gel NEGT4 (droplet size 156.4 ±0.48 nm, with poly dispersity index 0.36 ±0.4, permeation flux 6.172±2.94 µg/cm2/h across rat skin) was prepared by spontaneous emulsification followed by sonication. NEGT4 contained 7 mg of drug in 10% w/w distilled water, 30% w/w surfactant (Labrafil M) and cosurfactant (Transcutol P) mixture in ratio 1:4 and 60 % Capryol 90 as oily phase thickened with 98.9 mg ethyl cellulose (20 cps). In vivo studies were carried out on male Wistar rats following standard guidelines. Scopolamine was used to induce amnesia in rats which is a characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. Various formulations were compared by performing pharmacokinetic, histopathological, behavioural and biochemical studies on rats. Stability studies on nanoemulsion gels were carried out in accordance with The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines. Results: Pharmacokinetic studies exhibited significantly greater extent of absorption from NEGT4 in comparison to capsule and hydrogel with a 2.18 and 5.26-fold increase respectively. Significant improvement in neurobehavioral parameters was observed with NEGT4 in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats. Biochemical assessment showed superior anti-amnesic activity of NEGT4 through augmentation of antioxidant enzymes, decreased lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase activity. Low value of serum aminotransferase in rats treated with NEGT4 indicated the absence of hepatotoxicity. NEGT4 was found to be non-irritant and possessed a shelf life of 4.11 years. Conclusion: Developed nanoemulsion gel of tacrine hydrochloride was found to be safe, stable, and efficacious and has immense potential to be used in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease.

Objective: Medical device acceptance of patients has grown considerably in recent years. This has question the effectiveness of the current regulatory frameworks to ensure the performance, safety, and quality of new devices. This article focuses on the methodical overview on hip and knee joint replacement medical devices evaluating the procedure and proper analysis of medical device regulation in three jurisdictions i.e. the United States of America (USA), EUROPE and INDIA, exploring reforms been laid to stabilize and meet the requirements of existing systems, and further analyse the additional actions which should be employed to fully meet this ultimate goal. Method: We analysed the hip and knee joint replacement medical device regulation system through a secondary research in United States, Europe and India in compliance with the updated national regulatory authority’s legislative documents and requirements. Result: These three regulatory systems vary in their working, organization, acceptance for their specific pre- and post-market evidence requirements, and transparency of process. The most challenging factor remains the same for the countries which are to make sure safety and effectiveness of devices, proper monitoring of its use and important compliance information readiness employing quality management system towards new findings and acceptance for the users. A case study of Johnson & Johnson ASR Implant was also studied, highlighting the major reforms required and the reforms introduced in the United States, Europe and India. Thus, quality and safety reforms are made to strengthen the premarket compliance requirements, enhancing the need of post-market regulation through proper traceability and monitoring of devices by employing the functioning medical device registry. Conclusion: Recent reforms address the major challenges in device regulation, highlighting the need to create connecting points between the device identifier system and existing data collection tools, such as electronic health records, and maintaining effective and up to date use of registries to ensure post-market use of new and existing devices.

Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredient used in the management of disease have poor water solubility and offer grueling problems in drug formulation development since low solubility is generally associated with poor dissolution characteristics which leads to poor oral bioavailability. The great challenge for the development of a pharmaceutical product is to create its new formulation and drug delivery system to limit solubility problems of existing drug candidate. Limited drug-loading capacity requires a large amount of carrier material to get appropriate encapsulation of the drug, which is another major challenge in the development of pharmaceutical product which could be resolved by developing nanocrystals (NCs). A significant research in the past few years has been done to develop NCs which helps in the delivery of poorly water soluble drugs via different routes. The technology could continue to thrive as a useful tool in pharmaceutical sciences for the improvement of drug solubility, absorption and bioavailability. Many crystalline compounds have pulled in incredible consideration much of the time, due to their ability to show good physical and chemical properties when contrasted with their amorphous counterparts. Nanocrystals have been proven to show atypical properties compared to the bulk. This review article explores the principles of the important nanocrystallization techniques including NCs characterization and its application.

