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Background: Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide, affecting 15 million people annually. In Indonesia, the prevalence is 10.9%. Major risk factors include high blood pressure, obesity, inactivity, poor diet, and smoking. Objective: This study aims to analyze long-term trends in risk factors, nutritional status, and food intake among stroke patients from 2011-2021, assessing their impact on stroke incidence. Methods: Data from a longitudinal cohort study of 5,329 subjects, including 215 stroke patients, were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and SAS software. ANOVA was used to assess annual changes in risk factors, nutritional status, and food intake. Survival analysis was conducted with SAS PROC LIFETEST and PROC LIFEREG. Results: The cohort was primarily female (62.8%), aged 60 or older (57.2%), senior high school education (25.6%), civil servants (30.7%), and low income (57.2%). Significant changes were noted in BMI (p=0.037), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p=0.001), HDL (p=0.049), abdominal circumference, smoking habits, physical activity (p

Background: Improved endovascular methods make it possible to treat complex ruptured aneurysms, but surgery is still needed in certain cases. We evaluated the effects on the clinical results of the changes in aneurysm treatment. Methods: The study cohort was 837 patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and one or multiple aneurysms, admitted to Dept of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University Hospital from 2012 to 2021. Demography, location and treatment of aneurysms, neurologic condition at admission and discharge, mortality and last tier treatment of high intracranial pressure (ICP) was evaluated. Functional outcome was measured using the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) Data concerning national incidences of stroke diseases was collected from open Swedish databases. Results: Endovascular methods were used in 666 cases (79.6%). In 111 (13.3%) with stents. Surgery was performed in 115 cases (13.7%) and 56 patients (6.7%) had no aneurysm treatment. The indications for surgery were a hematoma (51 cases, 44.3%), endovascular treatment not considered safe (47 cases, 40.9%), or had been attempted without success (13 cases, 11.3%). Treatment with stent devices increased, and with surgery decreased over time. There was a trend in decrease in hemicraniectomias over time. Both the patient group admitted awake (n = 681) and unconscious (n = 156) improved significantly in consciousness between admission and discharge. Favorable outcome (GOSE 5–8) was seen in 69% for patients admitted in Hunt & Hess I-II and 25% for Hunt & Hess III-V. Mortality at one year was 10.9% and 42.7% for those admitted awake and unconscious, respectively.The number of cases decreased during the study period, which was in line with Swedish national data. Conclusions: The incidence of patients with SAH gradually decreased in our material, in line with national data. The treatment policy in our unit has been shifting to more use of endovascular methods. During the study period the use of hemicraniectomies decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study investigates the influence of Global Smoking Prevalence (GSP) on Stroke Death Rates (SDR) across 27 countries categorized into High-Income Countries (HIC), Upper Middle-Income Countries (UMIC), Lower Middle-Income Countries (LMIC), and Low-Income Countries (LIC). Methods Analysing data from two distinct periods (1990–1999 and 2010–2019), countries exhibiting an increased SDR were selected. The study uses a polynomial regression model, treating income groups as cross-sectional and years as time series data. Results Results from the regression model reveal that 17 countries observed a significant impact of GSP on SDR, with only Turkey, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste resulting in negative values. However, the study emphasises that out of all 27 countries, the highest occurrence of the impact of GSP on SDR has been reported in the LMIC stratum for the period under review. Conclusion It is evident that GSP affects the risk of incidence of stroke death, specifically in the LMIC stratum. Furthermore, it has been identified that GSP is a major preventable risk factor affecting global mortality. To mitigate the risk of stroke death attributable to smoking prevalence, necessary preventive steps should be adopted to encourage smoking cessation, and essential policies should be implemented to reduce the burden of SDR.

