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In four studies, we found that receiving a customized gift leads recipients to appreciate the gift more highly because of vicarious feelings of pride. This vicarious pride is the same feeling that the customizer experiences after having self‐customized a product. In the first two experiments with real‐life pairs of friends, vicarious pride was documented among recipients of customized gifts. The findings show that the relationship between customization and gift appreciation is mediated by vicarious pride. Study 3 and Study 4 replicate the results of the first series of experiments, and reveal the role of vicarious pride in enhancing state self‐esteem and, in turn, gift appreciation. Study 4 also tests the effect of a relational variable (i.e., relationship anxiety) on this relationship. Specifically, relationship anxiety affects vicarious pride, and then consequently state self‐esteem and gift appreciation, which are only enhanced by customization when the relationship is not anxious. As a practical implication, this research emphasizes the importance of communicating gift customization to gift recipients to enhance their gift experience and appreciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion regulation (ER) comprises the processes that recognize, monitor, evaluate, and modify emotional reactions. Although ER refers to events that stem from internal or external situations, few studies have examined the effect of intrinsic emotional states on ER processes deployed on external stimuli. The present research investigated, in old- vs. young adults, the influence of state self-esteem (internal condition) in employing ER strategies while implicitly memorizing negative-valence pictures (external condition). State self-esteem was manipulated by giving random feedback (positive/negative) to a demanding cognitive task. Participants then saw 20 photographs and were asked to reappraise half of them and distract themselves from the other half. They were given a recognition task following a short delay with 20 old photographs and 20 new ones. Results indicated that young people with high self-esteem remembered the reappraised pictures better than the distracted ones. In the low self-esteem state, young adults remembered the distracted photographs better than the reappraised ones. In contrast, in old adults low self-esteem resulted in better recognition than high self-esteem, regardless of the regulation strategy. Thus, only among young participants did emotion regulation strategies moderate the effect of self-esteem on memory for negative emotional images. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between different ER strategies and their relative importance across various stages of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion regulation (ER) comprises the processes that recognize, monitor, evaluate, and modify emotional reactions. Although ER refers to events that stem from internal or external situations, few studies have examined the effect of intrinsic emotional states on ER processes deployed on external stimuli. The present research investigated, in old- vs. young adults, the influence of state self-esteem (internal condition) in employing ER strategies while implicitly memorizing negative-valence pictures (external condition). State self-esteem was manipulated by giving random feedback (positive/negative) to a demanding cognitive task. Participants then saw 20 photographs and were asked to reappraise half of them and distract themselves from the other half. They were given a recognition task following a short delay with 20 old photographs and 20 new ones. Results indicated that young people with high self-esteem remembered the reappraised pictures better than the distracted ones. In the low self-esteem state, young adults remembered the distracted photographs better than the reappraised ones. In contrast, in old adults low self-esteem resulted in better recognition than high self-esteem, regardless of the regulation strategy. Thus, only among young participants did emotion regulation strategies moderate the effect of self-esteem on memory for negative emotional images. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between different ER strategies and their relative importance across various stages of life.

Media trends are widely prevalent on social media sites, and have demonstrated the ability to influence people's perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes. The present study examined the fitness and health-focused media trend of "fitspiration" and its effects on the state self-esteem of young adult males and females. The study is one of the first to examine fitspiration in an Indian context and amongst an Asian population and contributes to the growing literature concerning media trends, body image, and self-esteem in women and men. The sample consisted of 61 undergraduate and postgraduate students aged 18–25 years, recruited through convenience sampling. A pretest posttest control group design was used and data was collected using a personal demographic sheet and state self-esteem scale (SSES). Pretest group equivalence was statistically ascertained and then pre-post comparison analysis was done for male and female participants separately. Contrary to expectations, findings revealed that fitspiration caused a significant increase in the social state self-esteem of females. The findings have been discussed based on the Self-Discrepancy Theory. The study contributes to the limited literature on media trends in an Asian setting and has