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Although I shar i i courts had long utilized medical evidence, the I siyasa i court's use of medicine differed in key ways, Fahmy argues. Thus, the I siyasa i court helped to produce modern citizenship: as Fahmy puts it, the everyday inscriptions of the I siyasa i court "made it possible for the idea of equality to be thinkable" (p. 130). In a pivotal contribution, Fahmy highlights the role of I siyasa i courts ( I majalis siyasiya i ) in Egypt's legal history. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on quadrangular ditch enclosures at the La Tène period cemeteries in Bohemia and Moravia. The starting points for the analysis are recently excavated and evaluated enclosures from two archaeological sites. Three enclosures, one surrounding a robbed burial pit, were excavated at Lochenice, Hradec Králové district. Based on ra-diocarbon dating, they can be dated to the LTA/B1 or LTB2b-C1a period. The second case is represented by a partially robbed double grave with an enclosure from Nebovidy, Kolín district. It can be dated using the same method to the broader LTB-C1/C2 period. As part of the evaluation, data on thirty-four similar features registered at fifteen sites with proven or probable links to burial activities from various parts of the La Tène period were analysed. Their formal and metric characteristics, chronology issues, and geographical distribution are examined in particular. Associated graves and burials documented in less than half of the cases are evaluated too. The results show chronological and, in some aspects, formal differences between these structures known from the Czech and Moravian territories. The discussion focuses in a broader context on the background of these differences and the possible role and construction form of quadrangular enclosures recorded within the working area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the Ottoman Empire defaulted on its public debt in 1875, British bondholders launched a campaign to win government intervention on their behalf. This article interprets the unprecedented success of this campaign as a matter of knowledge production. Mobilizing the newly established Corporation of Foreign Bondholders as a kind of 'centre of calculation', bondholders argued that they deserved assistance because of the unique size of the Ottoman default and the proportion of it that was held by British subjects. Yet neither of these numbers was easily calculated. In fact, influential bondholders worked closely with accountants and members of the Statistical Society to devise an accurate method for quantifying the Ottoman debt – and concluded that such a method did not exist. Historians of quantification and accounting have argued that the scientific status of nineteenth-century accounting depended on its disinterestedness. In the case of the Ottoman default, however, calculation was understood to be inseparable from material interest and political debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to spalling of concrete parts, the headrace tunnel was to be strengthened section by section and made fit for the years to come. Since little information was available on the condition of the tunnel and the cause of the spalling, possible damage patterns and causes were analyzed and grouting in combination with concrete rehabilitation were defined as strengthening measures. During a break in operation of approx. 2 months in June 2020, cement injections were tested in grouting trials in different variants to determine their suitability and optimize the parameters and the work to be carried out. The tests and the investigations carried out revealed interesting findings about the condition of the tunnel. The grouting was carried out at low pressure, at different distances and drilling depths, testing important parameters for the subsequent execution and enabling optimization. The porosity of the lining was significantly reduced by grouting, thus improving the quality of the shell. A before‐and‐after measurement with georadar investigation demonstrated the improvement of the lining due to the grouting. A remarkable finding is the combination of the relatively poor quality of the lining concrete, which is due to the construction during World War II, with the practically uncracked and relatively tight lining. It is a testimony to a high level of construction skill that it was possible to create such durable structures with the means available at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article translates and contextualizes a rare first-person account of the voyage of an Ottoman-Egyptian steamship in the middle of the nineteenth century. The troubled journey of the Samannud, which circumnavigated Africa between 1865 and 1866, serves as a window onto the changing experience of Muslim pilgrimage travel, as well as onto the ideological outlook of Egypt's new military-technical elite near the zenith of the Khedive Ismail Paşa's reign. The commentary focuses on the role of steam power, epidemic cholera, and Ottoman-Egyptian imperialism in shifting the power relations that had previously structured North African pilgrimage travel through Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chelated amino acid ester enolates react with aromatic nitro compounds in a 1,3-addition mode at the nitro group giving amino acids bearing an aryl(hydroxy)amino side chain. Best results were obtained with trifluoroacetyl-protected glycinates. Two equivalents of enolate are necessary for complete conversion, because one equivalent is oxidized during the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]