Search

Museums can be restorative environments that promote recovery from directed attention fatigue. The current study investigated the effect of the time spent in a museum on the perception of the museum as restorative environment. A total of 67 participants were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions that differed in how much time participants spent in the museum: 10 min, 45 min, or 110 min. Additionally, we assessed participants' subjective experience of the duration (i.e., too short, ideal, too long). As a baseline for nonrestorative environments, we measured the perceived restorativeness of the museum lobby and compared it with the perceived restorativeness of the museum, rated after the visit. Overall, the museum was perceived as a restorative environment, and this was not significantly modulated by the objective visit duration. However, the subjective appropriateness of the visit duration significantly predicted the perceived restorativeness of the museum. Specifically, participants who perceived their visit as too long rated the restorativeness of the museum as lower compared with participants who perceived the length of their visit as either too short or ideal. Hence, it is the subjective instead of the objective visiting duration that determines the restorativeness of museums. The findings are discussed in the context of attention restoration theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how Frances Lamont and Elizabeth Morison’s An Adventure (1913) disrupts temporal and spatial dichotomies through its supposed representations of time travel. An Adventure presents time as a shifting force that aligns with Bergsonian notions of temporality – specifically the concepts of objective and subjective time as defined in Henri Bergson’s Creative Evolution (1911) and “Time and Free Will” (1913). This article also considers how Freudian notions of “condensation” further outline the subjective rendering of time in An Adventure’s surreal journeys back in time to the French Revolution and how the narrative’s subjective presentation of time aligns with Ford Madox Ford’s later theories of literary impressionism, particularly his idea that modernist narratives are composed of “various unordered pictures”. This article ultimately argues that Lamont and Morison’s book benefited from the temporally minded scientific and social climate of the time and used the theoretical groundwork of thinkers like Henri Bergson, Ford Madox Ford and Sigmund Freud as starting points from which they could tell their tale as truth. Specifically, their formal construction of the text as scientific research seeks to consciously obscure the differentiation between fact and fable, effectively positing their nonlinear time slip as truth. If that truth is humored, Lamont and Morison are proposing a more radical conception of time than Bergson – a nonlinear conception of time – a proposition that sits in tension with their use of scientific diction and discourse.

This essay considers the aesthetic stakes of light in Nancy Holt's installation Sun Tunnels (1973–1976), emphasising their relation to subjective consciousness and time. Taking into account the question of systems Holt's oeuvre also developed, the essay meditates on the rupture Holt's installation in the Basin Desert in Utah provokes today, when the prevalence of social systems of immediate visibility and communication eliminate remoteness and deny unobservable, irreducibly intimate experience, or subjective time. A direct exploration of Sun Tunnels on the summer solstice 2022 grounds the essay's proposal to seriously engage with the creative potentialities of the drive, and to furthermore consider, beyond Robert Smithson's notion of the drive's entropic character, a radiant or anthropic principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention has a significant effect on time perception, as a person's perception of duration varies depending on the object of one's attention, even when the visual stimulus is consistent. This study aimed to identify the effects of directing participants' attention after a stimulus has disappeared on time perception, as prior studies have examined only pre-stimulus direction. The stimulus used comprised two overlapping figures – one large and one small. After the stimulus was removed, participants were asked to judge the length of the presentation time and shape of one of the two figures. Consequently, the participants perceived a longer presentation duration when their attention was directed to a large figure than when directed to a small figure. This finding suggests that even after an event has occurred, the time perception of the event changes depending on the feature receiving one's attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple model is built to evaluate quantitatively the individual feeling of the passage of time using a sociophysics approach. Given an objective unit of time like the year, I introduce an individualized mirror-subjective counterpart, which is inversely proportional to the number of objective units of time already experienced by a person. An associated duration of time is then calculated. Past and future individual horizons are also defined together with a subjective speed of time. Furthermore, I rescale the subjective unit of time by activating additional clocks connected to ritualized