The objective of the present research was to develop teriflunomide-loaded nanoliposomes by thin-film hydration technique for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Quality by design approach was applied statistically for the optimization of the teriflunomide-nanoliposomalformulation. The vesicle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency of the optimized teriflunomide-nanoliposomal formulation was found to be 128.92 ± 5.42 nm, 0.206 ± 0.06, +12.6 ± 1.2 mV and 73.94 ± 4.32%, respectively. The optimized formulation exhibited initial burst release followed by sustained release for 24 h. Hemolytic toxicity assay and syringe ability test results revealed that the nanoliposomal formulation was safe and effective after intravenous administration. Rhodamine B loaded nanoliposomal formulation showed significantly higher cellular uptake compared with free Rhodamine B solution in RAW 264.7 cells. In vivo pharmacokinetic study results revealed that the optimized teriflunomide-nanoliposomal formulation followed sustained release and showed higher therapeutic efficacy of the drug at the inflammatory site compared with teriflunomide-solution. Therefore, it can be concluded that the developed teriflunomide-nanoliposomal formulation could improve therapeutic efficacy in the management of rheumatoid arthritis after intravenous administration.

Naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist that can eradicate all pre-indications of the toxicity and inverse the opioid overdose. However, oral administration of naloxone offers limitations such as its extensive first-pass metabolism that results in poor therapeutic effects. In order to resolve this issue, we developed intranasal solid-lipid nanoparticles in which naloxone was incorporated for the higher brain disposition of naloxone with superior therapeutic effects for the reversal of toxicity of opioid overdose. The preparation of naloxone loaded solid-lipid nanoparticles was done by employing the solvent evaporation method. Later, the designed formulation was optimized by Quality by Design approach, specifically, Box-Behnken method. The composition of optimized formulation was Glyceryl monostearate as a solid lipid (40 mg), Pluronic127 (0.5%) and Tween 80 (0.1%) as a surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. Furthermore, the characterization of optimized formulation was achieved in terms of particle size, PDI, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and drug loading which were 190.2 nm, 0.082, −16 mV, 95 ± 0.532% and 19.08 ± 0.106%, respectively. Afterwards, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments were performed in which higher drug release and superior drug uptake by nasal membrane were observed for naloxone-loaded solid-lipid nanoparticles, later it was confirmed by confocal microscopy of ex vivo nasal membrane tissue. The findings of gamma scintigraphy investigation exhibited better deposition of naloxone-loaded solid-lipid nanoparticles as compared to naloxone solution. Also, the better deposition of naloxone by gamma scintigraphy was further validated by the investigation through the biodistribution study. Additionally, the key findings of the pharmacokinetic study revealed Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, T1/2 and Ke was found to be 163.95 ± 2.64 ng/ml, 240 ± 2.1 min, 17.75 ± 1.08 ng.hr/ml, 18.82 ± 2.51 ng.hr/ml, 70.71 ± 0.115 min, 0.098 ± 0.01 h−1 respectively. Lastly, investigations such as weight variation and histopathological proved the plausible potential of naloxone-loaded solid-lipid nanoparticles in terms of safety as no toxicity was noticed even after the administration of the three-folds dose of the normal dose. Therefore, considering all these findings, it could be easy to say that these developed naloxone-loaded solid-lipid nanoparticles could be administrated via intranasal route and can act as successful novel nanoformulation for the effective treatment of opioid overdose.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune inflammatory disorder is currently incurable. Methotrexate and Teriflunomide are routinely prescribed drugs but their uses are limited due to severe hepatotoxicity. Hyaluronic acid (HYA) is a targeting ligand for CD44 receptors overexpressed on inflamed macrophages. The present investigation aimed at design and fabrication of HYA coated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA-NPs) loaded with Methotrexate (MTX) and Teriflunomide (TEF) (HAMT-NPs) to form HYA-HAMT-NPs for the treatment of RA. HYA-HAMT-NPs showed the nanoscale size of 274.9 ± 64 nm along with a zeta potential value of -26.80 ± 6.08 mV. FTIR spectra of HYA and HYA-HAMT-NPs proved the coating of HYA on HYA-HAMT-NPs. HYA-HAMT-NPs showed less cell viability compared to drugs on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. A biodistribution study by gamma scintigraphy imaging further strengthened the results by revealing significantly higher (p0.05) percentage radioactivity (76.76%) of HYA-HAMT-NPs in the synovial region. The results obtained by pharmacodynamic studies ensured the better efficacy of HYA-HAMT-NPs in preventing disease progression and promoting articular regeneration. Under hepatotoxicity evaluation, liver histopathology and liver enzyme assay revealed ~29% hepatotoxicity was reduced by HYA-HAMT-NPs when compared to conventional FOLITRAX-10 and AUBAGIO oral treatments. Overall, the results suggest that HYA-HAMT-NP is a promising delivery system to avoid drug-induced hepatotoxicity in RA.