Background: This study investigates the influence of Global Smoking Prevalence (GSP) on Stroke Death Rates (SDR) across 27 countries categorized into High-Income Countries (HIC), Upper Middle-Income Countries (UMIC), Lower Middle-Income Countries (LMIC), and Low-Income Countries (LIC). Methods: Analysing data from two distinct periods (1990–1999 and 2010–2019), countries exhibiting an increased SDR were selected. The study uses a polynomial regression model, treating income groups as cross-sectional and years as time series data. Results: Results from the regression model reveal that 17 countries observed a significant impact of GSP on SDR, with only Turkey, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste resulting in negative values. However, the study emphasises that out of all 27 countries, the highest occurrence of the impact of GSP on SDR has been reported in the LMIC stratum for the period under review. Conclusion: It is evident that GSP affects the risk of incidence of stroke death, specifically in the LMIC stratum. Furthermore, it has been identified that GSP is a major preventable risk factor affecting global mortality. To mitigate the risk of stroke death attributable to smoking prevalence, necessary preventive steps should be adopted to encourage smoking cessation, and essential policies should be implemented to reduce the burden of SDR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keira Robinson,1 Judith M Katzenellenbogen,1 Timothy J Kleinig,2 Joosup Kim,3,4 Charley A Budgeon,1 Amanda G Thrift,4 Lee Nedkoff1,5 1School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; 2Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 3Department of Medicine, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 4Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 5Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaCorrespondence: Keira Robinson, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, M431, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia, Email keira.robinson@uwa.edu.auPurpose: People with cardiac disease have 2– 4 times greater risk of stroke than the general population. We measured stroke incidence in people with coronary heart disease (CHD), atrial fibrillation (AF) or valvular heart disease (VHD).Methods: We used a person-linked hospitalization/mortality dataset to identify all people hospitalized with CHD, AF or VHD (1985– 2017), and stratified them as pre-existing (hospitalized 1985– 2012 and alive at October 31, 2012) or new (first-ever cardiac hospitalization in the five-year study period, 2012– 2017). We identified first-ever strokes occurring from 2012 to 2017 in patients aged 20– 94 years and calculated age-specific and age-standardized rates (ASR) for each cardiac cohort.Results: Of the 175,560 people in the cohort, most had CHD (69.9%); 16.3% had multiple cardiac conditions. From 2012– 17, 5871 first-ever strokes occurred. ASRs were greater in females than males in single and multiple condition cardiac groups, largely driven by rates in females aged ≥ 75 years, with stroke incidence in this age group being at least 20% greater in females than males in each cardiac subgroup. In females aged 20– 54 years, stroke incidence was 4.9-fold greater in those with multiple versus single cardiac conditions. This differential declined with increasing age. Non-fatal stroke incidence was greater than fatal stroke in all age groups except in the 85– 94 age group. Incidence rate ratios were up to 2-fold larger in new versus pre-existing cardiac disease.Conclusion: Stroke incidence in people with cardiac disease is substantial, with older females, and younger patients with multiple cardiac conditions, at elevated risk. These patients should be specifically targeted for evidence-based management to minimize the burden of stroke.Keywords: stroke incidence, coronary heart disease, valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation, cardiac disease, risk factors

Abstract Background Regional deprivation has been shown to be an influential factor in stroke incidence risk. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on regional differences in stroke incidence and mortality in Germany. Methods We assessed data from the Diagnosis Related Groups statistics (2016–2019) and the German Federal Registry of Physicians (2019). Negative binomial regression analysis was used to examine the association between the German Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015 covering 401 districts and district-free cities in Germany and stroke incidence, treatment, and mortality. Results The adjusted rate ratios of stroke incidence and mortality with the highest deprivation level compared with the least deprived area were 1.161 (95% CI [1.143, 1.179]) and 1.193 (95% CI [1.148, 1.239]), respectively. Moreover, this study revealed that physician density was higher in district-free cities compared to districts. Conclusions Our results indicate that regional deprivation is associated with incident and mortality cases of stroke, necessitating a more targeted approach to stroke prevention in deprived regions.

Background: No studies have examined the associations between adult height and ischemic stroke subtypes. Methods: We conducted a population-based case-control study that included 2,451 thrombotic and 687 embolic stroke cases, as well as 1,623 intracerebral and 768 subarachnoid hemorrhage cases without history of stroke aged 40–79 years, and the same number of sex- and age-matched controls. Cases and controls were grouped according to the quintile cut-off values of height in controls, and the third quintile, which was approximately the average height group, was used as the reference group. Height divided by one standard deviation of height in controls was also examined as a continuous variable. The analyses were carried out separately for participants aged 40–59 years and 60–79 years. Results: In both younger and older men, height was linearly inversely associated with total and thrombotic strokes, and the shortest quintile compared to the reference group was associated with increased risks of these strokes. Although height was linearly inversely associated with embolic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage in younger men, the shortest quintile did not show increased risks of these strokes. Height did not seem to be associated with total stroke and any stroke subtypes in younger women. In contrast, the tallest quintile was significantly associated with increased risks of total stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, and height tended to be positively associated with these strokes in older women. Conclusion: We reported the associations between adult height and ischemic stroke subtypes for the first time, which differed according to sex and age group.