socializations, which mark and shape the specific times of an individual throughout their life. The model shows that without any ritual socialization, an individual perceives their anticipated life as infinite via a "soft" infinity. The past horizon is also perceived at infinity but with a "hard" infinity. However, the price for the first ritualized socialization is to exit eternity in terms of the anticipated future with the simultaneous reward of experiencing a finite moment of infinity analogous to that related to birth. I then extend the model using a power law of the number of past objective units of time to mitigate the phenomenon of shrinking of time. The findings are sound and recover common feelings about the passage of time over a lifetime. In particular, the fact that time passes more quickly with aging with a concomitant slowing down of the speed of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between ​the ​subjective time experience and aesthetic experience​,​ including bodily sensations​,​ as observers view recordings of dance choreographies of contemporary and hip-hop dance. After watching each of ​the ​six different video-recorded dance choreographies, ​the ​participants (Serbian students N=122, aged between 17 and 27) rated their perception of time (i.e., duration, passage), ​their ​aesthetic experience, and bodily sensations. In regard to the duration aspect of time perception, ​the ​results indicated that​ the​ observers’ estimations of the duration of each choreography do not differ significantly from the objective duration of ​the ​observed choreography. In contrast,​ the​ results for the passage of time show that ​the ​participants perceived time as passing much faster​ when watching hip-hop choreographies​. Specifically for hip-hop choreographies​,​ Dynamism and Focus positively predict subjective time experience. In line with previous studies, these findings suggest that heightened focus on an aesthetic object, as well as immersion in an activity, tends to diminish awareness of the passage of time, leading to the sensation of time passing more quickly.

Copyright of Dance & Education / Tánc & Nevelés is the property of Hungarian Dance Academy / Magyar Tancmuveszeti Egyetem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines how teams manage temporal ambivalence, or the simultaneous and conflicting perceptions of time as a resource, including how much time has passed and whether there is enough of it left. Team members' time perceptions influence how a team manages time; thus, effective time management requires some collective resolution of temporal ambivalence. To study the effects of temporal ambivalence on time management processes and performance in teams, we conducted a laboratory study in which we manipulated perceptions of time by engineering a wall clock to run at different speeds (normal, fast, or slow) to instantiate different types of temporal ambivalence. Using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, we found that managing temporal ambivalence effectively is essential for teams to appropriately allocate time to different phases of work. Specifically, teams often misallocated their time by either transitioning too late or too early between phases of work, both of which were associated with worse team performance than transitioning closer to the temporal midpoint. Teams with heightened temporal ambivalence were more likely to manage time poorly following one or more of three dysfunctional patterns: bypassing comments, glossing over contradictions, and following passively. By contrast, teams that managed temporal ambivalence effectively did so through time management huddles, in which team members briefly and collectively took time away from the main task to explicitly discuss how to allocate their time. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on team process, ambivalence, and time management in organizations. Funding: This work was supported by Harvard University, INSEAD, and the UCL School of Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The framework of this paper is subjective time perception in the context of intertemporal choice, that is to say, the process of making decisions on dated outcomes (monetary or not) by an individual or a group of individuals. In this setting, the Discounted Utility model and, more specifically, the exponential discounting have been the paradigmatic methodology used to measure the preferences on delayed outcomes. However, this model can only be applied to consistent choices in which individuals do not change their preferences when the involved rewards are delayed the same time interval. Unfortunately, this is not the case of several decision scenarios where time is viewed as a subjective variable. The objective of this paper is to formally analyze the consistency of intertemporal choices governed by a discount function, derived from the exponential, where time has been distorted according to certain psychological traits of the subjects involved in the decision-making. More specifically, the different types of decreasing impatience will be characterized by focusing on the distortion derived from the subjective perspective of time. The findings of this research are very relevant in order to explain the time-related behavior of decision-makers in some noteworthy fields such as finance, psychology, marketing or sociology.

