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After application, herbicides often reach the soil and affect non-target soil microorganisms, decreasing their population, diversity or affecting metabolic activity. Therefore, laboratory studies were performed to evaluate the effects of diuron, hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl alone and mixed upon carbon transformation by soil microorganisms in clayey and sandy soils and the effect on bacterial diversity and structure. Control treatment without herbicide application was also performed. Sub-samples from the control and herbicide treatments (10 g - in triplicate) were collected before herbicide application and 7, 14, 28 and 42 days after treatment (DAT), then 1 mL of

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae responds to amino acid deprivation by activating a pathway conserved in eukaryotes to overcome the starvation stress. We have screened the entire yeast heterozygous deletion collection to identify strains haploinsufficient for growth in the presence of sulfometuron methyl, which causes starvation for isoleucine and valine. We have discovered that cells devoid of MET15 are sensitive to sulfometuron methyl, and loss of heterozygosity at the MET15 locus can complicate screening the heterozygous deletion collection. We identified 138 cases of loss of heterozygosity in this screen. After eliminating the issues of the MET15 loss of heterozygosity, strains isolated from the collection were retested on sulfometuron methyl. To determine the general effect of the mutations for a starvation response, SMM-sensitive strains were tested for the ability to grow in the presence of canavanine, which induces arginine starvation, and strains that were MET15 were also tested for growth in the presence of ethionine, which causes methionine starvation. Many of the genes identified in our study were not previously identified as starvation-responsive genes, including a number of essential genes that are not easily screened in a systematic way. The genes identified span a broad range of biological functions, including many involved in some level of gene expression. Several unnamed proteins have also been identified, giving a clue as to possible functions of the encoded proteins.

Invertases play an essential role in partitioning photosynthates between storage and growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of acid and neutral invertases and the role they play in controlling the accumulation of sucrose in sugarcane as a result of the application of plant regulators in the beginning of the cropping season.A randomized block experimental design was adopted, with five replicates.The treatments consisted in the application of three plant regulators of the class of growth inhibitors (Sulfomethuron-methyl - 20g ha-1, Glyphosate - 0.4L ha-1, and Compounds from organic carboxylic radicals + Glyphosate - 1L ha-1 + 0.15L ha-1), in addition to a control (natural ripening).The acid and neutral invertase levels are affected in different ways and intensities, due to the active principle used as ripening agent and to the weather conditions.In sugarcane variety RB85-5453, with the conditions described in this experiment, it is suggested high levels of soluble acid invertase in relation to levels of neutral invertase; however, the first was characterized by high sucrose content in the stalks.Inverse correlation could be established for sugarcane variety RB85-5453 between soluble acid invertase levels and effective sucrose accumulation in the stalks. Invertases desempenham um papel essencial no particionamento de fotossintatos entre armazenamento e crescimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade das enzimas invertases ácida e alcalina (neutra) e o papel que desempenham no controle do acúmulo de sacarose em cana-de-açúcar, como resultado da aplicação de reguladores vegetais no início da época de colheita. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de três reguladores vegetais da classe dos inibidores de crescimento (Sulfometuron-metil - 20g ha-1, Glifosato - 0,4L ha-1, e Compostos de radicais carboxílicos orgânicos + Glifosato - 1L ha-1 + 0,15L ha-1), além do controle (maturação natural). Os níveis das invertases ácida e neutra são afetados de maneiras e intensidades distintas, devido ao princípio ativo utilizado como agente de maturação e das condições meteorológicas. Para a variedade RB85-5453, nas condições descritas neste experimento, sugerem-se níveis elevados de SAI em relação à NI;no entanto, a primeira foi caracterizada por um elevado teor de sacarose nos colmos. Correlação inversa pode ser estabelecida entre a atividade da invertase ácida e o acúmulo de sacarose.

