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This study aims to identify generative AI (GenAI) applications and develop a roadmap for the near, mid, and far future. Structural topic modeling (STM) is used to discover latent semantic patterns and identify the key application areas from a text corpus comprising 2,398 patents published between 2017 and 2023. The study identifies six latent topics of GenAI application, including object detection and identification; medical applications; intelligent conversational agents; image generation and processing; financial and information security applications; and cyber-physical systems. Emergent topic terms are listed for each topic, and inter-topic correlations are explored to understand the thematic structures and summarize the semantic relationships among GenAI application areas. Finally, a technology roadmap is developed for each identified application area for the near, mid, and far future. This study provides valuable insights into the evolving GenAI landscape and helps practitioners make strategic business decisions based on the GenAI roadmap.

IntroductionThe emergence and resurgence of pathogens have led to significant global health challenges. Wastewater surveillance has historically been used to track water-borne or fecal-orally transmitted pathogens, providing a sensitive means of monitoring pathogens within a community. This technique offers a comprehensive, real-time, and cost-effective approach to disease surveillance, especially for diseases that are difficult to monitor through individual clinical screenings.MethodsThis narrative review examines the current state of knowledge on wastewater surveillance, emphasizing important findings and techniques used to detect potential pathogens from wastewater. It includes a review of literature on the detection methods, the pathogens of concern, and the challenges faced in the surveillance process.ResultsWastewater surveillance has proven to be a powerful tool for early warning and timely intervention of infectious diseases. It can detect pathogens shed by asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic individuals, providing an accurate population-level view of disease transmission. The review highlights the applications of wastewater surveillance in tracking key pathogens of concern, such as gastrointestinal pathogens, respiratory pathogens, and viruses like SARS-CoV-2.DiscussionThe review discusses the benefits of wastewater surveillance in public health, particularly its role in enhancing existing systems for infectious disease surveillance. It also addresses the challenges faced, such as the need for improved detection methods and the management of antimicrobial resistance. The potential for wastewater surveillance to inform public health mitigation strategies and outbreak response protocols is emphasized.ConclusionWastewater surveillance is a valuable tool in the fight against infectious diseases. It offers a unique perspective on the spread and evolution of pathogens, aiding in the prevention and control of disease epidemics. This review underscores the importance of continued research and development in this field to overcome current challenges and maximize the potential of wastewater surveillance in public health.

Summary: The emerging predictors of childhood undernutrition include household food insecurity (HFI) and inadequate diet diversity (DD). Geographical, socio-cultural, economic, and demographic factors contribute to HFI. Earlier, HFI was often considered an outcome of hunger and poverty leading to undernutrition. The increasing availability of data related to childhood DD and its direct association with undernutrition indicates that DD could mediate the relationship between HFI and undernutrition. This narrative review examined the association of HFI and/or DD with undernutrition in children younger than 5 years in the Indian subcontinent; and the current programmes and policies. The current evidence showed a possible association between HFI and DD either independently or together with childhood undernutrition. Until now, nutrition-specific interventions to address moderate and severe forms of undernutrition were focused, with a limited attention on nutrition-sensitive approaches to improve HFI and DD. Interventions which improve HFI and DD may be included in the existing programmes and would help address the undernutrition in children younger than 5 years.

Germ cell tumor, seminoma, is the most common cancer in young men’s testis. However, a small subset of tumors (1%–2%) originate in other locations and are referred to as primary extragonadal germ cell tumors. But such type of tumors’ origin is thought to be controversial as a significant bulk may represent metastases from primary occult/regressed testicular germ cell tumors. The entire primary extragonadal germ cell tumor is mostly non-seminomatous and present in higher ages than primary testicular germ cell tumors, most of which are seminoma. A 50-year-old male presented with a brief history of abdominal pain for 10 days. Ultrasonography of his abdomen revealed multiple enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Biopsy and immunohistochemistry of the left iliac node showed features consistent with metastatic seminoma. Ultrasound of the left testis showed a hypoechoic lesion. Positron emission tomography scan showed increased tracer uptake in both the testes without any abnormal enhancing mass lesion and increased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. A high left inguinal orchidectomy revealed no tumor but a fibrotic scar tissue showing atrophic and ghost tubules, dense lymphoplasmacytic cells, and increased vascularity, implying regressed (burnt-out) seminoma. Regression of testicular seminoma shows a distinct constellation of findings permitting its diagnosis as a primary testicular tumor, which is imminent from a prognostic and therapeutic perspective.