valuable implications for the fields of social, health, and sports psychology, as well as advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-esteem is a crucial human nature feature for understanding the social dimensions of individuals' self-concept. One of its characteristics is peoples' malleability to adapt to social contexts, that is, the state self-esteem (SSE). Individuals express SES in three different factors: performance; social success; and physical appearance. Along with three studies, we present evidence of validity of the Short-Form of State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES-S) that measures contextual fluctuations in individuals' self-esteem. In Study 1 (N = 300), we found that the structure of the SSES-S was organized into three correlated factors that exhibited convergent-discriminant validity with measures of trait self-esteem and human values. In Study 2 (N = 281), confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a bifactor measurement model better fit the description of the factorial structure of the SSES-S, which also showed incremental validity concerning trait self-esteem for predicting one criterion. In Study 3 (N = 160), we experimentally manipulated contextual information about self-achievement and showed that the SSES-S is sensitive enough to detect transient fluctuations in self-esteem, especially in the achievement factor. We discussed the limitations and scope of the SSES-S, as its specific focus on measuring undergraduate students' state self-esteem and its implications distinguishing the general and particular domains of this construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Receiving feedback is vital to learning and job performance, but this can provoke undesirable psychological responses, including loss of self-esteem and self-regulatory depletion. While mindfulness can attenuate responses to self-threats, it is unknown if this occurs following self-esteem threats, including negative feedback. This experimental study investigates a proposed moderated mediation model of how brief mindfulness meditation may attenuate these psychological responses to negative feedback. Methods: The proposed model was tested through a randomized 2 × 2 factor experiment with a sample of undergraduate students (N = 163). Participants completed a performance task (the Remote Associates Test), followed by an audio guided mindfulness induction (mindfulness meditation v. mind-wandering active control). After receiving randomized performance feedback, either negative or positive feedback, participants reported their state self-esteem and self-regulatory depletion. We modeled feedback as predicting self-regulatory depletion through self-esteem, and brief mindfulness meditation moderating the relationship between feedback and self-esteem, and through this influencing the indirect relationship of feedback and self-regulatory depletion. Results: Findings provided support for the proposed moderated mediation model. Inducing mindfulness via brief meditation weakened the relationship between negative feedback and decreased self-esteem, thus contributing to lower self-regulatory depletion. Conclusions: The results provide evidence that inducing mindfulness through meditation attenuates psychological responses to negative feedback, including loss of state self-esteem and self-regulatory depletion. This adds to understanding of the intersection of mindfulness practice, the self, and practice in educational and workplace domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With 20 items, the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) can be cumbersome in settings that demand efficiency. The present research created an efficient six-item version of the SSES that preserves score reliability and validity and its three-dimensional structure: social, appearance, and performance self-esteem. Item response theory and confirmatory factor analyses identified the "best" six items—two from each dimension (Study 1). Participants completed the SSES four times at 2-week intervals (Studies 2 and 3). The six-item SSES' scores showed adequate test–retest reliability, explained substantial variance in trait-relevant measures, and showed convergent validity with related self-esteem measures. Participants completed the SSES and a laboratory experiment where they received negative feedback on an essay they had written and could retaliate against their evaluator by allocating hot sauce for them to consume (Study 4). The six-item SSES interacted with self-esteem instability in expected ways to predict hot sauce allocated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examines the self- and affect-related outcomes associated with upward social comparisons to entertainment characters. Participants (N = 218) chose one entertainment television program to view from a selection of eight available and reported their emotional responses, state self-esteem, and enjoyment post-viewing. Feelings of envy and jealousy, associated with upward contrastive social comparisons, were related to decreased state self-esteem post viewing. Alternatively, feelings of hope and inspiration, associated with upward assimilative social comparisons, were related to increased enjoyment and appreciation of the content post-viewing. Implications for a better understanding of the relationships between emotions, state self-esteem, enjoyment, and appreciation in mediated entertainment contexts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study inculcate the discernment of despotic leadership through interpersonal deviance by the