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Organophosphate (OP) compounds are widely used as pesticides and herbicides and exposure to these compounds has been associated with both chronic and acute forms of neurological dysfunction including cognitive impairment, neurophysiological problems and cerebral ataxia with evidence of mitochondrial impairment being associated with this toxicity. In view of the potential mitochondrial impairment, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of exposure to commonly used OPs, dichlorvos, methyl-parathion (parathion) and chloropyrifos (CPF) on the cellular level of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) electron carrier, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The effect of a perturbation in CoQ10 status was also evaluated on mitochondrial function and cell viability. A significant decreased (P 10 status, with levels of this isoprenoid being decreased by 72% (P 10 supplementation (5 μM) was able to restore cellular CoQ10 status and CS activity to control levels following OP treatment, complex II+III activity was only restored to control levels in neuronal cells exposed to dichlorvos (50 µM). However, post supplementation with CoQ10, complex II+III activity significantly increased by 33% (P 10 supplemented cells. In conclusion, the results of this study have indicated evidence of neuronal cell CoQ10 deficiency with associated mitochondrial dysfunction following OP exposure. Although CoQ10 supplementation was able to ameliorate OP induced deficiencies in CS activity, ETC complex II+III activity appeared partially refractory to this treatment. Accordingly, these results indicate the therapeutic potential of CoQ10 supplementation in the treatment of OP poisoning. However, higher doses may be required to engender therapeutic efficacy.

For the past several decades, an innovation in policing, often controversial, has been emerging in the US. Specifically, community-oriented policing has been used to supplement more traditional forms of police work in preventing and reducing crime. This paper examines a community-oriented policing programme implemented in Arlington, Texas. A national demonstration grant was awarded by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS). The purpose of the COPS project reported here was to assess a policing problem that, rather than actual crime, was ultimately about (1) multicultural conflict, (2) fear of crime and (3) the effectiveness of this community policing programme in combating both actual incidences and perceptions of crime. We draw several conclusions about the ability to utilise and apply the community policing model and our research findings in other locations. Furthermore, the findings of this paper should have broad utility of international scope.

This article uses the concept of discourse to analyse an assessment of the impacts of a development project. Impact assessment can never achieve the objectivity that development practitioners seek. The truth is not something ‘out there’ waiting to be documented, but rather a story to be written by those performing the assessment. Moreover, the resistance and negotiation strategies used by both the ‘assessors’ and those being ‘assessed’ can have a profound influence on what is known about a project and its impacts.

This article examines some of the issues encountered in helping to develop and facilitate work-based learning (WBL) in clinical areas from the author's perspective of APEL/WBL co-ordinator. The advantages of work-based learning to both organisations and practitioners are discussed, together with possible drawbacks. The article concludes by identifying the positive aspects, including that of practice development, but suggests caution in attempting to use work-based learning in all circumstances.

Item does not contain fulltext Guideline development processes vary substantially, and many guidelines do not meet basic quality criteria. Standards for guideline development can help organizations ensure that recommendations are evidence-based and can help users identify high-quality guidelines. Such organizations as the U.S. Institute of Medicine and the United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence have developed recommendations to define trustworthy guidelines within their locales. Many groups charged with guideline development find the lengthy list of standards developed by such organizations to be aspirational but infeasible to follow in entirety. Founded in 2002, the Guidelines International Network (G-I-N) is a network of guideline developers that includes 93 organizations and 89 individual members representing 46 countries. The G-I-N board of trustees recognized the importance of guideline development processes that are both rigorous and feasible even for modestly funded groups to implement and initiated an effort toward consensus about minimum standards for high-quality guidelines. In contrast to other existing standards for guideline development at national or local levels, the key components proposed by G-I-N will represent the consensus of an international, multidisciplinary group of active guideline developers. This article presents G-I-N's proposed set of key components for guideline development. These key components address panel composition, decision-making process, conflicts of interest, guideline objective, development methods, evidence review, basis of recommendations, ratings of evidence and recommendations, guideline review, updating processes, and funding. It is hoped that this article promotes discussion and eventual agreement on a set of international standards for guideline development.

The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital opened at its present site in 2001. The purpose built Acute Medicine Unit (AMU) is on the ground level, co-located with Emergency Radiology and the Emergency Department (ED). There are, on average, 220 ED attendances and 70 AMU admissions each day, with a split of approximately 30% General Practice referrals and 70% ED referrals. (see table 1) There is no observation ward in the ED, although there is an arrangement for the Emergency Physicians to manage patients with uncomplicated head injury for up to 48 hours.

