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Background: An international epidemic known as dental anxiety impacts individuals of all ages worldwide. Children, adults, and society as a whole may all be significantly impacted by the disorder, which has a negative influence on quality of life related to dental health. Dental anxiety has a complex aetiology, making it difficult to treat with a single therapy, which is a major deterrent to getting dental care. The paediatric dentist can determine the best management options by properly evaluating the patient and determining their source and level of anxiety. Estimates of dental anxiety's prevalence may also be affected by the techniques employed to measure it. Aim: This systematic review and meta analysis was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of several projective dental associated anxiety measurement tools used in children as well as evaluate the many accessible dental anxiety scales. Methods and materials: The articles were chosen by two independent reviewers in two stages. In the first stage, each reviewer individually searched titles and abstracts according to the eligibility requirements. Articles were added to the systematic review when a third evaluator made a consensus decision in cases of disagreements. The preselected papers were subjected to full text examination by the same reviewers in phase two in order to determine eligibility and extract pertinent data. We employ the PICO framework, which compared (C) the different types of tools for measurement of anxieties like FIS, VPT, and RMS. the outcome (O) was anxiety scores in the population (P) consisting of children in the age range of 3 to 15 years, with no intervention (i) administered. For this meta-analysis, descriptive cross-sectional research were used. Two reviewers extracted the following data from the selected articles: author(s) and year of publication, design of study , objective of research, age and size of population, dental related anxiety measuring tools applied and outcome Results: 13 studies were ultimately chosen for comprehensive assessment. The VPT and the FIS were examined on a combined total of 295 and 293 kids, respectively. In the population under investigation, there was a computed average difference between the two tools of 0.14 (95% CI: 0.27-0.49). There was no significant variance statistically (p value = 0.76), indicating that both scales are equally accurate in determining the level of anxiety in the paediatric population. There were 209 kids evaluated for the RMS and VPT tools in total. In the population under investigation, there was a computed average difference between the two tools of 0.29 (95% CI: 0.81-0.22). Both were on par, showing that both were equally reliable (p=0.33). There were 209 kids evaluated for the RMS and VPT tools in total. In the population under investigation, there was a computed average difference between the two tools of 0.29 (95% CI: 0.81-0.22). Conclusion: We draw the conclusion that VPT, FIS, and RMS scales are the most often used projective measures in paediatric dentistry. These three tools are equally useful in determining how anxious kids are about visiting the dentist. The findings from this paper can be used by academics, clinicians, and psychologists to choose the best dental related anxiety evaluation system for their specific needs. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.22 (Special Issue) 2023 p.S -S

People with disabilities experience inferior health and poor access to good quality health services as compared with the general population. Optimum oral health is associated with improvement in the quality of life in such patients. As oral diseases are largely preventable, good oral health education can have a positive impact on individuals with disabilities. So, the aim of the study was to review the effectiveness of oral health promotion among individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs). Seven electronic databases were searched using keywords like intellectual disability/mental retardation/learning disability AND dental health education/health promotion. All records that were identified electronically from this search were subjected to a preliminary review to identify eligible papers. Identified studies were grouped into oral health promotion directed at individuals with IDs, and those aimed at caregivers of people with IDs. Interpretation of the outcomes included the effects on oral health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (either observed or self-reported). Eventually, 16 studies were included in the review including five studies that were randomized controlled trials, while the remaining 11 studies were pre-post single group oral health promotion studies. Critical appraisal of each study was conducted with the 21-item criteria by Kay and Locker (1997) to provide a numerical quantification and ranking of the evidence. Positive changes in the behaviors and attitudes were observed, while other studies reported a considerable improvement in the knowledge of caregivers for oral healthcare of individuals with IDs. However, such activities need to be done over a long period of time with constant monitoring.

