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Abstract Analysis of a suite of global climate model projections under symmetric CO2 ramp-up and ramp-down (RD) scenarios, our results demonstrate a progressive strengthening of the western North Pacific anticyclone (WNPAC) with rising CO2 concentrations, a trend that persists as CO2 declines, followed by gradual recovery without fully returning to its initial state when CO2 concentrations restore. The overshoot of the WNPAC in the CO2 RD phase is highly correlated with the enhanced anomalous Maritime Continent (MC) convection, which influences WNPAC through reinforced Kelvin wave response or local Hadley circulation adjustment. This enhanced convection is attributed to increased Indo-Pacific zonal SST gradient associated with strengthened MC warming and accelerated decay of El Niño in the Central Pacific, ultimately linked to climatological equatorial Pacific El Niño-like warming pattern-related air-sea processes. The overshoot of the WNPAC during the CO2 RD phase may exacerbate flood and high temperature risks in densely populated East Asia.

Abstract Background Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a worldwide cereal crop, which is an integral part of the diets of many countries. In addition, the MYB gene of wheat plays a role in the response to salt stress. Results “Y1805” is a Tritipyrum variety that is relatively tolerant to salt. We used transcriptome analysis to show that the “Y1805” MYB gene was both highly expressed and sensitive to salt stress. Compared with control roots, the level of MYB expression during salt stress was higher, which rapidly decreased to control levels during the recovery process. MYB gene relative expression showed the highest levels in “Y1805” roots during salt stress, with the stems and then leaves being the next highest stressed tissues. The novel MYB gene (TtMYB1) was successfully cloned from “Y1805”. It showed a coding sequence length of 783 bp with 95.79% homology with Tel2E01G633100 from Thinopyrum elongatum. TtMYB1 and MYB from Th. elongatum were clustered in the same branch using phylogenetic analysis, which indicated high similarities. The TtMYB1 gene is located in the nucleus. The coleoptile method was employed when a TtMYB1 overexpression vector was used during transformation into “1718” (common wheat). Under high salt stress, TtMYB1 leaves of overexpression lines had decreased wilting, when compared with wild-type (WT) plants. During normal conditions, salt stress, and recovery, the lengths of the roots and the heights of seedlings from the overexpression lines were found to be significantly greater than roots and seedlings of WT plants. In addition, during high salt stress, the overexpression lines showed that proline and soluble sugar levels were higher than that of WT plants, but with lower malondialdehyde levels. Forty-three proteins that interacted with TtMYB1 were identified using the yeast two-hybrid assay. Protein-protein interaction analyses indicated that most were SANT domain-containing and Wd repeat region domain-containing proteins. Among these proteins, ribosomal proteins were the main node. Abiotic stress-related terms (such as “carbonate dehydratase activity”, “protein targeting peroxisomes”, and “glutathione peroxidase activity”) were enriched in GO analysis. In KEGG analysis, “carbohydrate metabolism”, “environmental information processing”, “genetic information processing”, “signaling and cell precursors”, and “energy metabolism” pathways were enriched. Conclusion The TtMYB1 gene might enhance salt tolerance by increasing proline and soluble sugar content and antioxidase activity in transgenic wheat. It therefore has the potential to enhance high salt tolerance in plants.

Abstract Victoria mode (VM), the second dominant mode of North Pacific sea surface temperature variability, has been identified as one of the important factors influencing the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) onset. The positive phase of the May VM delays the ISM onset by both tropical and extratropical pathways. Here, we found a significant interdecadal enhancement of their relationship since the early 1990s, which is mainly attributed to the structure changes and increased variance of the VM. In recent decades, the VM has shown more significant warm SST anomalies in the tropical central Pacific, which drive the large-scale divergent circulation more effectively. This enhanced divergent circulation leads to low-level divergence and reduced rainfall in the tropical Asian summer monsoon region. The reduced rainfall excites equatorial Rossby wave response and anomalous easterly winds in the northern Indian Ocean, delaying the ISM onset. Besides, the increased variance of the VM after 1992/1993 stimulates a stronger extratropical Rossby wave train. This stationary Rossby wave train induces a stronger cooling to the northwest of India, which weakens the land-sea thermal contrast and leads to the delayed ISM onset. This finding should be taken into account to improve short-term predictions of the monsoon onset.

Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is a rare benign intracranial tumor origin that predominantly manifests in the lateral ventricle in children, accounting for 0.3%–0.6% of all primary intracranial tumors. It is extremely rare to have the CPP in the trigone of the lateral ventricle through the contralateral posterior interhemispheric transfalcine transprecuneus approach (PITTA). Herein, we report this rare case. A 7-year-old girl presented with headache. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed periatrial lesions, and histopathological examination confirmed CPP (WHO grade I). The contralateral PITTA is a safe, effective, reasonable, and appropriate for some lesions in the trigone of the lateral ventricle. It provides a wider surgical angle (especially for the lateral extension) and reduces the risk of disturbance of the optic radiation compared with the conventional approaches. The use of multiple modern neurosurgical techniques, including interventional embolization, intraoperative navigation, microscope, and electrophysiological monitoring, make the procedure much easier and more accurate, and the neuroendoscope adds to the visualization of the microscope and can reduce surgical complications.

