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Superconducting microstrip single photon detectors (SMSPDs) are increasingly attracting the interest of the scientific community as a new platform for large area detectors with unprecedented advantaged in terms of fabrication. However, while their operativity at the telecommunication wavelength was achieved, working beyond 1.55 µm is challenging. Here, we experimentally demonstrate single-photon operation of NbRe microstrips at wavelengths of 1.55 and 2 µm. The devices are structured as pairs of parallel microstrips with widths ranging from 1.4 to 2.2 μm and lengths from 5 to 10 μm. This innovative design may assure large sensitive areas, without affecting the kinetic inductance, namely the time performance of the detectors. The results are discussed in the framework of the hot-spot two-temperature model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Superconducting microstrip single photon detectors (SMSPDs) are increasingly attracting the interest of the scientific community as a new platform for large area detectors with unprecedented advantaged in terms of fabrication. However, while their operativity at the telecommunication wavelength was achieved, working beyond 1.55 µm is challenging. Here, we experimentally demonstrate single-photon operation of NbRe microstrips at wavelengths of 1.55 and 2 µm. The devices are structured as pairs of parallel microstrips with widths ranging from 1.4 to 2.2 μm and lengths from 5 to 10 μm. This innovative design may assure large sensitive areas, without affecting the kinetic inductance, namely the time performance of the detectors. The results are discussed in the framework of the hot-spot two-temperature model.

We present a method for precise monitoring of the loop gain of transition edge sensors (TES) under electrothermal feedback. The measurement is implemented on the ICE DfMux electronics and operates simultaneously with Digital Active Nulling (DAN). It uses one additional bias sinusoid per TES and does not require any additional readout channels. The loop gain monitor is being implemented on the Simons Array and is an integral part of the baseline calibration strategy for the upcoming LiteBIRD satellite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the crosstalk between Transition-Edge Sensor (TES) pixels in a 24-pixel hard X-ray spectrometer array fabricated at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory. Analysis shows thermal cross talk, possibly associated with insufficient thermalization, and rare but larger in magnitude electrical crosstalk between specific perpetrator-victim pixel combinations, potentially due to defects in the bias wiring or microwave multiplexing circuit. We use a method based on group-triggering and averaging to isolate the crosstalk response despite only having access to X-ray photon illumination uniform across the entire array. This allows us to identify thermal and electrical crosstalk between pixel pairs in repeated measurements to the level of 1 part in 1000 or better. In the array under study, the magnitude of observed crosstalk is small but comparable to the resolving power of this pixel design ( E / Δ E ∼ 1000 at 20 keV) and so potentially responsible for a degradation in energy resolution of the array at high incident photon rates. Having proven the methods to identify and quantify crosstalk in our setup, we can now consider mitigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent progress in high‐power pulsed neutron sources has stimulated the development of the Bragg‐dip and Bragg‐edge analysis methods using a two‐dimensional neutron detector with high temporal resolution to resolve the neutron energy by the time‐of‐flight method. A delay‐line current‐biased kinetic inductance detector (CB‐KID) is a two‐dimensional superconducting sensor with a high temporal resolution and multi‐hit capability. Here, it is demonstrated that a delay‐line CB‐KID with a 10B neutron conversion layer can be applied to high‐spatial‐resolution neutron transmission imaging and spectroscopy up to 100 eV. Dip structures are observed in the transmission spectra of YbSn3 single crystals, induced by Bragg diffraction and nuclear resonance absorption. The orientation mapping of YbSn3 crystals is successfully performed via the analysis of observed Bragg‐dip positions in the transmission spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear energy response of cryogenic microcalorimeters is usually corrected through an empirical calibration. X-ray or gamma-ray emission lines of known shape and energy anchor a smooth function that generalizes the calibration data and converts detector measurements to energies. We argue that this function should be an approximating spline. The theory of Gaussian process regression makes a case for this functional form. It also provides an important benefit previously absent from our calibration method: a quantitative uncertainty estimate for the calibrated energies, with lower uncertainty near the best-constrained calibration points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the optimization of transition-edge-sensor (TES) detector arrays for the third-generation camera for the South Pole Telescope. The camera, which contains ~ 16 000 detectors, will make high-angular-resolution maps of the temperature and polarization of the cosmic microwave background. Our key results are scatter in the transition temperature of Ti/Au TESs is reduced by fabricating the TESs on a thin Ti(5 nm)/Au(5 nm) buffer layer and the thermal conductivity of the legs that support our detector islands is dominated by the SiOx dielectric in the microstrip transmission lines that run along the legs.