Little is known about the association between spicy food intake, dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) score, and incident stroke. This study aimed to explore the association of eating spicy food, DASH score, and their interaction with stroke incidence. We included 22,160 Han residents aged 30–79 in southwest China from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort. Three hundred and twelve cases were newly diagnosed with stroke by October 8, 2022, during a mean of 45.5 months of follow-up. Cox regression analyses showed that eating spicy food reduced stroke risk by 34% among people with low DASH scores (HR 0.66, 95%CI 0.45–0.97), while individuals with high DASH scores versus low DASH scores had a 46% lower stroke incidence among spicy food nonconsumers (HR 0.54, 95%CI 0.36–0.82). The HR of the multiplicative interactive term was 2.02 (95%CI 1.24–3.30) and the overall estimates of relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), and the synergy index (S) were 0.54 (95%CI 0.24–0.83), 0.68 (95%CI 0.23–1.14), and 0.29 (95%CI 0.12–0.70), respectively. Consuming spicy food seems to be associated with lower stroke risk only in people who have a lower DASH score, while the beneficial effect of higher DASH scores seems to be found only among nonconsumers of spicy food, and a negative interaction may exist between them in southwestern Chinese aged 30–79. This study could provide scientific evidence for dietary guidance to reduce stroke risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regional deprivation has been shown to be an influential factor in stroke incidence risk. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on regional differences in stroke incidence and mortality in Germany. Methods: We assessed data from the Diagnosis Related Groups statistics (2016–2019) and the German Federal Registry of Physicians (2019). Negative binomial regression analysis was used to examine the association between the German Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015 covering 401 districts and district-free cities in Germany and stroke incidence, treatment, and mortality. Results: The adjusted rate ratios of stroke incidence and mortality with the highest deprivation level compared with the least deprived area were 1.161 (95% CI [1.143, 1.179]) and 1.193 (95% CI [1.148, 1.239]), respectively. Moreover, this study revealed that physician density was higher in district-free cities compared to districts. Conclusions: Our results indicate that regional deprivation is associated with incident and mortality cases of stroke, necessitating a more targeted approach to stroke prevention in deprived regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Based on the few population-based studies that have been conducted in the Middle East, we determined the incidence of stroke in Qom, one of the central provinces of Iran. Methods: The Qom province includes an estimated at-risk population of about 1 million. During a 12-month period (November 2018–November 2019), all first-ever strokes occurring in the target population were registered. Hospitalized cases were ascertained by discharge codes. Out-of-hospital cases were ascertained by a prospective screening of emergency medical services, emergency departments, ambulances records, primary care clinics, rural and urban public health centers, primary care physician offices, and neurologists' offices. Crude and age-adjusted incidence rates (per 100,000 person-years) were calculated. Results: During the study period, 1462 first-ever strokes occurred with a mean age of 68.1 (17–103) years; of these 45.2% were females (661 cases). The crude annual incidence rate per 100,000 at-risk populations was 145.4 (95% confidence interval, 138.1–153.0) for all types of stroke (156.5 for males and 134.3 for females), 26.4 (95% confidence interval, 23.5–29.8) for hemorrhagic stroke, and 114 (95% confidence interval, 105–121) for ischemic stroke. The incidence rate adjusted to the world population was 201.4 (95% confidence interval, 193–210) per 100,000 at-risk populations (adj incidence, 218.5 for males vs 187.4 for females). The total fatality rate during the first 28 days was 19.6%. Conclusion: This study states that in this region there is a high incidence of stroke, which occurs at a younger age than the global average. There was a high prevalence of underlying stroke risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke risks associated with rapid climate change remain controversial due to a paucity of evidence.To examine the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and ischemic stroke (IS) associated with meteorological parameters.In this time-stratified case-crossover study, adult patients hospitalized for their first stroke between 2011 and 2020 from the insurance claims data in Taiwan were identified. The hospitalization day was designated as the case period, and three or four control periods were matched by the same day of the week and month of each case period. Daily mean and 24-h variations in ambient temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, and apparent temperature were measured. Conditional logistic regression models were applied to assess the risk of stroke associated with exposure to weather variables, using the third quintile as a reference, controlling for air pollutant levels.There were 7161 patients with SAH, 40,426 patients with ICH, and 107,550 patients with IS. There was an inverse linear relationship between mean daily temperature and apparent temperature with ICH. Elevated mean daily atmospheric pressure was associated with an increased risk of ICH. A greater decrease in apparent temperature over a 24-h period was associated with increased risk of ICH but decreased risk of IS (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for the first vs. third quintile of changes in apparent temperature, 1.141 (1.053–1.237) and 0.946 (0.899–0.996), respectively).There were considerable differences in short-term associations between meteorological parameters and three main pathological types of strokes.The authors have no permission to share the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence on the association between phylloquinone status and cardiovascular diseases is scarce and conflicting. These inconsistencies may be due to differences in individual characteristics of the study populations, which may modify the association.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between plasma phylloquinone and the risk of first total stroke and its subtypes, and to examine potential effect modifications by body mass index (BMI) in patients with hypertension.Methods: We performed a nested case-control study including 604 first stroke cases and 604 matched controls. The mean age was 62.2 years (range, 45 to 75). Lower BMI was defined as <25 kg/m2, and higher BMI was defined as ≥25 kg/m2. The risks of the first stroke were estimated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using conditional logistic regression. The primary outcome was total stroke or ischemic stroke.Results: The relationship between log-transformed phylloquinone concentration and stroke or ischemic stroke was modified by BMI. Higher phylloquinone levels were associated with lower stroke risk in those with higher BMI. When plasma phylloquinone was assessed as tertiles, the adjusted ORs of first stroke and ischemic stroke for participants with high BMI in tertile 2-3 were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.46,1.08) and 0.57 (95% CI: 0.35,0.92) compared to those in tertile 1, respectively. However, there was no significant association between plasma phylloquinone and risk of first total stroke or ischemic stroke for those with lower BMI. Patients with higher BMI and lower phylloquinone levels had the highest risk of ischemic stroke and showed a statistically significant difference compared to the reference group with lower BMI and higher phylloquinone (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.06, 3.10; P-interaction: 0.017).Conclusions: In Chinese patients with hypertension, there was an inverse association between baseline plasma phylloquinone and risk of first ischemic stroke among those with higher BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Stroke is a severe medical, social and economic burden for all countries of the world. The leading indicators characterizing the “epidemiological picture” of stroke are the incidence and mortality rates from stroke.Aims. Analyze the dynamics of stroke incidence and mortality rates in the regions of Russia that were included in the federal program for reorganizing care for patients with stroke for the period from 2009 to 2016.Material and methods. The study was based on the data of the territorial-population register for seven study areas in the regions of Russia that were included in the federal program for reorganizing care for patients with stroke (Republic of Bashkortostan, Sverdlovsk region, Republic of Tatarstan, Sakhalin region, Stavropol Territory, Ivanovo Region and Irkutsk Region). The age of the examined persons was 25 years and older.Results. In the period from 2009 to 2016, in the studied territories, there was a consistent stable decrease in the value of the stroke incidence rate. Stroke mortality rates fluctuated with a single increase in 2012. When comparing the average incidence of stroke and mortality from it between 2009 and 2016, we discovered a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of stroke – by 1.4 times and in the rate of mortality from stroke – by 2.3 times. According to the results of the cluster analysis, we revealed a significant conformity (similarity) of mortality rates between regions by 2016 and the absence of monotony (stability) of the rate of stroke incidence.Conclusion. In all the regions under study, an almost systematic annual decrease in the incidence and mortality rates from stroke among the adult population was revealed in seven studied territories. The results of cluster analysis of the “picture” of stroke incidence and mortality from it also demonstrate a positive trend by 2016 in all studied territories. Only one of the studied territories – the Republic of Tatarstan – despite the presence of a positive dynamics of stroke incidence over an eight-year period, in 2016 belonged to the rank with a high integral incidence rate.

