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U okviru parazitologije poslednjih decenija u Srbiji gotovo isključivo su se izučavale infekcije prouzrokovane endoparazitima krvi, digestivnog i respiratornog sistema, kao i artropode – ektoparaziti kože ili pak vektori oboljenja različite etiologije. U skladu sa time, favorizovane su koprološke, hematološke i dermatološke metode dijagnostike. Urološkim metodama nije se pridavao poseban značaj, jer se polazilo od pretpostavke da na ovom području ne postoje preduslovi za infekciju domaćih životinja parazitima urinarnog sistema. Globalno zagrevanje, povećanje prosečne temperature i obilne padavine, kao i povećana mobilnost ljudi i životinja uslovili su stvaranje povoljnih uslova za pojavu, održavanje i širenje infekcija koje ranije nisu bile prisutne. Izvesna parazitološka ispitivanja divljih životinja rezultirala su prvim nalazom nematode Capillaria plica 2019. godine kod crvenih lisica sa područja Kolubarskog okruga. Kasnije je utvrđeno prisustvo i potvrđena dijagnoza urinarne kapilarioze kod lovačkih pasa u različitim delovima Srbije. Ovaj nalaz podstakao je produžetak istraživanja mogućeg prisustva drugih nematoda urinarnog sistema divljih i domaćih mesojeda. Jedna od njih je i vrsta Dioctophyma renale, koja poseduje visok zoonozni potencijal. Zbog rizika koje D. renale može imati po zdravlje vlasnika inficiranih pasa i mogućnosti da njeno prisustvo ne bude zapaženo, potrebno je doktorima veterinarske medicine u maloj praksi i na terenu sugerisati da u diferencijalnoj dijagnostici parazitskih infekcija i oboljenja urinarnog trakta mesojeda obrate pažnju i na ove helmintoze.

Upotreba rendgenskih i ultrazvučnih aparata je sve više zastupljena u dijagnostici patoloških stanja respiratornog i kardiovaskularnog sistema malih životinja. U slučajevima torakalne traume, kašlja, stridora, disanja na usta i regurgitacije hrane, kao i pojave groznice, dispnoje, tahipnoje i cijanoze sluznica, indikovano je sprovođene rendgenske i/ili ehokardiografske dijagnostike. Ove metode su komplementarne i uz rezultate kliničkog i laboratorijskog pregleda, pružaju dovoljno podataka za postavljanje validne dijagnoze. Zbog svoje neinvazivnosti i relativno brzog i jednostavnog izvođenja, moguće ih je višekratno ponavljati, što omogućava praćenje napredovanja bolesti i procenjivanje efekata primenjene terapije. U okviru ove radionice, polaznici će se upoznati sa tehnikama rendgenskog snimanja toraksa i ehokardiografskog pregleda. Detaljno će biti opisana anatomija respiratornih organa i srca u rendgenskoj, odnosno ultrazvučnoj slici. Pored toga, biće prikazana i brojna patološka stanja koja se na ovim organima sreću u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi.

Intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) benefits human and animal health. Our study aimed to analyze the long-chain n-3 PUFA content of two types of food and their effect on plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids of Belgian Shepherd dogs. A total of 10 dogs were fed commercial granulated food (Food 1), and another 10 were provided commercial Premium granulated food of high quality (Food 2). All the analyses were performed using gas-liquid chromatography. Our results showed that Food 1 contained more n-3 PUFA than Food 2, which was reflected in higher n-3 PUFA in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids. Because long-chain n-3 PUFA in phospholipids are precursors for antioxidative molecules, further studies should investigate the effects of the analyzed commercial granulated food rich in n-3 on oxidative stress parameters in dogs.

Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) reconditum is a less pathogenic species of filaria from the superfamily Filarioidea, and which parasitizes in the subcutaneous connective tissue of dogs, hyenas and jackals. The results of epidemiological studies indicate the zoonotic potential of A. reconditum, bearing in mind it can cause infections with clinical disorders in humans. This filaria is spread globally and it is mostly described in geographical areas such as the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, South Africa, South America and Oceania, where it is the only or is the most common filaria that infects dogs. The prevalence and distribution of A. reconditum depend mainly on the vector population, impact of environmental factors, and lifestyle of pets and their owners. Apart from the standard parasitological techniques for differential diagnostics of filariae, more attention is being dedicated to the development of protocols that are based on the simultaneous detection of specific DNA regions in each type of individual filaria. Due to its importance for public health, effective vector control is required, as well as regular preventive examinations, reliable diagnostics and therapy for A. reconditum in dogs, and continuous cooperation between veterinary and medical surgeons.

Intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) benefits human and animal health. Our study aimed to analyze the long-chain n-3 PUFA content of two types of food and their effect on plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids of Belgian Shepherd dogs. A total of 10 dogs were fed commercial granulated food (Food 1), and another 10 were provided commercial Premium granulated food of high quality (Food 2). All the analyses were performed using gas-liquid chromatography. Our results showed that Food 1 contained more n-3 PUFA than Food 2, which was reflected in higher n-3 PUFA in plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids. Because long-chain n-3 PUFA in phospholipids are precursors for antioxidative molecules, further studies should investigate the effects of the analyzed commercial granulated food rich in n-3 on oxidative stress parameters in dogs.

