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Despite the mature nature of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and its combination with various ways of carbon utilization (CCUS), the extent of its global application has been less than 0.1% in addressing the emissions challenge. The reason is the high cost of CCS compared to the prevailing price on carbon in most jurisdictions. The objective of this paper is to present potentially low-cost alternatives to CCS/CCUS. Petroleum is the most suitable fuel for the transport needs of the society due to its unparalleled energy density and affordability. The goal of limiting atmospheric CO2 can be met equivalently either by addressing emissions from petroleum (e.g., with CCS) at a cost, or with use of low carbon fuels such as renewables. So far, alternatives to petroleum, despite some advances, have faced an even higher cost hurdle. Therefore petroleum-based fuels with carbon mitigation, deserve a fresh look. CCS has a cost range of $70 - 150/t CO2. While at this cost, oil may still have an advantage over some alternatives, it is an edge that can be further enhanced with new developing technologies such as Lower-oxidation (L-ox) among others (SPE-196109). In L-Ox, energy is derived from carbonaceous fuels in a manner that does not produce a gaseous waste product - CO2. The current work first starts with highlighting the limitations of various now-familiar options such as hydrogen, direct air capture, or renewables etc., then it discusses the technical feasibility of electro-thermo-chemical (ETC) routes that show promise and require relatively limited further development of technology, utilizing insights and support from recent advances in unrelated fields. ETC-based approaches can be used both for deriving energy without CO2 production (as in L-Ox), as well as for chemical reduction of the CO2 (produced in the combustion process of energy generation) into ‘useless’ liquids or solids. This latter approach – ‘non-utilization and sequestration’, quite opposite to CCUS, along with L-Ox presents a more economically sustainable option for carbon abatement. This paper lends substance to support the expected feasibility of each. Aside from providing a critique of various alternatives, this work offers new insights into developing novel electro-thermo-chemical methods for a low-cost carbon abatement. The significance of this is in helping sustain and preserve global living standards, through affordable, energy-dense, and carbon-neutralized petroleum.

The objective of this paper is to present a fundamentals-based, consistent with observation, three-phase relative permeability model to describe flow more accurately in countercurrent movement of gas and liquids situation. While most flooding operations have both gas and liquids flowing in the same direction, in gravity dominated processes such as steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) or CO2 storage in water saturated reservoirs, often due to density difference the gases rise above and liquids flow down. This gives rise to a counter-current flow situation. It has been documented by a few researchers including Adebayo et al. (2017) and Prats et al. (2008). At the gas-liquid interface, the shear forces act to oppose movement of gas and liquids resulting in a slowdown in the flow of both. This slow-down or reduced flow is not captured in standard relative permeability curves which are typically generated using co-current flows. In the current work, the approach adopted by Gupta (2021) for a mechanistic 3-phase flow model is used to develop relative permeability expressions for gravity-incorporated flow. To do this, three-phase core-annular laminar flow expressions are first developed in a single thin tube, then these flow expressions are aggregated for the entire pore volume represented by a bundle of tubes with varying tube sizes mimicking pore-size distribution. An irreducible water saturation, when water is the wetting phase, is also assumed. The relative permeabilities obtained with counter-current flow considerations are compared with the ones presented in Gupta (2021) for co-current flow to highlight the difference. Additionally, the impact of these modified rel. perms is shown with an example SAGD problem resulting in a slower and more realistic growth of the steam chamber. Similar to the observation of Gupta (2021) this mechanistic model also indicates a natural dependence of rel. perms of the intermediate phase on temperature, which in literature has been a subject of much debate. The novelty of the work is in development of a three-phase relative permeability model which takes into account gas-liquid countercurrent movement in porous media based on fundamentals of flow in fine capillaries. The significance of the work includes, aside from predicting results more in line with expectations in gravity-dominated processes, an explanation of temperature dependent relative Gupermeabilities of the intermediate phases. Also, unlike Stone-II method, it predicts a more realistic time dependent residual oleic-phase saturation for gravity drainage recovery methods.