Little is known about the association between spicy food intake, dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) score, and incident stroke. This study aimed to explore the association of eating spicy food, DASH score, and their interaction with stroke incidence. We included 22,160 Han residents aged 30–79 in southwest China from the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort. Three hundred and twelve cases were newly diagnosed with stroke by October 8, 2022, during a mean of 45.5 months of follow-up. Cox regression analyses showed that eating spicy food reduced stroke risk by 34% among people with low DASH scores (HR 0.66, 95%CI 0.45–0.97), while individuals with high DASH scores versus low DASH scores had a 46% lower stroke incidence among spicy food nonconsumers (HR 0.54, 95%CI 0.36–0.82). The HR of the multiplicative interactive term was 2.02 (95%CI 1.24–3.30) and the overall estimates of relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), and the synergy index (S) were 0.54 (95%CI 0.24–0.83), 0.68 (95%CI 0.23–1.14), and 0.29 (95%CI 0.12–0.70), respectively. Consuming spicy food seems to be associated with lower stroke risk only in people who have a lower DASH score, while the beneficial effect of higher DASH scores seems to be found only among nonconsumers of spicy food, and a negative interaction may exist between them in southwestern Chinese aged 30–79. This study could provide scientific evidence for dietary guidance to reduce stroke risk.

Background: The relationship between inappropriate sleep duration with stroke incidence and mortality remains controversial. We carried out dose-response meta-analysis to quantify their dose-response relationships.Methods: We systematically searched and extracted data from prospective cohort studies regarding sleep duration and stroke published on PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CNKI, and Wangfang Data until October 20, 2020. We used Stata version 15.0 for meta-analysis and dose-response meta-analysis.Results: A total of 20 articles including 27 reports were included. There had fifteen and 12 reports concerning sleep duration and stroke incidence and stroke mortality respectively. Meta-analysis showed that short sleep was linked to an increased risk of stroke incidence and stroke mortality (RR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.19-1.49 and RR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.16-1.62 respectively). Long sleep was also associated with an increased risk of stroke incidence and stroke-related death (RR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.50-1.95 and RR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.87-3.09, respectively). Dose-response meta-analysis demonstrated that U-shaped relationship was observed between sleep duration and risk of all outcomes. Sleep duration presented a nonlinear relationship with stroke incidence, stroke mortality, ischemic stroke, female stroke and male stroke. Prolonged sleep was associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke and male stroke.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that both short and long sleep duration was linked to a higher risk of stroke incidence and stroke mortality. Extended sleep duration was more associated with adverse outcomes compared with short sleep duration. Inappropriate sleep duration correlated more with ischemic stroke and an increased risk of stroke in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Geographical variations in stroke incidence and case fatality in China have been reported. Nonetheless, pooled estimates in major Chinese regions are unknown. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate pooled estimates of incidence and short-term case fatality of stroke in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macao. Methods: Longitudinal studies published in English and indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science, or in Chinese and indexed in SinoMed and CQVIP will be targeted. Articles reporting on adults living in China who experience first-ever stroke or die within 1 year from newly onset stroke will be included. The 95% confidence intervals of the event will be estimated using the exact method based on the Poisson distribution. The log incidence rates together with their corresponding log standard errors will be meta-analyzed using DerSimonian and Laird random effects models. Pooled case fatality rates will also be estimated using a random effect model. Time trends in pooled age-standardized stroke incidence and case fatality will be estimated. The heterogeneity of the included studies will be measured using the I² statistic and meta-regressions will be run to analyze the effect of reported covariates on found heterogeneity. Risk of bias will be examined using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Publication bias will be tested using funnel plots and Egger tests. Sensitivity analysis will be run by risk of bias. Results: This study was funded and registered in 2020. The systematic searches, study selections, and quality assessments were completed in July 2021. Data extraction and analysis and manuscript writing are scheduled to be completed by December 2021. Conclusions: This will be the first study to provide regional differences in pooled estimates of stroke incidence with case fatality in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macao. This study will assist in addressing inequalities in stroke care across China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The extent to which walking pace is associated with a reduced risk for stroke remains unclear. This study examined the association between walking pace and stroke risk based on prospective cohort studies. Methods: Databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Internet were searched from the inception dates to January 31, 2019, for prospective cohort studies focusing on walking pace and risk of stroke in adults. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the quality of the studies. The dependent measure was stroke incidence. Using random-effects models, a meta-analysis was performed to estimate the overall relative risks (RR) of stroke incidence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the individuals with the fastest walking paces vs. individuals with the slowest walking paces. A dose-response relationship was also examined. Results: After screening 1294 titles/abstracts and 14 full-text studies identified in the search, 7 studies (from 8 cohorts) were included in the meta-analysis. The 7 studies included a total of 135,645 participants (95.2% women; mean age 63.6 years) and 2229 stroke events (median follow-up time = 8.0 years). Compared to individuals in the slowest walking-pace category (median = 1.6 km/h), individuals in the fastest walking-pace category (median = 5.6 km/h) had a 44% lower risk of stroke (pooled RR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.48–0.65). There was also a linear dose-response relationship (RR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.83–0.91), with the risk of stroke decreased by 13% for every 1 km/h increment in baseline walking pace. We observed similar results across walking-pace assessment, type of stroke ascertainment, stroke subtypes, sex, sample size, and duration of follow-up. Conclusion: Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that walking pace is inversely associated with the risk of stroke.

Background: Evidence for the association between environmental exposures and ischemic stroke (IS) is limited and inconsistent. We aimed to assess the relationship between exposure to air pollutants, residential surrounding greenness, and incident IS, and to identify population subgroups particularly sensitive to these exposures. Methods: We used data from administrative health registries of the public healthcare system in Catalonia, Spain to construct a cohort of individuals aged 18 years and older without a previous stroke diagnosis at 1st January 2016 (n = 3 521 274). We collected data on sociodemographic characteristics and cerebrovascular risk factors, and derived exposure at the participant’s residence to ambient levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in a 300 m buffer as an indicator of greenness. The primary outcome was IS diagnosis at any point during the follow-up. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate associations between environmental exposures and incident IS and stratified analyses to investigate effect modification. Results: Between 1st January 2016 and 31st December 2017, 10 865 individuals were admitted to public hospitals with an IS diagnosis. Median exposure levels were: 17 µg/m3 PM2.5, 35 µg/m3 NO2, 2.28 µg/m3 BC and 0.27 NDVI. Individuals with higher residential exposure to air pollution were at greater risk of IS: HR 1·04 (95% CI:0·99-1·10) per 5 µg/m3 of PM2.5; HR 1.05 (95% CI:1·00-1·10) per 1 µg/m3 of BC; HR 1·04 (95% CI:1·03-1·06) per 10 µg/m3 of NO2. Conversely, individuals with higher residential surrounding green space, had lower risk of IS (HR 0·84; CI 95%:0·7-1.0). There was no evidence of effect modification by individual characteristics. Conclusions: Higher incidence of IS was observed in relation to long-term exposures to air pollution, particularly NO2, in a region that meets European health-based air quality standards. Residential surrounding greenness was associated with lower incidence of IS.

Background: There are limited data concerning procedure-related complications of endovascular thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion strokes. Aims: We evaluated the cumulative incidence, the clinical relevance in terms of increased disability and mortality, and risk factors for complications. Methods: From January 2011 to December 2017, 4799 patients were enrolled by 36 centers in the Italian Registry of Endovascular Stroke Treatment. Data on demographic and procedural characteristics, complications, and clinical outcome at three months were prospectively collected. Results: The complications cumulative incidence was 201 per 1000 patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy. Ongoing antiplatelet therapy (p < 0.01; OR 1.82, 95% CI: 1.21–2.73) and large vessel occlusion site (carotid-T, p < 0.03; OR 3.05, 95% CI: 1.13–8.19; M2-segment-MCA, p < 0.01; OR 4.54, 95% CI: 1.66–12.44) were associated with a higher risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage/arterial perforation. Thrombectomy alone (p < 0.01; OR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31–0.83) and younger age (p < 0.04; OR 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.99) revealed a lower risk of developing dissection. M2-segment-MCA occlusion (p < 0.01; OR 0.35, 95% CI: 0.19–0.64) and hypertension (p < 0.04; OR 0.77, 95% CI: 0.6–0.98) were less related to clot embolization. Higher NIHSS at onset (p < 0.01; OR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02–1.06), longer groin-to-reperfusion time (p < 0.01; OR 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02–1.07), diabetes (p < 0.01; OR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.25–2.23), and LVO site (carotid-T, p < 0.01; OR 1.96, 95% CI: 1.26–3.05; M2-segment-MCA, p < 0.02; OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.08–2.42) were associated with a higher risk of developing symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage compared to no/asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. The subgroup of patients treated with thrombectomy alone presented a lower risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (p < 0.01; OR 0.70; 95% CI: 0.55–0.90). Subarachnoid hemorrhage/arterial perforation and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after endovascular thrombectomy worsen both functional independence and mortality at three-month follow-up (p < 0.01). Distal embolization is associated with neurological deterioration (p < 0.01), while arterial dissection did not affect clinical outcome at follow-up. Conclusions: Complications globally considered are not uncommon and may result in poor clinical outcome. Early recognition of risk factors might help to prevent complications and manage them appropriately in order to maximize endovascular thrombectomy benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Stroke incidence rates have fallen in high-income countries over the last several decades, but findings regarding the trend over recent years have been mixed. The aim of the study was