Background: Globally, teachers have misconceptions about epilepsy and its management. Little is known about Saudi Teachers' knowledge about epilepsy in Taif City. Method: Descriptive questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey of a sample of schoolteachers in Taif Governate. Results: The study included (n = 420) schoolteachers. All heard about epilepsy and (n = 116, 27.6%) knew about epilepsy from an afflicted individual, and (n = 102, 24.3%) from social media outlets. Most teachers believed that an epileptic fit constitutes seizures (n = 370, 88.1%). Some (n = 330, 78.6%) were not satisfied with their knowledge level. Attitudes were positively associated with years of experience, but, generally, were only modest with 50.2% fearful of having an epileptic child in class. The mean practice score was 6.9 (out of 15). Practice was improved by having a pupil with epilepsy in class. Discussion and Conclusion: Schoolteachers in Taif showed excellent crude knowledge about epilepsy. However, knowledge of crucial details of the disorder were poor. This could be due to reliance on social media for information. There was high level of insight among schoolteachers regarding their sub-optimum knowledge levels. Knowledge was much better among experienced schoolteachers. Witnessing an epileptic fit improved knowledge. Teachers' attitudes toward epilepsy were negative, likely because of significant epilepsy-related stigma. Years of experience were significantly associated with increased attitude score. Schoolteachers' actual practice in handling epilepsy cases was below-expectation. There is pressing need for high-quality workshops to address knowledge and practice deficits.

Introduction: Preventive oral health of a child is dependent on the parental knowledge toward caries control, care of deciduous tooth, use of space maintainers for malocclusion, and utilization of various procedures available for preventing oral diseases by oral health professionals. This study was aimed to assess the attitude and awareness of preventive dentistry among parents residing in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A cross-sectional, questionnaire study was conducted among 300 male parents. Questionnaire was sent through the use of social media, and responses were collected. Results: Seventy-four percent of male Saudi parents were aware of prevention of oral diseases. 38.45% of male parents were aware of preventive dentistry procedure, but preventive dentistry utilization rate was seen among 6% population only. Attitude toward the prevention of oral disease was statistically not significant according to the age group and income but statistically significant according to education. The utilization of preventive procedures was significant according to education and income (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Awareness about preventive dentistry was more among Saudi parents but utilization rate was directly correlated to their education and income. After The utilization of preventive procedures was significant according to education and income (P < 0.05).

Introduction: Periodontal disease and its relation with quality of life have made it necessary to know in detail regarding the disease. Hence, the aim of this study was to check the validity of self-reported periodontal status with clinical findings among subjects attending a dental teaching institution. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on subjects with periodontitis attending a dental teaching institution. A questionnaire was developed after reviewing the relevant literature and participants were asked to complete the questionnaire. Information about signs and symptoms of periodontal disease was included, and subjects were examined for periodontal disease. Data were recorded and analyzed for sensitivity and specificity. Result: A total of 103 subjects answered the study questionnaire and underwent clinical examination. The sensitivity of question varied from 16.6% with need of periodontal or gum treatment to 57.1% in case of gingival swelling. In many questions, more than 90% of specificity was found. There was a difference in self-assessed periodontal status with clinically examined periodontal status. Conclusion: Self-assessed questionnaires were of low value in evaluating oral periodontal disease status. Periodontal perception of subjects was higher but does not reflect with clinical findings; this calls for educational programs to be conducted to improve knowledge and awareness about periodontal diseases.

OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of triphala mouthwash (TRP-MW) in being equally effective to chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX-MW) in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic searches in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL were conducted in databases up to April 2020. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing clinical efficacy of TRP-MW (test group) in comparison with CHX-MW in treating plaque-induced gingivitis were considered. The primary outcome was gingival index (GI), whereas the secondary outcome was plaque index (PI). RESULTS Seven RCTs were included. All studies showed that TRP-MW administration was significantly effective as compared to CHX-MW in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis. Considering the effects of TRP-MW on clinical gingival inflammatory parameters, significant heterogeneity for both GI (χ2 = 72.77, P

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the total occlusal convergence guessing by sight and ruler methods and compare with the snapshots for accuracy. Materials and methods: The methods used for total occlusal convergence (TOC) preparation were assessed among students, interns, and dental specialists after die preparation and compared with the snapshots for accuracy. Results: In all, 47% of the specialist’s observation achieved the recommended TOC angle, while 29.25% was obtained by undergraduates. Conclusion: In conclusion, specialist’s observation was better in both ruler and sight guessing methods compared to dental students and interns.

This research paper presents results of a study evaluating the influence of multi-level printing process parameters on 3D printed parts in FDM of PLA Plus. In this study, the effects of printing temperature, printing speed along with skirt/brim with and without top/bottom thickness were considered. The investigations show that the measured dimensions are always more than the CAD dimension along the z-direction (height) but dimensions along x- and y-directions (length and width) are less than the CAD dimension and not necessarily equal. The surface roughness fluctuated over independent printing process parameters along with the density. The results show that the Q-Q (quantile-quantile) plot of density is a very impressive and promising method in 3D FDM printing process parameters optimization.