The synthesis, degradation, and reconstruction of the cell membrane as a metabolic pathway of phospholipids is a constant and dynamic process. Fatty acids as bioactive lipid components of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids as structural lipids have biological roles in the integrity of cell membranes. Fatty acids, depending on the chain length, the degree of saturation, and the synthesis pathways, can alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress caused by excessive exercise. Considering that changing food intake or diet can influence fatty acid phospholipid metabolism, our study aimed to determine the potential benefits of fish-based diets in working (police) dogs undergoing intensive training concerning bioactive lipids such as fatty acids, phospholipids of plasma, and erythrocytes. Fatty acid esters’ composition of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids as a bioactive lipids, in addition to markers of oxidative stress and metabolic parameters, were analysed by GC chromatography. The food was well tolerated by all dogs, and the compliance to the diet was high throughout the study. After the treatment with fish-based food, blood glucose, total, and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly reduced, indicating positive biochemical profiles of dogs. Correlations of fatty acid phospholipid compositions between plasma and erythrocytes have shown that both plasma and erythrocytes could represent markers of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid intake levels in dogs. Morover, fish-based food supplementation caused a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation markers. The enrichment of dogs’ diets with marine fish could improve oxidative status and improve roles and status of bioactive lipids, such as membrane phospholipids and fatty acids, as its components in plasma and erythrocytes in police dogs exposed to intensive exercise.

Regarding geographical distribution and clinical relevance, the most common canine geohelminths are Toxocara canis, ancylostomatids, and Trichuris vulpis. Canine intestinal parasites from the soil and sand present an important potential serious human health hazard, especially for the children preschool and school – age. This paper aimed to establish the degree of contamination of soil and sand with zoonotic parasites from the canine feces and the degree of risk they could pose for human health in public places and playgrounds in the city of Niš. Our parasitological study involved 200 soil samples and 50 sand samples from the public parks in the city of Niš in southeastern Serbia (43°19′15″N, 21°53′45″ E). From several locations, about 100 g of soil and sand was collected based on the bioclimatic indices. Parasitological diagnosis was performed using conventional qualitative and quantitative coprological methods, abiding by the recommendations about the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. In 38 – 46 % of soil samples and 40 % of sand samples seven species of endoparasites were diagnosed. In the samples of soil, a medium and high degree of contamination with the ascarid T. canis (14 – 22 %) was detected, as well as a low and medium degree of contamination with ancylostomatids (4 – 12 %), and in the samples of sand, a variable degree of contamination with the helminths T. canis (26 %) and A. alata (16 %) was found. A statistically significant difference was found in the contamination with A. alata eggs between the samples of sand and samples of soil. The studied public surfaces represent the reservoir of zoonotic parasites, which is a public health problem requiring a synergistic action of several factors to be successfully resolved, i.e. the implementation of prevention, surveillance, and control measures.

In the last decade, as the result of climate changes, there have been considerable changes in the parasitofauna of domestic and wild carnivores. Th e prevalence of the existing parasitic species has varied signifi cantly, showing an increasing tendency, and some parasitic species not present before in this epizootiologic territory have been diagnosed as well. It is thought that the reason for such an epizootiological situation is increased presence of owners with their pet animals in the regions endemic for particular zoonotic helminthoses during summer holidays and touristic visits. Th is tendency has become especially conspicuous in the last several years characterized by warm winters and very hot summers due to global warming eff ects, with abundant atmospheric precipitation. Oral vaccination of foxes against rabies, regulated in Serbia by appropriate laws since 2010, has led to an increased number of foxes and rise of prevalence of the parasitic diseases for which foxes represent the infection source/reservoir. Continued urbanization of Serbian cities, with the extension of urban belts into the suburbia and recreational (“weekend”) settlements, lead to a closer contact of street dogs and owned dogs with foxes, which results in a signifi cant change in the parasitic fauna of dogs. It is an additional factor, which in the chain fox - street dog - owned dog - human increases the risk and tendency for the occurrence of human infections with zoonotic endoparasites of wild and domestic carnivores. In order to reliably predict the degree of spread of particular zoonotic helminthoses in particular regions in Serbia, for which wild carnivores represent the infection source, it is necessary to institute continued monitoring of the parasitic fauna in this type of wild animals.

A study was made on the prevalence of some parasitic infections appearing in domestic rabbits obtained from individual breeders in Serbia in order to improve the agricultural production of these animals. Aside from economic reasons (meat production and reproduction) rabbits are bred for the research purposes, and races are kept as household pets. For these reasons, among others, it is important to gain knowledge of medical culprits including causes of parasitic diseases that compromise their health, well-being and cause economic losses. This parasitological research was conducted in the period from 2010 to 2015 in 8 epidemiological regions of Serbia, on 433 rabbits as representative samples of different races (154 individuals up to 1 years of age and 279 individuals older than 5). Out of the total number of examined rabbits parasitic infections were established in 82.68% of animals. We detected 3 species of endoparasites (Eimeria spp., Trichostrongylus spp., and Passalurus ambiguus) and 3 species of ectoparasites (Scabies from genera Sarcoptes, Psoroptes and Notoedres). In “kits” (small rabbits) coccidiosis was the most prevalent disease (50.65%), while in older animals trichostrongilidosis was common (39.07%). The most represented scabies infection was with the species Psoroptes cuniculi (12.01%). Aiming at better control on the health of rabbits, there is a growing need for continual monitoring of parasitic infections including appropriate diagnosis, application efficient therapeutic protocols and control measures.