Trinexapac-ethyl and sulfometuron-methyl are the most widely used ripeners in sugarcane. The application is performed by airborne spraying. Thus, if weather conditions are unfavorable, spray drift to neighboring areas may occur. The objective of this study was to assess the selectivity of the plant growth regulators trinexapac-ethyl and sulfometuron-methyl, used as sugarcane ripeners, to eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urograndis) young plants. The experiment was installed in an eucalyptus commercial yield area, in the municipality of Tambaú, state of São Paulo, Brazil, and arranged in a 2 x 8 factorial design in randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments studied were trinexapac-ethyl and sulfometuron-methyl, sprayed in eight doses, 0; 1.0; 2.5; 5.0; 10; 25; 50 and 100% of the dose used in sugarcane as ripeners (200 g ha-1 of trinexapac-ethyl and 15 g ha-1 of sulfometuron-methyl). Chemical ripeners were applied on eucalyptus plants with 48 cm in height on average; 10.1 branches; 4.5 mm of stem diameter and 44.3 cm of crown diameter, at 46 days after seeding. Trinexapac-ethyl was selective to eucalyptus and stimulated crown diameter growth. At higher doses, sulfometuron-methyl promoted severe noticeable injuries in eucalyptus plants, such as apical bud death. However, during the assessment period the plants recovered and the visual symptoms of phytotoxicity and growth alterations were not observed at 60 days after application. The plant growth regulators trinexapac-ethyl and sulfometuron-methyl were selective to eucalyptus young plants. Entre os maturadores, o trinexapac-ethyl e o sulfometuron-methyl são os mais usados nos canaviais. A pulverização é aérea, de modo que, se as condições meteorológicas não forem favoráveis, poderá ocorrer deriva para culturas vizinhas. Assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a seletividade dos reguladores vegetais trinexapac-ethyl e sulfometuron-methyl, utilizados como maturadores em cana-de-açúcar, para plantas jovens de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urograndis). O experimento foi instalado em área de produção comercial de eucalipto, no município de Tambaú, SP, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 8, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos estudados foram trinexapac-ethyl e sulfometuron-methyl, pulverizados em oito dosagens: 0; 1,0; 2,5; 5,0; 10; 25; 50; e 100% da dose utilizada em cana-de-açúcar como maturador (200 g ha-1 de trinexapac-ethyl e 15 g ha-1 de sulfometuron-methyl). Os reguladores de crescimento foram aplicados sobre as plantas de eucalipto com 48 cm de altura, 10,1 ramos, 4,5 mm de diâmetro de caule e 44,3 cm de diâmetro de copa, aos 46 dias após o plantio. O trinexapac-ethyl foi seletivo para o eucalipto e estimulou o crescimento do diâmetro de copa. Já o sulfometuron-methyl, nas maiores doses testadas, ocasionou injúrias visuais severas às plantas de eucalipto, como a morte de gemas apicais. Contudo, no decorrer das avaliações, as plantas recuperaram-se, não sendo observados sintomas visuais de fitointoxicação ou alteração do crescimento aos 60 dias após a aplicação. Os reguladores vegetais trinexapac-ethyl e sulfometuron-methyl foram seletivos para plantas jovens de eucalipto.

A study was conducted to refine herbicide rates for sequential applications of sulfometuron methyl over newly planted Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Container-grown, 6-wk-old seedlings were planted in July 2011 on a nonbedded agricultural site in Quincy, FL and on a bedded forestry site in Wing, AL. Treatments included a single sulfometuron application at 13, 26, 39, or 52 g ha−1, 2 wk after planting; sequential applications at the same rates, 2 and 8 wk after planting; and a nontreated check. All sulfometuron treatments provided effective control of all vegetation groups at both sites, with the exception of 13 g ha−1 for forbs in Quincy. Sparse weed cover in Wing was eliminated by any sulfometuron treatment. In Quincy, two applications provided better weed control than a single one, resulting in more bare ground and less grass and vines. Bare ground increased with increasing sulfometuron rate from 0 to 26 g ha−1. The 26 g ha−1 rate resulted in 95 and 88% bare ground 6 and 12 wk after the first application, respectively, compared to 62 and 51%, respectively for the nontreated check. All sulfometuron treatments had a small positive effect on Eucalyptus seedling growth at the Quincy site, resulting in greater stem diameter (6.0 to 6.7 mm) than the nontreated check (5.0 mm), despite slight foliar necrosis. At the Wing site, in addition to slight foliar necrosis, sulfometuron decreased final seedling survival, height, and stem diameter (48 to 68%, 77.8 to 81.6 cm, and 8.7 to 9.2 mm, respectively), compared to the nontreated check (99%, 88.3 cm and 11.2 mm, respectively). Two sulfometuron applications at 13 to 26 g ha−1 provided selective weed control at both sites, but further refinement is needed for various Eucalyptus genotypes, soil, and vegetation types.