Abstract NAC transcription factors are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and play an important role in the response to various abiotic stresses in plant species. Tritipyrum, an octoploid derived from hybridization of Triticum aestivum (AABBDD) and Thinopyrum elongatum (EE), is an important genetic resource for integrating the desirable traits of Th. elongatum into wheat. In this study, we investigated the tissue distribution and expression of Tritipyrum NAC genes in the whole genomes of T. aestivum and Th. elongatum after obtaining their complete genome sequences. Based on phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene synthesis, evolutionary analysis, and expression patterns, we identified and characterized 732 Tritipyrum NAC genes. These genes were divided into six main groups (A, B, C, D, E, and G) based on phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary studies, with members of these groups sharing the same motif composition. The 732 TtNAC genes are widely distributed across 28 chromosomes and include 110 duplicated genes. Gene synthesis analysis indicated that the NAC gene family may have a common ancestor. Transcriptome data and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) expression profiles showed 68 TtNAC genes to be highly expressed in response to various salt stress and recovery treatments. Tel3E01T644900 (TtNAC477) was particularly sensitive to salt stress and belongs to the same clade as the salt tolerance genes ANAC019 and ANAC055 in Arabidopsis. Pearson correlation analysis identified 751 genes that correlated positively with expression of TtNAC477, and these genes are enriched in metabolic activities, cellular processes, stimulus responses, and biological regulation. TtNAC477 was found to be highly expressed in roots, stems, and leaves in response to salt stress, as confirmed by real-time PCR. These findings suggest that TtNAC477 is associated with salt tolerance in plants and might serve as a valuable exogenous gene for enhancing salt tolerance in wheat.

SSR molecular markers were obtained based on abundant transcriptome data under different waterlogging conditions in order to develop appropriate biological tools and explore the molecular mechanism of hot pepper response to waterlogging stress in this experiment. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 128 939 Unigenes were obtained from transcriptome analysis of hot pepper. The total length, average length, and GC content were 55 082 725 bp, 1 101 bp and 40.57%, respectively. Compared with seven major functional databases, 102 123 (NR, 79.20%), 110 157 (NT, 85.43%), 70 203 (SwissProt, 54.45%), 73 539 (KOG, 57.03%), 77 646 (KEGG, 60.22%), 77 442 (GO, 60.06%) and 68 216 (Pfam, 52.91%) Unigenes obtained functional annotations. It was found that lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, environmental adaptation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, signal transduction and translation played important roles in the response to waterlogging stress. (2) A total of 26 574 SSR loci were found in 24 889 Unigenes from hot pepper transcriptome data. The frequency of SSR was 20.61%, of which single nucleotide repeat accounted for the highest ratio (37.26%), followed by tri-nucleotide (31.00%) and di-nucleotide (25.44%) repeat types, accounting for 93.70% of the total EST-SSR. The motifs A/T, AG/CT and TC/GA, followed by AT and TA, were the most abundant in mono-nucleotide and di-nucleotide. The most common types of tri-nucleotides were TTG/CAA and ACA/TGT. (3) 10 002 pairs of EST-SSR primers were designed with Primer 3. A total of 30 pairs of primers were randomly selected for amplification test, and all of them were effective. Seven pairs of primers could amplify the target bands in three hot pepper germplasms. To sum up, the motif structure of the most dominant SSR repeat type in hot pepper is basically similar to that of other varieties, and the molecular mechanism of hot pepper waterlogging stress response is preliminarily explored, and its EST-SSR markers are developed to provide reference for hot pepper waterlogging-tolerant genetic breeding.

Abstract The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assisted mobile edge computing (MEC) system leverages the high maneuverability of UAVs to provide efficient computing services to terminals. A dynamic deployment algorithm based on double deep Q-networks (DDQN) is suggested to address issues with energy limitation and obstacle avoidance when providing edge services to terminals by UAV. First, the energy consumption of the UAV and the fairness of the terminal’s geographic location are jointly optimized in the case of multiple obstacles and multiple terminals on the ground. And the UAV can avoid obstacles. Furthermore, a double deep Q-network was introduced to address the slow convergence and risk of falling into local optima during the optimization problem training process. Also included in the learning process was a pseudo count exploration strategy. Finally, the improved DDQN algorithm achieves faster convergence and a higher average system reward, according to experimental results. Regarding the fairness of geographic locations of terminals, the improved DDQN algorithm outperforms Q-learning, DQN, and DDQN algorithms by 50%, 20%, and 15.38%, respectively, and the stability of the improved algorithm is also validated.

