Search

Previous studies have proven the efficiency of LID practices in mitigating surface runoff in urban watersheds; however, the impact of their placement strategy over the urban drainage system, under continuous temporal hydrological simulation, has not been explored yet. This study simulated, under continuous time scale, five LID practices and four LID placement strategies (downstream, center, upstream and uniformly) on the drainage system of the Universidade Federal de Lavras urban area, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Under the conditions analyzed, it was found that there were no significant statistical differences between the efficiency of the different LID practices, individually or combined, within the same placement strategy. The uniform placement strategy proved to be more efficient, but in soils with higher Ksat values, other strategies showed better results. Therefore, it was found that soil Ksat is a parameter that should be carefully analyzed for LID practices implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hawassa is a rapidly developing city in Lake Hawassa watershed of Ethiopia. Analyzing the effect of land cover dynamics on surface runoff remains imperative to adaptive urban stormwater management. This study quantified spatial variation of land cover and sensitivity of stormwater management response. Historical 30 years of daily annual rainfall, three satellite imageries, DEM, and hydrological soil group data were analyzed. A statistical‐based combined approach of geospatial techniques and Soil Conservation Service‐Curve Number (SCS‐CN) model was employed. CN and surface runoff depth for the delineated urban watersheds were determined. The result revealed that the built‐up area increased by 30.9 km2, where the rate varies spatially. The variation of impervious land cover explains 58.6% of change in CN with coefficient of 0.352. While CN is inversely correlated with agricultural and vegetation land cover variations. The finding suggests CN explains 96.78% of the change in surface runoff with a significant correlation coefficient of 3.91. The proposed integrated model approach justifies the potential to reorganize the relationship between the spatial effect of land cover variation on surface runoff at the urban watersheds. Thus, suitable local‐specific solutions can be devised for effective management of flood risk and optimize the drainage system of urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, global climate change has become more and more obvious, and extreme rainfall weather has occurred frequently, which has a serious impact on people's life and property safety. In order to reduce the risk of urban flooding and contribute to the sustainable development of the urban economy, society, and environment, this study takes Zhengzhou City as the study area. The surface runoff during extreme rainfall events from 2005 to 2023 was simulated using the SCS-CN model, and the spatiotemporal patterns of surface runoff during extreme rainfall conditions and their influencing factors were investigated. The results showed that (1) the average annual extreme rainfall in the study area was 95.6 mm, and the average annual surface runoff was 76.5 mm, with cultivated land contributing the most to surface runoff, accounting for more than 50%. The annual average frequency of extreme rainfall in the study area ranged from 0 to 3 times. (2) During the extreme rainfall events in 2021 and 2023, the surface runoff of the main urban area was relatively great. Under the influence of impermeable surfaces, the surface runoff of the main urban area was greater than that of the surrounding area, even when the rainfall in the main urban area was less than that in the surrounding urban area. In addition, during these two extreme rainfall events, the surface runoff in the slight slope (<5°) area was the greatest; overall, the larger the slope was, the smaller the surface runoff. (3) Differences between rainfall and surface runoff (DRS) of the different administrative districts in the study area showed three trends from 2005 to 2020, with those of most areas showing a clear decreasing trend, which was affected mainly by the surface runoff potential of the land use type. Under the same rainfall conditions (110 mm), the surface runoff of urban land and construction land was 1.4–2.5 times that of various types of woodland and grassland. From 2005 to 2020, the area of urban land and other construction land increased by 104.13%, the coverage area of woodland and grassland decreased by 35.90%, and the surface runoff potential increased in most areas of the study area. To reduce the risk of urban waterlogging, most areas of Zhengzhou, especially the main urban area and slight slope areas, need to rationally regulate land use and increase the coverage ratio of woodland and grassland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on using the MIKE SHE model to analyze the impact of land use and land cover (LULC) changes on streamflow in Ethiopia's upper Omo Gibe catchment. Topics include the effects of LULC changes on hydrological patterns, the application of statistical tests to identify trends and changes, and the implications for water management strategies in the region.

An expansion of impervious surfaces in urban areas leads to increases of nutrient loads discharged with the surface runoff to receivers. A study of a different density of urban development impact on total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) loads from the city of Lublin (eastern Poland) with the use of the SWAT (Soil & Water Assessment Tool) model was performed. To distinguish between areas with high and low density of urban development (UHD and ULD), a special analysis of hydrological parameters has been proposed. Moreover, to investigate the impact of climate change, four variant scenarios were taken into account, combining the RCP (representative concentration pathway) 4.5 and 8.5 forecasts and the adopted time horizons (2026–2035 and 2046–2055). The results showed a much higher share of TN and TP from UHD compared to ULD (86%—32 022 kg/year and 89%—2574 kg/year, respectively). In addition, the variant scenarios showed that the forecasted increase in precipitation and temperature will result in increased loads of nutrients from UHD and ULD up to 30%. Furthermore, the current increase of inhabitant number, due to the Ukrainian war migration and the common tendency to convert agricultural land to residential areas, could contribute to further expansion of UHD and ULD areas and an additional increase of nutrient loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of blue-green infrastructure is a new, but dynamic trend in urban ecology and city planning, especially relevant in the global climate change context, that in addition to increasing temperatures leads to intensification of storm precipitation unusual for the middle zone. The situation with surface flooding is significantly worsened not only by the high percentage of impermeable surfaces in the city, but also by small slopes, which lead to the difficulties of surface runoff. This factor is typical for old city districts or former industrial areas. The increasing storm rainfall leads to additional load on engineering communications and forces to think about alternative solutions, such as rain gardens. The paper evaluated the efficiency of flood risk reduction due to the application of rain gardens on the territory of the projected residential complex in the Moscow megalopolis. The results of modeling the surface slopes of the territory showed that ⅓ of the territory excluding highways has an unfavorable slope (less than 0.5%) for the formation of surface runoff in green areas. At the same time, the most unfavorable areas with slope below 0.003 (0.3 %) account for 13.7% of the territory. It was also determined that the predominant type of catchment surfaces of the territory are catchments of depressional landforms, the most suitable solution for surface runoff drainage for which are rain gardens. At the same time, an increase in the area of rain gardens from 1.5 to 5% of the catchment area of various functional zones showed a decrease in the calculated surface runoff rates from 0 to 78%. The greatest reduction was observed when increasing the area of rain gardens up to 3%, and further increase gave insignificant effect. At the same time, for recreational areas, replacing lawn to rain gardens by more than 2% is excessive, so when the proportion of rain gardens in parks in the study area is increased, the value of overflow tends to zero. Thus, the most effective area of rain gardens for the case study (area - 95 ha) is 2.5 ha, while in recreational zones it is recommended to use only 0.5 ha for rain gardens.