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It has been possible to create complexes of metals from the Schiff base ((E)‐4‐(2‐hydroxy‐1‐phenylethylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide) (Sn.HA), which is generated from sulfanilamide and 2‐hydroxy acetophenone. These substances have been identified using various physicochemical methods, featuring mass spectral analysis, melting point, (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [ICP‐MS]), Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, conductance measurements, electron spin resonance (ESR), and magnetic susceptibility. Most complexes are non‐electrolytes, according to the determined molar conductance values. Spectroscopic analyses indicate coordination of the majority of complexes by 2 C=N groups and 2 (OH) phenolic groups of ligand in a 2 L:1 M molar ratio in a consistent octahedral configuration [L2‐M‐(H2O)2], (L) Schiff base ligand (Sn.HA) and (M) metal, bacteria Gram‐negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), bacteria Gram‐positive (Streptococcus pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis), and antifungal (Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus) have all been tested on complexes to check the activity of antibacterial and antifungal, with the metal complexes showing promising activity, where the unbound ligand is less active than the metal complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfonamide compounds with functional group -SO2NH- show a wide range of biological activities and medicinal properties. The synthesis of sulfonamides has been of interest to medicinal chemists for a long time. In this article, the selective acylation of sulfanilamide with acetic anhydride was carried out using some catalysts with Lewis acid properties. In this research, the one-pot selective method of N-acylation of -SO2NH2 group in sulfanilamide molecule using stannous oxide nanoparticles as an efficient recyclable catalyst has been used. In this method, THF was replaced with expensive toxic amine solvents. The acylated product was identified by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and MASS spectra. The best results with 85% efficiency, 95% selectivity were obtained using stannous oxide nanoparticles as catalyst (0.5 g) in tetrahydrofuran as solvent, at 60°C in 60 minutes. The catalyst was recycled three times and maintained its efficiency. Using this method is completely green and has economic and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We report the case of a patient with melanoma and liver failure with encephalopathy, successfully treated with nivolumab without major side effects and encouraging prolonged disease control. Case presentation: In June 2022, metastatic lesions appeared in the liver associated with melanoma progression under treatment. Liver biopsy was non-diagnostic. The patient developed fever, abdominal distension, and jaundice. Liver function tests (LFTs) began to deteriorate. Hepatic encephalopathy developed in accordance with the worsening liver functions in the patient. Upper abdominal MRI with primovist showed multiple, progressive, metastatic lesions in the liver and mild to moderate dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tract. Patient was evaluated as acute cholangitis associated with the compression of the biliary tract by progressive liver metastases. In December 2022, the patient was started antibiotherapy for cholangitis and Nivolumab (240 mg flat dose, every 2 weeks) therapy. After the first dose, both LFT and constitutional symptoms began to improve. Subsequently, LFTs almost completely returned to normal, clinical response was achieved. Multiple metastatic lesions in the liver regressed in the radiological evaluation performed at the third month of nivolumab treatment. With partial response, nivolumab treatment is continued. Conclusion: In this case is reported patient with hepatic encephalopathy due to an advanced refractory melanome successfully, and safely, treated with programed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors. Clinical trials to explore the benefits of these immunotherapies in the hepatic failure population with advanced solid tumors should be supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing resistance to antimicrobials, combined with pathogens that form biofilms, presents significant challenges in healthcare. Modifying current antimicrobial agents is an economical approach to developing novel molecules that could exhibit biological activity. Thus, five sulfanilamide Schiff bases were synthesized under microwave irradiation and characterized spectroscopically and in silico. They were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Their cytotoxic potential against two cancer cell lines was also determined. Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to the action of these compounds. Derivatives 1b and 1d inhibited S. aureus's growth (MIC from 0.014 mg/mL) and biofilm (IC from 0.029 mg/mL), while compound 1e was active against E. faecalis's planktonic and sessile forms. Two compounds significantly reduced cell viability at 5 μg/mL after 24 h of exposure (1d—HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, 1c—LN229 glioblastoma cells). A docking study revealed the increased binding affinities of these derivatives compared to sulfanilamide. Hence, these Schiff bases exhibited higher activity compared to their parent drug, with halogen groups playing a crucial role in both their antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterocyclic compounds are a common class of organic chemical compounds and they are of very much necessary in our daily life because they play an important role in the Metabolism of all living cells and have wide range of applications. Sulfanilamide and Xylidines are heterocyclic organic chemical compounds that have important biological activity involved in many applications in industry and medicine. Also, Cobalt complexes are chemical prepared products have valuable characteristics that make them suitable for wide spectrum of uses. Preparation and identification of some products derived from the mentioned compounds and evaluation of biological activity of them is axis of this research. Therefore, we begin by defining these compounds and their chemical, biological properties, derivation and some of their applications. FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy are tools which used in this research to appreciate concentrations of molecules in the prepared samples and determine their structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A synthetic approach to N-[3-(hetero)aryl-3-oxoprop-1-yl]sulfonamides by N-alkylation of sulfanilamide with structurally diverse ketone Mannich base hydrochlorides