Abstract The AP2/ERF transcription factor is widely distributed across the plant kingdom and plays a crucial role in various abiotic stress responses in plants. Tritipyrum, an octoploid resulting from an intergeneric cross between Triticum aestivum (AABBDD) and Thinopyrum elongatum (EE), is a valuable source of germplasm for incorporating superior traits of Th. elongatum into T. aestivum. With the recent availability of whole -genome sequences for T. aestivum and Th. elongatum, we explored the organization and expression profiling of Tritipyrum AP2/ERF genes across the entire genome. Our investigation identified 543 Tritipyrum AP2/ERF genes, which evolutionary analysis categorized into four major groups (AP2, DREB, ERF, and RAV), whose members share a conserved motif composition. These 543 TtAP2/ERF genes were distributed throughout 28 chromosomes, with 132 duplications. Synteny analysis suggests that the AP2/ERF gene family may have a common ancestor. Transcriptome data and Real-Time PCR expression profiles revealed 43 TtAP2/ERF genes with high expression levels in response to various salt stressors and recovery regimens. Tel2E01T236300 (TtERF_B2-50) was particularly salt stress-sensitive and evolutionarily related to the salt-tolerant gene AtERF7 in A. thaliana. Pearson correlation analysis identified 689 genes positively correlated (R > 0.9) with TtERF_B2-50 expression, enriched in metabolic activities, cellular processes, stimulus response, and biological regulation. Real-time PCR showed that TtERF_B2-50 was highly expressed in roots, stems, and leaves under salt stress. These findings suggest that TtERF_B2-50 may be associated with salt stress tolerance and may serve as a valuable foreign gene for enhancing salt tolerance in wheat.

Abstract Understanding the response of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) onset to CO2 forcing is of utmost importance for rain‐fed agriculture and water management. In this study, we utilized an idealized symmetric CO2 removal scenario from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project to analyze the reversibility of monsoon onset. The results show that ISM onset is reversible but exhibits strong asymmetry: it undergoes minimal changes during the ramp‐up phase, but experiences rapid postponement as the CO2 begins to decline; Eventually, it is delayed more than 1 week when the CO2 concentration is restored to the initial level. To investigate the possible underlying mechanisms, we decomposed the climate response to CO2 forcing into the fast and slow processes. Notably, it is the enhanced slow response, which is driven by long‐term sea surface temperature (SST) changes, that dominates the asymmetric response of ISM onset. This slow response delays the ISM onset by strengthening near‐surface poleward land‐sea moist static energy contrast, thereby weakening the lower‐tropospheric monsoonal circulation. Based on the atmospheric component model simulations, we found that both the uniform SST change and patterned SST changes in the slow response contribute to the delay of ISM onset, but the latter plays a dominant role. Our results emphasize the importance of thoroughly assessing regional hydrological cycle features when designing the CO2 removal pathways.

Basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) proteins are important in abiotic stress control. Here, a specific bHLH transcription factor gene, CabHLH18, from a strong waterlogging-tolerant pepper cultivar, ‘ZHC2’, was successfully cloned. The CabHLH18 gene presented a coding sequence length of 1,056 bp, encoding 352 amino acids, and the protein was the closest to Capsicum annuum XM016694561.2 protein. The CabHLH18 protein was located in the nucleus. The transformation of the CabHLH18 overexpression vector into the plumules of hot peppers, ‘DFZJ’ and ‘ZHC1’, exhibited 21.37% and 22.20% efficiency, respectively. The root length, plant height, and fresh weight of the ‘DFZJ’ overexpression lines were greater than those of wild-type (WT) plants under waterlogging conditions. Compared with the WT plants, the overexpression lines generally showed greater contents of water, the amino acid, proline, soluble sugar, root viability, and superoxide dismutase activity, but lower malondialdehyde content under waterlogging conditions. Plant fresh weight, amino acids, proline, and soluble sugar levels of the overexpression lines were 39.17%, 45.03%, 60.67%, and 120.18% greater, respectively, compared with the WT plants at 24 h after waterlogging stress. Therefore, the CabHLH18 gene could be implicated in conferring waterlogging tolerance in hot peppers and holds promise for enhancing their overall waterlogging tolerance.