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peak flow in watershed is important in designing and controlling soil erosion, as well as assessing the potential water yield. It also serves as a basis for assessing and managing the risk of environmental damage. However, there is no accurate information on peak flow to ensure sustainable management and conservation of Wuno Sub-Watershed in Palu Watershed which serves as a buffer for the capital of Central Sulawesi Province. Therefore, this study aimed to assess and determine the potential runoff and peak flows in watershed using soil conservation service-curve number.METHODS: Soil conservation service-curve number method was calculated to analyze rainfall from runoff as a function of cumulative rainfall, land use, soil type, and humidity. This method was developed by the United States Soil Conservation Service in 1972 and applied in this study with due consideration for several variables, including (a) land use classification and intensity for settlements, rice fields, plantations, rivers, etc., (b) basic physical conditions of the area such as rainfall and hydrology, as well as (c) classes of soil hydrology significantly influencing carbon-nitrogen value.FINDINGS: The result showed that carbón-nitrogen values for all types of land use or cover were in normal conditions from 5 to 25 years. Moreover, carbón-nitrogen range was observed to have significantly large quantitative consequences on direct runoff. The trend showed the need for precision and effectiveness in planning watershed management and conservation. Soil conservation service also had a positive influence on land use, specifically runoff, as observed in carbón-nitrogen values for return periods of 2, 5, 25, and 100 years. However, several other factors were identified to influence land use such as land cover and soil texture.CONCLUSION: Soil Conservation Service presented an analysis of how land use affected runoff, specifically with a focus on carbon-nitrogen values. Land use was not only affected by carbon-nitrogen values but other factors such as land cover and geomorphometric properties. The trend showed the need for a more comprehensive exploration of soil conservation service-curve number method in accurately predicting runoff patterns in sub-watershed areas to ensure effective and sustainable management and conservation practices.

Water resources in arid and semi-arid regions are constrained by several critical problems, including scarcity of water resources and extensive use of groundwater. Climate change and population growth will certainly result in a decline in water tables and degradation of groundwater quality. The purpose of this study is to create rainwater retention ponds in the Najran Valley located at the southern border of Saudi Arabia. Over the past decade, various researchers have reported a sharp decrease in the availability of water in the area. In addition to urban sprawl, excessive groundwater extraction is the primary cause of the decrease. Even though the valley receives a sufficient amount of rainfall throughout the year, there is no adequate rainwater management system in place. As a result of this combined water management issue, the authorities are seeking additional water storage options in addition to the Najran dam reservoir. To evaluate the flood characteristics of the region, an extensive GIS-based hydrological study is conducted. To estimate flood volumes, the critical flood-prone areas are identified and their catchments are calculated. To store rainwater generated by these catchments during rainfall events, a variety of suitable locations have been proposed for retention ponds. The construction of retention ponds would have numerous environmental benefits in addition to solving the problem of water scarcity. As a result of the study, the authorities will be able to implement a management strategy that maximizes the use of the region's water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use and land cover (LULC) change detection and its subsequent impact on hydrology are of significant importance in the field of urban planning and the sustainable management of water and land resources. The primary objective of this research work is to illustrate LULC map in a specific study area, which encompasses approximately 316.7 km² in the Noakhali region. Additionally, this study tries to examine the enduring impacts of LULC changes on surface runoff within the specified area. In order to achieve this goal, the analysis of LULC change trends in the region was conducted using Landsat OLI/TM data from 2000 to 2020. The analysis focused on five distinct classes: built-up land, vacant land, farmland, vegetation, and waterbodies. The research employs the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) model to evaluate the influence of LULC changes on surface runoff. Notably, the findings indicate a substantial increase in built-up areas from 1.05% in 2000 to 11.21% in 2020. This urban expansion is strongly correlated with a notable rise in surface runoff, as evidenced by a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.98) between urban expansion and modelled runoff depth. The observed increase in impervious urban areas contributes to a 2.65% rise in average runoff from 2000 to 2020, equivalent to an 8.96 mm increment in average runoff. The study underscores the profound implications for managing urban storm floods and designing urban areas, especially in rapidly expanding cities globally, with a focus on developing nations. The insights gained offer valuable information for informed decision-making in sustainable urban development and water resource management, not only in the Noakhali region but also beyond.

Abstract Sewage sludge (SS) application to forest plantation soils as a fertilizer and/or soil amendment is increasingly adopted in plantation forest management. However, the potential risks of SS-derived heavy metals (HMs) remain a concern. Many factors, including woodland slope may affect the risks, but the understanding of this issue is limited. This research evaluated the HMs migration via surface runoff, interflow, and sediments when SS was applied in woodlands of varying slopes. We conducted indoor rainfall simulations and natural rainfall experiments to clarify the effect of slope on the migration of HMs via runoff (including surface and interflow) and sediments. In the simulated rainfall experiment, HMs lost via sediments increased by 9.79–27.28% when the slope increased from 5° to 25°. However, in the natural rainfall experiment, when the slope of forested land increased from 7° to 23°, HMs lost via surface runoff increased by 2.38% to 6.13%. These results indciate that the surface runoff water on a high slope (25°) posed high water quality pollution risks. The migration of HMs via surface runoff water or interflow increased as the steepness of the slope increased. The total migration of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr and Cd via sediment greatly exceeded that via surface runoff and interflow. Particles ≤ 0.05 mm contributed the most to the ecological risks posed by sediments. Cd was the main source of potential ecological risks in sediments under both experimental conditions.