The use of ripeners has been a common practice in the sugarcane culture. The application of these products is often performed through aerial spraying, which increases the chances of drifting of the ripeners- molecules over the surrounding crops, such as maize. In order to study possible phytointoxication on maize caused by sulfometuron-methyl application, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of sulfometuron-methyl sub doses on maize when applied at the V4 and V8 development stages. The experiment was installed in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments followed a 2 x 5 factor scheme, with the first factor corresponding to development stages of maize during which the ripener was applied (V4 and V8) and the second factor was related to sulfometuronmethyl sub doses (0; 0.45; 0.90; 1.35 and 1.80 g a.i. ha 1). The maize crop showed phytotoxicity with the use of 0.45 g a.i. ha-1 of sulfometuron-methyl; it was more severe when the application occurred at the development stage V8, leading the plant to death at the highest used dose. Furthermore, it was also possible to observe negative changes in the morphological and production components of maize plants. The SYN 7G17 maize hybrid is highly susceptible to sulfometuron-methyl. The occurrence of sulfometuron-methyl deposits at higher doses or at different development stages of the crop may reflect more severe phytotoxic effects than the ones observed in this study. RESUMO O uso de maturadores tem sido prática comum na cultura da cana-deaçúcar. A aplicação desses produtos ocorre muitas vezes por meio de pulverização aérea, o que aumenta as chances de ocorrer a deriva dessas moléculas em culturas circunvizinhas, como o milho. A fim de estudar possíveis fitointoxicações no milho ocasionadas pela aplicação de sulfometuron-methyl, foi realizado um experimento em campo com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de sub doses desse maturador quando aplicado nos estádios de desenvolvimento V4 e V8 da cultura do milho. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos seguiram o esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com o primeiro fator correspondente aos estádios de desenvolvimento do milho em que foi aplicado o maturador (V4 e V8), e o segundo, referente às sub doses de sulfometuron-methyl (0; 0,45; 0,90; 1,35; e 1,80 g i.a. ha-1). As plantas de milho apresentaram fitotoxicidade com o uso da subdose de 0,45 g i.a. ha-1 de sulfometuron-methyl, sendo esta mais severa quando a aplicação foi feita no estádio de desenvolvimento V8, levando as plantas à morte nas maiores sub doses utilizadas. Ainda, observaramse também alterações negativas nos componentes morfológicos e de produção nas plantas de milho. O híbrido de milho SYN 7G17 é altamente suscetível ao sulfometuron-methyl. A ocorrência de depósitos de sulfometuron-methyl em doses maiores ou ainda em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura pode refletir em efeitos fitotóxicos mais graves do que os encontrados neste estudo.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:02:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-04-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The technical and agricultural planning of sugarcane crops has been crucial to ensure that high-quality millable cane is supplied to the sugar and alcohol industry. This study aimed to evaluate sugarcane development, sucrose accumulation (pol cane), stalk productivity, invertase activity, and ratoon regrowth with the application of plant regulators of the growth inhibitors class [sulfometuron methyl, glyphosate, and compounds from organic carboxylic radicals (C.C.) + glyphosate] for two consecutive years in the middle of the cropping season in Brazil. The treatment with plant regulators made positive influence on the technological quality of millable cane, mainly with regard to increase in the pol content. In weather conditions unfavorable to ripening, the plant regulators sulfometuron methyl and glyphosate were more efficient in increasing the sucrose content than C.C. + glyphosate and control treatments. A positive correlation was also recorded between climate conditions and invertases activity levels, mainly for the neutral invertase (NI). The NI levels under favorable weather conditions to natural ripeness were reported higher than unfavorable conditions to natural ripeness. Sulfometuron methyl increased soluble acid invertase (SAI) and NI activity levels of the sugarcane juice under unfavorable weather condition for ripening while glyphosate applied alone or in association with compounds from organic carboxylic radicals do not change of activity of enzymes. The C.C. + glyphosate and control treatments provided increase in the stalk productivity, while glyphosate reduced the yield. The plant regulators did not affect sugarcane ratoon regrowth. Department of Crop Science College of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), Lageado Experimental Farm, P.O. Box 237 Department of Crop Science College of Agricultural Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP), Lageado Experimental Farm, P.O. Box 237 FAPESP: 2003/11906-9

When herbicides are applied in mixture, interactions among them could potentially promote changes in herbicide behavior in the soil. Thus, application mode (isolated or in mixture) and soil texture (sandy or clayey) were investigated in the total leaching of the commercial mixture diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron-methyl, and of each isolated compound. Experiments in soil columns also evaluated the movement of each herbicide and mixtures across soil layers. In the sandy soil, the greatest total leaching was observed with hexazinone compared to diuron and sulfometuron. Most of the applied diuron remained at the top layer of the soil, indicating that this herbicide has low soil mobility. Overall, our results show that hexazinone has greater leaching potential and mobility along the soil profile compared to diuron and sulfometuron. Our data can be used in assessing the fate of diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron alone or in mixture on natural ecosystems, under different soil types and application modes.