Abstract The reversibility of South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) precipitation under the CO2 removal scenario is critical for climate mitigation and adaptation. In the idealized CO2 ramp-up (from 284.7 to 1138.8 ppm) and symmetric ramp-down experiments, SASM precipitation is largely reversible while exhibiting strong asymmetry: it may overshoot the unperturbed level when CO2 recovers. Such asymmetric response is mainly due to the enhanced El Niño-like and Indian Ocean dipole-like warming during the ramp-down period. The uneven sea surface warming weakens Walker circulation, with anomalous sinking over the SASM region. Meanwhile, the warming also affects the rainfall over the Maritime Continent and tropical western Indian Ocean. The suppressed rainfall over the Maritime Continent triggers the equatorial Rossby wave, which weakens the ascent over the SASM region; the increased rainfall over the tropical western Indian Ocean excites the equatorial Kelvin wave, which reduces moisture transport. Additionally, tropic-wide warming reduces the land-sea thermal contrast and weakens monsoonal circulation. Consequently, the combined effects of the weakened ascent and moisture transport lead to the overshooting of SASM rainfall. Our results suggest that symmetric CO2 removal, although unlikely in the foreseeable future, may result in a risk of local drought over the SASM region.

The secular variation in the global geomagnetic field was analyzed in terms of the annual differences in monthly means by using the hourly mean data from 18 foreign (outside China) observatories of the World Data Center (WDC) for Geomagnetism from January 2010 to January 2020 as well as 9 observatories in the Geomagnetic Network of China from January 2015 to April 2021. In addition, according to the correlation of noisy components from the observatories, a covariance matrix was constructed based on residuals between observations and the CHAOS-7.4 model to remove external contamination. Through a comparison before and after denoising, we found that the overall average standard deviations were reduced by 29.97% in China and by 41.4% outside China. Results showed the correlation coefficient between external noise (mainly the magnetosphere ring current) and the Dst index was 0.82, and the correlation coefficient between external noise and the Ring Current (RC) index reached 0.94. A geomagnetic jerk was globally discovered around 2018.0 on the geomagnetic eastward component Y. The jerk timing in China was around 2020.0, and the earliest one was in 2018.75, whereas the timing outside China was around 2018.0, and the earliest one was in 2017.67. This 2-year lag may have been caused by the higher electrical conductivity of the deep mantle. After more data were added, this jerk event was found to occur in an orderly manner in the northern hemisphere as the longitude increased and the intensity gradually increased as well. The variations in location of the jerk center were analyzed according to the CHAOS-7.4 model. Results revealed six extreme points distributed nearby the equator. The strongest was near the equator, at 170°E, and the strength gradually decreased as it extended to the northern and southern hemispheres. Another extreme point with the opposite sign was located at the equator, at 20°W, in the south-central part of the Atlantic, and the strength gradually decreased as it extended into Europe. The covariance matrix method can be used to analyze data from the Macau Science Satellite-1 mission in the future, and this method is expected to play a positive role in modeling and separating the large-scale external field.

Geomagnetic observation is an important approach to explore the variations of the Earth’s magnetic field. However, factors such as observation environment, observation facilities and observation equipment may affect the quality of observation data. This paper deeply analyzes the factors that may affect the quality of data in China’s current geomagnetic observations, and discusses in detail the strategies we have implemented in this field. These strategies include the selection of observation sites, the protection and monitoring of the observation environment, the maintenance and improvement of observation facilities, the maintenance and monitoring of observation equipment, the analysis and processing of interference information, and effective measures in quality control.

Abstract Background To date, the optimal treatment for potentially resectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients has yet to be determined. Encouraging results have been reported in studies exploring the efficacy of triplet chemotherapy plus anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) target agents. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of triplet chemotherapy plus anti-EGFR target agents. Methods We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from December 2004 to October 2021 for studies examining the efficacy of triplet chemotherapy plus anti-EGFR target agents in mCRC patients. The primary outcomes were the objective response rate (ORR) and R0 resection rate (R0RR), and the secondary outcomes were median progression-free survival (mPFS), median overall survival (mOS), and toxicity. Data were analyzed with R software 4.1.2. Results Fourteen studies comprising 762 patients with mCRC were included in this meta-analysis. Analysis with a random effects model revealed that after treatment with triplet chemotherapy plus anti-EGFR target agents, the pooled ORR was 82% (95% CI= 76–88%, I 2= 76%), and the pooled R0RR of colorectal liver metastasis (CLM) was 59% (95% CI= 49–68%, I 2= 60%). The mPFS ranged from 9.5 to 17.8 months, and the mOS ranged from 24.7 to 62.5 months. A total of 648 grade 3 or 4 adverse events were reported; the most commonly reported events were diarrhea (174/648), neutropenia (157/648), and skin toxicity (95/648), which had pooled prevalence rates of 29% (95% CI= 20–39%, I 2= 84%), 28% (95% CI= 20–37%, I 2= 77%), and 17% (95% CI= 11–24%, I 2= 66%), respectively. Conclusions Triplet chemotherapy plus anti-EGFR agents therapy seems to be capable of increasing the ORR of mCRC patients and the R0RR of CLM patients. The toxicity of this treatment is manageable. High-quality randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies are required for further validation.