Employment conditions have been subject to far-reaching flexibilization and fragmentation in recent decades. One of the many ways to make labor flexibly available and cost-effective is to divide the working day using split shifts. In this qualitative study on the home care sector in Austria, we investigate the workers' experiences of split shifts as example of fragmented work and unsocial working times. On an empirical level, the findings show that split shifts imply severe challenges for the workers. On a conceptual level, the research emphasizes the need to consider complex and subjective dimensions of time in researching working times. Our findings suggest that even seemingly clear delineations between work and non-work time are in fact fragile and ambivalent. In that sense, the interruption between the two shifts in split shift work is neither work nor real leisure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfaces, interactions, and time are commonly understood as foundational constructs in the field of organizational frontlines, but their current definitions are fragmented and disconnected. We propose a set of propositions drawn from theorizing the foundational constructs to facilitate systematic studies of frontline phenomena and promote integration across studies. We also advance the concept of the frontline nexus, a constellation of relations that interconnect the foundational constructs, and propose that the nexus is the appropriate unit of analysis for the study of organizational frontlines. To specify a system that embeds the frontline nexus and situates its foundational constructs, we discuss the role of agency, technology, learning, and privacy as key structural characteristics. In response to changing frontlines, we offer 11 propositions to advance research and practice of organizational frontlines. These propositions encourage researchers to explore the potential of new technologies, investigate the role of frontline actors in shaping interaction outcomes, examine the impact of learning and development initiatives, and consider the ethical implications of frontline actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a semantic differential-based research method called Prison Time. The study with this tool was conducted on a group (N = 161) of men serving time in Polish prisons. The analysis revealed a two-factor structure accounting for 49.1% of the variance, with Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.74. The Perceptual-Formal factor reflects formal aspects of perceiving time – pace, dynamics, and changeability. The Emotional-Valence factor captures both the emotional load and assessment related to experiencing imprisonment time. The measure is likely to be used by both academics and practitioners interested in assessing the subjective attitude to time as experienced in prison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a commonplace perception that speed of time subjectively experienced by humans significantly differs from chronological (objective) time and shows a great deal of variability. An often cited example is the phenomenon of the time acceleration with age – subjectively, the time passes faster as we get older. While the exact mechanisms behind it are not yet fully established, here we consider three “soft” (conceptual) mathematical models that might be applicable to the speeding time phenomenon: two proportionality theories widely discussed in the past and the original model that takes into account the novelty of experience effect. The latter is found the most plausible, as not only it satisfactorily describes the decadal subjective time acceleration, but also offers a reasonable explanation of the human life experience accumulation with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's population is aging, it is necessary to create societies in which older adults and young people can live together comfortably. Reducing young people's negative attitudes toward older adults is a pressing issue. Given the unique characteristics of older adults, which most people will eventually become, we focused on how long people believe it will be before they become older adults (i.e., the subjective time of becoming older). To examine our hypotheses, we performed a Bayesian analysis, which has attracted considerable attention in psychological research in recent years. In Studies 1 and 2, even after controlling for variables such as youth identity and aging anxiety, those with a longer subjective time of becoming older had more negative attitudes toward older adults and lower advocacy for policies to support older adults. In Study 3, we examined the effect of shortening the participants' subjective time of becoming older by presenting an explanatory text on the stereotype embodiment theory and several related empirical findings. We observed decreased negative attitudes toward both the young-old and old-old groups and increased advocacy for policies to support older adults. In the supplemental experiment, the experimental manipulation used in Study 3 reduced participants' aging anxiety. Future studies should elaborate on the negative attitudes toward a broad subgroup of older adults, and examine the perceived relative importance of policies to support older adults compared with policies in other areas.