Experiments were conducted to test a new herbicide for posttransplant application in Christmas trees. A premix containing 68.6% hexazinone and 6.5% sulfometuron-methyl was applied at 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 oz/acre plus 0.25% v/v nonionic surfactant (NIS) to recently transplanted fraser fir (Abies fraseri) Christmas trees and trees transplanted for 1 year in Spring 2008. The treatments were repeated on the same plots in 2009 and 2010. At Gobles, MI, trees treated with 7.5 oz/acre of hexazinone plus sulfometuron had increased stem diameter, after one growing season, and trees treated with 9.0 oz/acre had reduced leader length the second year. After 3 years, fraser fir trees treated with hexazinone plus sulfometuron at 9.0 oz/acre had reduced tree height. Stem diameter, leader length, and number of leader buds were not statistically different from the untreated control. At Horton, MI, trees treated with 9.0 oz/acre of hexazinone plus sulfometuron had reduced leader length after 1, 2, and 3 years. After 3 years, trees treated with hexazinone plus sulfometuron at 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 oz/acre were shorter than the untreated controls. There were no differences from the untreated trees in stem diameter of trees treated with hexazinone plus sulfometuron after 3 years.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:01:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-90162012000300004.pdf: 273621 bytes, checksum: e4280d510a293074a87baa8144ed359e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:01:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-90162012000300004.pdf: 273621 bytes, checksum: e4280d510a293074a87baa8144ed359e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:01:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162012000300004.pdf: 273621 bytes, checksum: e4280d510a293074a87baa8144ed359e (MD5) S0103-90162012000300004.pdf.txt: 34909 bytes, checksum: a97c53cce9d7a995580ebe098d1a5fcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:14:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162012000300004.pdf: 273621 bytes, checksum: e4280d510a293074a87baa8144ed359e (MD5) S0103-90162012000300004.pdf.txt: 34909 bytes, checksum: a97c53cce9d7a995580ebe098d1a5fcb (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:14:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-90162012000300004.pdf: 273621 bytes, checksum: e4280d510a293074a87baa8144ed359e (MD5) S0103-90162012000300004.pdf.txt: 34909 bytes, checksum: a97c53cce9d7a995580ebe098d1a5fcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-01 The aerial spraying of plant ripeners on sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) crops causes often the contamination of neighboring areas, which subsidizes formal complaints from the neighbors. These contaminations are due to spraying taking place during inadequate environmental conditions or from technical mistakes during the application. One of the most important causes of this contamination is the susceptibility of the species being cultivated surrounding sugar cane. In order to evaluate the effects of sugar cane plant ripeners trinexapac-ethyl and sulfometuron-methyl on peanuts, cotton, potato, coffee, citrus, beans, sunflower, cassava, rubber, soybean, and grapes, eleven experiments - one for each species - were carried out from May 2009 to Jan. 2010. The field experiment was set according to a completely random design with five treatments and four replications. Just before or during flowering, a single treatment of trinexapac-ethyl at 100 or 200 g ha-1 and sulfometuron-methyl at 7.5 or 15 g ha-1 was applied to plants. A control treatment (plants not treated) for each species was part of each experiment. Trinexapac, at the doses of 100 and 200 g ha-1, showed selectivity to peanuts, cotton, potato, coffee, citrus, sunflower, cassava, rubber, soybean, and grape. At the lowest dose (100 g ha-1), it was selective for bean. Sulfometuron, at the dose of 7.5 g ha-1, was selective for peanuts and, at the two studied doses (7.5 and 15 g ha-1), it was selective for coffee, citrus, cassava, and rubber. UNESP FCAV, Depto Fitossanidade, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil UNESP FCAV, Depto Fitossanidade, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