Abstract Background Huntington’s disease manifests due to abnormal CAG trinucleotide expansion, in the first exon of the Huntingtin gene and disease progression involves genetic, immune, and environmental components. The pathogenesis is characterized by the formation of Inclusion Bodies, disruption of neuronal circuitry, cellular machinery, and apoptosis, resulting in gradual and progressive loss of neuronal cells, ultimately leading to nervous system dysfunction. Thus, the present study was conducted to assess the effect of two Ayurvedic formulations, Guduchi and Madhuyashti, on Huntington’s phenotype, using Drosophila as a model system. Method The Huntington phenotype was ectopically induced in the Drosophila eye using the UAS-GAL4 binary system and the effect of the two Ayurvedic formulations were assessed by feeding the progenies on them. Degeneration was observed microscopically and Real Time-PCR was done to assay the alterations in the different transcripts of the innate immune pathways and JNK signaling pathway. Immunostaining was performed to assay different gene expression patterns. Result The present study shows that Guduchi and Madhuyashti, endowed with immunomodulatory and intellect promoting properties, aggravates polyQ mediated neurodegeneration. We provide evidence that these formulations enhance JNK signaling by activating the MAP 3 K, dTAK1, which regulates the expression of Drosophila homologue for JNK. Sustained, rather than a transient expression of JNK leads to excessive production of Anti-Microbial Peptides without involving the canonical transcription factors of the Toll or IMD pathways, NF-κB. Enhanced JNK expression also increases caspase levels, with a concomitant reduction in cell proliferation, which may further contribute to increased degeneration. Conclusion This is a report linking the functional relevance of Guduchi and Madhuyashti with molecular pathways, which can be important for understanding their use in therapeutic applications and holds promise for mechanistic insight into the mammalian counterpart.

Extensive scientific analysis on the susceptibility of different populations to COVID-19 highlights that compared to populations with no co-morbidities, people with co-morbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM) are at a significantly higher risk of serious infection, hospitalization, or even death. This underscores the importance of controlling DM through self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) using biosensors. These biosensors, which can be either enzymatic or non-enzymatic, have undergone several rounds of development in terms of the materials used for device construction. In terms of the immobilization agent needed to anchor enzymatic or non-enzymatic detection elements to the electrode surface, marine polysaccharides, such as chitosan and alginate, hold a distinct advantage. This, in turn, can be ascribed to their biocompatibility, chemical stability, film-forming ability, functionality bind with enzymes/diagnostic elements, and easy availability. In this review, we focus extensively on the use of cationic chitosan and anionic alginate in the past decade for designing advanced glucose biosensors. Their role in enhancing sensor response via physical/chemical interactions with the conducting and diagnostic elements is analyzed in detail from a structural point of view. In addition, the possibility of using these polysaccharides in non-invasive CGM sensors is discussed and several potential future research avenues are presented.

Cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) is a mast cell proliferative disorder that commonly affects pediatric population. It has various clinical forms such as urticaria pigmentosa, solitary mastocytoma, telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans, diffuse CM, and erythrodermic mastocytosis. Pseudoxanthomatous mastocytosis is a type of diffuse CM, which is relatively rare. It can mimic xanthoma disseminatum, juvenile xanthogranuloma, and benign cephalic histiocytosis which are also seen commonly in children but have different prognostic behavior. Hence, high degree of clinical suspicion along with histopathology is required for the diagnosis. Herein, we report two cases of childhood pseudoxanthomatous mastocytosis.