Relevance. This study is important for understanding the children’s recovery process after brain damage and it also sets the stage for further research on the time perception in states of reduced or depressed consciousness. Goal. This article is devoted to the study of changes in time perception (сhronoception) among adolescent children after they have got moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Method. The data obtained on children who have experienced post-traumatic state of mental confusion while recovering from brain injuries (n = 19) were compared with two control groups: adolescents with no brain damage (n = 25) and young people (n = 14). Results. Based on the data obtained it can be inferred that after having had brain injuries, children experience significant difficulties both in assessing the current time and in subjective timing of the minute interval. When restoring the psychological status after brain injuries, the formation of spatio-temporal connections, the ability to interiorise external eventfulness and the emergence of a correspondence between perceptual and conceptual times, are required due to the actualization of internal senses. It is suggested that the restoration of chronoception depends not only on the level of recovery of the child’s consciousness after a brain injury

The article demonstrates the features of the interpretation and understanding of temporal coordination as a form of manifestation of intersubjectivity, which is the basic characteristic of the subjective time of an individual with disabilities. It is shown that the formation of an adequate theory of inclusion involves the systematization of existing basic approaches in two directions: first, fragments of the acquired knowledge about the society of inclusion and inclusive practices are conceptualized; secondly, an attempt is being made to present a theoretically correct concept of inclusion that initiates the development of inclusive technologies. It is postulated that intersubjectivity is presented as a commonality and integrity of the structures of mental activity, social experience and the results of reflection of various individuals, making it possible to achieve their interaction and mutual understanding in the process of becoming a personal identification. The significance of temporal coordination is substantiated from the standpoint of reflecting the specifics of a complex experience by an individual with disabilities of the intentionality of subjective time in a special social group. It is demonstrated that temporal coordination acts as an individual essential characteristic of individual consciousness in relation to the collective consciousness of people with disabilities. The intersubjective foundations of the social experience of individuals are revealed, which make it possible to bring the interaction of people to the level of mutual understanding, which determines the direct mechanisms of communication. The aim of the article is to study intersubjectivity as a methodological basis for temporal coordination, which makes it possible to present an inclusive society as a certain type of microsociety (special social group, special social group) from the standpoint of the world of everyday life. The scientific novelty is connected with the consideration of temporal coordination in the contextual field of intersubjectivity in the everyday reality of an inclusive society with an emphasis on the constitution of other subjects as conscious objects by the cognizing subject, using the internal experience of interpretation and comprehension by a person of his own individual existence. The methodology of the work is based on philosophical, pedagogical and multidisciplinary complexes, which make it possible to demonstrate the cognitive, communicative and pragmatic possibilities of temporal coordination as a form of manifestation of the subjective time of a person with disabilities in an inclusive society. Adequate definition of priority directions, tendencies and tasks of development of an inclusive society from the standpoint of a phenomenological approach involves the use of methods of symbolic interactionism, phenomenological reduction, introspection and praxemic methods. The findings are of practical importance in the context of solving philosophical and socio-cultural problems of a theoretical, conceptual, practical and methodological nature. They show the features of the application of temporal concepts in the context of constructing the social field of communication and the life of individuals with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Travel time is considered a main factor in travel demand modeling, taken almost exclusively in its objective form. Given that people base their decisions on perceptions rather than on objective attributes, this study aims to examine whether forecasting could benefit from the inclusion of subjective time. A second objective is to test and disentangle drivers' tendency to estimate toll trips as shorter than non-toll trips. In a field experiment, shoppers departing a mall described their intended route and an alternative route, one of which via a nearby toll road. Participants provided time estimates for the two routes. Objective times were collected via smartphone tracking apps and Waze. All 386 participants were paid 10 NIS. To test the effects of toll self-payment, some participants were told that this sum was to cover the toll payment, and others that it was a participation fee. Consequently, some participants who had not intended to drive via the toll road were paid to do so. Results showed that drivers who intended to drive via the toll road exaggerated their time savings compared to drivers who did not intend to drive it but eventually did, suggesting drivers' time estimates reflected an attempt to justify their route choice. Self-payment decreased estimated toll time savings. Drivers' toll-route choice was estimated using binomial logit models, revealing better fit for models based on estimated, rather than objective, time. We concluded that estimated time data entails unique valuable information regarding drivers' preferences, rendering its integration in toll-route modeling constructive and beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Time is a core aspect of psychopathology with potential for clinical use and early intervention. Temporal experience, perception, judgement and processing are distorted in various psychiatric disorders such as mood (depression and mania), anxiety, autistic, impulse‐control, dissociative and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Can these disorders of time be used as early diagnostic or predictive markers? To answer this question, we develop a Transdiagnostic Taxonomy of (disordered) Time (TTT) that maps on to the symptomatological, phenomenal, perceptual and functional descriptions of each underlying disorder in a 2 × 2 × 2 state space. Temporal distortions may precede functional decline, and so assist efforts at early detection and intervention in at‐risk groups. Method: Firstly, this article integrates a psychological model of how time is processed with a subjective or phenomenological model of how time is experienced or perceived. Secondly, the integrated combined model of time is then used to heuristically map major psychiatric disorders on to the basic elements of temporal flow and integration. Results: The TTT systematically describes the basic temporal nature of eight diagnostic categories of psychiatric illness. It differentiates between diagnoses primarily associated with distorted "macro‐level" phenomenal temporal experiences (i.e. anxiety, dissociation/PTSD, depression, and mania) from those primarily related to distorted 'micro‐level' temporal processing (i.e. psychotic, impulse‐control, autistic and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorders). Conclusions: The TTT allows differential diagnostic classification of various psychiatric disorders in terms of a possible underlying time disorder, making it useful for future diagnostic and predictive purposes using novel techniques of temporal processing, time perception, passage of time, and time perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research on time perception has revealed that actions which are replayed in slow motion are perceived to take longer and rated to be more intentional (e.g., foul plays). Interestingly, the bias on duration estimations seems to disappear when information on the slow motion factor (i.e., the degree the video was slowed down) was provided. Here, we scrutinize the question whether also the intentionality bias disappears when explicit information about the slow motion factor is provided. To this end, two groups watched the same video clips, all displaying foul situations in a basketball match, in different video speeds. While the uninformed group saw the videos without further information, the informed group received additional information about the current slow motion factor. This study replicated the overestimation of original duration with increasing slow motion and indicated that this effect might be reduced when information about the slow motion factor is provided. However, despite generally lower intentionality ratings in the informed group, video speed information was not able to reduce the rise in intentionality ratings with increasing slow motion. Potential reasons and open questions regarding the nature and mechanisms behind these perceptual temporal biases (e.g., different time processing systems) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concepts such as time and memory are defining elements in the music of composers from Romania. A specific case is composer Doina Rotaru's work, "Clocks", where the theme is explicit. The current study analyses throughout the composition how various facets of time (objective time, measuring instruments, inner time, subjective time, and circular time) are musically highlighted through compositional techniques such as precision of form, slow developments, interplay of musical syntax, and ingenious orchestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the nature and neurobiological mechanisms of subjective time. Subjective time is shown to be a consequence of the functioning of consciousness. Subjective time is generated by consciousness and is one of its natural properties. A formal model is constructed providing explanations of the psychophysiological mechanisms of subjective time and the still mysterious phenomena which it generates. The qualitative characteristics of subjective time are formulated and are in good correspondence with extensive experimental data on the perception of short time intervals (stimulus durations and interstimulus intervals) and unusual phenomena occurring only episodically. Subjective time is a separate entity not directly dependent on physical time, though it may be associated with it via the intensity of the subject's mental activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies involving the interaction between musical mode and tempo on time perception have been carried out through comparisons between a single major mode and a single minor mode, presented in different tempi. However, classifying the modes only into major and minor has not been considered sufficient. The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of the musical mode and tempo interaction on time perception analyzing the effect of different modes performed in the slow, moderate and fast tempi. Fifty undergraduate students of both sexes individually listened to 12 musical excerpts (4 modes – Ionian, Mixolydian, Dorian and Aeolian – and 3 tempi – 72 bpm, 114 bpm, and 184 bpm), one excerpt at a time. After each excerpt, the participants performed a time-reproduction task, in which they had to press a button (beginning of the task), recal the duration of each excerpt and press a button again (end of the task). Results showed no interaction between mode and tempi and no differences between musical modes, regardless of tempo. However, regardless of the mode, excerpts in slow tempo was judged shorter than in moderate and fast tempi, respectively, and excerpts in moderate tempo was judged shorter than excerpts in fast tempo. These results can contribute to understanding the psychological processes of attention, memory and expectancy related to the perception of time in music listening situations.