This report represents the prevalence of endoparasitic infections of birds in zoological gardens in Serbia. Coprological examination conducted during 2015 and 2016, involved samples from 318 individual birds belonging to 112 species, in three zoo gardens (Belgrade, Palic and Bor). Individual faeces samples were analysed by the flotation method in salt solution. The presence of endoparasites was established in 51.96% (Belgrade), 46.16% (Palic) and 16.66% (Bor) of the tested birds. We diagnosed coccidian oocysts, eggs of Capillaria spp, Heterakis spp, Trichostrongylus spp, Ascaridia spp, Syngamus trachea and eggs of yet unidentified trematode. There were no detection of parasites from the class of cestodes. Prevalence of infection with coccidia, depending on location, was in the ranges between 8.33% and 32.84%, capillariosis 2.77% and 29.41%, heterakiosis 2.56% and 12.74%, trichostrongylidosis 5.55% and 25.64%, askaridiosis 10.25% and 10.78%, syngamosis 2.94% and trematodes of unknown etiology 2.45%. Coinfections with two or three parasitic species were detected in Belgrade and Palic Zoo Gardens, while quadruple infection was established in birds of Belgrade Zoo Garden. Obtained results can be used in establishing programs for health protection of endangered bird species.

Kardiovaskularna dirofilarioza je oboljenje pasa, divljih kanida, mačaka i feretki. Kod pasa se najčešće dijagnostikuju vrste Dirofilaria immitis, D. repens i Dipetalonema reconditum. Najveći patološki značaj za pse ima uzročnik kardiovaskularne dirofilarioze (D. immitis), a infekcija dovodi do značajnog funkcionalnog oštećenja srca i krvnih sudova koji vode krv do pluća. U osnovi kliničkog rešavanja kardiorespiratornih promena pasa, inficiranih sa D. Immitis, je neophodno načiniti plan koji ima za cilj da se izvrši adekvatna dijagnostika i klinička procena stepena oboljenja. Prvi zadatak je da se kliničari detaljno upoznaju sa životnim ciklusom parazita da bi mogli jasno da razluče stadijum razvoja u kome se on nalazi u pravom domaćinu u momentu pregleda. Nije svejedno da li se infekcija desila u istoj sezoni ili datira iz prethodne godine. U okvir ovog zadatka svakako spada i dijagnostika odraslih i larvenih oblika D. immitis. Drugi zadatak je, da se na pravilan način proceni kolika su oštećenja nastala na krvnim sudovima pluća, srčanim zaliscima i srčanim šupljinama i kako su se te promene odrazile na zadržavanje krvi u plućima i jetri, oksigenaciju, krvni pritisak (sistemski, pulmonalni i portni) i ekstavazaciju tečnosti u intersticijum pluća, pleuralni prostor, perikard i abdomen. Treći zadatak je, da se u saglasnosti sa vlasnikom, napravi strategija lečenja inficiranog psa koja podrazumeva edukaciju vlasnika i davanje uputstava o načinu držanja, ishrane, davanju lekova i sprovođenju kontrolnih pregleda tokom perioda lečenja. Bez adekvatne motivacije vlasnika nije moguće sprovesti zadovoljavajući tretman.

Background. In the last fifteen years on the European continent and also worldwide, the prevalence of cardiopulmonary metastrongyloidosis in dogs and cats has increased significantly, especially cases involving those parasites which are the most important for veterinary practice (Angiostrongylus vasorum, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Crenosoma vulpis). Scope and Approach. The aim of this study is to present a detailed clinical-parasitological approach to highlight the importance of these helminths, and to display the newest findings concerning the diagnostic possibilities in dogs and cats Key Findings and Conclusions. The effects of global warming, vector range shift, the frequent transportation and movement of animals to other epizootic areas, as well as the intensification of merchandise transportation and movement of people are just some of the potential factors which could impact the dynamics of incidence, upkeep and spread of cardiopulmonary nematodoses in carnivores. For the timely implementation of effective treatment of sick animals, it essential to accurately diagnose these parasitoses. Accurate, timely diagnosis can, in the end, significantly contribute to the prognostic course of disease in infected carnivores. Cardiopulmonary metastrongyloidoses in dogs and cats have great clinical-parasitological significance because of their high degree of pathogenicity, their spread outside endemic areas, the difficulties encountered in establishing their diagnosis, and the fact that they represent a potential danger to human health., Uvod. U poslednjih petnaest godina, na evropskom kontinentu i širom sveta značajno se povećala prevalencija kardiopulmonalnih metastrongilidoza kod pasa i mačaka, naročito onih uzročnika koji imaju najveći značaj za veterinarsku praksu (Angiostrongylus vasorum, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus i Crenosoma vulpis). Cilj i pristup. Cilj ovog rada je da se detaljnim kliničko-parazitološkim osvrtom istakne značaj ove grupe helmintoza i da se prikažu najnovija saznanja vezana za mogućnosti njihove dijagnostike kod pasa i mačaka. Ključni nalazi i zaključak. Efekti globalnog zagrevanja, pomeranje granica habitacije vektora, učestalo kretanje i transport životinja u druga epizootiološka područja, intenziviran promet robe i velika fluktuacija ljudi, samo su neki od potencijalnih faktora koji bi mogli uticati na ovakvu dinamiku pojavljivanja, održavanja i širenja kardiopulmonalnih nematodoza kod mesojeda. Za blagovremeno sprovođenje efikasnog tretmana obolelih jedinki neophodna je precizna dijagnostika ovih parazitoza, što u krajnjem ishodu značajno može uticati na prognostički tok oboljenja kod inficiranih mesojeda. S obzirom na stepen njihove patogenosti, poteškoće koje se javljaju u postavljanju dijagnoze, kao i činjenicu da neke od njih predstavljaju potencijalnu opasnost po zdravlje ljudi, navedena oboljenja imaju izuzetan klinički i epizootiološki značaj.