The AdvancedAtacama Cosmology Telescope Polarimeter (AdvACT) is an upgrade for the Atacama Cosmology Telescope using Transition Edge Sensor (TES) detector arrays to measure cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization anisotropies in multiple frequencies. The low frequency (LF) array was deployed early 2020. It consists of 292 TES bolometers observing in two bands centered at 27 GHz and 39 GHz. At these frequencies, it is sensitive to synchrotron radiation from our galaxy as well as to the CMB, and complements the AdvACT arrays operating at 90, 150 and 230 GHz. We present the initial LF array on-site characterization, including the time constant, optical efficiency and array sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of dark matter is one of the puzzling topics in astrophysics. To address this issue, several experiments searching for the existence of axions have been designed, built and realized in the last twenty years. Among all the others, light shining through walls experiments promise to push the exclusion limits to lower energies. For this reason, effort is put for the development of single-photon detectors operating at frequencies <100 GHz. Here, we review recent advancements in superconducting single-photon detection. In particular, we present two sensors based on onedimensional Josephson junctions with the capability to be in situ tuned by simple current bias: the nanoscale transition edge sensor (nano-TES) and the Josephson escape sensor (JES). These two sensors are the ideal candidates for the realization of microwave light shining through walls (LSW) experiments, since they show unprecedented frequency resolutions of about 100 GHz and 2 GHz for the nano-TES and JES, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state-of-the-art technology of X-ray microcalorimeters based on superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs), for applications in astrophysics and particle physics, is reviewed. We will show the advance in understanding the detector physics and describe the recent breakthroughs in the TES design that are opening the way towards the fabrication and the read-out of very large arrays of pixels with unprecedented energy resolution. The most challenging low temperature instruments for space- and ground-base experiments will be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) have emerged as one of the most promising novel low temperature detector technologies. Their unrivaled scalability makes them very attractive for many modern applications and scientific instruments. In this paper we intend to give an overview of how and where MKIDs are currently being used or are suggested to be used in the future. MKID based projects are ongoing or proposed for observational astronomy, particle physics, material science and THz imaging, and the goal of this review is to provide an easily usable and thorough list of possible starting points for more in-depth literature research on the many areas profiting from kinetic inductance detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrathin microstrips based on polycrystalline NbRe films were investigated in order to preliminarily test the suitability of this material for the realization of superconducting single-photon detectors. The voltage-current characteristics measured on these samples show clear hysteresis. This is a fundamental ingredient for investigating single-photon detection as well as single vortex fluctuation phenomena in 2D NbRe-based devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reference design for the next-generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment, CMB-S4, relies on large arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers coupled to Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)-based readout systems. Mapping the CMB to near cosmic variance limits will enable the search for signatures of inflation and constrain dark energy and neutrino physics. AlMn TESes provide simple film manufacturing and highly uniform arrays over large areas to meet the requirements of the CMB-S4 experiment. TES parameters such as critical temperature and normal resistance must be tuned to experiment specifications and can be varied based on geometry and steps in the fabrication process such as deposition layering, geometry, and baking time and temperature. Using four-terminal sensing, we measured T C and R N of AlMn 2000 ppm films and devices of varying thicknesses fabricated at Argonne National Laboratory to motivate device geometries and fabrication processes to tune T C to 150–200 mK and R N to ∼ 10 m Ω . Measurements of IV curves and time constants for the resulting devices of varying leg length were made using time-division SQUID multiplexing and determined T C , G, k, f 3 db , and R N . We present the results of these tests along with the geometries and fabrication steps used to tune the device parameters to the desired limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of dark matter is one of the puzzling topics in astrophysics. To address this issue, several experiments searching for the existence of axions have been designed, built and realized in the last twenty years. Among all the others, light shining through walls experiments promise to push the exclusion limits to lower energies. For this reason, effort is put for the development of single-photon detectors operating at frequencies

The state-of-the-art technology of X-ray microcalorimeters based on superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs), for applications in astrophysics and particle physics, is reviewed. We will show the advance in understanding the detector physics and describe the recent breakthroughs in the TES design that are opening the way towards the fabrication and the read-out of very large arrays of pixels with unprecedented energy resolution. The most challenging low temperature instruments for space- and ground-base experiments will be described.