Reduction in ageist attitudes is crucial to resolve intergenerational conflicts between older adults and other generations. As factors related to ageist attitudes, the extent to which people perceive themselves to be young should be the focus. The perceived link between older adults and illness also has a significant relationship with ageist attitudes. This study examines the relationship between ageist attitudes and youth identity (the extent to which people feel they belong to the young population as opposed to the older population), and impressions of the physical and mental health of the general older population. The results of an online survey of Japanese participants (n = 474) showed that those with higher youth identity held stronger ageist attitudes. While impressions of the physical health of the general older population were not associated with ageist attitudes, participants with more positive impressions of older adults' mental health had weaker ageist attitudes. Future research should extend our model by adding factors not considered in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that subjective time and work efficiency are affected by visual stimuli. However, existing studies only consider the effects of visual information on the user during viewing and ignore the after effects. Using smart glasses lets users see visual information while moving until just before arriving at the office or school. We hypothesize that the user's effects from the visual information they were looking at just before working or studying affects the subsequent work. Through two user studies, we investigated whether information presented on smart glasses affected subsequent work efficiency. In the first experiment, participants were presented with avatars running at two levels of speed, or no avatars, through simulated smart glasses in a virtual environment. They then solved a dot-clicking task on a desktop monitor. In the second experiment, we investigated whether the same effect could be shown while walking in the real environment, with a running and a fast-walking avatar both at the same speed in order to see the difference in the effects of the different movements. In the first experiment, we confirmed that the speed of later work tended to improve when presenting the running human-shaped avatar. From the results of the second experiment, which was conducted in the real environment, we did not confirm that the subsequent work speed varied depending on the type of avatar being displayed. As a reason for the trend of improvement in the task efficiency in the first experiment, observation of fast human motion may have unconsciously accelerated the observers' body movement speed due to the mirror neuron mechanism. As a reason for why the work speed did not improve in the second experiment, the participants may be affected by other pedestrians and running cars. Additionally, it was difficult to see the images on the smart glasses while walking in the real environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing negative attitudes toward older adults is an urgent issue. A previous study has conducted “stereotype embodiment theory”-based interventions (SET interventions) that present participants with the contents of SET and related empirical findings. I focus on the subjective time to become older (the perception of how long people feel it will be before they become old) as a mechanism for the effect of SET interventions. I make the SET intervention group and the control group in which the participants are presented with an irrelevant vignette. The data from 641 participants (M = 31.97 years) were analyzed. Consequently, the SET intervention shortened the subjective time to become older and reduced negative attitudes toward older adults. When considering SET interventions, it would be useful to focus not only on the self-interested motives to avoid age discrimination but also on the subjective time to become older.

Copyright of Jerash Journal for Research & Studies is the property of Jerash University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, I deploy Gallagher et al.'s theory of Direct Social Perception (DSP) to help explain how we perceive others' subjective time. This process of second-person temporal perception plays an important role in interpersonal interaction, yet is often glossed over in discussions of intersubjectivity. Using A.D. Craig (2009) 'awareness' model of subjective time to unify converging evidence that subjective time is embodied, affective, and situated, I argue that subjective time cannot be considered as a hidden or invisible aspect of a private mind, but is partially externally visible through our gestures, expressions, and other behaviours as they unfold within a particular context. My central thesis is that, in face to face interactions, we are able to directly perceive these visible components of other people's subjective time. This is made possible by our "enculturated" (Menary, 2015) and enactive perceptual faculties. The process of social perception is not a passive, unidirectional affair where static information about one person's subjective time is transmitted to the other, but rather inextricably linked with action (both at the personal and subpersonal level) and interaction effects produced by a dynamic coupling between participants. Such an enactive perspective reveals how others' subjective time can be perceived in everyday interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiction has often shown that our sense of time can be affected by the spaces and things around us. In particular, the houses in which characters live can make the passing of time dilate, accelerate, even to seem to skip or stop. These interactions between place and time may represent more than metaphor or literary artifice, but rather genuine cognitive processes of embodied subjective time. This is demonstrated in an analysis of Lisa Gorton's The Life of Houses, supplementing traditional stylistic analysis with cognitive poetics to explore an influence of the central house, the Sea House, on the young protagonist's experience of time. Exploring the text through the fictional mental functioning of a main character offers a new way to understand The Life of Houses, and, more broadly, the cognitive approach set out in this article—one which takes into account various active and interactive influences on subjective time—may have implications for the interpretation of other works which analyse the connections between time, place, and self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe the results of a single subject study attempting at a better understanding of the subjective mental state during musical improvisation. In a first experiment, we setup an ecological paradigm measuring EEG on a musician in free improvised concerts with an audience, followed by retrospective rating of the mental state of the improviser. We introduce Subjective Temporal Resolution (STR), a retrospective rating assessing the instantaneous quantization of subjective timing of the improviser. We identified high and low STR states using Hidden Markov Models in two performances, and were able to decode those states using supervised learning on instantaneous EEG power spectrum, showing increases in theta and alpha power with high STR values. In a second experiment, we found an increase of theta and beta power when experimentally manipulating STR in a musical improvisation imagery experiment. These results are interpreted with respect to previous research on flow state in creativity, as well as with the temporal processing literature. We suggest that a component of the subjective state of musical improvisation may be reflected in an underlying mechanism related to the subjective quantization of time. We also demonstrate the feasibility of single case studies of musical improvisation using brain activity measurements and retrospective reports, by obtaining consistent results across multiple sessions.