Insuficijencija srca je jedan od najvaţnijih faktora odgovornih za smanjenje radne sposobnosti konja. To se pre svega odnosi na sportska grla, koja su ĉesto izloţena ekstremnim fiziĉkim naprezanjima pri kojima se mogu ispoljiti i subkliniĉki oblici bolesti koji se u mirovanju ne mogu utvrditi. Simptomi nalik na insuficijenciju srca pri tome mogu biti isprovocirani prevelikim stepenom opterećenja i kod kliniĉki zdravih konja, naroĉito ako nisu dobro utrenirani. U humanoj medicini se kao biomarkeri insuficijencije srca koriste atrijalni natrijumuretiĉki petpidi, koji se u većoj koliĉini oslobaĊaju tokom ubrzanog rada srca i istezanja srĉanih šupljina, zbog ĉega se povećane vrednosti u krvi mogu registrovati i za vreme mirovanja i posle opterećenja. Iznalaţenjem laboratorijskih indikatora insuficijencije srca i procenjivanjem njihove povezanosti sa fiziĉkim opterećenjem i stepenom pripremljenosti za fiziĉko opterećenje u velikoj meri bi bio pojednostavljen postupak dijagnostikovanja subkliniĉkih oboljenja i kod konja. U cilju boljeg upoznavanja veze izmeĊu stepena oslobaĊanja atrijalnih natrijumuretiĉkih peptida i opterećenja kliniĉki zdravih konja, ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno γ6 konja rase domaći brdski konj, araber i engleski punokrvnjak, podeljenih u tri ogledne grupe: A, B i C. Grupa A se sastojala od 12 konja rase domaći brdski konj (7 kastrata i 5 kobila), u starosti od 8–12 godina; grupa B se sastojala od 12 arabera: 5 muškog pola (β pastuva i γ kastrata) i 7 ţenskog pola, u starosti od 6–12 godina, dok se grupa C sastojala od 1β konja rase engleski punokrvnjak, 6 muškog pola (pastuvi) i 6 ţenskog pola, u starosti od 3–6 godina. Koncentracija atrijalnog natrijumuretiĉnog peptida je isptivana u mirovanju i posle razliĉitih oblika fiziĉkog opterećenja. Araberi su testirani dugotrajnim aerobnim opterećenjem niskog intenziteta 4 – u “endjurans” trci na 80 km, engleski punokrvnjaci su bili podvrgnuti kratkotrajnom opterećenju veoma velikog intenziteta – u galopskoj tr, Heart failure is one of the most important factors responsible for the reduction of working capacity of horses. This is primarily related to sport horses, which are often exposed to extreme physical stress during which they can manifest subclinical forms of the disease which can not be determined during the rest. Symptoms resembling cardiac insufficiency can be provoked with excessive work load in clinically sound horses, especially in untrained ones or not well trained ones. In human medicine, atrial natriuretic peptides are used as biomarkers of cardiac insufficiency and they are released in blood in alleviated quantities during periods of increased heart rate and stretching of cardiocytes in atrial walls, which is the reason we can detect higher levels during rest and work. Finding laboratory indicators of heart failure and assessment of their connection to physical workload, and level of fitness, would lead to a simplified procedure for diagnosing subclinical disease in horses. In order to better understand connection between the release of atrial natriuretic peptide and work load in clinically healthy horses, testing was performed on 36 horses in total, divided in three groups Group A, Group B, and Group C. Group A consisted of 12 arabian horses 5 males ( 2 stallions 3 geldings) and 7 mares, between 6–12 years of age, group B consisted of 12 english thoroughbreds (6 male 6 female) , between 3 and 6 years of age and group C consisted of 12 domestic mountain ponies (7 geldings 5 mares) between 8 and 12 years. All horses were tested for changes in ANP concentrations in blood before workload and after selected workload: Arabian horses were tested in endurance race on 80 km of length (long lasting, aerobic exercise), English thoroughbred horses ran race of 2000 m 6 (short maximal aerobic effort) and domestic mountain ponies were tested in moderate work load (aerobic anaerobic effort of moderate intensity and duration) had to carry logs uphill on steep terrain...

Introduction: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of respiratory capillariosis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in some regions of Serbia. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 102 foxes in six epizootiological regions of Serbia, during the hunting season between 2008 and 2012. Results: The presence of respiratory capillariosis in all tested epizootiological regions was confirmed. The E. aerophilus nematode was detected with overall prevalence of 49.02%. The diagnosis of E. aerophilus infection was confirmed by the determination of morphological characteristics of adult parasites found at necropsy and the trichurid egg types collected from the bronchial lavage and the content of the intestine. Conclusion: The presented results contribute to better understanding of the epidemiology of this nematodosis in Serbia. However, the high prevalence of capillaries in tested foxes, demonstrated in all explored areas, might suggest that foxes from other regions in Serbia may also be infected. The fact that domestic carnivores and humans can also be infected enhances the importance of the overall epidemiological status. To establish the relevant prevalence of respiratory capillariosis, further investigations and continous monitoring of parasitic fauna of carnivores are needed in the whole country.