Autoimmune diseases are collectively addressed as chronic conditions initiated by the loss of one’s immunological tolerance, where the body treats its own cells as foreigners or self-antigens. These hay-wired antibodies or immunologically capable cells lead to a variety of disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and recently included neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinsonism and testicular cancer triggered T-cells induced autoimmune response in testes and brain. Conventional treatments for autoimmune diseases possess several downsides due to unfavourable pharmacokinetic behaviour of drug, reflected by low bioavailability, rapid clearance, offsite toxicity, restricted targeting ability and poor therapeutic outcomes. Novel nanovesicular drug delivery systems including liposomes, niosomes, proniosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, pharmacosomes, ufasomes and biologically originated exosomes have proved to possess alluring prospects in supporting the combat against autoimmune diseases. These nanovesicles have revitalized available treatment modalities as they are biocompatible, biodegradable, less immunogenic and capable of carrying high drug payloads to deliver both hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drugs to specific sites via passive or active targeting. Due to their unique surface chemistry, they can be decorated with physiological or synthetic ligands to target specific receptors overexpressed in different autoimmune diseases and can even cross the blood-brain barrier. This review presents exhaustive yet concise information on the potential of various nanovesicular systems as drug carriers in improving the overall therapeutic efficiency of the dosage regimen for various autoimmune diseases. The role of endogenous exosomes as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of autoimmune diseases along with monitoring progress of treatment will also be highlighted.

Steering drug-loaded, site-specific, coated lipid vesicles to the target receptor sites have the potential of plummeting adverse effects and improving the pharmacological response in diverse pathologies of the large bowel, especially the colon. Colonic delivery via oral route has its own challenges, often governed by several glitches such as drug degradation or absorption in the upper GIT, instability of proteins/peptides due to high molecular weight, and peptidase activity in the stomach. Consequently, colon-specific coated liposomal systems (CSLS) offer a potential alternate for not only site-specificity, but protection from proteolytic activity, and prolonged residence time for greater systemic bioavailability. On the other hand, liposomal delivery via the oral route is also cumbersome owing to several barriers such as instability in GIT, difficulty in crossing membranes, and issues related to production at the pilot scale. New advancements in the field of CSLS have successfully improved the stability and permeability of liposomes for oral delivery via modulating the compositions of lipid bilayers, adding polymers or ligands. Despite this ostensible propitiousness, no commercial oral CSLS has advanced from bench to bedside for targeted delivery to the colon as yet. Nevertheless, CSLS has quite fascinated the manufacturers owing to its potential industrial viability, simplistic and low-cost design. Hence, this review aims to decipher the convolutions involved in the engineering process of industrially viable CSLS for colonic delivery.