is being reported. This scarcely explored synthetic strategy that involves aminomethylated ketones as starting materials has afforded novel compounds, potentially useful as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases, with moderate to good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of the transport of sulfonamide antibiotics in soils facilitates a better understanding of the environmental fate and behaviors of these ubiquitous contaminants. In this study, the mobility properties of sulfanilamide (SNM, a typical sulfonamide antibiotic) through saturated soils with different physicochemical characteristics were investigated. The results showed that the physicochemical characteristics controlled SNM mobility. Generally, the mobility of SNM was positively correlated with CEC values and soil organic matter content, which was mainly related to the interactions between the organic matter in soils and SNM molecules via π-π stacking, H-bonding, ligand exchange, and hydrophobic interaction. Furthermore, higher clay mineral content and lower sand content were beneficial for restraining SNM transport in the soils. Unlike Na+, Cu2+ ions could act as bridging agents between the soil grains and SNM molecules, contributing to the relatively weak transport of SNM. Furthermore, the trend of SNM mobility in different soil columns was unaffected by solution pH (5.0–9.0). Meanwhile, for a given soil, the SNM mobility was promoted as the solution pH values increased, which was caused by the enhanced electrostatic repulsion between SNM– species and soil particles as well as the declined hydrophobic interaction between SNM and soil organic matter. The obtained results provide helpful information for the contribution of soil physicochemical characteristics to the transport behaviors of sulfonamide antibiotics in soil-water systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A novel library of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) inhibitors based on the 2-sulfanilamido[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine skeleton modified at its 7-position was prepared by an efficient convergent procedure. These derivatives were evaluated in vitro for their inhibition properties against a representative panel of hCA isoforms (hCA I, II, IV, IX, and XII). The target tumour-associated isoforms hCA IX and XII were potently inhibited with KIs in the low nanomolar range of 5–96 nM and 4–72 nM, respectively. Compounds 1d, 1j, 1v, and 1x were the most potent hCA IX inhibitors with KIs of 5.1, 8.6, 4.7, and 5.1 nM, respectively. Along with derivatives 1d and 1j, compounds 1r and 1ab potently inhibited hCA XII isoform with KIs in a single-digit nanomolar range of 8.8, 5.4, 4.3, and 9.0 nM, respectively. Compounds 1e, 1m, and 1p exhibited the best selectivity against hCA IX and hCA XII isoforms over off-target hCA II, with selectivity indexes ranging from 5 to 14. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an effective heterogeneous catalytic system was developed for selective N-acylation of pharmaceutical intermediate. The catalyst is a binary compound composed of Fe3O4-wrapped stannous oxide nanoparticles with magnetic separation capability. The prepared catalyst was used for selective N-acylation of sulfanilamide using acetic anhydride under mild reaction conditions without protecting the NH2 group. The best results of 85% yield and 95% selectivity were obtained using the nanoparticles as catalysts. Moreover, the performances of the catalyst were compared with some catalysts with Lewis acid characteristics. The acylated product was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Mass spectra. Finally, the catalyst showed good recyclability after 3 cycles to maintain efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to create a new spectroscopic method for measuring sulphanilamide in large quantities and in pharmaceutical form. The proposed method involves using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent to oxidize sulphanilamide and P-aminophenol. Then, with the help of the peroxidase enzyme, an oxidative coupling reaction takes place between the two oxidation process byproducts to produce a brightly colored molecule with an absorbance value of 511 nm. To get the highest color intensity possible, reaction conditions are tuned. The absorbance was discovered to rise linearly with sulphanilamide content. The rules adhere to the beer base's (2-36 g/ml) range. It was discovered that the correlation coefficients were 0.9984. According to calculations, the sandal's sensitivity is 0.035 g/cm2.These approaches' analysis and recovery investigations have been statistically validated. This technique is used to create pharmaceutical substances. Relative standard deviation ratio is 0.135. The accuracy was assessed using recovery experiments, and the findings revealed that the values were 102.66, 100.56, and 100.75. The methods employed are precise, simple, and repeatable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper(II) complexes with tridentate NNN-ligands were utilized for Chan–Evans–Lam (CEL) cross-coupling reactions to enable the N-arylation of multifarious N-nucleophiles through the activation of aryl boronic acids. A condition-specific methodology was developed to chemoselectively target the amine versus sulfonamide N-arylation of 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide using new catalysts. Two different pyridine-based ligands and corresponding copper(II) complexes were characterized using 1H and 13C-NMR, FTIR, and UV-vis spectroscopy, HRMS, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and cyclic voltammetry. Solvent and base-controlled cross-coupling reactions were observed, which led to the optimization of selective conditions for targeted C–N bond formation of sulfanilamides. Beyond the chemoselective processes reported here, a breadth of N-nucleophiles including sulfanilamides and arylamines were screened for arylation by this CEL catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have utilized a simple and sensitive colorimetric assay using unmodified gold nanoparticles to detect sulfanilamide in the presence of dopamine. The remarkable point of our analytical assay is based on the color change of the gold nanoparticles solution according to their dispersion or agglomeration state. Furthermore, the presence of sulfanilamide in the dopamine-coated nanogold solutions retarded the aggregation of the nanoparticles, leading to a delay in the color change. The impacts of pH, the initial concentrations of dopamine and sulfanilamide, and different interferents on the colorimetric response were investigated. The limit of detection (LOD) is 0.3 μM, which is lower than those of previously reported methods for sulfanilamide