Heart failure is one of the most important factors responsible for the reduction of working capacity of horses. This is primarily related to sport horses, which are often exposed to extreme physical stress during which they can manifest subclinical forms of the disease which can not be determined during the rest. Symptoms resembling cardiac insufficiency can be provoked with excessive work load in clinically sound horses, especially in untrained ones or not well trained ones. In human medicine, atrial natriuretic peptides are used as biomarkers of cardiac insufficiency and they are released in blood in alleviated quantities during periods of increased heart rate and stretching of cardiocytes in atrial walls, which is the reason we can detect higher levels during rest and work. Finding laboratory indicators of heart failure and assessment of their connection to physical workload, and level of fitness, would lead to a simplified procedure for diagnosing subclinical disease in horses. In order to better understand connection between the release of atrial natriuretic peptide and work load in clinically healthy horses, testing was performed on 36 horses in total, divided in three groups Group A, Group B, and Group C. Group A consisted of 12 arabian horses 5 males ( 2 stallions 3 geldings) and 7 mares, between 6–12 years of age, group B consisted of 12 english thoroughbreds (6 male 6 female) , between 3 and 6 years of age and group C consisted of 12 domestic mountain ponies (7 geldings 5 mares) between 8 and 12 years. All horses were tested for changes in ANP concentrations in blood before workload and after selected workload: Arabian horses were tested in endurance race on 80 km of length (long lasting, aerobic exercise), English thoroughbred horses ran race of 2000 m 6 (short maximal aerobic effort) and domestic mountain ponies were tested in moderate work load (aerobic anaerobic effort of moderate intensity and duration) had to carry logs uphill on steep terrain..., Insuficijencija srca je jedan od najvaţnijih faktora odgovornih za smanjenje radne sposobnosti konja. To se pre svega odnosi na sportska grla, koja su ĉesto izloţena ekstremnim fiziĉkim naprezanjima pri kojima se mogu ispoljiti i subkliniĉki oblici bolesti koji se u mirovanju ne mogu utvrditi. Simptomi nalik na insuficijenciju srca pri tome mogu biti isprovocirani prevelikim stepenom opterećenja i kod kliniĉki zdravih konja, naroĉito ako nisu dobro utrenirani. U humanoj medicini se kao biomarkeri insuficijencije srca koriste atrijalni natrijumuretiĉki petpidi, koji se u većoj koliĉini oslobaĊaju tokom ubrzanog rada srca i istezanja srĉanih šupljina, zbog ĉega se povećane vrednosti u krvi mogu registrovati i za vreme mirovanja i posle opterećenja. Iznalaţenjem laboratorijskih indikatora insuficijencije srca i procenjivanjem njihove povezanosti sa fiziĉkim opterećenjem i stepenom pripremljenosti za fiziĉko opterećenje u velikoj meri bi bio pojednostavljen postupak dijagnostikovanja subkliniĉkih oboljenja i kod konja. U cilju boljeg upoznavanja veze izmeĊu stepena oslobaĊanja atrijalnih natrijumuretiĉkih peptida i opterećenja kliniĉki zdravih konja, ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno γ6 konja rase domaći brdski konj, araber i engleski punokrvnjak, podeljenih u tri ogledne grupe: A, B i C. Grupa A se sastojala od 12 konja rase domaći brdski konj (7 kastrata i 5 kobila), u starosti od 8–12 godina; grupa B se sastojala od 12 arabera: 5 muškog pola (β pastuva i γ kastrata) i 7 ţenskog pola, u starosti od 6–12 godina, dok se grupa C sastojala od 1β konja rase engleski punokrvnjak, 6 muškog pola (pastuvi) i 6 ţenskog pola, u starosti od 3–6 godina. Koncentracija atrijalnog natrijumuretiĉnog peptida je isptivana u mirovanju i posle razliĉitih oblika fiziĉkog opterećenja. Araberi su testirani dugotrajnim aerobnim opterećenjem niskog intenziteta 4 – u “endjurans” trci na 80 km, engleski punokrvnjaci su bili podvrgnuti kratkotrajnom opterećenju veoma velikog intenziteta – u galopskoj tr

Canine thelaziosis is widely distributed in Far Eastern countries and considered endemic in many European countries, between latitudes 39 and 46 N. Because of the unique relationship between the causer and its intermediate and final hosts, the genus Thelazia is one of the most specialized nematodes in the taxon. Thelazia callipaeda (superfamily: Thelazioidea) infects the conjunctivas of several mammalians, including dogs and humans. Since dogs may also represent a reservoir of infection for humans, the aim of the study was to show the epidemiological situation of thelaziosis in dogs in the Republic of Serbia, after it was first diagnosed in 2014, which is crucial for the successful treatment, control, and prevention of the disease. The research was performed on privately owned dogs in the period from the end of April 2013 to the end of October 2015 in 7 different regions in Serbia. Adult parasites were mechanically removed from dogs with manifested ocular disorders, and thelaziosis was diagnosed in 178 out of 501 animals. The high prevalence of T. callipaeda in dogs (35.52%) in the analyzed areas of Serbia indicates the endemicity of eyeworm infestation in these areas.