BACKGROUND Low-and-Middle income countries are facing the emerging burden of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Apart from high costs to the health system, NCDs also afflict high out of pocket expenditure. The risk factors for NCDs are initiated at an early age. The key to the control of the global epidemic of NCDs is primary prevention based on comprehensive community-based programs. OBJECTIVE To develop, implement and evaluate the effect of a participatory health promotion initiative utilizing the existing mechanism of Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Committees (VHNSCs), Women’s Self-help Groups (SHGs) and Schools on modifiable risk factors for NCDs among young people (10-30 years). METHODS The proposed type II hybrid effectiveness/ implementation cluster randomized field trial will be conducted in the catchment area of four Primary Health Centers (PHCs) in Wardha district of India each representing one arm of the study. Each of the four PHCs will be randomly allocated to one of the three intervention arms or to the control arm. The primary strategy under the study would be health promotion by creating change agents which would be different for each of the intervention arms viz. VHNSC members, SHG members, or school students. The study will be implemented in 3 phases from January 2022-December 2024. First, the preparatory phase for baseline assessment of practices related to modifiable risk factors of NCDs and participatory development of the health promotion modules. Second, the implementation phase for implementing the participatory health promotion initiative based on appropriate behavior change models. This will also include concurrent monitoring of implementation, organization of community-based events and preparation of a sustainability and exit plan towards the end of this phase. Third, assessment/ evaluation phase for studying the effectiveness of each of the intervention in reduction of risk factor prevalence at the population level. RESULTS From each arm, 3000 randomly selected individuals will be assessed for behavioral risk factors and 400 (randomly selected subset from the 3000) will be assessed for biochemical risk factors during baseline as well endline assessments (total 12000 for behavioral and 1600 for biochemical risk factors). Difference in difference, ANOVA/MANCOVA, and regression analysis will be used to find out the effectiveness of all the interventions. Qualitative methods like FGDs and stories of change will be documented and analyzed using thematic content analysis. The implementation outcomes will be reported using the PRISM RE-AIM framework. CONCLUSIONS The study will help to find the magnitude of risk factors for NCDs, its determinants, feasibility and effectiveness of a community-based trial for its prevention. The findings will help to develop a community-based health promotion model for prevention of NCDs through the life cycle approach. Thus, the proposed research has every chance of leading directly to improvements in population health. CLINICALTRIAL The study has been registered with the Clinical Trials Registration India (CTRI) prospectively on 28/10/2020. The registry number: CTRI/2020/10/028700

The present experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of graded level of zinc on Vitellogenin gene (Vtg) expression and antioxidant enzymes in threatened catfish, Clarias magur (C. magur). One hundred and eighty female C. magur with an average weight of 145 ± 5 g were allocated in twelve cemented tanks with dimension 4.5 × 2 × 1 m for a period of 60 days. Fish were distributed in four groups with three replicates following the completely randomised design. The first group treated as control (C) fed with basal diet contained normal zinc level, and remaining groups were fed with basal diets having 50, 200 and 300 mg/kg zinc acetate and treated as T1, T2 and T3 respectively. To evaluate the effect of dietary zinc supplementation on Vtg gene expression, three sampling were carried out, I sampling (April, before starting the experimental trail), II sampling (May, after 1 month of feeding trail) and III sampling (June before breeding season). In the present study, a dose-dependent relationship between Vtg gene expression and zinc inclusion in the diet of threatened catfish, C. magur, was reported. Vtg gene expression increased in all groups from I sampling to II sampling but the highest Vtg gene expression was found in T1 group and the lowest in T3 group at II sampling. Vtg gene expression among the treatments differs significantly (P

As a result of the depletion of conventional oil reserves and the unprecedented growth in world energy demand, increasing attention has focused on the extraction and utilization of unconventional o...

The current study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) against Edwardsiella tarda from water. The antibacterial activity of different concentrations of SPIONs viz. 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 µM were assessed in sterilized distilled water with different initial bacterial loads of E. tarda viz. 1×103, 1×104, 1×105, 1×106 and 1×107 CFU ml− 1 at various exposure time (15, 30, 45 and 60 min). At lowest bacterial load 1×103 CFU ml− 1, > 98% bacteria was removed by 500 µM of SPIONs concentration group after 15 min exposure, which was increased up to 100% by increasing exposure time 45 min. However, at highest bacterial load 1×107 CFU ml− 1, > 78% bacterial load was removed by highest SPIONs concentration (1000 µM) by 15 min exposure, which was further increased > 85.32% by increasing the exposure time 60 min. The antibacterial activity was increased with increasing the concentration of SPIONs as well as exposure time while increasing the bacterial load the activity was decreases. At an initial bacterial load of E. tarda (1×103 to 1×107 CFU ml− 1), the effective concentration (EC50) ranged between 61.36 to 372.80 µM respectively after 15 to 60 min exposure. Thus, it can be concluded that the antibacterial activity of SPIONs depends on concentration and exposure time. To remove high bacterial load require high amount of SPIONs and exposure time as well. Hence, SPIONs can be used as a biocidal agent to treat Edwardsiellosis in fish.