Aim To assess the different polishing systems on the color stability and surface roughness of nanocomposite resins. Materials and methods A total of 60 composite resin samples were fabricated. The Tetric N Ceram composite was compacted into the custom-made cylindrical metallic mold of internal diameter 6 × 6 mm. Based on the polishing system used, sixty samples were divided into three groups. Group I: Sof-Lex, group II: Shofu super-snap polishing disks, and group III: Astropol. The samples in each group were immersed in beverage, that is tea. Spectrophotometer was used to measure the color of the samples after staining period. And surface profilometer was used to measure all surface roughness. Results Of the three groups, Sof-Lex polishing group reported the least mean value of 0.458 ± 0.118 succeeded by Astropol polishing group (0.494 ± 0.121) and Shofu super-snap polishing group (0.540 ± 0.031) having the higher mean value. Statistically significant difference was found between the different polishing systems calculated by analysis of variance. And color change between the groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion We conclude that a composite polished with Sof-Lex was a superior polish compared to Astropol polishing group and Shofu super-snap polishing group. There was only a minimal difference in the color stability of the composite between the groups. Clinical significance Excellent finishing and polishing are the critical steps to enhance the esthetics and longevity of the composite restorations. High strength, fracture toughness, surface hardness, optimum polishability, and gloss are the functional properties which need assessment while a resin composite is used for restoration. How to cite this article: Dhananjaya KM, Vadavadagi SV, Almalki SA, et al. In Vitro Analysis of Different Polishing Systems on the Color Stability and Surface Roughness of Nanocomposite Resins. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20(11):1335-1338.

Aim: The present study aimed to assess the microleakage in primary teeth restored with tooth-colored materials using the dye penetration method. Materials and methods: A total of 60 healthy primary molar teeth were included in this study and standardized class II mesio-occlusal cavities were prepared on the samples. Consequently, these teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n = 20 each group) such as group I: nano-filled resin-modified glass-ionomer, group II: nanocomposite resin, and group III: Cention N. After completing all the restorations, the restored teeth were subjected to 100 cycles of thermocycling. Next, all the surfaces of the tooth, except the restoration and a 1-mm zone adjacent to the restoration’s margins, were covered with two coats of nail varnish. The coated teeth were then submerged in a 0.5% basic fuchsin dye solution. The teeth were then sectioned along the center of each restoration mesiodistally. Each part was visualized under a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnifications to assess microleakage. Results: Out of all the included restorative materials, the least microleakage was demonstrated by teeth restored by the nano-filled resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) group (1.05 ± 0.21) followed by the Cention N group (1.84 ± 0.14) and the nanocomposite resin group (3.10 ± 0.03). A statistical method involving the analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant difference among the different restorative materials. Multiple comparisons among the restorative materials showed a statistically significant difference between groups I and II and groups II and III restorative materials (p < 0.05). The dye penetration score 1 was more [11(55%)] for the nano-filled RMGI group, score 3 was more [12(60%)] for the nanocomposite resin group, and score 2 was more [9(45%)] for the Cention N group. Conclusion: The present study showed significantly less microleakage associated with the nano-filled resin-modified glass ionomer group than nanocomposite resin and Cention N groups. Clinical significance: Since many years, dentists have encountered a challenging problem with cervical lesions. Thus, an interdisciplinary treatment approach is the appropriate option in the management of carious teeth that involve gingival recession and cervical extension.

Aim The present study aims to assess the efficacy of non-resorbable and bioabsorbable guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane periodontal tissue regenerative methods. Materials and methods Thirty teeth taken from 20 patients (8 males and 12 females) within the age range of 20-55 years having chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this trial. All the enrolled patients underwent phase I therapy which included scaling and root planing performed in two sittings by a single practitioner. Patients who fulfilled the selection criteria entered the study and were randomly allocated to the three groups. Group I: control group, group II: patients who received a non-resorbable GTR membrane, and group III: patients who received a bioabsorbable GTR membrane. The clinical parameters that were documented at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively were the gingival index, plaque index, and probing depth (vertical and horizontal) for all the three groups. Results The mean gingival index score was 1.64 ± 0.32 in group III at baseline, which decreased to 1.20 ± 0.10 at 6 months postoperatively. The plaque index reduced from 1.36 ± 0.46 at baseline to 1.04 ± 0.01 at 6 months postoperatively. The vertical and horizontal probing depths demonstrated a statistically significant difference between all the three groups. Conclusion The present study established that both membranes resulted in clinically and statistically significant improvements in the treatment of grade II furcation defects.