A nomogram was constructed to predict the survival of patients with colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma based on data extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database. Data collected between 2010 and 2018 were obtained from the SEER database. The log-rank test and multivariate Cox regression were performed to identify the independent prognostic factors for overall survival, which were further used to construct a nomogram model to predict 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival. In total, 10846 patients diagnosed with colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma were enrolled in the study. The following 11 variables were associated with survival and were further incorporated into the nomogram: age at diagnosis, primary site, grade, tumour size, lymph node dissection, T stage, N stage, M stage, surgery for primary site, chemotherapy, and household income. The concordance index (C-index) value was 0.725 (95% confidence interval 0.716-0.734), and the receiver operating characteristic curves and calibration curves showed satisfactory predictive accuracy. Both the C-index and time-independent area under the curve values were greater than those of the American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th TNM classification system (both P < 0.001). In the validation group, the results were consistent with those of the training group, with a C-index value of 0.726 (95% confidence interval 0.713-0.739). This study constructed a practical nomogram to predict 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS for patients with colorectal colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma based on SEER data.

Over the Amazon region, rainfall-induced changes to CO _2 pathways significantly impact humans and multiple ecosystems. Its resilience is of vital importance, and idealized CO _2 removal experiments indicate that declining trends in rainfall amounts are irreversible and exhibit a deficiency when the CO _2 concentration returns to the pre-industrial level. The irreversible decline in Amazon rainfall is mainly due to the weakened ascent, further led by two main causes. (1) Enhanced tropospheric warming and a wetter atmospheric boundary layer over the tropics during CO _2 removal generate a strong meridional gradient of temperature and specific humidity; driven by prevailing northeasterly winds, negative moist enthalpy advection occurs, which in turn weakens the ascent over the Amazon and results in anomalous drought. (2) The enhanced radiative cooling of atmospheric column. Driven by the negative lapse-rate feedback, the outgoing longwave radiative flux increases in the clear-sky atmosphere. As a result, the anomalous diabatic descent generates to maintain the energy balance of the atmospheric column. This result implies that the symmetric removal of CO _2 does not guarantee full recovery of regional precipitation.

Abstract Background Drought stress severely restricts edible fungus production. The genus Auricularia has a rare drought tolerance, a rehydration capability, and is nutrient rich. Results The key genes and metabolic pathways involved in drought-stress and rehydration were investigated using a transcriptome analysis to clarify the relevant molecular mechanisms. In total, 173.93 Mb clean reads, 26.09 Gb of data bulk, and 52,954 unigenes were obtained. Under drought-stress and rehydration conditions, 14,235 and 8539 differentially expressed genes, respectively, were detected. ‘Tyrosine metabolic’, ‘caffeine metabolism’, ‘ribosome’, ‘phagosome’, and ‘proline and arginine metabolism’, as well as ‘peroxisome’ and ‘mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling’ pathways, had major roles in A. fibrillifera responses to drought stress. ‘Tyrosine’ and ‘caffeine metabolism’ might reveal unknown mechanisms for the antioxidation of A. fibrillifera under drought-stress conditions. During the rehydration process, ‘diterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘butanoate metabolism’, ‘C5-branched dibasic acid’, and ‘aflatoxin biosynthesis’ pathways were significantly enriched. Gibberellins and γ-aminobutyric acid were important in the recovery of A. fibrillifera growth after rehydration. Many genes related to antibiotics, vitamins, and other health-related ingredients were found in A. fibrillifera. Conclusion These findings suggested that the candidate genes and metabolites involved in crucial biological pathways might regulate the drought tolerance or rehydration of Auricularia, shedding light on the corresponding mechanisms and providing new potential targets for the breeding and cultivation of drought-tolerant fungi.