A series of novel monosubstituted sulfonylurea derivatives 10a-y were synthesized and characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and HRMS. These compounds were evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in vitro. The results showed compounds 10f, 10k and 10s exhibited moderate antituberculosis activities with MIC values in the range of 20-100 mg/L. Compounds 10b and 10o displayed good antituberculosis activities (MIC 10 mg/L), which were comparable with that of the sulfometuron methyl. Both of the two compounds showed little cytotoxicities, with an IC(50) against THP-1 cells greater than 100 mg/L.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:52:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-83582012000100014.pdf: 189656 bytes, checksum: 6d370d5449207c79cb4f83cd28e9eb3c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:52:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-83582012000100014.pdf: 189656 bytes, checksum: 6d370d5449207c79cb4f83cd28e9eb3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:46:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-83582012000100014.pdf: 189656 bytes, checksum: 6d370d5449207c79cb4f83cd28e9eb3c (MD5) S0100-83582012000100014.pdf.txt: 25379 bytes, checksum: 0fa3e98f526fed3e3885c9dcd9ea701d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:20:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-83582012000100014.pdf: 189656 bytes, checksum: 6d370d5449207c79cb4f83cd28e9eb3c (MD5) S0100-83582012000100014.pdf.txt: 25379 bytes, checksum: 0fa3e98f526fed3e3885c9dcd9ea701d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:20:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-83582012000100014.pdf: 189656 bytes, checksum: 6d370d5449207c79cb4f83cd28e9eb3c (MD5) S0100-83582012000100014.pdf.txt: 25379 bytes, checksum: 0fa3e98f526fed3e3885c9dcd9ea701d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de lignina e celulose em plantas de cana-de-açúcar após a aplicação de dois maturadores para a colheita. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área de cana-soca, cultivar SP 803280, no município de Igaraçu do Tietê/SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da aplicação de dois maturadores: sulfometuron-methyl (Curavial) e glyphosate (Roundup original). As doses utilizadas foram: glyphosate a 72 g e.a. ha-1; glyphosate a 144 g e.a. ha-1 ; glyphosate a 72 g e.a. ha-1 + sulfometuron methyl a 10 g p.c. ha-1; glyphosate a 108 g e.a. ha-1 + sulfometuron-methyl a 12 g p.c. ha-1; sulfometuron-methyl a 20 g p.c. ha-1; e a testemunha sem aplicação de maturadores. As análises de lignina e celulose foram realizadas pelo método lignina em detergente ácido modificado. O glyphosate e o sulfometuron-methyl alteraram os níveis de lignina no momento da colheita, e esse efeito foi observado também durante o crescimento da cana-de-açúcar (meses após a aplicação desses produtos). O glyphosate a 72 g e.a. ha-1 promoveu reduções nos teores de lignina, na colheita e durante o crescimento da cana-de-açúcar, quando comparados com os da testemunha, enquanto o sulfometuron-methyl isolado na menor dose (10 g ha-1) promoveu aumento nos teores desse biopolímero na soqueira da cana-de-açúcar. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of lignin and cellulose in sugarcane after application of ripeners. The experiment was carried out in a sugarcane ratoon area, variety SP803280 in Igaraçu Tietê, São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The treatments consisted of application of two ripeners: sulfometuron methyl (Curavial) and glyphosate (Roundup Original). The doses used were: glyphosate 200 mL pc ha-1; glyphosate at 400 mL p.c. ha-1, glyphosate at 200 mL p.c. ha-1 plus sulfometuron methyl at 10 g p.c. ha-1; glyphosate at 150 mL p.c. ha-1 plus sulfometuron methyl at 12 g p.c. ha-1; sulfometuron methyl at 20 g p.c. ha-1 and the untreated control without ripener application. Lignin and cellulose analyses were made using acid detergent lignin modified. Glyphosate and sulfometuron methyl altered lignin levels at harvest and during sugarcane growth (months after application of the products). In general, glyphosate at 200 mL ha-1 promoted reductions in lignin compared to the control, while sulfometuron methyl isolated at a dose of 10 g ha-1 promoted an increase in the levels of this compound in sugarcane. UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Departamento de Produção Vegetal UNESP FCA Dep. de Produção Vegetal USP ESALQ curso de Engenharia Agronômica UNESP Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas Departamento de Produção Vegetal UNESP FCA Dep. de Produção Vegetal

Use of herbicides in forestry to direct successional trajectories has raised concerns over possible direct or indirect effects on non-target organisms. We studied the response of forest birds to an operational application of glyphosate and sulfometuron methyl herbicides, using a randomized block design in which half of each 8 ha block received herbicide and the other acted as a control, on shelterwood seed-cut Allegheny hardwood stands in northwestern Pennsylvania. We monitored birds using 50 m radius point counts in two pretreatment years and for 10 years post-treatment (1992–2004). Fences were erected six years after herbicide treatment in response to increased deer browsing at a subset of sites. Avian responses to herbicide treatment varied by nesting guild: we detected no response by cavity-nesters, but documented declines in the shrub-, ground- and canopy-nesting guilds. Responses were short-lived (2–4 years post-treatment), but shrub-nesters did not recover until fencing provided regenerating vegetation respite from browsing. Thus, apparent responses of birds to herbicide were confounded with deer browsing in this study. High species turnover, even within control plots, suggests that avian communities may be assessed more appropriately assessed at larger spatial scales than those used in this study (6.5–8 ha).