The carbon isotope ratios (delta(13)C) of 160 beers from around the world ranged from -27.3 to -14.9 per thousand, primarily due to variation in the percentage of C(3) or C(4) plant carbon in the final product. Thirty-one percent of beers had a carbon signature of C(3) plants (barley, rice, etc.), whereas the remaining 69% contained some C(3)-C(4) mixture (mean of mixtures, 39 +/- 11% C(4) carbon). Use of C(4) carbon (corn, cane sugar, etc.) was not confined to beers from any particular region (Pacific Rim, Mexico, Brazil, Europe, Canada, and the United States). However, the delta(13)C of European beers indicated mostly C(3) plant carbon. In contrast, U.S. and Canadian beers contained either only C(3) or C(3)-C(4) mixtures; Brazilian, Mexican, and Pacific Rim beers were mostly C(3)-C(4) mixtures. Among different lagers, U.S.-style lagers generally contained more C(4) carbon than did imported pilsners. Among different ales, those brewed by large high-production breweries contained significant proportions of C(4) carbon, while C(4) carbon was not detected in microbrewery or home-brew ales. Furthermore, inexpensive beers generally contained more C(4) carbon than expensive beers.

Hydrogen peroxide, at concentrations comparable to those observed under some pathological conditions, produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of state 3 (ADP-stimulated) and uncoupled mitochondrial respiratory activity. The ADP:O ratio was also substantially reduced. In contrast, the organic peroxide, t-butylhydroperoxide at the same concentrations produced no significant changes in respiratory activity. Intramitochondrial glutathione was oxidised to a similar extent in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or t-butylhydroperoxide. Thus, changes in this endogenous antioxidant apparently did not underlie the different responses to these peroxides. The effects of hydrogen peroxide were not altered by deferoxamine indicating that the extramitochondrial generation of hydroxyl radicals was not likely to be involved. However, modifications arising from the generation of hydroxyl radicals within the mitochondria remain a likely contributor to the observed deleterious effects on respiratory function. The inhibitory effects of hydrogen peroxide were greatest when pyruvate plus malate were present as respiratory substrates. Lesser inhibition was seen with glutamate plus malate and no significant inhibitory effects were detected in the presence of succinate. The findings suggest that mitochondrial components involved in pyruvate oxidation were particularly sensitive to the hydrogen peroxide treatment. However, no significant change was seen in activity of either the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex or NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) when measured directly following treatment of the mitochondria with hydrogen peroxide.

Background: Accurate early diagnosis and appropriate management of chronic heart failure, usually the responsibility of general practitioners (GPs), can significantly improve outcomes. A Joint Program of the National Heart Foundation of Australia, National Prescribing Service and National Institute of Clinical Studies was developed to address gaps in diagnosis and management. Methods: Multi-faceted interventions, implemented from October 2004 to July 2006, included active and passive learning modules and patient information was delivered to GPs, specialists andpharmacists. Pre andpost intervention surveys and data from existing national databases were used t R t ( a c r a G p h p fi 2 p ( C g i p a a

SUMMARY Dioscorea latent virus (DLV) was isolated from Dioscoreafloribunda but was not detected in any of 37 cvs of D. alata, D. bulbifera, D. esculenta or D. rotundata from eight countries. It was readily sap-transmitted to 13 of 34 species from five of 12 families; it induced symptomless systemic infection in Nicotiana benthamiana and N. megalosiphon, but only symptomless local infection in other hosts. DLV was stable in vitro: sap from infected N. megalosiphon was still infective after 10 min at 75–80 oC but not 85 oC, after dilution to 10-6 but not 10-7, and after at least 12 months at 23 oC. DLV was not transmitted through seed, by contact or by the aphids Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae. DLV had filamentous particles most of which measured c. 350–900 nm in purified preparations, with two modal lengths of 445 and 875 nm; the particles sedimented as two components with sedimentation coefficients of 111 S and 131 S and had a buoyant density in caesium chloride of 1–33 g cm-3. The virus had a single nucleic acid species with a mol. wt of 2–3 ± 04 × 106 and usually produced two protein bands (mol. wts 24 900 and 23 100) in SDS-PAGE, although virus preparations made in the presence of chloroform yielded only the larger polypeptide. DLV was serologically distantly related to commelina X and lily X viruses, but not to 11 other established or possible members of the potexvirus group. These results provide further evidence that DLV is a distinct but definitive potexvirus.