Straw mulching is a widespread practice for reducing the soil carbon loss caused by erosion. However, the effects of straw mulching on dissolved organic matter (DOM) runoff loss from black soil are not well studied. How straw mulching affects the composition and loss of runoff DOM by changing soil aggregates remains largely unclear. Here, a straw mulching treatment was compared to a no mulching treatment (as a control) on sloping farmland with black soil erosion in Northeast China. We divided the soil into large macroaggregates (>2 mm), small macroaggregates (0.25–2 mm), and microaggregates (

Anthropogenic activities exacerbated by population growth, demanding land for food production and settlements, have led degradation of the Bontanga watershed. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of land use and land cover (LULC) change on the surface runoff in the Bontanga watershed from 1997 to 2022. LULC change maps for the years 1997, 2002, 2013, and 2022 were generated from Landsat images using ArcGIS, achieving overall accuracies of 92, 91.89, 95.27, and 83.64%, respectively. Surface runoff was estimated using the SCS–CN model. Correlation analysis was employed to identify predominant LULC change classes that impact surface runoff. The agricultural land and built-up area increased by 20.81% and 27.20% causing an increase in the surface runoff by 13.92 and 14.49% from 1997 to 2022. Due to anthropogenic activities, dense forest, grassland, mixed forest and shrub land, mixed shrub and grassland decreased by 20.31, 29.97, 22.51, and 25.58% causing an increase in surface runoff by 14.98, 14.06, 15.78, and 15.05%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that changes in surface runoff were positively correlated with agricultural land, and mixed forest and shrub and negatively correlated with mixed shrub and grassland, and grassland. HIGHLIGHTS Due to anthropogenic activities, the Bontanga watershed has experienced substantial degradation from 1997 to 2022.; Surface runoff was positively correlated with agricultural land, and mixed forest and shrub and negatively correlated with mixed shrub and grassland, and grassland.; The study employed the SCS–CN model, remote sensing data, and GIS to comprehend the influence of LULC change on surface runoff.;

To assess the viability and effectiveness of bioretention cell in enhancing rainwater resource utilization within sponge cities, this study employs field monitoring, laboratory testing, and statistical analysis to evaluate the water purification capabilities of bioretention cell. Findings indicate a marked purification impact on surface runoff, with removal efficiencies of 59.81% for suspended solids (SS), 39.01% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 37.53% for ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and 30.49% for total phosphorus (TP). The treated water largely complies with rainwater reuse guidelines and tertiary sewage discharge standards. Notably, while previous research in China has emphasized water volume control in sponge city infrastructures, less attention has been given to the qualitative aspects and field-based evaluations. This research not only fills that gap but also offers valuable insights and practical implications for bioretention cell integration into sponge city development. Moreover, the methodology and outcomes of this study serve as a benchmark for future sponge city project assessments, offering guidance to relevant authorities. HIGHLIGHTS Explored the purification of bioretention cells on rainwater.; Under the same conditions, the bioretention cell has the best purification effect on suspended solids.; The bioretention cell's effluent quality complies with standards for urban recycled water, wastewater discharge, and sponge city assessments.;

Ethiopia, marked by diverse geography and rapid land use/land cover (LULC) changes, grapples with formidable water resource management challenges. Understanding the hydrological response to these changes is paramount for sustainability. This review paper provides an overview of studies that investigated the hydrological impacts of LULC changes in Ethiopian basins. The review discusses methodologies, key findings, implications for sustainable land and water resource management, research gaps, and future directions. Emphasizing results from diverse studies that utilized hydrological and geospatial modelling, LULC significantly affects surface runoff, streamflow patterns, and groundwater recharge. The observed consequences are increased surface runoff, modified streamflow timing, and reduced groundwater recharge. The review underscores the urgency for integrated land and water management strategies to alleviate adverse effects. Future research priorities include basin-specific studies, long-term monitoring, integrated modelling, consideration of socio-economic factors, and incorporating climate change scenarios to enhance understanding and guide sustainable water resource management in Ethiopian basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With global climate change, flooding events are becoming more frequent. However, the mechanism of how waterlogging stress affects crop roots needs to be studied in depth. Waterlogging stress can also lead to soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss, resulting in agricultural surface pollution. The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between soil nitrogen and phosphorus distribution, root growth characteristics, and nitrogen and phosphorus loss in runoff water under waterlogging stress during the winter wheat seedling stage. In this paper, Zhengmai 136 was selected as the experimental material, and two water management methods (waterlogging treatment and non-waterlogging control treatment) were set up. Field experiments were conducted at the Wudaogou Hydrological Experimental Station in 2022 to assess the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in runoff water under waterlogging stress. The study also aimed to analyze the nitrogen and phosphorus content and the root distribution characteristics in different soil layers under waterlogging stress. The results showed as the following: 1. Waterlogging stress increased the characteristic parameters of winter wheat roots in both horizontal and vertical directions. Compared with the control treatment, the root length increased by 1.2–29.9% in the waterlogging treatment, while the root surface area and volume increased by an average of 3.1% and 41.9%, respectively. 2. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents in waterlogged soils were enriched in the 0–20 cm soil layer, but both tended to decrease in the 20–60 cm soil layer. Additionally, there was an inverse relationship between the distribution of soil nutrients and the distribution of wheat roots. 3. During the seedling stage of winter wheat, nitrogen loss was the main factor in the runoff water. In addition, nitrate nitrogen concentration averaged 55.2% of the total nitrogen concentration, while soluble phosphorus concentration averaged 79.1% of the total phosphorus concentration. 