Plućna hipertenzija je povećanje krvnog pritiska u pulmonalnoj arteriji sa istovremeno povišenim pritiskom u arterijama i plućima. Pritisak u plućima vremenom vodi u smanjenje protoka krvi od srca prema plućima i povećanje perifernog otpora. Strukturne promene se javljaju u pulmonalnim arterijama i desnoj komori. Postoji pet glavnih uzroka ovog stanja: 1. Hronično bronhijalno/plućno oboljenje 2. Plućna tromboembolija 3. Dirofilarioza 4. Hronično oboljenje leve strane srca 5. Intrakardijačni ili arteriovenski šantovi Uzrok uglavnom nije identifikovan i samo se postavlja sumnja na bolest. Klinički simptomi oboljenja su: letargija, respiratorni napor, kašalj, netolerancija kretanja, kolaps pluća, epizode nesvestice i ascites. Dijagnoza plućne hipertenzije u veterinarskoj medicini se postavlja ehokardiografijom a u medicinskoj terminologiji ovo oboljenje se klasifikuje kao blago, umereno ili jako. Psi sa jakom pulmonalnom hipertenzijom zahtevaju trenutnu hospitalizaciju. Terapija podrazumeva primenu bronhodilatatora ili anti-trombotičnih lekova. Dugoročna prognoza za plućnu hipertenziju se vlasnicima predstavlja kao uzdržana, do loša, ali pacijenti obično budu dobro već u kratkom vremenskom intervalu od početka terapije i uz kontinuiranu primenu lekova, imaju dobar kvalitet života.

Respiratory capillariasis is a disease of domestic and wild carnivores as well as of people, caused by nematode Eucoleus aerophilus syn. Capillaria aerophila, which lives as a parasite in mucosa of trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, rarely in nasal and frontal sinuses of the host. This parasite has either direct or indirect development cycle which includes optional transition hosts - earthworms. Clinical picture is manifested in the form of a very severe respiratory disease, which is accompanied by an increased bronchovesicular sound, sneezing, gasping and chronic dry cough. Despite the fact that this nematode is widespread in all the parts of the world, that it causes a disease followed by a severe clinical picture and has a zoonotic potential as well, it has been insufficiently investigated and moreover from clinical and parasitological aspect it has not been given enough attention so far. The reason for this is the fact that C. aerophila had been considered to be a strain of very low level of pathogenicity causing only sporadic respiratory infections in dogs and cats. The interest of scientific community for this parasitosis increased the moment when its causative agent spread outside the endemic areas. From the standpoint of monitoring and health protection of both carnivores and peorle, knowledge of basic epizootiological and epidemiological characteristics of these nematodes is of crucial importance, having in mind that its prevalence has significantly increased in dogs and cats in the last ten years, both in Europe and worldwide., Respiratorna kapilarioza je oboljenje domaćih, divljih mesojeda i ljudi, prouzrokovano nematodom Eucoleus aerophilus syn. Capillaria aerophila, koja parazitira u mukozi traheje, bronhija i bronhiola, retko u nazalnim i frontalnim sinusima domaćina. Parazit ima direktan ili indirektan razvojni ciklus, u koji su uključeni fakultativni prelazni domaćini - kišne gliste. Klinička slika se manifestuje u vidu vrlo teškog respiratornog oboljenja, koje je praćeno pojačanim bronho-vezikularnim šumom, kijanjem, hroptanjem i hroničnim suvim kašljem. I pored toga što je rasprostranjena u skoro svim delovima sveta, prouzrokuje oboljenje praćeno teškom kliničkom slikom i poseduje zoonozni potencijal, ova nematodoza nije dovoljno istražena, a sa kliničko-parazitološkog aspekta joj nije posvećeno dovoljno pažnje. Razlog za to je i činjenica, što se dugo smatralo da je C. aerophila vrsta niskog stepena patogenosti i da prouzrokuje respiratorne infekcije pasa i mačaka koje se javljaju sporadično. Interesovanje naučne javnosti za ovu parazitozu se povećalo od onog trenutka, kada se njen uzročnik proširio izvan endemskih područja. Sa stanovišta praćenja i zaštite zdravstvenog stanja mesojeda i ljudi, od izuzetnog je značaja poznavanje osnovnih epizootiološko-epidemioloških karakteristika ove nematodoze, čija se prevalencija značajno povećala u poslednjih deset godina, kod pasa i mačaka kako u Evropi, tako i širom sveta.

The paper presents clinical diagnostic approaches and therapeutic effects of a specific protocol for the treatment of dogs with cardiovascular dirofilariasis in the Belgrade City (Serbia) territory. The study involved 50 privately owned dogs of different breeds, gender, and age, all showing signs of cardio respiratory disorders. In addition to a general physical examination, blood tests were done to detect microfilaria and adult forms, and X-ray, ECG, and echocardiography were performed as well. At the first examination, 34 out of 50 examined dogs were positive for microfilaria and adult forms. Because of a lack of drug used as the golden standard in dirofilariasis treatment, it involved a combination of doxycycline (10 mg/kg) and ivermectin (6 mu g/kg) supported with Advocate Bayer spot-on. After six months, the first control was performed while continuing treatment with the aforesaid protocol, and the second control was performed after 12 months. Of the 34 treated dogs, all were negative for microfilaria, as early as after the first six months of the treatment (100%). One dog was positive for adult forms of the parasite after six and 12 months. In echocardiography and X-ray examination after 12 months, six dogs showed evident chronic changes. At controls conducted at sixth month and at one year, the implemented therapy was successful in 97.05% (33/34) of primarily infected dogs.