In this paper, we describe the results of a single subject study attempting at a better understanding of the subjective mental state during musical improvisation. In a first experiment, we setup an ecological paradigm measuring EEG on a musician in free improvised concerts with an audience, followed by retrospective rating of the mental state of the improviser. We introduce Subjective Temporal Resolution (STR), a retrospective rating assessing the instantaneous quantization of subjective timing of the improviser. We identified high and low STR states using Hidden Markov Models in two performances, and were able to decode those states using supervised learning on instantaneous EEG power spectrum, showing increases in theta and alpha power with high STR values. In a second experiment, we found an increase of theta and beta power when experimentally manipulating STR in a musical improvisation imagery experiment. These results are interpreted with respect to previous research on flow state in creativity, as well as with the temporal processing literature. We suggest that a component of the subjective state of musical improvisation may be reflected in an underlying mechanism related to the subjective quantization of time. We also demonstrate the feasibility of single case studies of musical improvisation using brain activity measurements and retrospective reports, by obtaining consistent results across multiple sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the application of tense logic to the verbal expressions of patients has provided interesting conclusions that allow for a better understanding of the psychopathology of time. Material and methods: the approach to subjectivity Method (Mas) was used with the patients and afterwards the tense logic. Results: once the analysis was carried out two variants were found: a) the logical-temporal forms that the studied subjects adopt when they are under the absolute control of a particular temporality (past, present or future), where rigidity is shown and fluency is not allowed. here a combinatorial of affirmations and negations of the different temporal predicates has been demonstrated, altering the "effective presentification". b) other forms, considered discordant, that are capable of profoundly modifying the conditions that temporal rationality requires. Large logical errors have been recorded in this group, such as: invasion, detention, confusion, investment or time gaps. the "accumulated temporalities", the "propositional functions" or the use of "universal quantifiers" have provided the tools required to symbolize such errors. Conclusions: finding an "implicit logic" of these disorders has made it possible to better understand how categories of time are de-structured in pathological conditions and, furthermore, to make inferences towards normalized temporality, avoiding paradoxes and philosophical discussions. in such a case, the clinic appears as a safe platform from which normality can be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the study of time experiences in psychopathology has not been an easy task due to the difficulties in conceptualizing time, hence philosophy has played an important role in this purpose, much greater than in other psychological functions. thus, it has been very difficult to elaborate a precise idea of "subjective time", whereas the idea of "objective time" which flows uniformly has been clear from the beginning. Objective: this research aims to address the temporal experiences of patients through the "temporal logic", a relatively recent form of formal analysis that has made up for the deficiencies of the "classical" or "aristotelian" logic. Materials and methods: to collect and then try to formalize these experiences we have the approach to subjectivity Method (Mas) that uses non-directive interviews and enables the faithful record of the statements of the patients. Results: from there, in this first part, we have defined the logical-temporal properties of normal experiences, to address, in the second, the logical-temporal errors contained in the pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is understood that our experience of time is fluid and subjective, the cognitive mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well described. Based on event segmentation theory, we tested the hypothesis that changes in the context, particularly the spatial context, of an experience impact how an individual perceives (encodes) and remembers the length of that event. A group of participants viewed short videos of scenes from movies that either contained shifts in spatial context (e.g., characters moving through doorways) or did not contain any shifts in spatial context. In one task, participants estimated a randomly selected time duration (between 10 and 23 s) when encoding these videos. In a second task, the same participants estimated the duration of the videos after viewing them. We found that even though the presence of spatial shifts impacted how time was perceived, the nature of this effect differed as a function of task. Specifically, when time was estimated at encoding, these estimates were longer for videos that did not contain