Seedling growth and gas exchange responses were measured for two potted seedling trials testing herbicide phytotoxicity to three important tree species of the Inland Northwest, USA. Media-filled pots were treated with sulfometuron methyl (Oust®) in varying concentrations and planted with seedlings of Larix occidentalis Nutt., Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco, and Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don. Seedlings were grown in two trials to determine the effects of two important residue breakdown factors, substrate moisture and pH, relative to that of herbicide application rate on seedling health. Changes in seedling height, root-collar diameter, and root volume were morphologic variables of interest, and physiological variables measured were net photosynthetic assimilation, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. While three levels of media moisture and four levels of media pH had no effect on seedling performance, most growth and leaf function variables were hindered across application rate treatments of all three species. Label-recommended dosages resulted in growth suppression levels potentially detrimental to seedling establishment for all three species. This was most pronounced for Pinus monticola, in particular for root growth, where untreated control seedlings showed 109% more root volume growth than treated seedlings. We conclude that when possible, a species-specific application rate might be found that balances the benefits of vegetation control with the phytotoxicity to promote optimal growth gains.

The expected production, dissemination, and planting of blight-resistant hybrid chestnut seedlings calls for anticipatory studies to establish optimal management practices. To test phytotoxic potential of a site preparation herbicide, seedling growth and physiological function were measured for potted American chestnut (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh.). Six concentrations (0.0, 0.026, 0.053, 0.105, 0.158, and 0.210 kg active ingredient [ai] ha−1) of sulfometuron methyl (Oust) were applied to pots in April 2008, which were planted with 1 + 0 seedlings in May, and grown until November 2008. Changes in height, rootcollar diameter, and root volume and length were measured. A portable photosynthesis system was used to measure net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. Seedlings treated with label-recommended doses (0.105‐0.210 kg [ai] ha−1) showed growth and leaf function suppression, including 55, 71, and 82% reductions in height growth, root volume, and net photosynthesis, respectively. These results indicate that a strong need exists for field trials, with various dose regimes, to be conducted to refine an application rate that minimizes phytotoxic damage while still providing suitable control of competition vegetation.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar variedade RB855453 em função da aplicação de maturadores em início de safra. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação dos maturadores Sulfometuron metil, Glifosato e Compostos de radicais carboxílicos orgânicos + Glifosato, e a testemunha (maturação natural). A aplicação dos maturadores em início de safra induziu a melhoria da qualidade tecnológica da matéria-prima da cana-de-açúcar variedade RB855453, todavia com intensidades distintas decorrente das condições climáticas, mas com reflexo significativo na produtividade de açúcar, podendo contribuir positivamente no retorno econômico por hectare. Os maturadores Glifosato e Sulfometuron metil, sob condições climáticas favoráveis ao desenvolvimento vegetativo (safra 2004), revelaram-se eficientes agentes maturadores, permitindo antecipar a colheita em 27 e 23 dias respectivamente, em relação à testemunha. Na safra 2005, sob condições climáticas favoráveis ao processo de maturação natural, com o uso de maturadores pôde-se explorar o potencial genético da cana-de-açúcar variedade RB855453 quanto ao acúmulo de sacarose nos colmos, porém foram pouco eficientes em antecipar o processo de maturação.The objective of this research was to evaluate the technological quality of early harvest sugar cane variety RB855453 as affected by ripener application. Treatments consisted of application of sulfometuron methyl, glyphosate and compounds of organic carboxilic radicals + glyphosate, and the control (natural ripening). Ripener application for early harvest sugar cane led to an increase in technological quality of the raw matter for the variety RB855453. However, the response varied according to climate conditions, although sugar yield had been significantly affected, which may positively contribute to the profit per hectare. Under favorable climate conditions for vegetative development (season 2004), the use of glyphosate and sulfometuron methyl was efficient and allowed harvesting at 27 and 23 days early, respectively, when compared to the control. In the season of 2005, under favorable climate conditions for the natural ripening to occur, the products allowed the genetic potential of sugar cane variety RB855453 to be explored regarding sucrose accumulation in the culms, but they did not affect ripening period.

The multichromophoric character of two sulfonylurea herbicides, SMT and BNS, has been investigated in its manifestations in the electronic absorption spectra and in some fluorescence properties through a combined experimental and theoretical approach. After a theoretical analysis of the most stable structures of these flexible systems, the UV absorption spectra of the two multichromophoric compounds have been analysed both experimentally and theoretically, and most transitions have been assigned to individual chromophores, also by comparison with four suitable reference compounds (5–8). Finally, some experimental information concerning the fluorescence spectra and quantum yields have been analysed with reference to the contributions from single fluorophores and the role of low-lying n → π∗ states.