In recent years Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) have emerged as one of the most promising novel low temperature detector technologies. Their unrivaled scalability makes them very attractive for many modern applications and scientific instruments. In this paper we intend to give an overview of how and where MKIDs are currently being used or are suggested to be used in the future. MKID based projects are ongoing or proposed for observational astronomy, particle physics, material science and THz imaging, and the goal of this review is to provide an easily usable and thorough list of possible starting points for more in-depth literature research on the many areas profiting from kinetic inductance detectors.

In the next decade, new ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments such as Simons Observatory, CCAT-prime, and CMB-S4 will increase the number of detectors observing the CMB by an order of magnitude or more, dramatically improving our understanding of cosmology and astrophysics. These projects will deploy receivers with as many as hundreds of thousands of transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers coupled to superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-based readout systems. It is well known that superconducting devices such as TESes and SQUIDs are sensitive to magnetic fields. However, the effects of magnetic fields on TESes are not easily predicted due to the complex behavior of the superconducting transition, which motivates direct measurements of the magnetic sensitivity of these devices. We present comparative four-lead measurements of the critical temperature versus applied magnetic field of AlMn TESes varying in geometry, doping, and leg length, including Advanced ACT and POLARBEAR-2/Simons Array bolometers. MoCu ACTPol TESes are also tested and are found to be more sensitive to magnetic fields than the AlMn devices. We present an observation of weak-link-like behavior in AlMn TESes at low critical currents. We also compare measurements of magnetic sensitivity for time division multiplexing SQUIDs and frequency division multiplexing microwave (μMUX) rf-SQUIDs. We discuss the implications of our measurements on the magnetic shielding required for future experiments that aim to map the CMB to near-fundamental limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a superconducting photon detector, the effective transition to the normal state can be induced by the instability of the flux flow regime. Indeed, in the presence of self-magnetic field, the local suppression of superconductivity induced by photon absorption determines vortex nucleation and flux flow regime, which can make the superconducting state unstable. Understanding such instability can boost the performances of those superconducting devices based on this resistive switching. Here, we present the study of the geometry influence on such instability in NbN and NbTiN ultrathin films. Despite the same patterned microbridge geometry, the two superconductors show different behaviors at very low applied magnetic fields. A comparison with other superconductors outlines the possibility to tune the resistive switching by geometry effects in interesting materials for devices applications. Finally, we also report the influence of the cooling environment on the electric critical power in superconducting thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition edge sensors (TES) offer some of the highest resolutions for solid-state X-ray spectrometers. We are developing TES detectors for use at hard X-ray synchrotron light sources for energy ranges up to 20 keV. Because TES resolving power scales inversely with the square root of heat capacity, it is important to have an absorber with both a small heat capacity and a large X-ray stopping power. We are developing electroplated bismuth (Bi) absorbers to meet these criteria. Although Bi has a smaller X-ray absorption at 20 keV than gold, the specific heat is up to two orders of magnitude smaller, allowing for much larger collection area (up to 1 mm ^2) without significantly increasing the total device specific heat. However, due to its low thermal conductivity, Bi absorbers may have longer thermalization times. Also, some evaporated Bi absorbers may produce spectra with low-energy tails that will hinder X-ray line shape analysis and increase minimum detectability limits of trace metals for X-ray fluorescence microscopy. We examine the impact of plating current density, agitation, film thickness, and seed layer thickness on the grain size, residual resistance ratio, and uniformity of Bi absorbers. Additionally, we discuss