4. The results of redundancy analysis demonstrated that available phosphorus in the soil was the key environmental factor affecting the water quality of runoff water. Total phosphorus and dissolved phosphorus in the water were identified as the dominant factors influencing root growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Himalayan water tower provides crucial water resources for Asia. Permafrost degradation is deemed to exert important impacts on streamflow in the Himalayan rivers. Yet, the magnitudes of such impacts remain poorly quantified. Here, we established a robust hydrological model that incorporated active layer deepening and ground ice melt for the drainage basin of the largest river in the northern Himalayas-the Yarlung Zangbo River (YZR). We estimated that permafrost degradation led to ∼0.65 km3/yr decrease in surface runoff and ∼0.35 km3/yr increase in baseflow and ground ice melt contributed ∼0.25% to the annual streamflow in the YZR for the period 2001–2022. The "fill-and-spill" mechanism helps explain the seeming contradiction of observed increasing versus decreasing baseflow in different permafrost regions worldwide. We propose that the dilution of riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations by baseflow may lead to the riverine DOC hysteresis patterns. This study not only lays solid scientific basis for water resources management in the Himalayas, but also yields new insights into how to interpret measured river discharge and nutrient flux in permafrost regions over the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WetSpass-M model and multi-technique baseflow separation (MTBS) were applied to estimate spatio-temporal groundwater recharge (GWR) to be used to comprehend and enhance sustainable water resource development in the data-scarce region. Identification of unit Hydrographs And Component flows from Rainfall, Evaporation, and Streamflow (IHACRES) techniques outperform the existing 13 MTBS techniques to separate baseflow depending on the correlation matrix; mean baseflow was 5.128 m3/s. The WetSpass-M model performance evaluated by Nash-Sutcliff Efficiency (NSE) was 0.95 and 0.89; R2 was 0.90 and 0.85 in comparison to observed and simulated mean monthly baseflow and runoff (m3/s), respectively. The estimated mean annual water balance was 608.2 mm for actual evapotranspiration, 221.42 mm for the surface runoff, 87.42 mm for interception rate, and 177.66 mm for GWR, with an error of − 3.29 mm/year. The highest annual actual evapotranspiration was depicted in areas covered by vegetation, whereas lower in the settlement. The peak annual interception rates have been noticed in areas covered with forests and shrublands, whereas the lowest in settlement and bare land. The maximum annual runoff was depicted in settlement and bare land, while the lowest was in forest-covered areas. The annual recharge rates were low in bare land due to high runoff and maximum in forest-covered areas due to low surface runoff. The watershed's downstream areas receive scanty annual rainfall, which causes low recharge and drought. The findings point the way ahead in terms of selecting the best approach across multi-technique baseflow separations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flash floods induced by high-intensity and short-duration monsoon rainfall can cause severe damage in arid regions. To properly size in-stream infrastructures, such as levees, bridges, and culverts, it is crucial to accurately calculate the peak runoff and sediment load from these flash floods. This case study utilized the Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model to simulate flash floods and sediment transport in the Lucky Hills watershed located in the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in southern Arizona. The Lucky Hills watershed has two rain gauges and three flumes to measure runoff and sediment load. The HEC-HMS model was used to simulate the three largest precipitation events observed in 2007, 2009, and 2010 with precipitation volumes of 41.66, 46.36, and 37.85 mm, and durations of 126, 99, and 101 min, respectively. The study discussed various methods for simulating rainfall loss, surface and channel flow routing, and soil erosion. Watershed delineations were adopted to evaluate the accuracy of the simulated runoff and sediment concentration. Results showed that the HEC-HMS model can accurately predict surface runoff and sediment concentration, but the threshold value for subbasin size is critical for the model to converge to accurate results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SNOSWAB (Snow, Soil Water and Water Balance) is a unique online deterministic model built using tipping-bucket approaches that allows for the daily estimation of (i) snowpack processes; (ii) soil water content; and (iii) soil water budget. SNOSWAB is most suitable for modeling field-scale processes for vertically and horizontally homogeneous soils, and its applicability is not limited to specific climate zones or geographical areas. The model is freely available, and its streamlined online interface integrates powerful calibration, visualization and data export routines. In this study, SNOSWAB development and a conceptual model, as well as an example of its application using data collected during a 12-year (2008–2019) field study conducted at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Harrington Experimental Farm (HEF) on Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, are presented. Input data consisting of daily air temperature, total precipitation, rainfall and evapotranspiration were used in conjunction with soil properties and daily soil water content, snowpack thickness, surface runoff and groundwater recharge to calibrate (2010–2014) and validate (2015–2019) the model. For both the calibration and validation simulations, the statistical indicators used for evaluating model performance indicated, in most cases, high model fitness (i.e., R2 > 0.5, NRMSE < 50% and −25% < PBIAS < 25%) for the various time intervals and parameters analyzed. SNOSWAB fills an existing gap in the online environment and, due to its ease of use, robustness and flexibility, shows promise to be adopted as an alternative for more complex, standalone models that might require extensive resources and expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban floods caused by extreme rainstorm events have increased in recent decades, particularly in concave-down bridge zones. To simulate urban flooding processes accurately, an integrated urban flood model (IUFM) was constructed by coupling a distributed urban surface runoff model based on the cellular automata framework (CA-DUSRM), a widely used pipe convergence module in the storm water management model (SWMM), with an inundation module that describes the overflow expansion process associated with terrain and land-cover. The IUFM was used in a case study of the Anhua Bridge (a typical concave-down overpass) study area in Beijing, China. The spatial-temporal variations in flood depth modeled by the IUFM were verified to be reliable by comparison with actual measurements and other simulations. The validated IUFM was used to obtain temporal variations in flood range, depth, and volume under four rainstorm scenarios (return periods of 3-year, 10-year, 50-year, and 100-year). The results showed that the surface runoff process, overflow from drainage networks, and overflow expansion process could affect the flooding status by changing the composition and spatial configuration of pervious or impervious patches, drainage capacity, and underlying surface characteristics (such as terrain and land-cover). Overall, although the simulation results from the IUFM contain uncertainties from the model structures and inputs, the IUFM is an effective tool that can provide accurate and timely information to prevent and control urban flood disasters and provide decision-making support for long-term storm water management and sponge city construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the characteristics of nitrogen (N) loss on slopes, different vegetation (bare soil, alfalfa), slopes (5°, 10°, 15°), and rainfall intensities (40, 60, 80 mm/h) were set as variable factors in simulated rainfall experiments. Surface runoff accounts for 60.38–96.16% of total runoff and most N loss (57.69–88.67% of NO3−-N). Alfalfa can reduce average concentrations of N loss in runoff and reduce N loss in surface runoff by more than 48.29%, as well as subsurface runoff by 3.8%. Average N loss in subsurface runoff exceeds that of surface runoff. Rainfall intensity most affects N loss from surface runoff in bare soil conditions, and slope most affects N loss in subsurface runoff. Rainfall intensity in alfalfa treatments most influences runoff volume and N loss. The comprehensive effects of rainfall intensity, slope, and vegetation cover on the total loss of various forms of nitrogen in surface runoff can be described using a linear correlation equation, with a correlation coefficient between 0.84 and 0.91. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainwater runoff that does not infiltrate the soil during heavy rainfall may increase slope instability. The effect of runoff is usually neglected in conventional rainfall-induced slope failure analysis to simplify the model. To analyze the effect of runoff on slope stability, this study simultaneously simulated the effects of surface runoff and rainfall infiltration on bank slopes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. A shallow slope failure method that can be used to analyze runoff was proposed based on the modified Green-Ampt model, the simplified Saint-Venant model, and the infinite slope model. In this model, the modified Green–Ampt model was used to estimate the rainfall infiltration capacity and the wetting front depth. The eight-flow (D8) method and the simplified Saint-Venant model were selected to estimate the distribution of runoff. By considering the wetting front depth as the slip surface depth, the factor of safety of the slope could be determined using the infinite slope stability model. A comparison of the different models reveals that runoff can escalate the instability of certain slopes, causing stable slopes to become unstable. Comparison of the unstable areas obtained from the simulation with the actual landslide sites shows that the model proposed in this study can successfully predict landslides at these sites. The slope instability assessment model proposed in this study offers an alternative approach for estimating high-risk areas in large mountainous regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface runoff plays an important role in contaminant transport, nutrient loss, soil erosion and peak discharges in streams and rivers. Because it is the result of a variety of complex hydrological processes, estimating surface runoff using physically based hydrological models is challenging. Upscaling of physical soil properties is necessary to cope with the limits of computational power in surface runoff modelling. In flat landscapes, the (micro)topographic surface controls the onset and progression of surface runoff on saturated soils during rain events. Therefore, its proper representation is crucial when attempting to model and predict surface runoff. In this study, the influence of microtopography (centimetre scale) on estimations of maximum depression storage (MDS), random roughness (RR) and the connectivity threshold (CT) is explored. These properties are selected because they often serve as surface runoff indicators in hydrological modelling. To characterize microtopography, a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) is used to generate a digital terrain model (DTM) of the study site with a horizontal spatial resolution of 5 cm. MDS, RR and CT are then calculated and compared to the values generated from the publicly available Dutch national DTM dataset with a resolution of 50 cm. Our results show considerable differences in MDS, RR and CT when calculated for the different input resolution datasets. Using DTMs that do not sufficiently capture microtopography leads to underestimation of MDS and RR, and to overestimation of CT. Our findings indicate that surface runoff indicators, and thereby the surface runoff response of a saturated surface to rainfall events, are defined at scales smaller than the scales of typically available DTMs. Understanding surface runoff through modelling studies therefore requires a framework that accounts for this lack of information arising from using coarser resolution DTMs. We demonstrate a linear relationship between MDS values generated from the different resolution DTMs. This opens the possibility of using empirical scaling relationships between high‐ and lower‐resolution DTMs to account for microtopography. Repetition of our measurements on similar surfaces would contribute to establishing such empirical scaling relationships. Our results should be seen as indicative of flat landscapes and surfaces where centimetre scale microtopography is relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modelling surface runoff and infiltration in an agricultural watershed is essential for understanding the nutrient cycle and water quality management. This research evaluates the critical rainfall events causing maximum surface runoff and infiltration. Empirical models such as Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number and Explicit Green-Ampt (EGA) were analysed for different soil hydraulic conditions and storm events with specific return periods. The present study forecasted the maximum daily rainfall and intensity as 113.6 mm and 19.9 cm h–1, respectively, considering a 100-year return period storm. The deterministic part of the model calculates the daily maximum surface runoff as 5.51 cm (from the SCS model). The EGA model revealed that the rainfall intensity of 0.143, 0.163, 0.175, 0.179, 0.181, 0.182, and 0.182 cm h−1 (duration of 24 h) was found critical for 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 year return period of the storm, respectively in different soil texture classes (sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay soils). Exceptions imply for three occasions where the intensity of 0.407 cm h−1 and duration of 18 h produced maximum infiltration for silty clay loam, and intensity of 0.352 and 0.354 cm h−1 with 9 h rainfall (each) produced maximum infiltration for clay. The probabilistic model revealed that a daily storm event probability of 2.74 × 10–5 is associated with a simulated mean runoff depth of 0.69 cm and infiltration of 20.7 cm. Critical rainfall probabilities calculated in this study can be multiplied with the overall microbial/pollutant human health risk assessment framework to calculate conditional probability and better estimate microbial risk through the drinking water pathway. This study is very relevant for the wet climatic condition of Ireland, where most land use is pastures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paired catchment study approach was used to quantify fluxes of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), sediment and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in surface runoff from fields where sheep were wintered on swede (Brassica napus) and kale (Brassica oleracea) crops. The effectiveness of a strategic grazing approach that protected critical source areas (CSAs) was examined to determine if these fluxes could be reduced. Averaged over two years, estimated fluxes of N, P and sediment in surface runoff recorded in winter and early spring (June-September) were up to 0.64, 0.22 and 51 kg ha−1, respectively, and up to 2 × 1011 MPN ha−1 for E. coli. With the exception of E. coli, these fluxes were low compared to those