Lignin nanoparticles synthesis is among recent developments in lignin valorization especially for biomedical applications. In this study, a new technique where complete self-assembling of lignin was ensured by simultaneous solvent displacement and flash pH change was used to optimize particle size of blank lignin nanoparticles (BLNPs) for suitability in cell uptake along with maximized yield. To establish BLNPs as drug carrier, safety studies including hemocompatibility, cytotoxicity and elaborate genotoxicity studies on Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism were done. Finally, irinotecan loaded lignin nanoparticles (DLNPs) were synthesized to establish their drug carrying potential and thorough in vitro characterization was performed. BLNPs with controllable size (⁓152 nm), low polydispersity (0.2), maximized yield (65%), negative surface charge (-22 to -23 mV), spherical shape and smooth surface were obtained with acceptable %hemolysis (2%). In vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed that BLNPs were significantly toxic (74.38 ± 4.74%) in human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), slightly toxic (38.8 ± 4.70%) in human alveolar epithelial adenocarcinoma (A-549) and insignificantly toxic (15.89 ± 2.84%) to human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. BLNPs showed concentration dependent early neuronal defects in Drosophila, but nuclei fragmentation and gut cell damage were absent. Sustained release DLNPs with high drug loading reduced the IC

Nanotechnology has revolutionized each aspect of healthcare along with other associated sciences. Drug-loaded nanocarriers and nanocrystalline active ingredients have overcome various challenges faced by conventional therapy like limited bioavailability, multiple drug resistance, poor patient compliance, adverse drug reactions, particularly untoward effects of chemotherapy, etc. Nanosized systems have proven to be a boon for cosmetic industry too. Now safe, efficient, customer-friendly and long-lasting cosmetics are available in the market. Nanotechnology has also made it possible to combine therapy and diagnostics together into theranostics. This chapter introduces various advantages, achievements and applications of nanoformulations, not only in the field of healthcare but also in diagnostics and cosmetics.

Amikacin (A), a water soluble aminoglycoside antibiotic is commercially available for intravenous administration only. Present investigation is aimed at the development of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (A-NPs). 1 for oral permeability enhancement of amikacin. The pharmaceutical attributes of the A-NPs revealed particle size, 260.3 ± 2.05 nm, zeta potential, −12.9 ± 1.12 mV and drug content, 40.10 ± 1.87 μg/mg with spherical shape and smooth surface. In vitro antibacterial studies showed that the A-NPs were active against P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and E. coli. The permeation study across rat ileum showed 2.6-fold improvement in Papp for A-NPs than A-S 2 This increase in permeability is due to the uptake of nanoparticles by Peyer’s patches of intestinal epithelium and endocytic uptake via enterocytes. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated 2.2-fold higher uptake of Rh B-NPs 3 than Rh B-S 4 and elucidated the dominance of enterocytes mediated endocytosis of nanoparticles. Furthermore, stability data collected as per ICH guidelines for three months under accelerated conditions had shown that the A-NPs were stable. The purported drug delivery system hence, seems a promising tool to replace successfully the current intravenous therapy and is used to support relevant patient compliance thereby, adding value to the “patient care at home”.

Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer causing most of the skin cancer-related deaths. The incidence of melanoma has risen so dramatically over past few years that no other solid or blood malignancy comes close to it in terms of increased incidence. The main problem associated with the treatment of melanoma is low response rate to the existing treatment modalities, which in turn is due to the incomplete response by chemotherapeutic agents and inherent resistance of melanoma cells. Conventional therapeutic strategies, as well as, recent literature on melanoma have been thoroughly studied. This review summarizes the base of anti-melanoma treatment with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, followed by an account of recent studies which explored the potential of nanotechnology and newer strategies and agents in melanoma treatment. Although melanoma is curable if detected in its early localized form, metastatic melanoma continues to be a therapeutic challenge. Metastatic melanoma has a very poor prognosis and conventional therapies have not improved the outcomes of the treatment so far. For this reason, newer combinations of anti-melanoma drugs and newer strategies utilizing nanotechnology have been constantly explored.