application of social exchange fit theory. Current research work also narrated the mediation moderation model of state self-esteem and core self-evaluation in the relationship of despotic leadership and interpersonal deviance. This study unfolded the fact that state self-esteem and core self-evaluation tend to curtail the effect of despotic leadership on interpersonal deviance.Through dispensing questionnaire to the educational department employees of Pakistan, data have been acquired from 500 employees to elucidate the hypothesis of the current study. Current research work employed SPSS and Model 7 to run the data analysis. The analysis explored that personal disposition and characteristics alleviate the positive relationship of despotic leadership and interpersonal deviance. More specifically, when the core self-evaluation level is higher in the relationship between despotic leadership and state self-esteem, the magnitude of mediation of state self-esteem became weaker. Moreover, following the social cognitive and conservation of resource theory, mediation moderation model buffers the positive relationship of despotic leadership and interpersonal deviance. Organizations can succor their employees by relating and pertaining to personality development and ameliorating their personal characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the level of stigma and identify the correlates of stigma among lung cancer patients in China.Methods: In total, 283 lung cancer patients were recruited from a tertiary cancer center in China by the convenience sampling method and completed a demographic, disease-related information and situational characteristics questionnaire and self-reported measures assessing stigma, state self-esteem, and coping self-efficacy.Results: The mean stigma score was moderate (2.38 ± 0.45). Stigma was significantly and negatively associated with state self-esteem (r = -0.607, P < .001) and coping self-efficacy (r = -0.424, P < .001). Multivariable linear regression showed that age, cancer stage, negative changes (ie, in financial burden, body image, and family relationship), cancer disclosure, perceived blame, state self-esteem, and coping self-efficacy accounted for 49.9% of the variance in stigma.Conclusions: Stigma is a widespread psychosocial phenomenon among patients with lung cancer in China. Health care policy-makers and professionals should pay more attention to this issue and take effective measures to address stigma among lung cancer patients by improving their state self-esteem and coping self-efficacy, encouraging cancer disclosure and providing support for adjusting to negative changes after diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School incivility is defined as low-intensity deviant behaviors with ambiguous intent that violate the norms of mutual respect at school. We explored the impact of it and propose possible measures to mitigate its negative effects on students. Drawing upon the frustration-aggression theory, we developed a moderated mediation model to examine the influence of school incivility on student state self-esteem and cyberbullying. We tested this model using a sample of 3978 students (Mean age = 17.77 years old) in China. Regression analysis results revealed that state self-esteem mediated the relationship between school incivility and cyberbullying. Additionally, the Big Five personality traits of openness, extraversion, and agreeableness moderated the indirect effect of school incivility on cyberbullying through state self-esteem. Our study contributes to theoretical and practical understanding of school incivility by enriching related research, empirically verifying the frustration-aggression theory, and identifying a potential predictor of cyberbullying. We urge increased attention to school incivility and recommend practical interventions to prevent it in the school environment. These include implementing courses and campaigns related to school incivility, fostering a supportive school climate and enhancing monitoring and reporting mechanisms for school incivility. • School incivility was positively associated with cyberbullying. • State self-esteem was negatively related to cyberbullying. • State self-esteem mediated the relationship between school incivility and cyberbullying. • Openness, extraversion, and agreeableness moderated the indirect effect through state self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although studies have consistently indicated that heavier use of social networking sites (SNS) perpetuates poorer self-esteem outcomes, no study has examined potential intervention methods that can yield positive effects from SNS use. We hypothesized that viewing one's Instagram profile would have self-affirmative effects on self-perception because the profile typically showcases curated instrumental positive aspects of self. Furthermore, these self-affirmative effects would indirectly improve state self-esteem via enhanced clarity of self-concept. To test our hypothesis, we designed an experimental intervention study where one group viewed their Instagram profile regularly, while another group viewed a neutral abstract art profile. Using multilevel latent variable path analyses, we found that participants who viewed their own Instagram profiles felt more positive about themselves (i.e., higher state self-esteem), and their enhanced self-concept clarity mediated the relations between self-affirmative SNS use and state self-esteem. Our findings provide preliminary evidence for the guided use of SNS to boost self-esteem. • Using intensive longitudinal data, we