reported in other studies and largely attributed to the low amounts of surface runoff recorded. This, in turn, can be explained by relatively benign weather conditions recorded during the study period and the relatively light grazing pressures imposed by sheep. Compared to standard grazing practice, protection of CSAs reduced N, P, sediment, and E. coli fluxes by 38%, 48%, 55% and 63%, respectively. These reductions can largely be attributed to lower concentrations of contaminants in surface runoff when the CSA was protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastering the impact of converting Pinus massoniana forest to Torreya grandis forest on the surface runoff and the nitrogen and phosphorus loss could provide a certain foundation for the artificial forest management. Three types of runoff treatment plots, namely Pinus massoniana forest, young Torreya grandis forest, and middle-aged Torreya grandis forest, were set up at the Forestry General Farm in Dongyang City, Zhejiang Province. The surface runoff in 2023 was comprehensively monitored, and the concentrations of different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in the runoff were analyzed, and the nutrient loss was calculated. The results showed that the amount of surface runoff was as follows: Pinus massoniana forest (218.0 m³·hm−2)＞young Torreya grandis forest (206.0 m³·hm−2)＞middle-aged Torreya grandis forest (157.0 m³·hm−2). The amount of surface nitrogen loss was as follows: young Torreya grandis forest (806.56 g·hm−2)＞middle-aged Torreya grandis forest (582.80 g·hm−2)＞Pinus massoniana (159.89 g·hm−2), while the amount of phosphorus loss was as follows: young Torreya grandis forest (265.55 g·hm−2)＞middle-aged Torreya grandis forest (183.57 g·hm−2)＞Pinus massoniana forest (48.72 g·hm−2). Compared with the Pinus massoniana forest, the surface runoff of young and middle-aged Torreya grandis forests decreased by 5.5% and 22.5%, respectively, while the nitrogen loss increased by 4.04 and 2.65 times, and phosphorus loss increased by 4.45 and 2.77 times. In summary, the transformation of Pinus massoniana forest into Torreya grandis forest reduced the surface runoff, but increased the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus. As the age of Torreya grandis forest increased, the amount of surface runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus loss decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Hawassa is a rapidly developing city in Lake Hawassa watershed of Ethiopia. Analyzing the effect of land cover dynamics on surface runoff remains imperative to adaptive urban stormwater management. This study quantified spatial variation of land cover and sensitivity of stormwater management response. Historical 30 years of daily annual rainfall, three satellite imageries, DEM, and hydrological soil group data were analyzed. A statistical‐based combined approach of geospatial techniques and Soil Conservation Service‐Curve Number (SCS‐CN) model was employed. CN and surface runoff depth for the delineated urban watersheds were determined. The result revealed that the built‐up area increased by 30.9 km2, where the rate varies spatially. The variation of impervious land cover explains 58.6% of change in CN with coefficient of 0.352. While CN is inversely correlated with agricultural and vegetation land cover variations. The finding suggests CN explains 96.78% of the change in surface runoff with a significant correlation coefficient of 3.91. The proposed integrated model approach justifies the potential to reorganize the relationship between the spatial effect of land cover variation on surface runoff at the urban watersheds. Thus, suitable local‐specific solutions can be devised for effective management of flood risk and optimize the drainage system of urban areas.

The research aims to investigate the spatiotemporal changes of water balance components and distinguish the relative impacts of climatic data and land-use on groundwater level in northeastern Iran. This investigation employs the WetSpass-M model to estimate water balance and the Mann-Kendall test alongside Sen's slope estimator to evaluate trend. The study also assesses mean annual water balance components, considering diverse combinations of land-use and soil. The findings offer a hydrological insight, revealing that 14% of precipitation results in runoff, 29% of that recharging the aquifer; the remaining portion is lost through evapotranspiration. The trends in precipitation and simulated water components are not significant but a significant downward trend in groundwater is observed beyond a specific point in time. Based on this outcome, as well as the analysis of land-use changes, it was speculated that human activities in this fast-developing region might be implicated in the decline in groundwater levels. Analysis of water balance components in various soil and land-use combinations indicates that evapotranspiration exhibits greater variability within the land-cover class, while recharge is more influenced by soil texture. These findings enhance our understanding for identifying potential sites for artificial recharge and determining sustainable groundwater withdrawals based on spatiotemporal recharge patterns. HIGHLIGHTS Groundwater recharge has a higher portion of precipitation than runoff in this arid region which is consistent with some studies in other countries.; Groundwater level reduction in the study area is more relative to anthropogenic activities than climate.; Evapotranspiration is more influenced by land use than soil texture.; Groundwater recharge is more variable within soil texture than within land use.;

Purpose: to study the ability to accumulate fine earth sediments delivering with surface runoff of melt and rainwater, a hydraulic structure in the form of a retaining dam in combination with reclamation protective forest planting in Rostov region. Materials and methods. The object of research is a hydraulic structure in the form of a retaining dam, laid in 1982 under the leadership of Professor E.V. Poluektov on one of the branches of the Bolshoi Log gully near the Stepnoy village, Aksai district, Rostov region. The experimental design included observing the accumulation of volume and mass of sediment in the retaining dam and comparing them with the runoff at a stationary runoff site. Surface slope was 2–3°. The generally accepted research methods by G.V. Dobrovolsky and the methodology of the Russian Scientific Research Institute of Land Improvement Problems were used. Results. The studies were conducted in 1982–2023 over three periods: 1982–1995, 1996–2004 and 2004–2023. Archive observations by Professor E.V. Poluektov for the first and second periods were used, and research was carried out in 2023. Indicators of the volume and mass of fine earth were determined, and dependencies reflecting their delivery into the retaining dam for observation periods of 1982–1995, 1996–2004 and 2005–2023 were obtained, the sediment accumulation rate in the retaining dam over the observation periods was determined. Conclusions. Long-term studies have shown that the simplest hydraulic structures in the form of retaining dams are effective and are capable of retaining sediment runoff in the amount of 15.59 tons per 1 ha of watershed, which is 61 % of the sediment runoff at a stationary runoff site of 25.63 t/ha, i.e. the amount of sediment decreased by 39 %. The obtained dependencies are planned to be used in the development of a computer program for calculating the flow of sediment into the retaining dam, and the research results can be used in the design of such hydraulic structures.