Oral route is one of the most accepted and convenient mode of drug administration, however low oral bioavailability of many drugs is a major concern which limits their oral administration. Optimum solubility and permeation of a drug across the intestinal epithelium is a prerequisite to reach the systematic circulation in the active form for effective action at the desired site. Physicochemical properties of the drug, physiological factors and pharmacokinetic factors are mainly responsible for their low solubility, low permeability and high metabolism which in turn into low oral bioavailability of the drug molecules. In this review, various factors which affect bioavailability of drugs and possible approaches to overcome this problem have been discussed. The review identifies various areas for research that can be focused for improving oral bioavailability of therapeutic molecules for different classes of drugs, thus making the oral route of administration of the drugs more effective and useful.

The study's purpose intended to develop and optimize an NLC formulation for topical berberine administration with increased skin acne efficacy. The “three-parameters, three-level Box-Behnken design” was employed to improve the formulation based on vesicle size, PDI, and encapsulation efficiency. In-vitro profile for drug release, skin penetration investigation using confocal microscopy, skin irritation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-acne studies were performed on the optimized formulation. The vesicles with a size of 132.5 ± 10.34 nm, PDI of 0.224 ± 5.12, and entrapment efficiency of 85.956 ± 5.78% were found in the optimized formulation. The optimized formulation had spherical vesicles, according to TEM imaging. In vitro release studies showed that final optimized NLC formulation has cumulative release of drug (72.675 ± 3.686%), which was significantly greater as compared to NLC gel formulation (48.354 ± 4.893%). Thermo-analytical studies of NLCs formulation determined smooth drug interaction via rat skin membrane. Confocal microscopy revealed that, rhodamine-NLC formulation was traceable up to 54.9 μm across skin of rats, while solution of rhodamine penetrated only up to 20.4 μm of rat skin. Skin irritation study further showed significantly lower irritation level of skin (erythema: 0.50.231 and edema: 0.50.320) by applying optimized NLC-gel formulation compared to the control irritant. Furthermore, in comparison to the positive control, the anti-acne study demonstrated a decrease in all acne parameters, in addition to higher effectiveness over the commercially available formulation. These findings suggest that developed berberine loaded NLC gel could be a promising vehicle for the safe and effective topical administration of drugs to treat acne vulgaris.

Osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden worldwide. Despite being an effective in combating the bone-deteriorating disorders, bisphosphonates have several shortcomings including poor and variable bioavailability, low permeability, high toxicity, etc. In this study, we developed and optimized protransfersome formulation for the drug risedronate sodium (RIS-Na) with the goal of enhancing its bioavailability and hence patient compliance. Phase separation coacervation technique was utilized for development of optimized formulation. Optimization was achieved by using three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design combined with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). This enabled us to decipher the effect of 3 independent variables (Phospholipid, Tween-80 and Sodium Deoxycholate) on three dependent parameters (entrapment efficiency, vesicle size and transdermal flux). Optimized formulation was further evaluated for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Smooth, spherical protransfersomes with a size of 260 ± 18 nm, having entrapment efficiency and flux of 80.4 ± 4.90% and 8.41 ± 0.148 μg/cm2/h, respectively were prepared. Ex vivo studies revealed a shorter lag time of 1.21 ± 0.18 h and higher flux associated with transdermal formulation. CLSM analysis further revealed better drug penetration (220 μm) through the skin in case of protransfersomes as compared to drug solution (72 μm). Additionally, biomechanical, biochemical, and histo-pathological studies further validated the results. Thus, it was concluded that protransfersome formulation has a great potential in providing better therapeutic efficacy of risedronate than its conventional counterpart.