determination under the optimal conditions (0.1 mM dopamine concentrations, pH 7.0, incubation time of 15 minutes). For quantitative measurement using UV-Vis spectra, a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9920 and R2 = 0.9951) between the sulfanilamide concentration and absorption intensity was obtained in the ranges of 0.5–20 and 20–80 μM, respectively. The proposed method also showed low interference with the co-existence of some amino acids and organic chemicals in the mixture. Moreover, it was also applied to determine sulfanilamide in milk and pork samples, with good quantitative recoveries varying in the range of 97.2–101.9% and 98.3–107.7%, respectively. Increasing the sulfanilamide concentration changed the color of the dopamine-coated gold nanoparticles gradually from blue to red, which indicates that our proposed assay unlocks great potential in sulfanilamide analysis with naked-eye readout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphite sheet (GS) electrodes are flexible and versatile substrates for sensing electrochemical; however, their use has been limited to incorporate (bio)chemical modifiers. Herein, we demonstrated that a cold (low temperature) CO2 plasma treatment of GS electrodes provides a substantial improvement of the electrochemical activity of these electrodes due to the increased structural defects on the GS surface as revealed by Raman spectroscopy (ID/IG ratio), and scanning electron microscopy images. XPS analyses confirmed the formation of oxygenated functional groups at the GS surface after the plasma treatment that are intrinsically related to the substantial increase in the electron transfer coefficient (K0 values increased from 1.46 × 10−6 to 2.09 × 10−3 cm s−1) and with reduction of the resistance to charge transfer (from 129.8 to 0.251 kΩ). The improved electrochemical activity of CO2-GS electrodes was checked for the detection of emerging contaminant species, such as chloramphenicol (CHL), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and sulphanilamide (SUL) antibiotics, at around + 0.15, + 1.10 and + 0.85 V (versus Ag/AgCl), respectively, by square wave voltammetry. Limit of detection values in the submicromolar range were achieved for CHL (0.08 μmol L−1), CIP (0.01 μmol L−1) and SFL (0.11 μmol L−1), which enabled the sensor to be successfully applied to natural waters and urine samples (recovery values from 85 to 119%). The CO2-GS electrode is highly stable and inexpensive ($0.09 each sensor) and can be easily inserted in portable 3D printed cells for environmental on-site analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and efficient protocol for the one-pot three-component synthesis of structurally diverse sulfamidophosphonates from the condensation of sulfanilamide, aldehydes, and triethylphosphite in ethanol using ZnO nanoparticles as catalysts under microwave irradiation has been developed. The structures of all compounds have been identified by appropriate spectroscopic methods such as FTIR, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR and ESI-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suaeda biochar (SBC) was prepared by muffle furnace with Suaeda salsa at 600, 700, 800, and 900 ℃. The physical and chemical properties of biochar at different pyrolysis temperatures and the adsorption mechanism of sulfanilamide (SM) were studied by SEM-EDS, BET, FTIR, XRD, and XPS analysis. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms were fitted. The results showed that the kinetics was in line with the quasi-second-order adsorption model and belonged to chemisorption. The adsorption isotherm conformed to Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and belonged to monolayer adsorption. The adsorption of SM on SBC was spontaneous and exothermic. The adsorption mechanism may be pore filling, hydrogen bonding, and π-π electron donor acceptor (EDA) interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine homopolymeric poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), p(NIPAM), hydrogels cross-linked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as carriers for sulfanilamide. Using FTIR, XRD and SEM methods, structural characterization of synthesized hydrogels before and after sulfanilamide incorporation was performed. The residual reactants content was analyzed using the HPLC method. The swelling behavior of p(NIPAM) hydrogels of different crosslinking degrees was monitored in relation to the temperature and pH values of the surrounding medium. The effect of temperature, pH, and crosslinker content on the sulfanilamide release from hydrogels was also examined. The results of the FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis showed that sulfanilamide is incorporated into the p(NIPAM) hydrogels. The swelling of p(NIPAM) hydrogels depended on the temperature and crosslinker content while pH had no significant effect. The sulfanilamide loading efficiency increased with increasing hydrogel crosslinking degree, ranging from 87.36% to 95.29%. The sulfanilamide release from hydrogels was consistent with the swelling results—the increase of crosslinker content reduced the amount of released sulfanilamide. After 24 h, 73.3–93.5% of incorporated sulfanilamide was released from the hydrogels. Considering the thermosensitivity of hydrogels, volume phase transition temperature close to the physiological temperature, and the satisfactory results achieved for sulfanilamide incorporation and release, it can be concluded that p(NIPAM) based hydrogels are promising carriers for sulfanilamide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circulatory death donor (DCD) kidneys are increasingly used to enlarge the donor pool. These kidneys undergo ischemia-reperfusion injury, frequently leading to renal fibrosis. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and matrix metalloproteases have been identified as central mediators of fibrosis and inhibition of these targets could attenuate fibrosis. We studied whether galunisertib, doxycycline, taurine, and febuxostat alleviated fibrosis in precision-cut kidney slices (PCKS). PCKS were prepared from porcine kidneys that were exposed to 30 min of warm ischemia followed by 3 h of oxygenated hypothermic machine perfusion. We subsequently incubated PCKS for 48 h at 37 °C with the described compounds. To further elucidate the antifibrotic effects of galunisertib, we cultured PCKS with TGF-β1. We first screened the effects of the compounds without TGF-β1. Most significant effects were observed for galunisertib which lowered the expression of ACTA2, TGFB1, FN2, and SERPINE1. We then investigated the effects of galunisertib in fibrotic PCKS incubated with TGF-β1. TGF-β1 significantly increased expression of TGFB1, FN1, SERPINE1, and SERPINH1. Galunisertib, however, attenuated the expression of all fibrosis-related genes. Galunisertib appears to be a promising antifibrotic compound requiring further research in a preclinical model and may ultimately be administered during machine perfusion as an antifibrotic treatment in a transplant setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel composite of bacterial cellulose (BC) and expanded vermiculite (EVMT) composite was used to adsorb dyes and antibiotics. The pure BC and BC/EVMT composite were characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS and TGA. The BC/EVMT composite exhibited a microporous structure, providing abundant adsorption sites for target pollutants. The adsorption performance of the BC/EVMT composite was investigated for the removal of methylene blue (MB) and sulfanilamide (SA) from an aqueous solution. The adsorption capacity of BC/ENVMT for MB increased with increasing pH, while the adsorption capacity for SA decreased with increasing pH. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. As a result, the adsorption of MB and SA by the BC/EVMT composite was found to follow the Langmuir isotherm well, indicating a monolayer adsorption process on a homogeneous surface. The maximum adsorption capacity of the BC/EVMT composite was found to be 92.16 mg/g for MB and 71.53 mg/g for SA, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of both MB and SA on the BC/EVMT composite showed significant characteristics of a pseudo-second-order model. Considering the low cost and high efficiency of BC/EVMT, it is expected to be a promising adsorbent for the removal of dyes and antibiotics from wastewater. Thus, it can serve as a valuable tool in sewage treatment to improve water quality and reduce environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (R. mucilaginosa) has emerged as a potential pathogen in immunosuppressed hosts. This fungal agent rarely causes onychomycosis in immunocompetent hosts. In this study, onychomycosis caused by this strain on different fingernails and toenails in an Immunocompetent young adult is reported. Case Report: The patient was an 18-year-old woman with clinical symptoms of powdery, hyperkeratosis brief around erythema in the distal part of a toenail and deformity with a groove on surface of a fingernail who was referred to the Medical Mycology Laboratory of Hazrat Ghaem therapeutic center. After diagnostic procedures, he was treated with oral itraconazole 200 mg/day for 2 months along with topical clotrimazole and sulfacetamide ointment and was cured. The nails responded satisfactorily to the treatment. After two months of stopping the drug, the absence of fungus elements in the clinical samples was confirmed. Diagnosis and identification of the fungus was confirmed by morphological characteristics, culture, and DNA molecular method, and R. mucilaginosa was reported as the etiological agent of onychomycosis. Antifungal drug susceptibility was determined in laboratory using the disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Conclusion: The isolated species was reported as an unusual species of onychomycosis, which needs to be considered by mycology laboratory and clinical specialists for its sensitivity to ketoconazole, itraconazole, and econazole and its resistance to amphotericin B and nystatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) for pregnant women with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) is widely implemented for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes. The efficacy of SP is declining, and there are concerns that IPTp may have reduced impact in areas of high resistance. We sought to determine the protection afforded by SP as part of IPTp against adverse birth outcomes in an area with high levels of SP resistance on the Kenyan coast. Methods A secondary analysis of surveillance data on deliveries at the Kilifi County Hospital between 2015 and 2021 was undertaken in an area of low malaria transmission and high parasite mutations associated with SP resistance. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to estimate the effect of SP doses on the risk of low birthweight (LBW) deliveries and stillbirths. Results Among 27 786 deliveries, 3 or more doses of IPTp-SP were associated with a 27% reduction in the risk of LBW (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI],.64–.83; P <.001) compared with no dose. A dose-response association was observed with increasing doses of SP from the second trimester linked to increasing protection against LBW deliveries. Three or more doses of IPTp-SP were also associated with a 21% reduction in stillbirth deliveries (aOR, 0.79; 95% CI,.65–.97; P =.044) compared with women who did not take any dose of IPTp-SP. Conclusions The continued significant association of SP on LBW deliveries suggests that the intervention may have a non-malaria impact on pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unprescribed and herbal medicines use among pregnant women is a public health concern in low and middle-income countries because of the potential teratogenic effects, insufficient safety and weak drug regulatory systems. Unprescribed and herbal medicines are common among pregnant women in Nigeria, and only a few researchers have documented the prevalence and the risk factors. However, evidence on the associated pregnancy outcomes is still lacking. We assessed the prevalence, predictors and pregnancy outcomes of unprescribed and herbal medicines use among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: This study was a component of the Ibadan Pregnancy Cohort Study, a prospective cohort study, among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria, who were enrolled at ≤ 20 weeks gestation at their first antenatal visit and followed up till delivery. In all, 571 women participated in the maternal drug use assessment during the third trimester using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire. The primary outcomes were unprescribed and herbal medicines use and pregnancy outcomes, secondary outcomes, were abstracted from medical records. The predictors assessed included sociodemographic, obstetric, antenatal care utilization, and lifestyle characteristics. Bi-variate logistic and Poisson regression analyses were used to evaluate the predictors and relative risk for the pregnancy outcomes of unprescribed and herbal medicines at 5% significance. Results: The prevalence of unprescribed and herbal medicine use was 31.9% and 21.7%, respectively. On bivariate analysis, the significant predictors of unprescribed medicine (which were protective) were tertiary education, increasing income, adequate antenatal care (≥ 4 visits), and at least two doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. However, high