European cities face urban, demographic and climate challenges. According to forecasts, annual extreme phenomena will intensify – including torrential rains. Comprehensive solutions (also those based on nature), climate adaptation strategies, runoff management, incorporation of new design (e.g. sponge cities) are urgently required in order to strengthen urban resilience and to minimise the effects of extreme weather events (droughts, floods or heat islands). The aim of the research was to develop a methodology for activating selected elements of blue-green infrastructure within areas of natural and cultural protection as an adaptive tool of urban planning. Modelling of infiltration possibilities, programmed with SCALGO Live Poland software, was performed as a case study based on a research city – Sandomierz (in Poland). Selected parameters (stormwater surface runoff, chosen runoff areas, land cover) are strongly correlated with urban indicators relating to the vegetation coverage (biologically active area – BAA). Results pointed out urban units, which BAA is lower than 25% (e.g. Old Town Square, courtyards of tenement houses). Modelling was carried out for these units by concentrating on the undeveloped area for which the BAA was increased. The enhancement assumed values in the range of 41–45%. In analysed cases, an improvement (decrease) in runoff volume was obtained, even by 8.69%. Simultaneously, infiltration increased by 19.61%, calculated over entire runoff area. Implementation of solutions based on these results, in the form of appropriate planning provisions, can raise the quality of environment (e.g. improving water infiltration) and life (e.g. more effective air cooling on hot nights).

This study aims to estimate the surface runoff and examine the impact of climate change on water resources in the Upper Kabul River Basin (UKRB). A hydrological model was developed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) from 2009 to 2019. The monthly calibration was conducted on streamflow in six stations for the period from 2010 to 2016, and the results were validated from 2017 to 2018 based on available observed data. The hydrological sensitivity parameters were further prioritized using SWAT-CUP. The uncertainty of the model was analyzed by the 95% Prediction Uncertainty (95PPU). Future projections were analyzed for the 2040s (2030–2049) and 2090s (2080–2099) compared to the baseline period (1986–2005) under two representation concentration pathways (RCP4.5, RCP8.5). Four Regional Climate Models (RCMs) were bias-corrected using the linear scaling bias correction method. The modeling results exhibited a very reasonable fit between the estimated and observed runoff in different stations, with NS values ranging from 0.54 to 0.91 in the calibration period. The future mean annual surface runoff exhibited an increase in the 2040s and 2090s compared to the baseline under both RCPs of 4.5 and 8.5 due to an increase in annual precipitation. The annual precipitation is projected to increase by 5% in the 2040s, 1% in the 2090s under RCP4.5, and by 9% in the 2040s and 2% in the 2090s under RCP8.5. The future temperature is also projected to increase and consequently lead to earlier snowmelt, resulting in a shift in the seasonal runoff peak to earlier months in the UKRB. However, the shifts in the timing of runoff could lead to significant impacts on water availability and exacerbate the water stress in this region, decreasing in summer runoff and increasing in the winter and spring runoffs. The future annual evapotranspiration is projected to increase under both scenarios; however, decreases in annual snowfall, snowmelt, sublimation, and groundwater recharge are predicted in the UKRB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the Sirba River Basin (SRB), a transboundary West African catchment of 38,950 km2 shared by Burkina Faso and Niger, which contributes to flooding downstream in Niamey (Niger). The study uses the HEC-HMS hydrological model to explore the dynamics of the daily rainfall–runoff relationship over the period 2006–2020. The model is calibrated using observed rainfall at 13 meteorological stations within the river basin and observed discharges at the Garbey Kourou hydrometric station outlet. Two types of simulation are compared: (i) a continuous simulation (CS) over the period 2006–2020 and (ii) an event-based simulation (ES) using selected major flood events in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2020. The results showed satisfactory model performance under both modeling schemes (R2 = 0.84–0.87 for CS and R2 = 0.94–0.98 for ES), with a superior performance of ES over CS. Also, significant differences in the distribution of calibrated model parameters for the percent impervious and the attenuation flood wave factor were observed. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the curve number, initial abstraction, lag time and routing time factors were influential on the model outputs. The study therefore underscores the model's robustness and contributes crucial insights for flood control management and infrastructure planning in the SRB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the factors and quantifying their contributions to nitrogen (N) loss associated with surface runoff is of great significance to the control of non‐point source N pollution. However, the distinct geographical units, such as hills and plains, may lead to great differences in the contribution of these driving factors, which has been rarely investigated. This study developed an effective framework, which simulated the N loss with surface runoff in hills and plains by SWAT and NDP, and analyzed their spatial distribution variations by spatial autocorrelation analysis, and distinguished the contribution of their driving factors by multi‐scenario simulation and partial redundancy analysis (pRDA). The framework was instantiated in a hill and a plain agricultural watershed, respectively, in the upper Taihu Lake Basin, China. We found the contribution of fertilization to N loss with surface runoff in the hills (10.4%) was greater than that in the plains (6.4%), which may be due to the N increment effect of paddy land. The contribution of rainfall to N loss with surface runoff in the plains (93.2%) was greater than that in the hills (74.3%), which may be due to the N increment effect of urban land. The developed framework could provide a viable way to study the environmental impacts of natural and anthropogenic drivers in different types of agricultural watersheds, thus offer scientific references for nutrient control measures. Plain Language Summary: Geographical units within a watershed, such as hills and plains, exhibit distinct characteristics that give rise to variations in the processes of nitrogen (N) runoff loss and their associated driving factors. These variations pose challenges to the development of effective control measures for non‐point source N pollution. Consequently, we have developed an effective framework capable of simulating N loss with surface runoff, analyzing variations in their spatial distribution, and discerning the external (e.g., rainfall) and internal (e.g., land management, fertilization) contributions of driving factors in the hills and plains, respectively. A notable discovery was that fertilization played a more substantial role in N loss in hills due to increased N levels resulting from paddy land, whereas rainfall emerged as the primary driver of N loss in plains due to elevated N levels associated with urban land. This research contributes to our understanding of the complexities surrounding N runoff loss and provides valuable insights for the development of targeted control measures within diverse geographical units. Key Points: Contribution of different drivers to N runoff loss was compared between hills and plainsFertilization contributed more to N loss in hills due to N increment of paddy landRainfall contributed more to N loss in plains due to N increment of urban land [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Southeast University / Dongnan Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Southeast University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Analyzing the spatial relationship between humans and water is crucial for regional development and water allocation schemes, particularly