spatial shifts compared with those with spatial shifts. However, when these estimates were made at retrieval, durations were reported as longer for videos with spatial context shifts than those without. A second experiment replicated these main findings in a new sample. We interpret these results as providing new evidence for theories on how context changes, particularly those in spatial information, distort the experience of time differently during the encoding and retrieval phases of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ayahuasca is described as a hallucinogenic substance whose property is to alter the subjective experience of time and impair the perception of the passage of time during stimuli of more than two to three seconds. The dose-dependent effects of two concentrations of ayahuasca in the ritualistic context were investigated employing temporal reproduction tasks in participants experienced in shamanistic ayahuasca rituals. The study was conducted on nine healthy volunteers who ingested two doses of ayahuasca at two times during a ritual session. The doses of each session, consumed in amounts ranging from 20 to 60 mL, were either of low concentration or of experimental ayahuasca according to a double-blind procedure. Participants performed the task of immediately listening and reproducing, with a laptop, 20-s musical stimuli during the session. The results showed that significant temporal distortion was triggered by the musical stimulus presented without the ingestion of ayahuasca, with means of 16.33 to 16.52 s. There were minor temporal distortions after ingestion of ayahuasca: a mean of 17.91 s for control ayahuasca and of 18.38 s for experimental ayahuasca. These results with less temporal distortion among participants with ayahuasca intake disagree with other studies of hallucinogens involving temporal reproduction.

When displayed in slow motion, actions are often perceived longer compared with original speed. However, it remains to be determined why this bias exists. Is it possible that the bias emerges because participants underestimate the factor by which a video was slowed down and hence arrive at erroneous conclusions about the original duration? If true, providing explicit information about the respective video speed should eliminate this slow motion effect. To scrutinize the nature of this bias, participants rated the original duration of sports actions displayed at original speed or slow motion. Results revealed the expected overestimation bias consisting in longer ratings with increasing slow motion. However, the bias disappeared when information about the current video speed was provided. The observations suggest an influence of knowledge about video playback speed on cognitive-evaluative processes which may hold important implications for future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the idea of temporality in relation to high-modernist literary representations of London. I claim that the modernist metropolis appears as a palimpsest whose memorialising function is upheld by techniques such as fragmentation, citation, myth, allegory, intertextual references or allusions, which question the stereotypical relationship between then and now, subject and site. It does so by deconstructing traditional temporal sequences and by foregrounding a subtle connection between past and present. Thus, the modernist city will be considered as a space of transformation in which the substantialness of space and subjective time translates the elusive meaning of contemporary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Despite the rapid growth of organizational research on subjective time, the extant literature is fragmented due to a lack of conceptual clarification and integration of temporal constructs. To address this fragmentation, we synthesize temporal research from both organizational behavior and adjacent disciplines (i.e., strategy, entrepreneurship, and organizational theory) and introduce a framework that allocates temporal constructs according to their basic conceptual nature (trait–state) and level of analysis (individual–collective). We employed the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count text analysis to determine the trait–state property of the constructs and a coding method to determine their level of analysis. This framework categorizes four generic types of subjective time: individual temporal disposition, individual temporal state, collective temporal state, and collective temporal disposition. We clarify the conceptualizations of the temporal constructs belonging to each of the four archetypes of subjective time and review their key findings in the organizational literature. Based on this integrative framework, we identify critical knowledge gaps in the current state of research and chart a future agenda with specific suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental paradigm of temporal reproduction has provided unique insights into the temporal machinery of cognitive processes. Both behavioral observations and electrophysiological methods with this paradigm indicate a time window of some 3 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]