parity and having an antenatal admission increased the risk. However, after adjusting for confounders, the significant factors associated with unprescribed medicines were; tertiary education (AOR) = 0.23; 95% CI: (0.06 – 0.95); p-value: 0.043] and obtaining at least two doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine [AOR = 0.33; 95% CI: (0.29 – 3.60); p-value: 0.048]. For herbal medicines, the predictors were similar to unprescribed drugs. However, after adjusting for confounders, none was significant for herbal medicines. Unprescribed and herbal medicines were not significantly associated with pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions: Unprescribed and herbal medicines use were common among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria, particularly among women with low economic status and those with poor utilization of antenatal care services. These significant predictors can be targeted for public health intervention. Specifically, health education that discourages the use of unprescribed and herbal medications to pregnant women during antenatal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of γ-amino acid derivatives with sulfanilamide and benzimidazole pharmacophores in the structures were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial and anticancer activity. Hydrazones with 5-nitrofur-2-yl and 5-nitrothien-2-yl moieties showed good inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, hydrazones with a 5-nitrofur-2-yl moiety and a 2,5-dimethylpyrrole derivative demonstrated excellent inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes, which matched to control Cefazolin. Hydrazones bearing a 4-Me2NC6H4 fragment had a bactericidal effect against Escherichia coli two-fold stronger comparing to control. Hydrazones with 5-nitrofur-2-yl and 5-nitrothien-2-yl substituents were found to be the most active compounds against the Caco-2 colon adenocarcinoma cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfacetamide sodium is a widely prescribed sulfonamide drug due to its topical antibacterial action on eye and skin. Four impurities are stated in the British Pharmacopoeia among which are sulfanilamide and dapsone. This work presents two specific, accurate and precise chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of a mixture of sulfacetamide sodium, sulfanilamide and dapsone. The first method is an isocratic RP-HPLC where the separation of components was achieved on C18 column. A green mobile phase was used consisting of methanol:water (60:40, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and effluent was monitored at 273 nm. The second method is a TLC-spectrodensitometric one where good separation was achieved by using silica plates and a mobile phase consisting of chloroform:dichloromethane:acetic acid (6:2.5:1.5, by volume). Determination was done by densitometry in the absorbance mode at 273 nm. Both methods were validated in compliance with ICH guidelines. They were also successfully applied for the determination of sulfacetamide sodium and its impurities in Ocusol® ophthalmic solutions. The obtained results were statistically compared to the results obtained by applying the official methods of analysis of each component where no significant difference was found with respect to accuracy and precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new microfluidic thread-based analytical device (μTAD) for nitrate and nitrite determination in food samples was developed. The cotton thread substrate was coated with nanosilica to increase its hydrophilicity and stability, and polylactic acid was applied to one end of the nanosilica-coated thread to constrain the fluid flow along the thread in one direction. Quantification of nitrate and nitrite was based on the modified Griess reaction, using sulfanilamide and N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine as chromogenic reagents, and utilizing a distance-based detection technique. Linear responses were observed in a range of 4–25 mg L−1 (R2 = 0.9991) for nitrite and a range of 8–50 mg L−1 (R2 = 0.9989) for nitrate. The limits of detection for nitrite and nitrate were 1.5 and 3.1 mg L−1, respectively. The detection time was 5 min for nitrite analysis, and 7 min for nitrate analysis. The new method demonstrated good precision, accuracy, selectivity, and stability. The performance of the proposed μTAD for nitrite and nitrate determination in real food samples was comparable to that of the conventional UV–Vis spectrophotometric method. The proposed μTAD could serve as a simple, low-cost, and portable method for nitrite and nitrate detection in food samples. [Display omitted] • A cotton thread was coated with nanosilica to improve its hydrophilicity. • A microfluidic thread-based analytical device (μTAD) was developed. • The proposed μTAD demonstrated increased sensitivity and long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical oxidation has emerged as an effective and straightforward technology for groundwater remediation. While recent studies have investigated parameters such as current, electrolyte composition, and electrode materials, most have been conducted using small-scale batch or flow reactors, limiting their applicability to real-world conditions. In this study, a pilot-scale sandbox reactor was employed to simulate realistic groundwater conditions and assess the removal of sulfanilamide, a model organic contaminant. Various electrode configurations were systematically evaluated to identify the key operational parameters influencing pollutant removal efficiency, providing insights for practical applications in groundwater treatment. This study proposes three configurations, including a single well with the anode and cathode, a double well with the separated anode and cathode, and an e-barrier with electrodes separately mounted inside a permeable barrier. Single well had the lowest removal efficiency (60%) because cathodic reaction inhibited the anodic oxidation. A double well with a separate anode and cathode can achieve 80% removal efficiency. However, effluent pH can reach up to 13.2, which can adversely impact groundwater. Meanwhile, the e-barrier not only achieved complete removal, but also maintained a neutral pH of 7.0 over 30 days. The e-barriers proved to be the most effective configuration based on their removal efficiency (100%) while yielding an effluent with neutral pH. The energy consumption of the e-barrier was most effective at 1.54 kWh/m3, while the other configurations were 5.40 and 22.18 kWh/m3. E-barriers are deemed a very reasonable configuration, both in terms of removal efficiency and practical application in groundwater. [Display omitted] • A pilot-scale sandbox was designed for electrochemical reactors. • The