IntroductionThe transcription factor WRKY is widespread in the plant kingdom and plays a crucial role in diverse abiotic stress responses in plant species. Tritipyrum, an octoploid derived from an intergeneric cross between Triticum aestivum (AABBDD) and Thinopyrum elongatum (EE), is a valuable germplasm resource for introducing superior traits of Th. elongatum into T. aestivum. The recent release of the complete genome sequences of T. aestivum and Th. elongatum enabled us to investigate the organization and expression profiling of Tritipyrum WRKY genes across the entire genome.ResultsIn this study, 346 WRKY genes, from TtWRKY1 to TtWRKY346, were identified in Tritipyrum. The phylogenetic analysis grouped these genes into three subfamilies (I-III), and members of the same subfamilies shared a conserved motif composition. The 346 TtWRKY genes were dispersed unevenly across 28 chromosomes, with 218 duplicates. Analysis of synteny suggests that the WRKY gene family may have a common ancestor. Expression profiles derived from transcriptome data and qPCR demonstrated that 54 TtWRKY genes exhibited relatively high levels of expression across various salt stresses and recovery treatments. Tel1E01T143800 (TtWRKY256) is extremely sensitive to salt stress and is on the same evolutionary branch as the salt-tolerant A. thaliana genes AtWRKY25 and AtWRKY33. From 'Y1805', the novel AtWRKY25 was cloned. The Pearson correlation analysis identified 181 genes that were positively correlated (R>0.9) with the expression of TtWRKY256, and these genes were mainly enriched in metabolic processes, cellular processes, response to stimulus, biological regulation, and regulation of biological. Subcellular localization and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that TtWRKY256 was located in the nucleus and was highly expressed in roots, stems, and leaves under salt stress.DiscussionThe above results suggest that TtWRKY256 may be associated with salt stress tolerance in plants and may be a valuable alien gene for improving salt tolerance in wheat.

Abstract Platelets are generated from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes (MKs) via actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Zyxin is a focal adhesion protein and wildly expressed in eukaryotes to regulate actin remodeling. Zyxin is upregulated during megakaryocytic differentiation; however, the role of zyxin in thrombopoiesis is unknown. Here we show that zyxin ablation results in profound macrothrombocytopenia. Platelet lifespan and thrombopoietin level were comparable between wild-type and zyxin-deficient mice, but MK maturation, demarcation membrane system formation, and proplatelet generation were obviously impaired in the absence of zyxin. Differential proteomic analysis of proteins associated with macrothrombocytopenia revealed that glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX was significantly reduced in zyxin-deficient platelets. Moreover, GPIb-IX surface level was decreased in zyxin-deficient MKs. Knockdown of zyxin in a human megakaryocytic cell line resulted in GPIbα degradation by lysosomes leading to the reduction of GPIb-IX surface level. We further found that zyxin was colocalized with vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), and loss of zyxin caused diffuse distribution of VASP and actin cytoskeleton disorganization in both platelets and MKs. Reconstitution of zyxin with VASP binding site in zyxin-deficient hematopoietic progenitor cell-derived MKs restored GPIb-IX surface expression and proplatelet generation. Taken together, our findings identify zyxin as a regulator of platelet biogenesis and GPIb-IX surface expression through VASP-mediated cytoskeleton reorganization, suggesting possible pathogenesis of macrothrombocytopenia.

Drought stress is one of the main factors influencing the growth and development of an organism. Auricularia fibrillifera has strong dessication resistance. In A. fibrillifera under dessication-stress, the melanin content of fruiting bodies elevated significantly by >10-fold compared with the control. Folate content also increased sharply but decreased significantly after rehydration, and amino acid and biotin levels increased by 40.11 and 22.14%, respectively. In proteomic analysis, 1,572 and 21 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified under dessication-stress and rehydration, respectively. A large number of DAPs were annotated in “amino acid metabolism,” “carbohydrate metabolism,” and “translation” pathways, and the DAPs related to osmotic regulation and antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased in abundance. Transcriptome-proteome association analysis showed that most DAPs (30) were annotated in the “biosynthesis of antibiotics” pathway. DAPs and corresponding differentially expressed genes were all up-regulated in the “biotin biosynthesis” pathway and associated with “folate biosynthesis” and “phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis.” In the analysis of protein–protein interactions, the DAPs annotated in the “phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis” pathway had the strongest interactions with other DAPs. These enriched pathways could enhance amino acid, folate, biotin, and melanin levels during desiccation stress, which is consistent with the physiological data (amino acid, folate, biotin, and melanin contents). In addition, many DAPs related to the cytoskeleton were significantly increased in abundance under dessication-stress. Physiological and transcriptome data were in agreement with proteomic results. This work provides valuable insight into the dessication-tolerant mechanisms of A. fibrillifera.

Late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) proteins are critical in helping plants cope with salt stress. “Y1805” is a salt-tolerant Tritipyrum. We identified a “Y1805”-specific LEA gene that was expressed highly and sensitively under salt stress using transcriptome analysis. The novel group 2 LEA gene (TtLEA2-1) was cloned from “Y1805.” TtLEA2-1 contained a 453 bp open reading frame encoding an 151-amino-acid protein that showed maximum sequence identity (77.00%) with Thinopyrum elongatum by phylogenetic analysis. It was mainly found to be expressed highly in the roots by qRT-PCR analysis and was located in the whole cell. Forty-eight candidate proteins believed to interact with TtLEA2-1 were confirmed by yeast two-hybrid analysis. These interacting proteins were mainly enriched in “environmental information processing,” “glycan biosynthesis and metabolism,” and “carbohydrate metabolism.” Protein-protein interaction analysis indicated that the translation-related 40S ribosomal protein SA was the central node. An efficient wheat transformation system has been established. A coleoptile length of 2 cm, an Agrobacteria cell density of 0.55–0.60 OD600, and 15 KPa vacuum pressure were ideal for common wheat transformation, with an efficiency of up to 43.15%. Overexpression of TaLEA2-1 in wheat “1718” led to greater height, stronger roots, and higher catalase activity than in wild type seedlings. TaLEA2-1 conferred enhanced salt tolerance in transgenic wheat and may be a valuable gene for genetic modification in crops.