to describe and model temporal trends in incidence of stroke by age and sex between 2010 and 2015 in Norway, and to generate incidence projections towards year 2040. Methods All recorded strokes in Norway between 2010 and 2015 were extracted from the National Patient Registry and the National Cause of Death Registry. We report incidence by age, sex, and year; in raw numbers, per 100,000 person-years, by WHO and European standard populations; and generated statistical models by stroke type, age, sex, and year; and projected stroke incidence toward year 2040. Results The data covered 30.1 million person-years at risk, 53431 unique individuals hospitalized with a primary stroke diagnosis, and 6315 additional individuals registered as dead due to stroke. From 2010 to 2015, individuals suffering stroke per 100,000 person-years dropped from 239 to 195 (208 to 177 excluding immediate deaths). The decline was driven by ischemic strokes, with a statistically non-significant time trend for hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusions The age-dependent incidence of ischemic strokes in Norway is declining rapidly, and more than compensates for the growth and ageing of the population. Comparisons with historic incidence statistics show that the reduction in incidence rates has accelerated over the last two decades.

Objective: To identify the risk factor of Stroke in health institution employees. Method: The research design was cross-sectional with 107 people who participated in this survey using purposive sampling method. Results: The relationship between family history with the incidence of stroke obtained p value (p 0.05), lack of consumption of fruits and vegetables obtained a value of p = 0.091 (p > 0.05) and alcohol consumption with the incidence of stroke obtained a value of p = 0.616 (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Relationship between family history, smoking habits with the incidence of stroke.

Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, a decrease of stroke's hospital admissions and reperfusion therapy has been reported worldwide. This retrospective observational study assessed the volume of stroke cases managed in the Emergency Department (ED) and reperfusion therapies in an Italian stroke network with a high incidence of COVID-19, particularly to evaluate if the in-hospital rerouting and the switch from a drip-and-ship to a mothership model could assure an adequate volume of acute treatments. Methods: We compared data from March 2020 with those from previous years and formulated five PICO questions regarding (1) incidence of stroke cases in the ED; (2) relation between stroke cases and COVID-19; (3) differences in the number of reperfusion therapies, (4) in the call-to-needle and door-to-needle times for intravenous thrombolysis, and (5) in the call-to-groin and door-to-groin times for thrombectomy. Results: We found (1) a 28% decreased of confirmed stroke cases managed in the ED, (2) a negative correlation between stroke cases in ED and COVID-19 progression (rs = −.390, p =.030), and (3) a similar number of treatments in March 2020 and March 2019. The adoption of the mothership model (4) did not delay alteplase infusion (median call-to-needle p =.126, median door-to-needle p =.142) but led to (5) a significant reduction in median call-to-groin (p =.018) and door-to-groin times (p =.010). Conclusion: The "hospital avoidance" of stroke patients during the "stay-at-home" appeals needs to be considered for future public health campaigns. A prompt reorganization of the stroke network can guarantee optimal performances at times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Walking pace has been considered a predictor of future adverse health endpoints. • An inverse association was documented between walking pace and stroke risk. • With every 1 km/h increment in walking pace, the stroke risk was decreased by 13%. • Specific cut-off values for walking pace is needed, such as age, gender, etc. The extent to which walking pace is associated with a reduced risk for stroke remains unclear. This study examined the association between walking pace and stroke risk based on prospective cohort studies. Databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Internet were searched from the inception dates to January 31, 2019, for prospective cohort studies focusing on walking pace and risk of stroke in adults. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the quality of the studies. The dependent measure was stroke incidence. Using random-effects models, a meta-analysis was performed to estimate the overall relative risks (RR) of stroke incidence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the individuals with the fastest walking paces vs. individuals with the slowest walking paces. A dose-response relationship was also examined. After screening 1294 titles/abstracts and 14 full-text studies identified in the search, 7 studies (from 8 cohorts) were included in the meta-analysis. The 7 studies included a total of 135,645 participants (95.2% women; mean age 63.6 years) and 2229 stroke events (median follow-up time = 8.0 years). Compared to individuals in the slowest walking-pace category (median = 1.6 km/h), individuals in the fastest walking-pace category (median = 5.6 km/h) had a 44% lower risk of stroke (pooled RR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.48–0.65). There was also a linear dose-response relationship (RR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.83–0.91), with the risk of stroke decreased by 13% for every 1 km/h increment in baseline walking pace. We observed similar results across walking-pace assessment, type of stroke ascertainment, stroke subtypes, sex, sample size, and duration of follow-up. Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that walking pace is inversely associated with the risk of stroke. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing stroke burden in India demands a long-term stroke surveillance framework. Earlier studies in India were urban-based, short term and provided limited data on stroke incidence and its outcomes. This gap is addressed by the establishment of five population-based stroke registries (PBSRs) of the National Stroke Registry Programme, India. This paper describes stroke incidence, mortality and age, sex, and subtypes distribution in the five PBSRs with urban and rural populations., Methods: First-ever incident stroke patients in age group ≥18 years, resident for at least one year in the defined geographic area, identified from health facilities were registered. Death records with stroke as the cause of death from the Civil Registration System (CRS) were included. Transient ischemic attack (TIA) was excluded. Three PBSRs (Cuttack, Tirunelveli, Cachar) included urban and rural populations. PBSRs in Kota and Varanasi were urban areas. The crude and age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) by age, sex, and residence (urban and rural), rate ratios of ASR, case fatality proportions and rates at day 28 after onset of stroke were calculated for years 2018-2019., Findings: A total of 13,820 registered first-ever stroke cases that included 985 death certificate-only cases (DCOs) were analysed. The pooled crude incidence rate was 138.1 per 100,000 population with an age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of 103.4 (both sexes), 125.7 (males) and 80.8 (females). The risk of stroke among rural residents was one in seven (Cuttack), one in nine (Tirunelveli), and one in 15 (Cachar). Ischemic stroke was the most common type in all PBSRs. Age-standardized case fatality rates (ASCFR) per 100,000 population for pooled PBSRs was 30.0 (males) and 18.8 (females), and the rate ratio (M/F) ranged from 1.2 (Cuttack) to 2.0 (Cachar)., Interpretation: Population-based registries have provided a comprehensive stroke surveillance platform to measure stroke burden and outcomes by age, sex, residence and subtype across India. The rural-urban pattern of stroke incidence and mortality shall guide health policy and programme planning to strengthen stroke prevention and treatment measures in India., Funding: The National Stroke Registry Programme is funded through the intramural funding of the Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Aim: To determine whether regional variation in stroke incidence exists among individuals with AF.Methods: Using healthcare utilization claims from 2 large US databases, MarketScan (2007-2014) and Optum Clinformatics (2009-2015), and the 2010 US population as the standard, we estimated age-, sex-, race- (only in Optum) standardized stroke incidence rates by the 9 US census divisions. We also used Poisson regression to examine incidence rate ratios (IRR) of stroke and the probability of anticoagulation prescription fills across divisions.Results: Both databases combined included 970,683 patients with AF who experienced 15,543 strokes, with a mean follow-up of 23 months. In MarketScan, the age- and sex-standardized stroke incidence rate was highest in the Middle Atlantic and East South Central divisions at 3.8/1000 person-years (PY) and lowest in the West North Central at 3.2/1000 PY. The IRR of stroke and the probability of anticoagulation fills were similar across divisions. In Optum Clinformatics, the age-, sex-, and race-standardized stroke incidence rate was highest in the East North Central division at 5.0/1000 PY and lowest in the New England division at 3.3/1000 PY. IRR of stroke and the probability of anticoagulation fills differed across divisions when compared to New England.Conclusions: These findings suggest regional differences in stroke incidence among AF patients follow a pattern that differs from the hypothesized trend found in the general population and that other factors may be responsible for this new pattern. Cross-database differences provide a cautionary tale for the identification of regional variation using health claims data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Meditation has shown promise in clinical trials in reducing systolic blood pressure, one of the main risk factors for stroke. We aim to estimate the potential benefits of popularizing meditation on stroke incidence and mortality in the United States (U.S.).Methods: We developed a dynamic population-based microsimulation model to simulate the disease progression of each individual and compute disease burden. We calibrated the microsimulation model for stroke incidence and further validated it by comparing the stroke-related mortality for each age group generated by the model with that observed in the U.S. We used the population simulation model to estimate the effects of meditation intervention on the number of stroke cases and deaths over a course of 15 years.Results: Our results show that we could avert nearly 200,000 stroke cases and 50,000 stroke-related deaths over the course of 15 years. Our sensitivity analysis reveals that most of the benefits come from applying the intervention for individuals older than 60 years. In addition, meditation acceptance and adherence rate play a critical role in its effectiveness.Conclusions: The practice of meditation, if properly utilized along with the regular antihypertensive medication, could substantially alleviate the burden of stroke in the U.S. In order to design an effective meditation program, policymakers may prioritize funding to the programs that aim to encourage older individuals to practice meditation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In UK there is a perpetual surge in stroke incidence from 1996 to 2006 and it is responsible for around 53000 deaths every year. Stroke is a chronic disease with complex multifactorial etiology and incidence variability. Thus, the present study is looking to unveil the demographic trends in incident stroke hospitalizations in Scotland. The data set comprising of 157, 639 incident hospitalizations was collected from NHS and ISD division of Scottish Morbidity Records (SMR). Chi-square goodness of fit test was used to analyze the dataset on SPSS version 15.0. The frequency of incident stroke hospitalizations increased with age in both sexes (women more than men) with an increase in the number of stroke incidences in young age-group with a three-fold increase in ICH stroke sub-type. Women constitute a greater proportion of those who had an incident stroke than men with stroke incidence increased in the <55 years age groups. Incidence of ICH and IS rose with NS declined and SAH remained constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: While there is a general agreement that stroke incidence among the elderly is declining in the developed world, there is a concern that it may be increasing among the young. The present study investigates this issue for the Norwegian population for the years 2010-2015. Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) for patients younger than 55 years were identified through the Norwegian Patient Registry and the Norwegian Cause-of-death Registry.Methods: Negative binomial regression modelling was used to estimate temporal trends in the CVA incidence rates for the young, aged 15-54, with 10-year sub-intervals, and for children below the age of 18. The main outcomes were CVA incidence per 100,000 person-years at risk (PY), 30-day stroke mortality per 100,000 PY, and 30-day case-fatality rates.Results: The analysis showed a negative and non-significant temporal trend in the CVA incidence (p=0.052) as well as for 30-day mortality (p=0.074) for the age group 15-54. Overall, the inclusion of an interaction for age in the bracket 45-54 suggested that any temporal decline is restricted to this age bracket. The analyses of the 10-year age brackets 15-24, 25-34, and 34-45, provided evidence neither for an increase, nor for a decrease, in incidence. Among the children, the estimated temporal coefficients were positive, but non-significant, consistent with a stationary trend.Conclusion: Weak statistical evidence was found for a decline in CVA incidence and for overall stroke 30-day case fatality for 15-54 year olds, but the decline was significant only for the 45-54 age band. All results considered, the study suggests a stationary or decreasing temporal trend in CVA incidence and stroke fatality for children (0-18) and young (15-54) in Norway. Even larger data sets are needed to estimate these temporal trends accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to explore temporal trends in incidence and case fatality rates of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) over the last two decades in a Norwegian municipality. Methods: Incident cases of primary ICH were registered in the period from 1995 through 2012 in 32,530 participants of the longitudinal population-based Tromsø Study. Poisson regression models were used to obtain incidence rates over time in age- and sex-adjusted and age- and sex-specific models. Case fatality rates were calculated and age- and sex-adjusted trends over time were estimated using logistic regression. Results: A total of 226 ICHs were registered. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate [95% confidence interval (CI)] in the overall population was 0.42 (0.37-0.48) per 1,000 person-years. Age-adjusted incidence rates were 0.53 (0.43-0.62) in men and 0.33 (0.26-0.39) in women. In individuals aged Conclusion: No significant changes in incidence and case fatality rates of ICH were observed during the last two decades.

Background: Up-to-date epidemiological stroke studies are important for healthcare planning and evaluating prevention strategies. This population-based study investigates temporal trends in stroke incidence and case-fatality in southern Sweden. Methods: First-ever stroke cases in the local catchment area of Skåne University Hospital in Lund, Sweden, between March, 2015 and February, 2016, were included from several sources, including 2 prospective hospital-based registers, retrospective screening of primary care visits, and autopsy registers. Stroke incidence and 28-day case-fatality rates were compared with data from this area obtained through similar methodology between March, 2001 and February, 2002. Results: Altogether, 456 and 413 first-ever stroke patients were identified during the earlier and later time periods respectively. The age- and sex-standardized stroke incidence rates decreased from 246 (95% CI 224–270) to 165 (95% CI 149–182) per 100,000 people. However, incidence remained unaltered among those <65 years. Early case-fatality decreased from 14 to 11% (p = 0.165). ­Conclusion: First-ever stroke incidence in southern Sweden has decreased with 33% since the beginning of this millenni­um. Incidence rates have decreased among the elderly but remain unchanged among younger age groups. Our findings warrant further studies on trends in risk factor profiles and effects of prevention strategies, and heightened focus on stroke in the young. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Incidence, risk factors, case fatality and survival rates of ischemic stroke subtypes are unknown in the Middle East due to the lack of community-based incidence stroke studies in this region. Aim: To characterize ischemic stroke subtypes in a Middle Eastern population. Methods: The Mashad Stroke Incidence Study is a community-based study that prospectively ascertained all cases of stroke among the 450,229 inhabitants of Mashhad, Iran between 2006 and 2007. We identified 512 cases of first-ever ischemic stroke [264 men (mean age 65.5±14.4) and 248 women (mean age 64.14±14.5)]. Subtypes of ischemic stroke were classified according to the TOAST criteria. Incidence rates were age standardized to the WHO and European populations. Results: The proportion of stroke subtypes was distributed as follows: 14.1% large artery disease, 15% cardioembolic, 22.5% small artery disease, 43.9% undetermined and 4.5% other. The greatest overall incidence rates were attributed to undetermined infarction (49.97/100,000) followed by small artery disease (25.54/100,000). Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and atrial fibrillation differed among ischemic stroke subtypes. Overall, there were 268 (52.34%) deaths and 73 (14.25%) recurrent strokes at five years after incident ischemic stroke, with the greatest risk of recurrence seen in the large artery disease (35.6%) and cardioembolic (35.5%) subgroups. Survival was similar in men and women for each stroke subtype. Conclusions:We observed markedly greater incidence rates of ischemic stroke subtypes than in other countries within the Mashad Stroke Incidence Study after age standardization. Our findings should be considered when planning prevention and stroke care services in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]