Aim The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of various concentrations of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract on periodontal pathogens. Materials and methods Matured, healthy and disease-free leaves of Eucalyptus globulus were collected. The leaves were washed under tap water and finally dried in an oven at a temperature of 45°C for 48 hours. The dried plants were ground in an electric blender to make them into a powder. The powder was mixed with 100% ethanol and kept it inside a shaker overnight at 35°C. The mixture was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2,500 rpm. Three different concentrations (10%, 50%, and 100% v/v) were used as antibacterial agents. Chlorhexidine (0.2%) was considered as positive control and dimethyl formamide was considered as negative control against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the extract's antibacterial activity against the test organisms. A digital Vernier caliper was used to measure the diameter of antibacterial activity showing the zone of inhibition in millimeters. Results Eucalyptus globulus with 100% concentration showed a maximum zone of inhibition against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis (5.38 ± 0.32 mm, 4.82 ± 0.11 mm) followed by 50% and 10% accordingly. The negative control of dimethyl formamide showed a zone of inhibition of 0.48 ± 0.96 mm and 0.63 ± 0.20 mm against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. The positive control of 0.2% chlorhexidine showed a zone of inhibition of 8.46 ± 1.02 mm and 7.18 ± 0.54 mm against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. The ANOVA test showed a highly significant antibacterial efficacy in 0.2% chlorhexidine and 100% concentration Eucalyptus globulus. Conclusion A significant maximum zone of inhibition against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was showed by 100% concentration of Eucalyptus globulus. Clinical significance Other than the systemic diseases treatment, Eucalyptus globulus also serves as an effective promising alternative to antibiotics in the prevention of oral infections because of the natural phytochemicals existing in them.

Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (cITSs) is one of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications whose purpose is to improve road safety and traffic efficiency. Within this system, vehicles can communicate with one another by establishing a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) along the road section. Although such connectivity facilitates the exchange of information related to road safety and traffic efficiency, it puts the vehicles at risk in that an attacker could compromise one or more vehicles and use them to share false information causing congestions and/or life-threatening accidents. Although several studies tried to address this issue, they assume that the network topology and/or attack behaviour is stationary, which is not realistic as the cITS is dynamic in nature and the attackers may have the ability and resources to change their behaviour continuously. Therefore, these assumptions are not suitable and lead to low detection accuracy and high false alarms. To this end, this paper proposes a misbehaviour detection model that can cope with the dynamicity of both cITS topology and attack behaviour. The model starts by addressing the issue of missing data that happen at the early stages of the model formation after a topology change. Then, the deep learning approach is used to select the discriminative features used to train. We expect that the proposed model will help to overcome the limitations of related solutions by detecting attacks that change their behaviour continuously.

The present study aims to assess the efficacy of different periodontal dressing materials on wound healing clinically.A total of 45 patients between the age group of 30-45 years, with chronic generalized periodontitis with loss of attachment of 3-6 mm, who require periodontal flap surgery, were screened to include in the study. Out of 45 subjects, 24 were males and 21 were females. The subjects were randomized into 3 groups as 15 in each. Group I: a collagen dressing, group II: light-cure dressing, and group III: non-eugenol-based dressing. The clinical parameters such as plaque index, vertical probing depth, pain, gingival index, and patient satisfaction were documented for all the three groups on the 7th and the 14th day. Visual analog scale (VAS) was used to score the pain severity. The SPSS 20 software was used to analyze the data. The significance level was set at 5%.The mean gingival index score reduced from 1.40 ± 0.14 to 1.10 ± 0.30 in group I, from 1.48 ± 0.01 to 1.26 ± 0.22 in group II, and from 1.58 ± 0.16 to 1.33 ± 0.10 in group III. The mean plaque index score reduced from 1.48 ± 0.56 to 1.18 ± 0.40 in group I, from 1.46 ± 0.01 to 1.24 ± 0.48 in group II, and from 1.42 ± 0.12 to 1.20 ± 0.20 in group III. There was a statistical difference found in all the three groups and between the groups from the plaque and gingival index scores. The probing depth comparison shows a significant difference in group I. Patient satisfaction was almost similar in all the groups. The pain index showed the reduction in the pain severity from the 7th day to the 14th day in all the subjects from all the three groups.It can be concluded that the periodontal wound covered with a collagen dressing material showed significant evidence to provide symptomatic relief and better healing to the patients compared to that of light-cure and non-eugenol periodontal dressing material.