In the present study, the potential of transdermal nanoemulsion gel of selegiline hydrochloride for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease was investigated. Water-in-oil nanoemulsions were developed by comparing low- and high-energy methods and were subjected to thermodynamic stability tests, in vitro permeation, and characterization studies. In vitro studies indicated that components of nanoemulsion acted as permeation enhancers with highest flux of 3.531 ± 1.94 μg/cm2/h from nanoemulsion SB6 containing 0.5 mg selegiline hydrochloride, 3% distilled water, 21% S mix (Span 85, Tween 80, PEG 400), and 76% isopropyl myristate by weight. SB6 with the least droplet size of 183.4 ± 0.35 nm, polydispersity index of 0.42 ± 0.06 with pH of 5.9 ± 0.32 and viscosity of 22.42 ± 0.14 cps was converted to nanoemulsion gel NEGS4 (viscosity = 22,200 ± 400 cps) by addition of Viscup160® for ease of application and evaluated for permeation, safety, and pharmacokinetic profile in Wistar rats. It provided enhancement ratio 3.69 times greater than conventional gel. NEGS4 showed 6.56 and 5.53 times increase in bioavailability in comparison to tablet and conventional gel, respectively, along with sustained effect. Therefore, the developed water-in-oil nanoemulsion gel promises to be an effective vehicle for transdermal delivery of selegiline hydrochloride.

Poor and suboptimal therapeutic outcomes with single anticancer drugs have led to a keen interest in combination chemotherapy. Co-delivery of potent anticancer agents with high efficacy and least off-target site effects is highly desirable but often requires focussed formulatory approaches. The unique physiochemical properties of the chosen drugs further add to the challenge. The current work is an attempt to co-deliver topotecan (hydrophilic moiety) and thymoquinone (lipophilic moiety) from a nanomatrix eliciting a suitable release profile. Topotecan- thymoquinone loaded PLGA nanomatrix (TP-TY NPs) were formulated by a modified double emulsion solvent evaporation method where topotecan is solubilized in the inner aqueous phase while thymoquinone is incorporated into the organic phase of the double emulsion. Independent and dependent variables were optimized using central composite design (CCD) to obtain TP-TY NPs which were then characterized in terms of zeta potential, surface morphology, residual PVA content, injectability, syringeability, and reconstitution time. The nature of entrapped drugs was confirmed by DSC and XRD analyses and drug release pattern was studied. CCD indicated quadratic as the best fit model. The optimized formulation had particle size of 240.7 ± 8.3 nm and percent entrapment and loading of 62.6 ± 2.6 and 6.52 ± 0.25 respectively for thymoquinone and 42.3 ± 1.2% and 3.6 ± 0.26 for topotecan respectively. The particles had a spherical shape, residual PVA content of 6.22% and negative zeta potential of − 1.16 mV indicating the stability of the nanoparticles. DSC and XRD confirmed the transformation of drug from its crystalline to amorphous form when entrapped in the PLGA nanomatrix. The lyophilized particles reconstituted within 30 s and suspension thus obtained conformed to the standard tests of syringeability and injectability. TP-TY NPs revealed a sustained release pattern of both the drugs with a minimal burst release and a total percentage release > 90% in 96 h. Finally, the short term accelerated stability analysis showed no significant changes with a minimal variation in the release pattern. Conclusively, the CCD supported successful formulation of nanomatrix aimed at co-delivery of topotecan and thymoquinone.

In the present study, Ketoconazole loaded transfersomal formulation was developed using 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design to find out the best formulation. Optimized transfersomal formulation was prepared by solvent evaporation method and evaluated in vitro for vesicle size (126.9 ± 5.45 nm) and entrapment efficiency (82.6%). Transfersomal gel were developed by incorporation of optimized transfersomal formulation into 1% carbopol gel base and characterized by physical evaluation and rheological studies. The cumulative release of drug were shown at 72 h approximately 74% and 97% of ketoconazole from suspension and transfersomal gels respectively. The flux for transfersomal gel was found to be about 3 times that of drug suspension gel. Results of the histopathological studies of gel treated skin indicated negligible sign of toxicity and irritation. The prepared transfersomal gel showed antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans with MIC 4.57–4.6 μg/mL and better zone of inhibition as compared to reference standard. The developed gel showed promising antimicrobial activity. These overall findings suggested that transfersomal gel holds an excellent potential for ketoconazole delivery.