Abstract Microbial burden associated with medical devices poses serious health challenges and is accountable for an increased number of deaths leading to enormous medical costs. Catheter‐associated urinary tract infections are the most common hospital‐acquired infections with enhanced patient morbidity. Quite often, catheter‐associated bacteriuria produces apparent adverse outcomes such as urosepsis and even death. Taking this into account, the methods to modify urinary catheters to control microbial infections with relevance to clinical drug resistance are systematically evaluated in this review. Technologies to restrict biofilm formation at initial stages by using functional nanomaterials are elucidated. The conventional methodology of using single therapeutic intervention for developing an antimicrobial catheter lacks clinically meaningful benefit. Therefore, catheter modification using naturally derived antimicrobials such as essential oils, curcumin, enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides in combination with synthetic antibiotics/nanoantibiotics is likely to exert sufficient inhibitory effect on uropathogens and is extensively discussed. Futuristic efforts in this area are projected here that demand clinical studies to address areas of uncertainty to avoid development of bacterial resistance to the new generation therapy with minimum discomfort to the patients.

Here, we introduce a new class of computer which does not use any circuit or logic gate. In fact, no program needs to be written: it learns by itself and writes its own program to solve a problem. Gödel’s incompleteness argument is explored here to devise an engine where an astronomically large number of “if-then” arguments are allowed to grow by self-assembly, based on the basic set of arguments written in the system, thus, we explore the beyond Turing path of computing but following a fundamentally different route adopted in the last half-a-century old non-Turing adventures. Our hardware is a multilayered seed structure. If we open the largest seed, which is the final hardware, we find several computing seed structures inside, if we take any of them and open, there are several computing seeds inside. We design and synthesize the smallest seed, the entire multilayered architecture grows by itself. The electromagnetic resonance band of each seed looks similar, but the seeds of any layer shares a common region in its resonance band with inner and upper layer, hence a chain of resonance bands is formed (frequency fractal) connecting the smallest to the largest seed (hence the name invincible rhythm or Ajeya Chhandam in Sanskrit). The computer solves intractable pattern search (Clique) problem without searching, since the right pattern written in it spontaneously replies back to the questioner. To learn, the hardware filters any kind of sensory input image into several layers of images, each containing basic geometric polygons (fractal decomposition), and builds a network among all layers, multi-sensory images are connected in all possible ways to generate “if” and “then” argument. Several such arguments and decisions (phase transition from “if” to “then”) self-assemble and form the two giant columns of arguments and rules of phase transition. Any input question is converted into a pattern as noted above, and these two astronomically large columns project a solution. The driving principle of computing is synchronization and de-synchronization of network paths, the system drives towards highest density of coupled arguments for maximum matching. Memory is located at all layers of the hardware. Learning, computing occurs everywhere simultaneously. Since resonance chain connects all computing seeds, wireless processing is feasible without a screening effect. The computing power is increased by maximizing the density of resonance states and bandwidth of the resonance chain together. We discovered this remarkable computing while studying the human brain, so we present a new model of the human brain in terms of an experimentally determined resonance chain with bandwidth 10−15 Hz (complete brain with all sensors) to 10+15 Hz (DNA) along with its implementation using a pure organic synthesis of entire computer (brain jelly) in our lab, software prototype as proof of concept and finally a new fourth circuit element (Hinductor) based beyond Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) hardware is also presented.

Background: The school-based food and nutrition guidelines approach has the potential to combat undernutrition, overnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies among children and adolescents and set the foundation for a healthy adult lifestyle. Aim: To critically compare the Nutrition Friendly School Initiative (NFSI) of the World Health Organization (WHO) with the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) guidelines to gauge the strengths and limitations. Additionally, to summarize the existing studies on implementing school food and nutrition guidelines. Methods: Policy documents of the above guidelines were critically evaluated, and narrative analysis was conducted. An electronic search was conducted for full-text research articles published in the English language between January 2007 to September 2021 in Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases. Results: Upon critical comparison of the three guidelines, it was found that the NFSI and FSSAI guidelines shared similarities in many components and the FSSAI guidelines, if implemented adequately, could improve the school food environment and combat the triple malnutrition burden in India. After screening the articles based on the eligibility criteria, 11 studies were included in the preparation of the review. Studies reported partial or inadequate implementation and poor compliance with the guidelines or approach. A few studies identified barriers to guideline implementation. Conclusion: Implementation of school food and nutrition guidelines could improve the nutritional outcomes in children and adolescents. To sustain the effective implementation, adequate resources and preparedness are essential in low-and middle-income countries, including India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]