This study assessed the responses of vitamin-D3 intraperitoneally injected to Rohu, Labeo rohita @ of 0 IU/kg bw (only solvent), 100 IU/kg bw and 500 IU/kg bw reared in 20 and 40 ppm of calcium (Ca) enriched water. The cellular changes in Corpuscles of Stannius (CS) gland, serum Ca, and inorganic phosphate (Pi) level were analysed up to the 60th day. Rohu administered with 100 IU/kg bw D3 and exposed to 40 ppm Ca-rich water exhibited notable hyperplasia of CS compared with their control groups. Notable changes with high serum Ca level (13.87 ± 0.3 mg/dl) was detected on the 5th day in fish exposed to 40 ppm Ca-rich water, while related values attained (13.74 ± 0.1 mg/dl) only after 7 days in 20 ppm Ca-rich water of 500 IU/kg bw vitamin D3 injection. Similarly, high serum Pi level (7.66 ± 0.2 mg/dl) in 40 ppm Ca injected with D3 at 500 IU/kg bw. The results demonstrated that the Ca homeostasis of Labeo rohita is influenced by intra-peritoneal vitamin D3. Progressive studies should be conducted by increasing the dose of vitamin D3 to investigate optimum dose/supplement in feed for commercially important aquaculture teleost Labeo rohita for maximum and sustainable absorption of Ca from the variable water Calcium levels to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis.

As a result of the increasing emphasis on accessing unconventional deposits of heavy oil and bitumen to meet global energy needs, there is an intense focus on addressing the rheological challenges ...

To examine the culture suitability of common carp in inland saline by evaluating the growth as well as osmoregulatoryresponses,one hundred eighty Cyprinus carpio juveniles (15.9 ± 0.05g) were randomly distributed in four experimental groups in triplicate following completely randomiseddesign T1(0 ppt), T2 (5 ppt), T3 (10 ppt) T4 (15 ppt). Complete mortality occurred in the group reared at 15 ppt within 7 days. Further, with three groups (salinities: 0, 5, 10 ppt)the experiment was continued for 60 days.The weight gain percentage, specific growth rate, protein efficiency rateand feed efficiency ratiowere lowest (P

The present research was conducted to prepare efficient G-SPIONs by co-precipitation to remove Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas hydrophila from the aqueous solution. The synthesized G-SPIONs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, DLS, FEG-TEM, FT-IR, XRD, and VSM analysis. The results showed that the synthesized G-SPIONs had super-paramagnetic properties (58.31 emu/g) and spherical shape (16 ± 3 nm). The antibacterial activity was assessed in sterilized distilled water at different G-SPIONs concentrations viz. 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 120, and 240 mg/L against E. tarda and A. hydrophila with various bacterial loads viz. 1 × 10

The objective of this paper is to present a fundamentals-based, consistent with observation, three-phase flow model that avoids the pitfalls of conventional models such as Stone-II or Baker's three-phase permeability models. While investigating the myth of residual oil saturation in SAGD with comparing model generated results against field data, Gupta et al. (2020) highlighted the difficulty in matching observed residual oil saturation in steamed reservoir with Stone-II and Baker's linear models. Though the use of Stone-II model is very popular for three-phase flow across the industry, one issue in the context of gravity drainage is how it appears to counter-intuitively limit the flow of oil when water is present near its irreducible saturation. The current work begins with describing the problem with existing combinatorial methods such as Stone-II, which in turn combine the water-oil, and gas-oil relative permeability curves to yield the oil relative permeability curve in presence of water and gas. Then starting with the fundamentals of laminar flow in capillaries and with successive analogical formulations, it develops expressions that directly yield the relative permeabilities for all three phases. In this it assumes a pore size distribution approximated by functions used earlier in the literature for deriving two-phase relative permeability curves. The outlined approach by-passes the need for having combinatorial functions such as prescribed by Stone or Baker. The model so developed is simple to use, and it avoids the unnatural phenomenon or discrepancy due to a mathematical artefact described in the context of Stone-II above. The model also explains why in the past some researchers have found relative permeability to be a function of temperature. The new model is also amenable to be determined experimentally, instead of being based on an assumed pore-size distribution. In that context it serves as a set of skeletal functions of known dependencies on various saturations, leaving constants to be determined experimentally. The novelty of the work is in development of a three-phase relative permeability model that is based on fundamentals of flow in fine channels and which explains the observed results in the context of flow in porous media better. The significance of the work includes, aside from predicting results more in line with expectations and an explanation of temperature dependent relative permeabilities of oil, a more reliable time dependent residual oleic-phase saturation in the context of gravity-based oil recovery methods.