Nicotiana benthamiana was found to be a useful indicator and propagation host for poinsettia mosaic virus (PoiMV). It is not susceptible to poinsettia cryptic virus. The isometric particles of PoiMV sedimented as two components with sedimentation coefficients (s°20,w) of 55 S (“top” component) and 117 S (“bottom” component) and, after fixation, with buoyant densities (g cm-1) in caesium chloride of 1.29 (“top”) and 1.41 (“bottom”). The A260/A280 ratios were 1.8 and 1.0 for “top” and “bottom” components, respectively. “Top” and “bottom” component particles measured 26 and 29 nm in diameter when mounted in 2 % uranyl acetate; “top” component particles were severely disrupted by 2 % neutral potassium or sodium phosphotungstate or 2 % ammonium molybdate, a phenomenon which is not observed with recognised tymoviruses. The virus particles contained c. 37 % ss-RNA (mol. wt 2.3° 106) with a base composition of 21 % guanine, 24% adenine, 31 % cytosine and 24% uracil. PoiMV particles were detected in the cytoplasm, vacuoles and nuclei of infected poinsettia and N. benthamiana cells. As in tymovirus infections, the particles within the nuclei were apparently devoid of nucleic acid. The virus induced conspicuous peripheral vesiculation of chloroplasts; the vesicles, however, unlike those induced by recognised tymoviruses, were bound by the inner membrane only of the double chloroplast envelope. PoiMV thus lacks a group-specific character of the tymovirus group. Serologically it is not related to any of the 17 recognised tymoviruses. It is therefore probably best recognised as a possible member of the tymovirus group. Zusammenfassung Poinsettia mosaic virus — ein Tymovirus? Nicotiana benthamiana erwies sich als geeignete Indikator- und Vermehrungspflanze fur Poinsettia mosaic virus (PoiMV). Die Pflanze wird nicht von Poinsettia cryptic virus infiziert. Die isometrischen Partikeln des PoiMV sedimentierten als zwei Komponenten mit Sedimentationskoeffizienten (s°20W) von 55 S (Top-Komponente) und 117 S (Bottom-Komponente) und nach Fixierung mit Schwebedichten von 1,29 (Top) und 1,41 (Bottom) g cm-1 in Caesiumchloridlosung. Das Verhaltnis von A260 zu A280 betrug 1,8 fur die Bottom- und 1,0 fur die Top-Komponente. In 2 % Uranylazetat betrug der Durchmesser 26 nm fur die Top- und 29 nm fur die Bottom-Komponente. Die Top-Komponente wurde in 2 % neutralem Natrium-wolframat und 2 % Ammoniummolybdat stark geschadigt, was bei den definitiven Tymoviren bisher nie beobachtet wurde. Die Virusteilchen enthielten ein einziges Polypeptid mit einem Molekulargewicht von c. 2,1 × 104, die Bottom-Komponente emthielt auserdem c. 37% einstrangige RNS mit einem Molekulargewicht von 2,3 × 106 und einer Basenzusammensetzung von 21% Guanin, 24% Adenin, 31% Cytosin und 24% Urazil. PoiMV-Partikeln fanden sich im Zytoplasma, den Vakuolen und im Kern infizierter Zellen von N. benthamiana und Poinsettia. Ahnlich wie bei Tymovirusinfektionen enthielten die Kerne nur nukleinsaurefreie, leere Hullen”. Das Virus induzierte die Bildung von auffalligen Vesikeln an der Oberflache der Chloroplasten. Diese wurden als Einstulpungen der inneren Chloroplastenmembran gebildet. Die durch definitive Tymoviren verursachten vesikularen Chloroplasteninvaginationen werden dagegen durch beide Chloroplastenmembranen gebildet. PoiMV entbehrt daher eines der gruppenspezifischen Merkmale der Tymoviren, mit denen es keine serologischen Verwandtschaften zeigt. Es sollte deshalb zunachst nur als mogliches, nicht aber als definitives Glied der Tymovirusgruppe angesehen werden.

SUMMARY Hibiscus latent ringspot virus (HLRV) was prevalent in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in Ibadan, Nigeria. It was readily transmitted mechanically to 22 of 73 species from seven of 20 families, but was best propagated in Nicotiana clevelandii or Hibiscus cannabinus and assayed in Chenopodium murale. HLRV was readily purified from systemically infected hosts by differential centrifugation of leaf extracts clarified with 8.0% n-butanol, followed by molecular permeation chromatography on controlled-pore glass beads (700 A, 120–200 mesh). The virus has isometric particles c. 28 nm in diameter which sedimented as three components (T, M and B), with sedimentation coefficients (s°20, w) of 51; 114 and 132 S and buoyant densities in caesium chloride of 1.32, 1.49 and 1.52 g/cm3, respectively. All three components contained a single polypeptide of rnol. wt 53.6 × 103. T component particles contained only protein but M and B components also contained single-stranded RNA of rnol. wt 2.2 × 106 and 2.5 × 106, respectively. The properties of HLRV suggest affinities with nepoviruses but no serological relationship was detected between HLRV and 15 recognised or possible members of the nepovirus group.