processing considerations important for successful electroplating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are developing room temperature electronics based upon the ROACH platform to readout microwave multiplexed X-ray TES. ROACH is an open-source hardware and software platform featuring a large Xilinx Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Power PC processor, several 10 GB Ethernet SFP+ interfaces, and a collection of daughter boards for analog signal generation and acquisition. The combination of a ROACH board, ADC/DAC conversion daughter boards, and hardware for RF mixing allows for the generation and capture of multiple RF tones for reading out microwave multiplexed X-ray TES microcalorimeters. The FPGA is used to generate multiple tones in base band, from 10 MHz to 250 MHz, which are subsequently mixed to RF in the multiple GHz range and sent through the microwave multiplexer. The tones are generated in the FPGA by storing a large lookup table in Quad Data Rate SRAM modules and playing out the waveform to a DAC board. Once the signal has been modulated to RF, passed through the microwave multiplexer, and has been modulated back to base band, the signal is digitized by an ADC board. The tones are modulated to 0 Hz by using a FPGA circuit consisting of a polyphase filter bank, several Xilinx FFT blocks, Xilinx CORDIC blocks (for converting to magnitude and phase), and special phase accumulator circuit for mixing to exactly 0 Hz. Upwards of 256 channels can be simultaneously captured and written into a bank of 256 First-In-First-Out (FIFO) memories, with each FIFO corresponding to a channel. Individual channel data can be further processed in the FPGA before being streamed through a 10 GB Ethernet fiber-optic interface to a Linux system. The Linux system runs software written in Python and QT C++ for controlling the ROACH system, capturing data, and processing data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We have been developing superconducting time-of-flight mass spectrometry systems that utilize superconducting strip particle detectors and single-flux-quantum (SFQ) time-to-digital converters (TDCs). We previously demonstrated a 24-bit SFQ TDC with a 3 × 24-bit first-in first-out (FIFO) buffer using the AIST Nb standard process (STP2) with a time resolution of 100 ps. In this study, we improved the SFQ TDC by using a current recycling technique. The technique enables us to increase the FIFO buffer capacity without increasing the total supply current, and the result is an improvement of ion count rates. We designed and demonstrated the SFQ TDC with a 12 × 24-bit FIFO buffer, whose total supply current was reduced by 71% with the current recycling technique. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

I present a review of the developments in kinetic inductance detectors (KID) for mm-wave and THz imaging-polarimetry in the framework of the Grenoble collaboration. The main application that we have targeted so far is large field-of-view astronomy. I focus in particular on our own experiment: NIKA2 (Néel IRAM KID Arrays). NIKA2 is today the largest millimetre camera available to the astronomical community for general purpose observations. It consists of a dual-band, dual-polarisation, multi-thousands pixels system installed at the IRAM 30-m telescope at Pico Veleta (Spain). I start with a general introduction covering the underlying physics and the KID working principle. Then I describe briefly the instrument and the detectors, to conclude with examples of pictures taken on the Sky by NIKA2 and its predecessor, NIKA. Thanks to these results, together with the relative simplicity and low cost of the KID fabrication, industrial applications requiring passive millimetre-THz imaging have now become possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The B-mode Foreground Experiment (BFORE) is a proposed NASA balloon project designed to make optimal use of the sub-orbital platform by concentrating on three dust foreground bands (270, 350, and 600 GHz) that complement ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) programs. BFORE will survey $$\sim $$ 1/4 of the sky with 1.7-3.7 arcminute resolution, enabling precise characterization of the Galactic dust that now limits constraints on inflation from CMB B-mode polarization measurements. In addition, BFORE's combination of frequency coverage, large survey area, and angular resolution enables science far beyond the critical goal of measuring foregrounds. BFORE will constrain the velocities of thousands of galaxy clusters, provide a new window on the cosmic infrared background, and probe magnetic