Na aplicação aérea de maturadores de cana-de-açúcar, a pulverização deve atingir o seu alvo sem que ocorra deriva, evitando a contaminação de culturas circunvizinhas. Objetivou-se com a pesquisa avaliar o efeito de subdoses de maturadores de cana-de-açúcar na cultura do milho quando aplicadas em estádios de desenvolvimento V4 e V8. Foram instalados três ensaios na Fazenda da Universidade Federal de Goiás, UFG, Regional Jataí. Cada parcela continha 10 linhas do híbrido de milho SYN 7G17. Cada ensaio foi constituído de oito tratamentos estabelecidos em delineamento com blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 mais um tratamento controle (sem aplicação de maturador), com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator corresponde a aplicação nos estádios V4 e V8 da cultura do milho e o segundo fator às subdoses de 3; 6; 9 e 12% de 475,2 g i.a. ha-1 de ethephon (Ensaio I), 216,0 g e.a. ha-1 de glyphosate (Ensaio II) e 15,0 g i.a. ha-1 de sulfometuron methyl (Ensaio III). Aos 20 e aos 36 dias após a semeadura, quando as plantas de milho se encontravam em V4 e V8, respectivamente, foram realizadas as aplicações dos maturadores. Os efeitos de fitotoxicidade foram perceptíveis em ambos os estádios aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 42 dias após a aplicação apenas para o Ensaio III. Para glyphosate, o comprimento e diâmetro de espigas foram afetados para ambos os estádios. A cultura do milho é sensível a subdoses a partir de 0,45 g i.a. ha-1 de sulfometuron methyl em estádios de desenvolvimento V4 e V8. A produtividade de grãos foi menor apenas para as plantas submetidas às subdoses de sulfometuron methyl, com menos efeito quando a deriva ocorre no estádio de desenvolvimento V8 em comparação ao estádio V4. In the field aerial application of sugarcane ripeners, spraying should reach its target without drifting occurs, avoiding contamination of surrounding crops. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of sugarcane ripeners simulated drift using sublethal rates in maize when applied to V4 and V8 stages of development. For this purpose were installed two trials on the Federal University of Goiás, Regional Jataí. Each plot contained 10 rows of SYN 7G17 maize hybrid. Each trial consisted of eight treatments established in design with randomized blocks where the treatments were arranged at factorial design of 2 x 4, plus one control treatment, with four replications. First factor corresponds to spraying at the V4 and V8 stages of maize and the second factor to sublethal rates of 3; 6; 9 to 12% of 475.2 g a.i. ha-1 ethephon (Trial I), 216.0 g a.e. ha-1 glyphosate (Trial II) and 15.0 g a.i. ha-1 sulfometuron methyl (Trial III). At 20 and 36 days after sowing, when the maize were in V4 and V8, respectively, applications of ripeners were performed.The phytotoxicity effects were noticeable in both stages at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days after spraying only for Trial III. For glyphosate, the length and diameter of ear were reduced in size to both stages. Maize is sensitive to sublethal rates starting from 0.45 g a.i. ha-1 sulfometuron methyl in V4 and V8 stages of development. The lower grain yield was only to plants subjected to sublethal doses of sulfometuron methyl, being lower yield when drift occurs in the V8 stage of development compared to the V4 stage. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

The off-site movement and impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystems of sulfometuron methyl applied as the herbicide Oust® to catchments in short-rotation plantations in the coastal plain of South Carolina were studied. Sulfometuron methyl was applied at the rate of 0.053 kg active ingredient·ha–1 to 5.4- and 5.9-ha catchments (C5 and C6, respectively). Off-site movement of sulfometuron methyl in drainage ditches was observed between application on 14 March 2001 and 14 June 2001 for the first five flow-producing rain events on C5 and the first four events on C6. The maximum observed concentrations (24 µg·L–1 on C5 and 23 µg·L–1 on C6) occurred during the first storm. Subsequent maximum concentrations for flow-producing storms were 10.0, 5.0, 0.5, and 0.1 µg·L–1 on C5 and 15.1, 6.7, and 0.5 µg·L–1 on C6. Pulsed inputs of sulfometuron methyl to stormflow were ephemeral and the maximum concentration for each storm event lasted 15 min or less. The faunal communities observed in these drainage ditches were dominated by a diversity of invertebrates typical of wetland habitats, such as midges, mosquitoes, water beetles, physid snails, and water fleas. Negative effects of sulfometuron methyl treatment on these communities in treated watersheds were not observed.