Dispersion models of the convectively driven atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) often require as input meteorological parameters that are not routinely measured. These parameters usually include the surface fluxes of heat and momentum ρCpw′θ′and ρu′w′, the height of the capping inversion Zi, the mean wind speed Ū(z), wind direction AZ(z) and potential temperature profiles θmacr;(z) up to Zi, and the profiles of the turbulent wind components σu(z), σv(z), and σw(z). Through use of a simple inversion rise model, surface layer flux-profile relationships, and similarity scaling laws for the convective ABL, we demonstrate the accuracy with which the required meteorological parameters can be deduced using much simpler and more readily available measurements. These measurements consist of an early morning temperature profile obtained from a radiosonde ascent; surface layer values of Ū, AZ, σu and σv at a single level; either two levels of mean temperature near the surface, or alternatively the incoming so...

SUMMARY Ullucus virus C (UVC) is a comovirus prevalent in Ullucus tuberosus grown at high altitudes in the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes. It was transmitted mechanically to U. tuberosus (Basellaceae) and to five of 26 species from three of eight other families, infecting U. tuberosus symptomlessly but inducing conspicuous systemic infection in Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa. Sap from infected C. quinoa was usually infective after 10 min at 70 but not 75 °C, after dilution to 10-7 but not 10-8, and after 8 but not 16 wk at 20 °C. UVC was not transmitted by either of two aphid species (Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae) or through seed of C. quinoa, but it was transmitted by leaf contact between infected and healthy plants. UVC has isometric particles which, in neutral phosphotungstate, are c. 28 nm in diameter. The particles sediment as three components (T, M and B) with sedimentation coefficients (s˚20, w) of 51 S (T), 95 S (M) and 116 S (B). M component particles have a buoyant density (g cm-3) in caesium chloride of 1.404, and B component particles separated into minor and major sub-components with densities of 1.409 and 1.463, respectively. T, M and B particles were serologically indistinguishable, and each contained similar relative amounts of two polypeptides of mol. wts 20 700 and 45 100. T particles contained only protein, but M particles also contained c. 30% ss-RNA of mol. wt 1–45 ×106 and B particles c. 38% ss-RNA of mol. wt 2·2 × 106. The virus is serologically distantly related to cowpea mosaic virus but, as it showed no relationship to any of 11 other similar viruses, it is probably a distinct member of the comovirus group.

SUMMARY Severe diseases of pepper (Capsicum annuum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), eggplant (Solanum melongena) and tomato eggplant (Solanum integrifolium) in West Africa were induced by pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV). Five selected virus isolates were serologically similar and readily transmissible by aphids in the non-persistent manner, but they differed in host range and/or symptoms induced in some susceptible species. One isolate from eggplant failed to infect pepper, Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor, and induced only local infections in tomato. An isolate from tomato failed to infect eggplant, and an isolate from tomato eggplant induced severe stunting in Physalis floridana. The type strain, like the isolate from tomato, failed to infect Nicotiana tabacum systemically, but each caused severe systemic leaf and stem necrosis in tomato. None of the isolates infected S. melongena cv. Long Purple, suggesting that PVMV might be controlled in this and perhaps other crop species by the use of immune or tolerant cultivars. All five isolates were serologically related to potato virus Y and some to six of 12 other potyviruses.

SUMMARY Ullucus tuberosus (Basellaceae) plants from 12 locations in the Andean highlands of Peru and Bolivia contained complexes of either three or four viruses. Specimens from six sites in Peru contained a potexvirus, a tobamovirus, a potyvirus and a comovirus, but those from another location lacked the potexvirus. All samples from five sites in Bolivia lacked the tobamovirus. The potexvirus (PMV/U) is a strain of papaya mosaic virus differing slightly from the type strain (PMV/T) in inducing milder symptoms in some common hosts and failing to infect a few other species. It symptomlessly infected U. tuberosus, and infected 15 of 29 species from seven of nine other families. PMV/U showed a close serological relationship to PMV/T and to boussingaultia mosaic virus and a distant relationship to commelina virus X, but it is apparently unrelated to any of ten other potexviruses. The tobamovirus (TMV/U) induced symptomless or inconspicuous infection in U. tuberosus, and infected 21 of 30 species from six of eight other families. It showed a very distant serological relationship to some strains of ribgrass mosaic, tobacco mosaic and tomato mosaic viruses, but failed to react with antisera to cucumber green mottle mosaic, frangipani mosaic, odontoglossum ringspot and sunn-hemp mosaic viruses. The potyvirus, tentatively designated ullucus mosaic virus (UMV), alone in U. tuberosus induced leaf symptoms indistinguishable from the chlorotic mottling and distortion found in naturally infected plants. UMV infected 12 of 20 species from four other families, and was transmitted in the non-persistent manner by Myzus persicae. It showed a distant serological relationship to only two (bidens mottle and alstroemeria mosaic) of 25 members or possible members of the potyvirus group tested. Some hosts and properties of the comovirus are described in an accompanying paper. None of the four viruses infected potato (Solanum tuberosum) and, with the possible exception of UMV, they differed from viruses reported previously to infect three other vegetatively propagated Andean crops (Oxalis tuberosa, Arracacia xanthorrhiza and Tropaeolum tuberosum).