fields in the interstellar medium. We review the BFORE science case, timeline, and instrument design, which is based on a compact off-axis telescope coupled to $${>}10,000$$ superconducting detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the design and the preliminary on-sky performance with respect to beams and passbands of a multichroic polarimeter array covering the 90 and 146 GHz cosmic microwave background bands and its enabling broad-band optical system recently deployed on the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). The constituent pixels are feedhorn-coupled multichroic polarimeters fabricated at NIST. This array is coupled to the ACT telescope via a set of three silicon lenses incorporating novel broad-band metamaterial anti-reflection coatings. This receiver represents the first multichroic detector array deployed for a CMB experiment and paves the way for the extensive use of multichroic detectors and broad-band optical systems in the next generation of CMB experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced ACTPol is a polarization-sensitive upgrade for the 6 m aperture Atacama Cosmology Telescope, adding new frequencies and increasing sensitivity over the previous ACTPol receiver. In 2016, Advanced ACTPol will begin to map approximately half the sky in five frequency bands (28-230 GHz). Its maps of primary and secondary cosmic microwave background anisotropies-imaged in intensity and polarization at few arcminute-scale resolution-will enable precision cosmological constraints and also a wide array of cross-correlation science that probes the expansion history of the universe and the growth of structure via gravitational collapse. To accomplish these scientific goals, the Advanced ACTPol receiver will be a significant upgrade to the ACTPol receiver, including four new multichroic arrays of cryogenic, feedhorn-coupled AlMn transition edge sensor polarimeters (fabricated on 150 mm diameter wafers); a system of continuously rotating meta-material silicon half-wave plates; and a new multiplexing readout architecture which uses superconducting quantum interference devices and time division to achieve a 64-row multiplexing factor. Here we present the status and scientific goals of the Advanced ACTPol instrument, emphasizing the design and implementation of the Advanced ACTPol cryogenic detector arrays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanophotonic integrated circuits made from diamond-on-insulator templates are promising candidates for full-scale classical and quantum optical applications on a chip. For operation on a single photon level, both passive devices as well as light sources and single photon detectors co-implemented with a waveguide architecture are essential. Here, we present an in-depth investigation of the efficiency and timing characteristics of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) situated directly atop diamond waveguides. Effects of nanowire length and critical current on the SNSPD performance are elaborated and true single-photon detection capability is confirmed by statistical measures. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

NIKA (New IRAM KID Arrays) is a dual-band imaging instrument installed at the IRAM (Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimetrique) 30-meter telescope at Pico Veleta (Spain). Two distinct Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID) focal planes allow the camera to simultaneous image a field-of-view of about 2 arc-min in the bands 125 to 175 GHz (150 GHz) and 200 to 280 GHz (240 GHz). The sensitivity and stability achieved during the last commissioning Run in June 2013 allows opening the instrument to general observers. We report here the latest results, in particular in terms of sensitivity, now comparable to the state-of-the-art Transition Edge Sensors (TES) bolometers, relative and absolute photometry. We describe briefly the next generation NIKA-2 instrument, selected by IRAM to occupy, from 2015, the continuum imager/polarimeter slot at the 30-m telescope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multichroic polarization sensitive detectors enable increased sensitivity and spectral coverage for observations of the cosmic microwave background. An array optimized for dual frequency detectors can provide 1.7 times gain in sensitivity compared to a single frequency array. We present the design and measurements of horn coupled multichroic polarimeters encompassing the 90 and 150 GHz frequency bands and discuss our plans to field an array of these detectors as part of the ACTPol project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]