Salt stress results in the severe decline of yield and quality in wheat. In the present study, salt-tolerant Tritipyrum (“Y1805”) and salt-sensitive wheat “Chinese Spring” (“CS”) were selected from 121 wheat germplasms to test their physiological, antioxidant enzyme, and transcriptomic responses and mechanisms against salt stress and recovery. 56 chromosomes were identified in “Y1805” that comprised A, B, and D chromosomes from wheat parent and E chromosomes from Thinopyrum elongatum, adding to salt-tolerant trait. Salt stress had a greater inhibitory effect on roots than on shoots, and “Y1805” demonstrated stronger salt tolerance than “CS.” Compared with “CS,” the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in “Y1805” significantly increased under salt stress. “Y1805” could synthesize more proline and soluble sugars than “CS.” Both the net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll a/b were affected by salt stress, though the level of damage in “Y1805” was significantly less than in “CS.” Transcriptome analysis showed that the differences in the transcriptional regulatory networks of “Y1805” were not only in response to salt stress but also in recovery. The functions of many salt-responsive differentially expressed genes were correlated closely with the pathways “peroxisome,” “arginine and proline metabolism,” “starch and sucrose metabolism,” “chlorophyll and porphyrin metabolism,” and “photosynthesis.”

Background Soil salinity is a major environmental stress that restricts crop growth and yield. Methods Here, crucial proteins and biological pathways were investigated under salt-stress and recovery conditions in Tritipyrum ‘Y1805’ using the data-independent acquisition proteomics techniques to explore its salt-tolerance mechanism. Results In total, 44 and 102 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in ‘Y1805’ under salt-stress and recovery conditions, respectively. A proteome-transcriptome-associated analysis revealed that the expression patterns of 13 and 25 DEPs were the same under salt-stress and recovery conditions, respectively. ‘Response to stimulus’, ‘antioxidant activity’, ‘carbohydrate metabolism’, ‘amino acid metabolism’, ‘signal transduction’, ‘transport and catabolism’ and ‘biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites’ were present under both conditions in ‘Y1805’. In addition, ‘energy metabolism’ and ‘lipid metabolism’ were recovery-specific pathways, while ‘antioxidant activity’, and ‘molecular function regulator’ under salt-stress conditions, and ‘virion’ and ‘virion part’ during recovery, were ‘Y1805’-specific compared with the salt-sensitive wheat ‘Chinese Spring’. ‘Y1805’ contained eight specific DEPs related to salt-stress responses. The strong salt tolerance of ‘Y1805’ could be attributed to the strengthened cell walls, reactive oxygen species scavenging, osmoregulation, phytohormone regulation, transient growth arrest, enhanced respiration, transcriptional regulation and error information processing. These data will facilitate an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance and aid in the breeding of salt-tolerant wheat.

Changes in the underlying conductivity around hypocenters are generally considered one of the promising mechanisms of seismo-electromagnetic anomaly generation. Parkinson vectors are indicators of high-conductivity materials and were utilized to remotely monitor conductivity changes during the MW 6.5 Jiuzhaigou earthquake (103.82°E, 33.20°N) on 8 August 2017. Three-component geomagnetic data recorded in 2017 at nine magnetic stations with epicenter distances of 63–770 km were utilized to compute the azimuths of the Parkinson vectors based on the magnetic transfer function. The monitoring and background distributions at each station were constructed by using the azimuths within a 15-day moving window and over the entire study period, respectively. The background distribution was subtracted from the monitoring distribution to mitigate the effects of underlying inhomogeneous electric conductivity structures. The differences obtained at nine stations were superimposed and the intersection of a seismo-conductivity anomaly was located about 70 km away from the epicenter about 17 days before the earthquake. The anomaly disappeared about 7 days before and remained insignificant after the earthquake. Analytical results suggested that the underlying conductivity close to the hypocenter changed before the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. These changes can be detected simultaneously by using multiple magnetometers located far from the epicenter. The disappearance of the seismo-conductivity anomaly after the earthquake sheds light on a promising candidate of the pre-earthquake anomalous phenomena.