configurations were evaluated as single wells, double wells, and e-barriers. • E-barriers are the best configuration regarding removal efficiency and effluent pH. • E-barrier was proposed for groundwater treatment on a pilot scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been widely adopted for estimating sulfanilamide. • To determine the environmental impact of this method, its effect on whiteness and greenness has been evaluated using ComplexGAPI, AGREE, and RGB. • The method validation was carried out according to the guidelines outlined in the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Guideline, ensuring its reliability and accuracy. The study aimed to determine the potential of the infrared (IR) spectrophotometric technique for measuring the content of sulphanilamide with the sulfonamide group. The study aimed to obtain the IR spectra of sulfanilamide and use the −SO 2 band at 1114.37 for the quantitative assay, determining its area under the curve (AUC). The study gives an alternative approach to existing analytical techniques that require vast amounts of organic solvents, which are costly and can be toxic, thus impacting the environment and increasing the analysis cost. The study evaluated the method's whiteness and greenness by utilizing the Complex green analytical procedure index, analytical GREEness calculator and Red Green Blue algorithm tool. The linierity was found to be 5 to 30 µg/ml. The present study has developed an infrared (IR) spectroscopic method that employs a straightforward sample preparation technique in methanol. The IR spectroscopic method's linearity range was determined to be 5–30 µg/ml. The p-value was 0.001 at 95 % confidence level assuring better recovery. This method is evaluated according to the Q2R1 ICH guideline. It is applicable to routine quality control analysis without pre-extraction using green IR spectroscopy. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that IR spectrophotometric techniques can quantify sulfanilamide while reducing the use of organic solvents, contributing to the green-and-white analytical chemistry approach. The developed methods are reliable, accurate, and cost-effective and have the potential to be implemented in routine analysis of sulfanilamide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The polymorphic phase (β-form) of the drug molecule, sulfanilamide, was successfully synthesized and the single crystal diffraction studies were carried out to confirm the crystalline phase. • Quantum chemical methods were adopted to optimize the molecule and structural bond geometries were compared between the methods. • Further, vibrational spectra were computed and experimental counterparts were recorded and compared. The shifting of bands due to the intermolecular interactions were also narrated. • HOMO-LUMO analysis was also attempted and the nature of the molecule was identified. • Mechanical and thermal analyses were carried out and suitability of the compound for pharmacological applications were discussed with antibacterial study. The widely known pharmaceutical drug compound, Sulfanilamide, crystallized in the β-form of its polymorphic phases by slow evaporation of the parent solution at room temperature. The single crystal X-ray diffraction study provided information about the cell parameters, confirming the β-phase of the compound. Optimization of the molecule by quantum chemical computations, viz., Hartree-Fock (HF) Theory and Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the B3LYP function with 6–311++ G (d,p) basis set for both in restricted methods were carried out. The Frontier Molecular Orbital studies gave the HOMO and LUMO values, and Mulliken charge analysis showed the possible charge delocalization and donor-acceptor sites. Vibrational bands of the functional groups present in the β-Sulfanilamide compound were identified and investigated using FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy in the range of 4000–400 cm−1. The grown crystal was transparent in the entire UV region with a lower cut off wavelength of 241 nm as investigated by the UV–Vis-NIR analysis. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses of the compound were carried out and the results were plotted as TGA/DTA graph. Microhardness tests were used to determine the mechanical parameters of this pharmaceutical compound. Sulfanilamide, a well-known antibacterial agent and used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, was tested using the zone inhibition method and the antibacterial activity was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-atom catalyst has shown promising effect in photocatalysis. In particular, the construction of bimetallic catalytic sites can address the limitations of single-metallic catalysts, such as clustering and slow electron transfer, which enhances electron transfer between active sites and promotes photocatalytic activity. In this paper, Mn and Co bimetallic catalyst (Mn/Co@N-biochar) was developed by using the electronegativity difference of the bimetallic sites on N-doped biochar to construct catalytically active sites to enhance electron transfer. XRD and HR-TEM characterization confirmed that metal atoms were evenly dispersed within the carbon layer without aggregation or clustering of metal particles. The catalytic efficiency of Mn/Co@N-biochar was assessed through sulfanilamide (SNM) degradation experiments, demonstrating a remarkable degradation rate of 99.3% and a mineralization rate of 49.0%. These values were 10.45 times and 13.24 times more than that for biochar, respectively, indicating that the loading of bimetals greatly improved the photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the doping of N atoms adjusted the electronic structure of adjacent C atoms and activated the free-flowing π electrons on the biochar surface, creating solid anchoring sites that facilitated efficient electron circulation between Mn and Co atomic sites. The higher local electron density at the Co-N 4 site compared to the Mn-N 4 , created electron transfer channels, where Mn atoms (catalytic site) facilitated the flow of electrons to Co atoms (active site). This could rapidly generate the primary active species (‧OH and ‧O 2 -) to degrade SNM. Additionally, the stability and applicability of bimetallic catalysts in real water systems were also confirmed, providing valuable insights for the construction of bimetallic biochar structures to degrade organic pollutants in water. [Display omitted] • A bimetal-loaded N-doped biochar photocatalyst was designed for degradation of SNM. • In N-doped biochar, Mn/Co sites show high dispersion and stability. • Electron channels were formed for Mn (driving sites) to drive Co (reaction sites). • Mn/Co@N-biochar demonstrated stability and applicability in real water systems. • Mn/Co sites promoted electron-hole separation, and enhanced the use of ‧OH and ‧O 2 -. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been developed as a type of ideal electrode substrates for electrochemical sensing owing to their unique physicochemical properties. The improvement of their stability, sensitivity, signal-conversion capability, and universality of the related electrochemical sensors is the key to rapidly determinate contaminants. In this work, Au nanoparticles were introduced to prepare N-HKUST-1/Au composite to enhance conductivity and sensitivity of HKUST-1 modified material during electrochemical determination process. The introduction of exogenous Au materials increased the conductivity and electrochemical active area of N-HKUST-1, which in turn led to the broadening of the maximum detection concentration of SA to 251.6 μM. Meanwhile, N-HKUST-1/Au composite sensor for the determination of AP also exhibited excellent analytical performance with a detection range of 1–4448.4 μM and LOD of 0.16 μM. Furthermore, the recovery experiment at different concentration levels were conducted in practical water samples, the developed N-HKUST-1/Au composite sensor exhibits relatively satisfactory recoveries, indicating promising application in quantitative detection of SA and AP molecules. [Display omitted] • N-HKUST-1/Au composite were prepared by the liquid phase reduction method. • Effective electrochemical sensing platform combined with Au nanoparticles and HKUST-1 were achieved. • The architecture shows excellent electroanalysis activity toward the determination of AP and SA. • The as-constructed catalyst exhibits high analytic activity, and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of real objects based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) often utilizes new SERS substrates and/or complex analysis procedures, and they are optimized for only the determination of a single analyte. Moreover, analysis simplicity and selectivity are often sacrificed for maximum (sometimes unnecessary) sensitivity. Consequently, this trend limits the versatility of SERS analysis and complicates its practical implementation. Thus, we have developed a universal, but simple SERS assay suitable for the determination of structurally related antibiotics (five representatives of the sulfanilamide class) in complex objects (human urine and saliva). The assay involves only mixing of acidified analyzed solution with co-activating agent (polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride – PDDA) and SERS substrate (standard colloidal silver nanoparticles). Acidification promotes the generation of SERS spectra with maximum similarity and intensity, which is explained by the favorable enhancement of the protonated sulfanilamide moiety (a structurally similar part of the studied antibiotics) as a result of its strong electrostatic interaction with the SERS-active surface. Meanwhile, the addition of PDDA improves analysis selectivity by reducing background signal from body fluids, enabling to simplify sample pretreatment (dilution for urine; mucin removal and dilution for saliva). Therefore, the assay allows for rapid (≤10 min), precise, and accurate class-specific determination of sulfanilamides within concentration ranges suitable for non-invasive therapeutic drug monitoring in urine (40–600 μM) and saliva (10–30 μM). We also believe that thorough investigation of structurally related analytes and accompanying effects (e.g., high spectral similarity) is a promising direction to improve the understanding of SERS in general and expand its capabilities as an analytical tool. [Display omitted] • SAAs generate SERS spectra with highly similar spectral profiles in acidic media. • Structural relatedness and spectral similarity allows for class-specific analysis of SAAs. • PDDA improves analysis selectivity reducing background signal of body fluids. • Assay versatility enables determination of SAA representatives in human urine and saliva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is a nanoengineered sorbent proposed to control the contamination derived from the presence of residual concentrations of sulfonamides in soil. In this work, we evaluated the sorption of sulfanilamide (SFA) in commercial biochar (BC) produced at 500 °C from oak hardwood (Quercus ilex) and its analog activated with 2% (w/w) Fe (BC-Fe). Subsequently, the effect on dissipation and transport of SFA in untreated soil and soil treated with BC and BC-Fe was also assessed. Laboratory batch studies revealed that BC-Fe increased the sorption of SFA as compared to the pristine BC with Kd of 278 and 98 L/kg, respectively. The dissipation of SFA in either untreated soil or soil treated with BC or BC-Fe was similar, displaying half-lives ranging between 4 and 6.4 days. Conversely, the concurrent determination of sorption during the incubation experiment showed that lower amounts of SFA in solution at the beginning of the experiments were bioavailable in BC-Fe-treated soil when compared to the rest of the treatments shortly after application. Leaching column studies confirmed the amendment's capability to bind the SFA compound. Therefore, the decrease in bioavailability and movement of SFA in treated soils suggest that biochar soil application can reduce SFA soil and water contamination. According to our results, BC surface modification after Fe activation may be more appropriate for water decontamination than for soil since there were no significant differences between the two types of biochar when added to the soil. Therefore, these outcomes should be considered to optimize the SFA mitigation potential of biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study reports synthesis, structure establishment, anti-glycation, and anti-oxidant activities of ligand 4-[(2-hydroxynaphthalene-1-ylmethylene)-amino]-benzenesulfonamide (L) and its coordination compounds with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) metal ions. The analytical techniques used (UV-Vis, FT-IR, CHN/S) confirmed the bidentate nature of the ligand, coordinating via O and N atoms in 2:1 ligand-to-metal ratio. The TG/DTA anylsis displayed that these compounds are thermally stable. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-glycation and antioxidant potential and showed significant activities with IC50 values range 184.11-386.34 µM and 37.05-126.27 µM, respectively. The Mn (IC50 = 184.11 ± 2.11 µM), Ni (IC50 = 211.26 ± 1.46 µM), Cu (IC50 = 254.56 ± 1.16 µM), and Zn (IC50 = 276.43 ± 2.14 µM) metal complexes exhibited substantial anti-glycation activity and comparatively better activity than the standard rutin (IC50 = 294.4 ± 1.50 µM), whereas Zn complex (IC50 = 37.05 ± 1.53 µM) also showed better DPPH radical scavenging activity than the standard tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (IC50 = 44.7 ± 1.21 µM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Isatin is a natural indole found in some plants, brains, and human tissues, which possesses numerous medicinal applications. Rhenium complexes of different Schiff bases have multiple biological applications like anti-tumour, anti-microbial and antioxidant activities. Little information exist in literature on the Re(I) metal carbonyls of isatin derivatives and their biological significance. Therefore, the aim was to determine the antioxidant capacities of Re(I) complexes of the Schiff bases of isatin with aniline (C14H10N2O) and isatin with sulphanilamide (C14H11N3O3S) using three antioxidant assays to facilitate further plausible biological and medicinal applications. 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activities of the Re(I) isatin derivative complexes and their reducing power were evaluated. Complex 1 was [Re(C14H10N2O)(CO)3Cl], Complex 2 was [Re(C14H10N2O)(CO)3Br] and complex 3 was [Re(C14H11N3O3S)(CO)3Br]. It was observed that Complexes 2 and 3, which contain bromine in their coordination spheres, had better DPPH scavenging activities than Complex 3, which had chlorine in its coordination sphere. Although [Re(C14H10N2O)(CO)3Br] has better DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging abilities than [Re(C14H11N3O3S)(CO)3Br], it was observed that [Re(C14H11N3O3S)(CO)3Br] was a better reducing agent than [Re(C14H10N2O)(CO)3Br]. These results showed good antioxidant properties of the complexes, recommendable for further applications such as anti-tumor or cell imaging known with isatin derivatives and Re(I) compounds. Also, this might arouse the interest to study the structure to function relationships in aniline and sulphanilamide-containing complexes, which could be of great medicinal significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining molecular imprinted polymers and water-soluble manganese-doped zinc sulfide quantum dots (Mn2+: ZnS QDs), a new molecule imprinted polymers-based fluorescence sensor was designed. The molecule imprinted quantum dots (MIP@QDs) were constructed by coating molecular imprinted polymers layer on the surface of ZnS: Mn2+ QDs using the surface molecular imprinting technology. The developed MIP@QDs-based sensor was used for rapid and selective fluorescence sensing of sulfanilamide in water samples. The binding experiments showed that the MIP@QDs has rapid fluorescent responses, which are highly selective of and sensitive to the detection of sulfanilamide. The respond time of the MIP@QDs was 5 min, and the imprinting factor was 14.8. Under optimal conditions, the developed MIP@QDs-based sensor shows a good linearity (R2 = 0.9916) over a sulfanilamide concentration range from 2.90 × 10−8 to 2.90 × 10−6 mol L−1, with a detection limit of 3.23 × 10−9 mol L−1. Furthermore, the proposed MIP@QDs-based sensor was applied to the determination of sulfanilamide in real samples, with recoveries of 96.80%–104.33%, exhibiting good recyclability and stability. Experimental results showed that the prepared MIP@QDs has the potential to serve as a selective and sensitive sensor for the fluorescence sensing of sulfonamides in water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A panel of 2,3-disubstituted thiazolidin-4-ones 4a-n was synthesised from Schiff bases 3a-n derived from sulfanilamide, by reaction with thioglycolic acid. The compounds were characterised by means of IR, NMR, and Mass spectral data. Compounds 4a-n were screened for DPPH scavenging assay and compounds 4e, 4h, 4i, and 4n exhibited moderate activity. Compounds 4e, 4h, and 4i were tested at 200 mg/kg and 4e at 50 mg/kg b.w. orally for antidiabetic activity in fructose induced diabetic rats. They exhibited significant antidiabetic activity compared to the control group. Pioglitazone was used as a standard drug. The tested compounds exhibited better and ignificant serum cholesterol lowering activity when compared with the control and standard groups. They also reduced the triglyceride level after the 21st day; however, it was insignificant when compared to the control group. Compound 4n displayed the highest binding energy when docked with PPAR-γ followed by compounds 4e, 4h, and 4i when compared to pioglitazone. The physicochemical, drug likeness and ADME properties of the title compounds were found to be satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of obtaining polymer–drug conjugates as prolonged-action antibacterial systems by mechanochemical synthesis using the copolymer of maleic anhydride with vinyl acetate or oxidized potato starch as polymer matrices and sulfanilamide as the antimicrobial drug was studied. It is established that drug conjugation with the polymer results from covalent bonding, the degree of sulfanilamide conversion depends on the magnitude of active force and the time of the solid-phase reaction, and the product continues to accumulate after the load is removed. The conjugate with the polysaccharide matrix, from which the drug release due to cleavage of an azomethine bond was slower than its removal from the body if the initial dosage form was used, was most promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of sulfacetamide with the formation of sulfanilamide leads to a deterioration in the quality of pharmaceuticals. In this work, potentiometric sensors for the simultaneous determination of sulfanilamide, sulfacetamide and inorganic ions, and for assessing the degradation of pharmaceuticals were developed. A multisensory approach was used for this purpose. The sensor cross-sensitivity to related analytes was achieved using perfluorosulfonic acid membranes with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or polyaniline as dopants. The composite membranes were prepared by oxidative polymerization and characterized using FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and SEM. The influence of the preparation procedure and the dopant concentration on the membrane hydrophilicity, ion-exchange capacity, water uptake, and transport properties was investigated. The characteristics of the potentiometric sensors in aqueous solutions containing sulfanilamide, sulfacetamide and alkali metals ions in a wide pH range were established. The introduction of proton-acceptor groups and π-conjugated moieties into the perfluorosulfonic acid membranes increased the sensor sensitivity to organic analytes. The relative errors of sulfacetamide and sulfanilamide determination in the UV-degraded eye drops were 1.2 to 1.4 and 1.7 to 4%, respectively, at relative standard deviation of 6 to 9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]