in the face of extreme water scarcity in the Yellow River Basin. A quantitative evaluation model of surface water resource accessibility (SWRA) has been developed, with rural settlements serving as the research unit. This model is built upon three key dimensions: topography, distance, and surface water resources within the Yellow River Basin. The results show that: (1) The SWRA range spans from 0.13 to 0.88, with an average value of 0.47 and a standard deviation of 0.05. Higher SWRA values are concentrated in the eastern and western regions, while lower values are predominantly found in the central area. (2) The gradient of SWRA across the 12 catchments, from low to high, is as follows: Sanmenxia station, Lanzhou station, Shizuishan station, Longmen station, Tongguan station, Toudaoguai station, Xiaolangdi station, Huayuankou station, Lijin station, Gaocun station, Ai Shan station, and Tangnaihai station. (3) At the city scale, the SWRA values are generally higher in the eastern areas of 10 cities, with one exception being higher in the west. Conversely, in the western areas of nine cities, the SWRA values are lower. The remaining cities exhibit SWRA values at a medium level. The correlation coefficient between primary industry gross domestic product (GDP) and SWRA is 0.271 (N = 56, Sig = 0.043, in 0.05 level, the correlation is significant), which confirms that SWRA serves as a factor influencing GDP and is appropriately designed for assessing water accessibility. Consequently, managers can utilize SWRA results to make informed decisions regarding regional development and water allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensity and duration of precipitation play an important role in surface runoff processes. A hilly area may have more complicated runoff processes. In this study, the characteristics of annual rainfall from 1987 to 2023 in the Taihang Mountain were obtained by the Pearson-III frequency curve, homogeneity and MK test. Four surface runoff generation processes during 2014 to 2023 were monitored. The contribution of rainfall to changes in runoff were quantified based on the double cumulative curve method. Results showed that for the last decade, a significant upward trend in the frequency of moderate and heavy rainfall events. The spatial variability of rainfall in the Taihang Mountain and the influence of elevation are both smaller when the rainfall during 24 h is lower than 50 mm. The two surface runoff processes in 2016 and 2023 were typical runoff storm runoff. The two surface runoff processes in 2021 were runoff generation under saturated condition. For runoff generation under saturated condition, the contribution of rainfall was only 58.17%. While when the runoff coefficient was greater than 0.5, the surface runoff generating processes were entirely determined by rainfall. This study suggested that for semi-arid regions, where rainfall is unevenly distributed over the seasons, more soil water is needed to maintain local and downstream water demand during the non-rainy season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the emergence of the concept of urban resilience, this concept has mostly been concerned with urban planning, and resilient urban design approaches have been a less developed field. The current research is of applied type and uses descriptive-analytical methods. This research deals with urban resilience in urban design and focuses on how urban forms affect urban resilience against floods and inundation. In this regard, indicators for evaluating the resilience of urban forms against floods and urban runoff have been explained and these indicators have been measured and evaluated within the scope of the study area of Noor City at the level of neighborhoods and urban blocks to determine the level of resilience of each of them, that should be determined from the research indicators at the level of urban cells. The TOPSIS technique was used for data analysis. The results show that the study area of Noor City is in an unfavorable situation regarding resilience. Based on the evaluation done at the block level, the results indicated that 27.7 hectares of the study area have very low resilience, 62.6 hectares have low resilience, 48.4 hectares have medium resilience, 53 hectares have high resilience, and 16.8 hectares have very resilience. The largest area is related to the low resilience level with 62.6 hectares. In total, 90.3 hectares of the study area have low and very low resilience, which is about 43% of the total studied area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The land use/land cover (LULC) and climate change have detrimental impacts on the water balancing component (WBC) of a river basin, especially in the humid tropical regions. The aim of this study is to assess changes in the past, present, and future WBCs by analyzing the individual and combined impacts of both climate as well as LULC changes using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model for a humid tropical Pamba river basin (PRB) in Western Ghats, India. To investigate the near (2021–2040), mid (2041–2070), and far (2071–2099) future effects of changing climate and LULC on WBCs, an ensemble of five general circulation models (GCM) with representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios was considered. Future LULCs for 2030, 2050, 2075, and 2100 were prepared using the Land Change Modeler (LCM) considering the normal LULC growth. The results show that the effects of LULC change increase the water yield and surface runoff while decreasing evapotranspiration (ET) throughout the study period (1988 to 2100). The climate change impacts show ET, water yield, and surface runoff decreases in the future for both RCP scenarios (except water yield, which increases only in near future for both RCPs). The trend of combined impacts on ET, water yield, and surface runoff for the future time was similar to the climate change trend. The results indicate climate change is dominant on WBCs in the future in the PRB due to variation in precipitation and temperature under both RCP 4.5 and 8.5 emission scenarios. This study will be useful for the overall water resources management of the river basin considered and the methodological framework can be adapted for other similar river basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air is the property of Brawijaya University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Teknologi dan Rekayasa Sumber Daya Air is the property of Brawijaya University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Land use and land cover (LULC) change detection and its subsequent impact on hydrology are of significant importance in the field of urban planning and the sustainable management of water and land resources. The primary objective of this research work is to illustrate LULC map in a specific study area, which encompasses approximately 316.7 km² in the Noakhali region. Additionally, this study tries to examine the enduring impacts of LULC changes on surface runoff within the specified area. In order to achieve this goal, the analysis of LULC change trends in the region was conducted using Landsat OLI/TM data from 2000 to 2020. The analysis focused on five distinct classes: built-up land, vacant land, farmland, vegetation, and waterbodies. The research employs the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) model to evaluate the influence of LULC changes on surface runoff. Notably, the findings indicate a substantial increase in built-up areas from 1.05% in 2000 to 11.21% in 2020. This urban expansion is strongly correlated with a notable rise in surface runoff, as evidenced by a high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.98) between urban expansion and modelled runoff depth. The observed increase in impervious urban areas contributes to a 2.65% rise in average runoff from 2000 to 2020, equivalent to an 8.96 mm increment in average runoff. The study underscores the profound implications for managing urban storm floods and designing urban areas, especially in rapidly expanding cities globally, with a focus on developing nations. The insights gained offer valuable information for informed decision-making in sustainable urban development and water resource management, not only in the Noakhali region but also beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]