The present study aimed to assess the microleakage in primary teeth restored with tooth-colored materials using the dye penetration method.A total of 60 healthy primary molar teeth were included in this study and standardized class II mesio-occlusal cavities were prepared on the samples. Consequently, these teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups (Out of all the included restorative materials, the least microleakage was demonstrated by teeth restored by the nano-filled resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) group (1.05 ± 0.21) followed by the Cention N group (1.84 ± 0.14) and the nanocomposite resin group (3.10 ± 0.03). A statistical method involving the analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant difference among the different restorative materials. Multiple comparisons among the restorative materials showed a statistically significant difference between groups I and II and groups II and III restorative materials (The present study showed significantly less microleakage associated with the nano-filled resin-modified glass ionomer group than nanocomposite resin and Cention N groups.Since many years, dentists have encountered a challenging problem with cervical lesions. Thus, an interdisciplinary treatment approach is the appropriate option in the management of carious teeth that involve gingival recession and cervical extension.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-reported gingival bleeding, oral health perception, practices, and concerns. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey among undergraduates of University of Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia using a self-administered item structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences and P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The response rate was 96.3%. The prevalence of self-reported gingival bleeding among respondents was 48.79%. Individuals with gingival bleeding were significantly more likely to rate their dental and gingival health as fair/poor, use of strong brushing stroke during tooth brushing and worsening condition of teeth despite daily tooth brushing. They also expressed worry about the gingival color and less likely to be satisfied about the appearance of their teeth and to have received professional instruction on tooth brushing. Conclusion: Data from this survey revealed an established relationship between gingival bleeding, perceived dental and gingival health, worry about the color of gingiva, satisfaction with the appearance of the teeth, and visiting dental office because of gingival bleeding.

Introduction: Chronic gastritis is one of the common serious pandemic infections in developing countries with severe sequelae such as peptic ulcer or gastric ulcer, though the prevalence of chronic gastritis has markedly declined in developed population. More than half of the people are suffering from chronic gastritis globally at present. Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood is a major contributing factor of chronic gastritis, which microbial origin is a critical factor for understanding epidemiology and course of the disease. An aggressive inflammation due to gastritis can cause severe destruction of stomach mucosa in years (Atrophic gastritis) and increases the risk of gastric cancer. Thus, prompt early diagnosis and proper measures and treatment is the key to manage chronic gastritis.The aim of Work: The review aims to understand the course, etiology, and management of chronic gastritis.Methodology: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 1985, through February 2017. The following search terms were used: Chronic gastritis, gastric atrophy, Helicobacter pylori, peptic ulcer.Conclusion: Gastritis has a microbial origin and infectious background; chronic gastritis may occur in long course. With knowledge and epidemiology of H.pylori, it can be managed with well along with improvement in hygiene and socioeconomics. With such improvements risk of acquiring infection lessens and it may eradicate in future decades from medical practice, in most of the developed countries. Keywords: Chronic gastritis, gastric atrophy, Helicobacter pylori, peptic ulcer.

Aims: The aim of the study is to appraise the awareness levels among dentists of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) regarding oral cancer. Materials and Methods: A survey based on questionnaire was done to evaluate the acquaintance levels regarding oral cancer among the dentists working in the governmental and private dental clinic, Riyadh city, KSA. Results: Majority of the patients were male (57.9%, n = 117), most were working in private clinics (57.4%, n = 116), graduated within 15 years (2003–2018) (89.1%, n = 180), and general practitioners (78.7%, n = 159). The variation between knowledge and age, gender, year of graduation, and specialty (P > 0.05) among dentists was insignificant. Conclusion: For early detection of oral cancers, dentists have a vital role as they are the persons who see and observe oral cavity during routine dental checkups and can help identify suspicious lesions before having any symptoms.

Background: Various life variables are known not essential to the advancement of type 2 diabetes including weight, absence of adequate physical action, terrible eating routine, anxiety, and urbanization. A number of dietary factors such as consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks in excess and the type of fats in the diet also appear to play a role. Objectives: Estimating the prevalence of successful control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and its determinants at Diabetic Centre, Prince Mansur Military Hospital for Community Medicine, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was adopted. It included adult DM type 2 patients (18-60 years), at (PMFCH), Armed Forces Hospital, Taif region. Successful control of type 2 DM has been defined strictly by achievement of targeted glycemic control glycated hemoglobin (HBA1C)