After injury the acute-phase response of the organism activates mechanisms which imply the release of cytokines, stress hormones, and mediators of pain and inflammation. The main function of the acutephase response is to hinder further damage of the injured tissue by activating reparative processes. The increase in the concentration of acute phase proteins and the concurrent decrease in albumins and prealbumins indicate that there is a strong link between the liver and the traumatized site. Considering bleeding to be a major injury it can be supposed that it can result in changes in acute phase proteins concentrations despite the fact that it is not directly related to inflammatory reactions. In order to confirm this presumption the concentration changes in negative and positive acute phase proteins in Wistar rats' blood plasma were measured during a 10 day period after controlled bleeding. The result of the therapeutic effects of transfusion on acute phase proteins was estimated in a group of rats in the so called 'hospital stage' at which the blood loss was recovered by citrate blood transfusions. At the end of the 10th day the rats were monitored for an additional 10 day period. The obtained results confirm that bleeding is an impressive trauma and the acute phase response results in a significant change in acute phase proteins. These changes arise quickly, the highest concentrations were achieved within the first 24 to 72h and thereon they slowly declined., Odgovor akutne faze organizma na povredu tkiva aktivira mehanizme koji podrazumevaju oslobađanje citokina, hormona stresa, medijatora bola i zapaljenja. Njegova glavna funkcija je sprečavanje daljeg i većeg oštećenja povređenog tkiva uz aktivaciju reparatornih procesa. Porast koncentracije proteina akutne faze i smanjenje albumina i prealbumina ukazuje da postoji veza između mesta povrede i jetre. Smatrajući da je hemoragija teška povreda, pretpostavili smo da ona može izazvati promene u koncentraciji proteina akutne faze bez obzira što primarno nije povezana sa inflamatornom reakcijom. U cilju dokazivanja ove pretpostavke tokom 10 dana su praćene promene 'negativnih' proteina akutne faze; albumina i 'pozitivnih'; fibrinogena, α-2 makroglobulina i haptoglobina, kao i β-1 globulina i γ-globulina u plazmi Wistar pacova koji su bili podvrgnuti kontrolisanom iskrvarenju. Za potrebe ovog eksperimenta konstruisan je i novi model kontrolisanog krvarenja, koji je jedinkama omogućio preživljavanje tokom sledećih 10 dana, u toku kojih se merila promena relativnih koncentracija akutno-faznih proteina. Ispitan je i uticaj terapijskog efekta transfuzije na stanje proteina akutne faze na grupi pacova koji su u tzv. 'hospitalnoj fazi' kao nadoknadu izgubljene krvi, dobili infuziju citrirane krvi. Po završetku eksperimenta nadgledano je opšte stanje životinja i praćen je letalitet tokom 10 dana. Rezultati našeg istraživanja potvrđuju pretpostavku da je krvarenje teška trauma za organizam pri čemu se odgovor akutne faze manifestuje značajnom promenom koncentracije odgovarajućih proteina, čije se maksimalne koncentracije registruju u prvih 24-72 časa nakon traume.

Despite being described as the safest antiepileptic drug of first choice the presented literature data are much varied as far as dog blood serum biochemical parameters are considered. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of phenobarbitone at different per os doses on the values of selected blood serum biochemical parameters in dogs during both short and long term application. The study was conducted on 30 dogs of different races, both sexes, ranging from 2 to 8 years of age. A total of 15 healthy and 15 dogs suffering from idiophatic epilepsy were observed. During the short term per os application of phenobarbitone (given at 3 week intervals) to the healthy population in varied doses a statistically significant increase in ALT and AP was recorded. Application of 16 mg/kg/day of phenobarbitone to the healthy population during 14 days resulted in a significant increase of ALT and AP. This increase was dependant on the duration of the treatment. During chronic application of phenobarbitone to dogs suffering from idiopathic epilepsy a significant increase in values of AP and ALT depending on the given dose was recorded. In two of the studied epileptic dogs treated with high therapeutic doses of phenobarbitone clinical signs of hepatotoxicity were recorded. Hepatotoxicity resulted in decreased albumin and total protein concentrations, as well as increased blood serum total bilirubin, AST, ALP and AP. The obtained results indicate that a long term application of phenobarbitone at high therapeutic doses can cause hepatotoxicity. However, there was no relationship between phenobarbitone dosage and duration of therapy and blood glucose, urea, creatinine, total proteins, albumins, total bilirubin, triglycerides and cholesterol., Iako označen kao antiepileptik prvog izbora i veoma bezbedan lek, u literaturi su prezentovani različiti podaci o uticaju fenobarbitona na vrednosti biohemijskih parametara krvnog seruma kod pasa. S obzirom na to, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita uticaj fenobarbitona pri različitim per os dozama na vrednosti biohemijskih parametara krvnog seruma kod pasa, tokom kratkotrajne i dugotrajne aplikacije. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na 30 pasa različitih rasa, oba pola, starosne kategorije od dve do osam godina, od kojih su 15 bili zdravi psi a 15 psi oboleli od idiopatske epilepsije. Tokom kratkotrajne per os aplikacije fenobarbitona (intervali od po tri nedelje) zdravoj populaciji pasa pri različitim per os dozama, u krvnom serumu je registrovano značajno povećanje aktivnosti ALT i vrlo značajno povećanje aktivnosti AP u zavisnosti od doze leka. Aplikacija fenobarbitona u dozi od 16 mg/kg/dnevno tokom 14 nedelja zdravoj populaciji pasa ukazala je, na vrlo značajno povećanje aktivnosti ALT i AP u zavisnosti od dužine trajanja aplikacije. Tokom hronične aplikacije fenobarbitona psima obolelim od idiopatske epilepsije, ustanovljeno je statistički vrlo značajno povećanje aktivnosti AP i ALT u krvnom serumu u zavisnosti od doze leka. Kod dve jedinke u bolesnoj grupi pasa pri visokim terapeutskim dozama fenobarbitona registrovana je hepatotoksičnost, što je dovelo do statistički značajnog smanjenja koncentracije albumina i ukupnih proteina, statistički značajnog povećanja koncentracije ukupnog bilirubina, statistički značajnog povećanja aktivnosti AST i statistički vrlo značajnog povećanja aktivnosti ALT i AP u krvnom serumu Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da dugotrajna aplikacija fenobarbitona, pri visokim terapeutskim dozama može izazvati hepatotoksičnost. Nije ustanovljeno postojanje veze između koncentracije glukoze, uree, kreatinina, ukupnih proteina, albumina, ukupnog bilirubina, triglicerida i holesterola u krvnom serumu pasa sa per os dozom fenobarbitona, niti sa d