The study was conducted to investigate the efficacy and physio‐metabolic responses of single and multiple doses of fenbendazole (FBZ) in Labeo rohita against gill parasite (Dacylogyrus sp.). Two Isoenergetic (395 Kcal DE/100 g) and isonitrogenous (35% CP) purified diets viz. control (without FBZ) and treatment (0.2% FBZ) were prepared. The efficacy of FBZ was measured after administration of single dose (20 mg/kg b. wt.) on 0th day and multiple doses of FBZ, that is, 20 mg/kg b. wt. on 0th, 3rd and 7th day through diet. Although oral administration of FBZ at single dose could significantly reduce the parasite in fish in comparison with the control group, 100% efficacy of the drug was not achieved up to 15th day of treatment. On the other hand, multiple doses of FBZ could show almost 100% efficacy on 15th day in terms of elimination of parasites from gill. The drug induced oxidative stress in examined fish. There was no significant change in activities of hepatic and muscle aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase of L. rohita up to 15th day after oral administration of FBZ at single dose. But both single and multiple doses of FBZ could significantly enhance the hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activities in fish up to 7th day of drug administration and significantly decreased thereafter up to 15th and/or 30th day. It is concluded that oral administration of FBZ at multiple doses (20 mg/kg b. wt.) on 1st, 3rd and 7th day could be effective against Dactylogyrus sp. infection in L. rohita.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most commonly used source for mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) in the animal feed industry. Recently, we proposed Wickerhamomyces anomalus SZ1 isolated and characterized from home-made curd that yield 33% higher MOS than S. cerevisiae as an alternative to the latter (Gupta et al. 2018). This report details the results of a 60-day performance feeding trial in Catla (Catla catla) fish aimed at evaluating comparative efficacy of MOS from W. anomalus (W-MOS) and S. cerevisiae (S-MOS) when fed at 0.4% rate solely or in combination with probiotic (PB) bacteria, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 (106 CFU g−1 feed). One hundred and fifty juveniles were equally distributed in five groups, in triplicates, and were fed one of the five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets viz. control, 0.4% S-MOS, 0.4% W-MOS, 0.4% S-MOS + PB and 0.4% W-MOS+ PB. Percent weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) at the end of experiment indicated that the growth performance of Catla fingerlings with dietary supplementation of 0.4% MOS (4 g kg−1) from either source was significantly better (P < 0.05) than control fish, but further potentiation of effects was observed in W-MOS only indicating species-specific synergistic complementation of pre-probiotics. Packed cell volume was increased with 0.4% MOS feeding, which was further augmented when probiotic was co-fed (P < 0.05). The modulation of activities of digestive (intestinal protease and amylase) (P < 0.01) and metabolic (liver and muscle ALT, AST, LDH, MDH) enzymes (P < 0.05) further supported the improved growth performance of fish. Body composition of fingerlings, at the end of feeding trial, fed 0.4% MOS from either source, alone or in combination with probiotic, was unaffected. It was concluded that MOS from W. anomalus is superior alternative to that from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (W-MOS) and can be used in feed industry along with probiotic in promoting better growth performances.

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted with six experimental diets containing 260 g/kg crude protein and 70 g/kg lipid with varying level of de-oiled rice bran (DORB), viz., 33 (T33), 38 (T38), 43 (T43), 48 (T48), 53 (T53) and 58% (T58) to assess the digestive, metabolic and haematological responses in Labeo rohita. One hundred and eighty (180) fingerlings with ten fish per tank having an average weight of 9.8 ± 0.5 g were randomly distributed within six treatments in triplicates following a completely randomised design. The amylase and lipase activities in the whole intestine did not vary significantly (P > 0.05), but protease activity varied significantly with respect to DORB level in the diet. At higher (53 and 58%) inclusion level of DORB, the protease activities were lower. T33, T38 and T43 groups showed significantly (P