Data tracking analysis is an important mechanism for increasing data analysis capacity and eliminating interference from observational data. In this study, the technique was applied to the geomagnetic fixed-station network to improve the efficiency and accuracy of analysis to extract useful information. This paper introduces the scope, workflow, analysis platform, abnormal variation status, and results of the geomagnetic data tracking analysis. We present some typical examples of abnormal variations in addition to our proposals for future work.

Background: NO is an important cellular signaling molecule which is derived from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the effects of NOS signaling in lung injury is conflicting. The present study was designed to observe the effect of NOS and Arginase signaling in the occurrence and development of lung injury and its mechanism.Methods: An ozone-stressed lung injury animal model was established by exposure to 2.0 ppm O3 for 30 min every day for consecutive 12 day with or without the administration of NO precursor L-arginine or non-selective NOS inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Then, the lung histopathology, the releases of inflammatory mediators and the production of ROS were assayed by immunohistochemistry, ELISA and flow cytometry respectively. The activities and expression of NOS and Arginase were assayed by biochemical methods and western blot. Correspondingly, the release of 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1(8-OxoG) and 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1) were assayed by ELISA and western blot. The correlation between NOS/Arginase signaling with 8-OxoG/ OGG1 was also analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficients and immunofluorescence in NOS deficient bronchial epithelial cells.Results: In ozone-induced rat lung injury models, lung inflammation as well as lung architecture was disrupted in a time dependent manner. Ozone treatment with L-arginine showed a substantial attenuation of adverse lung histopathological changes and treatment with L-NAME promoted the inflammation and remodeling. Importantly, the expression of NOS was promoted by L-arginine and inhibited by L-NAME and the expression of Arginase was promoted by L-NAME treatment. Further, we observed significantly higher levels of 8-OxoG and lower levels of OGG1 in ozone group which was reversed by L-arginine and promoted by L-NAME. The expression of NOS is closely related with 8-OxoG /OCG1.Conclusion: These findings give further evidence that the NOS signaling is related with base excise repair.

Data quality is an important guarantee for scientific research. The Geomagnetic Network of China (GNC) controls data quality for all observatories under the jurisdiction of China Earthquake Administration. This paper presents the quality control content and methods; quality evaluation and feedback procedures; and the process for publishing data sets via the GNC website. Technical challenges and proposed quality assurance procedures for future GNC data sets are described.

The meiotic behavior of pollen mother cells (PMCs) of the F2 and F3 progeny from Triticum timopheevii × hexaploid wild oat was investigated by cytological analysis and sequential C-banding-genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) in the present study. A cytological analysis showed that the chromosome numbers of the F2 and F3 progeny ranged from 28 to 41. A large number of univalents, lagging chromosomes, chromosome bridges and micronuclei were found at the metaphase I, anaphase I, anaphase II and tetrad stages in the F2 and F3 progeny. The averages of univalents were 3.50 and 2.73 per cell, and those of lagging chromosomes were 3.37 and 1.87 in the F2 and F3 progeny, respectively. The PMC meiotic indices of the F2 and F3 progeny were 12.22 and 20.34, respectively, indicating considerable genetic instability. A sequential C-banding-GISH analysis revealed that some chromosomes and fragments from the hexaploid wild oat were detected at metaphase I and anaphase I in the progeny, showing that the progeny were of true intergeneric hybrid origin. The alien chromosomes 6A, 7A, 3C and 2D were lost during transmission from F2 to F3. In addition, partial T. timopheevii chromosomes appeared in the form of univalents or lagging chromosomes, which might result from large genome differences between the parents, and the wild oat chromosome introgression interfered with the wheat homologues' normally pairing.

This paper analyzes the baselines of 8 geomagnetic observatories in the China Magnetic Observatory Network. The baselines of similar variometers were measured by two different fluxgate theodolites during the same time period. The results demonstrate that two baseline values measured by two independent absolute instruments did not completely coincide for the same components even though the differences between pillars and instruments had been corrected. The baseline values were still not smooth, and there existed obvious wave variations for the D, H, and Z components. The causes of this inconsistency might be the differences between the two pillars installed with two independent absolute instruments and instrument problems in some of the observatories. In other words, the difference in the geomagnetic field between two points in the same observational area is not a constant.

In order to investigate quantitatively the accuracy of geomagnetic daily variation recorded by the FGE magnetometer, we analyzed the stability and precision of some groups' baseline values continuously recorded one day at seven observatories in 2009. The results show that the standard deviation and variable amplitude of the baseline values are small in D, H, and Z components, the standard deviation values are δD≤0.03', δH≤0.3nT, δZ≤0.3nT respectively, and the variable amplitude values are ΔD≤|0.05'|, ΔH≤|0.5'|, ΔZ≤|0.5'| respectively. Then we selected the baseline values continuously recorded one day at CDP and KSH observatories in 2009 and 2010 and analyzed the influence of absolute measurement intervals on the stability of the baselines.