A resposta de plantas de batata à simulação de contaminação de tanques de pulverizadores com sulfoniluréias foi avaliada em experimento em vasos, em Águas da PrataSP, 2004. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de subdoses de metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron e sulfometuron-methyl em dois cultivares de batata quanto à produção e qualidade dos tubérculos. Metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron e sulfometuron-methyl foram aplicados em pós-emergência em plantas de batata dos cultivares Atlantic e Lady Rosetta. As doses aplicadas foram correspondentes às recomendadas para solo argiloso x, 0,1x, 0,01x, 0,001x, 0,0001x, 0,00001x e 0, em que x foi considerada a dose recomendada de cada herbicida (g ha¹): para metsulfuron-methyl a 3, nicosulfuron a 60 e sulfometuron-methyl a 15. Por ocasião da colheita foram avaliados a massa fresca de raiz, o número e as massas frescas de tubérculos normais, anormais e da produção total. Nenhuma das doses provocou morte nas plantas de batata. As sulfoniluréias afetaram o desenvolvimento dos tubérculos e causaram anomalias, mas elas também foram dependentes do produto e das doses aplicadas. As perdas na produção de 'Atlantic' foram maiores que em 'Lady Rosetta' quando as plantas foram tratadas com metsulfuron-methyl. A produção de tubérculos de 'Lady Rosetta' foi mais sensível que a de 'Atlantic', quando tratadas com nicosulfuron e sulfometuron-methyl.

The Conference “Integrating Metabolism and Genomics” (IMAGE ) was organized by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) and took place from April 30 to May 3, 2004, in a hotel in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The Conference IMAGE provided a context for understanding the interface between genomics and metabolism in a large variety of microorganisms, illustrating nicely the potential, the challenges and the limitations of the post-genomics approaches. Because no parallel sessions were organized, the conference provided a real opportunity to learn about the recent genomics-guided developments obtained in a variety of microbiological systems beyond the own field of interest. The Conference brought together 175 scientists; one half from outside de USA (20% were Canadian) and 16% from corporate/industry. The format of ASM Conferences, focused on topics of scientific relevance, encourages interactive exchange and the participation of graduate students and post-docs. For IMAGE, ASM had awarded travel grants to 19 graduate students and new post-docs; nevertheless, this was an expensive meeting. The scientific program was organized in seven plenary sessions, with five presentations each (two of them selected among the posters) and two poster sessions. Session II was fully dedicated to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and all the sessions were of unquestionable interest to the community involved in yeast research or dedicated to any other microbial system in this new field of genomics-guided research. Robert La Rossa (DuPont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, DE), who belongs to the ASM Conferences Committee and was one of the Conference organizers, opened this first session, illustrating the promises and limitations derived from the gene expression profile work carried out. Among the examples provided were the changes occurring in S. cerevisiae genome-wide expression caused by treatment with the herbicide sulfometuron methyl (SM), an inhibitor of amino acid biosynthesis. A potential link between SM sensitivity and ergosterol …

A field study was conducted in Santa Rosa County, FL to evaluate the effects of two herbicides, hexazinone and sulfometuron methyl, on longleaf pine seedling (Pinus palustris Mill.) survival, growth, and physiological functions over a 2 yr period (2001–2002). An old-field site was planted with 1-yr-old container-grown seedlings in January 2001, and herbicides were band-applied overtop of the seedlings in April 2001. Hexazinone rates were 0.56 and 1.12 kg ai/ha, and the sulfometuron methyl rates were 0.21 and 0.42 kg ai/ha. Volumetric soil moisture was also measured in May, July, August, and October in each treatment. At the end of the first growing season (2001), survival was not improved by any of the herbicide applications. However, root collar diameter (RCD) increased for hexazinone applied at 0.56 and 1.12 kg ai/ha, and sulfometuron methyl applied at 0.42 kg ai/ha at the end of the first growing season compared to the control. At the end of the second growing season, RCD was 28.7, 30.9, 30.5, 32.1, and 33.3 mm for the control, sulfometuron methyl applied at 0.21 and 0.42 kg ai/ha, and hexazinone applied at 0.56 and 1.12 kg ai/ha, respectively. Also, the percentage of seedlings out of the grass stage at the end of the study was 72, 74, 79, 81, and 89% for the control, sulfometuron methyl applied at 0.21 and 0. 42 kg ai/ha, and hexazinone applied at 0.56 and 1.12 kg ai/ha, respectively. Foliar responses, such as net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration were measured in October 2001. There was no evidence of herbicide injury on foliar physiological functions relative to the control seedlings 6 months after treatment. During 2001, soil moisture was related to hexazinone and sulfometuron methyl application rates in May and July, but not in August or October. Averaged across May and July, soil moisture increased from 5.4% in the control to 7.6 and 7.5% in the highest hexazinone and sulfometuron methyl treatments, respectively. Based on seedling survival, growth, and herbicide costs, the most effective treatment was hexazinone applied at 0.56 kg ai/ha. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):48–54.