During the nineties of the past century, several authors underscored the necessity of measuring blood pressure during a regular clinical examination of veterinary patients, because hypertension occurs as an accessory symptom in the course of diseased conditions. In addition to blood pressure measurements, most authors believe that it is necessary also to examine intraocular pressure, like in human medicine. Hypertension can be defined as a chronic increase of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Systemic blood pressure is proportionate to the heart rate and total peripheral resistance, while physiological control depends on the reninangiotensin system, aldosterone, prostaglandin, adrenergic and neurogenic factors. Some other factors can also have an influence on the measured values of blood pressure (such as age, sex, race, temperament, environment, and, in part, also how and where the pressure measurement was taken). It has been generally accepted in veterinary medicine than an animal can be considered hypertensive if the measured systolic/diastolic pressures are higher than 180/100 mm Hg. Hypertension can be primary (sometimes also defined as essential or idiopathic) when it is a consequence of several factors which include heart, neurological, kidney, endocrine, and metabolic aspects. Hypertension is defined as secondary when it occurs as a consequence of certain chronic disorders (such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, pheochromocytoma, and diabetes mellitus). Blood pressure can be measured in animals using direct or indirect methods. The oscilometric and the ultrasonographic methods are equally used in the world today. Following detailed studies by large numbers of authors, the physiological frameworks of blood pressure in animals have been precisely determined. Different treatments are applied in the therapy of hypertension in animals, such as: restrictive diets, diuretics, a, and (3 blockers, blockers of calcium channels, vasodil, Devedesetih godina prošlog veka više autora je istaklo neophodnost procene krvnog pritiska prilikom uobičajenog kliničkog pregleda veterinarskih pacijenata, jer se hipertenzija javlja kao prateći simptom za vreme različitih bolesnih stanja. Osim merenja krvnog pritiska većina autora smatra daje neophodno da se obavi pregled očnog dna, kao i u humanoj medicini. Hipertenzija može da se definiše kao hronično povećanje sistoličnog i dijastoličnog krvnog pritiska. Sistemski krvni pritisak je proporcionalan srčanom učinku i totalnom perifernom otporu, dok fiziološka kontrola zavisi od renin-angiotenzin sistema, aldosterona, prostaglandina, adrenergičkih i neurogenih faktora. I neki drugi činioci mogu da imaju uticaja na izmerene vrednosti krvnog pritiska (kao što su starost, pol, rasa, temperament, okruženje i delimično način i mesto merenja pritiska). U veterinarskoj medicini generalno je prihvaćeno da se neka životinja može da smatra hipertenzivnom ukoliko izmereni sistolni/dijastolni pritisci prelaze 180/100 mm Hg. Hipertenzija može da bude primarna (nekad definisana i kao esencijalna ili idiopatska) kada je posledica većeg broja faktora, koji uključuju srčane, neurološke, bubrežne, endokrine i metaboličke aspekte. Hipertenzija se definiše kao sekundarna kada se javlja kao posledica nekih hroničnih poremećaja kao što su hipertireoidizam, hipotireoidizam, hiperadrenokorticizam, feohromocitom i dijabetes melitus). Krvni pritisak kod životinja može da se izmeri direktnim i indirektnim metodama. U svetu se danas podjednako koriste i oscilometrijske i ultrasonografske metode. Nakon opsežnih studija većeg broja autora precizno su utvrđeni fiziološki okviri krvnog pritiska kod životinja. U terapiji hipertenzije životinja koriste se različiti tretmani kao što su: restriktivne dijete, diuretici, α1 i β blokatori, blokatori kalcijumovih kanala, vazodilatatori, ACE inhibitori. Hipertenzija može biti i urgentno stanje kada se rešava agresivnom terapijom.