examined the relation between self-affirmative SNS use and state self-esteem. • Participants viewed their own Instagram profile as an experimental intervention to induce self-affirmative effects. • We examined self-concept clarity as a mediator between self-affirmative SNS use and state self-esteem. • We employed multilevel latent variable analyses to test our hypotheses. • Self-concept clarity partially mediated the relation between self-affirmative SNS use and state self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social comparison that takes place online is unique in the sense that it evokes almost exclusively upward comparison (i.e., comparison with others who are seemingly doing better than us). On social media, people tend to present an idealized image of themselves and share predominantly the positive aspects of their lives. The idyllic representations of others potentially evoke a sense that something is wrong with our own lives, triggering emotions such as shame and envy that harm psychological well-being. Using an experimental method, the current study examined the effect of social comparison that takes place on Facebook on two aspects of well-being: state self-esteem and depression. Participants were asked to browse either their Facebook News Feed or a Facebook page devoid of social content, and complete measures of state self-esteem and depression. Participants who browsed their Facebook News Feed reported lower state self-esteem and higher depression levels, than participants who browsed a non-social content Facebook page. The results also revealed a moderation effect for general social comparison tendency. These finding points to a causal link between exposure to the social content presented on Facebook and negative psychological outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of the self-presentation of a common trait in a multiple audience situation on intrapersonal and interpersonal adaptation. In this experiment, 76 participants were asked to make speeches. We manipulated the presence/absence of multiple audiences and the number of common traits presented, and then calculated the changes in the participants’ state self-esteem (intrapersonal adaptation). Furthermore, 5 raters watched videos of the participants’ speeches and rated their impressions of the participants (interpersonal adaptation). The results showed that compared with the other conditions, in the multiple audience conditions in which a common trait could not be presented the changes in the participants’ state self-esteem were significantly smaller, and the participants were evaluated more negatively by the raters. In contrast, in the multiple audience conditions in which a common trait could be presented, neither the changes in state self-esteem nor the raters’ evaluations differed from those seen in the control conditions. The effects of the self-presentation of a common trait as a solution to the multiple audience problem are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with low global self-esteem tend to have more negative self-evaluations and experience less positive affect than do individuals with high self-esteem. However, they appraise themselves better when thinking about the distant future than about the near future. The aim of this study was to determine if temporal distance in thinking about one's own future is also related to better affect in individuals with low global self-esteem. In Study 1 ( N  = 177), wherein participants envisioned their future selves while comparing it with their present selves, people with low global self-esteem appraised themselves better in the distant than in the near future, and experienced, as a result, better mood and had higher state self-esteem. In Study 2 ( N  = 169), in which participants assessed their future selves with no reference point, individuals with low self-esteem had better self-appraisals in the distant than in the near future. However, future thinking had no impact on their affect. These results suggested that the increased distance in thinking of one's own future is related to a better mood and more positive self-feelings among individuals with low self-esteem, but only when assessing their future self by comparing it to their present self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simultaneous use of multiple media devices is becoming a standard media consumption behavior. Combined with the large amount of time people dedicate to Social Network Sites (SNSs) on a daily basis, it is understandable that many media users engage in SNS use while consuming another medium at the same time. These two trends, media multitasking and SNS usage independently, have been studied intensively due to their prevalence in today's media landscape. However, the academic understanding about advertising effectiveness when media multitasking with SNSs remains nonexistent. The current study examines the impact of media multitasking (vs. sequential media use) on the perceived irritation towards television (TV) advertising. A laboratory experiment recorded 99 participants aged between 18 and 25 years old. The moderating role of media type (TV in combination with Facebook or reading an online informational website) and the mediating role of state self-esteem were tested. The results of this experimental study indicated a decrease of state self-esteem when media multitasking with an SNS and watching TV, which in turn resulted in a lower irritation towards TV advertising. However, this was not the case for the participants reading a non-social, informational online article while watching TV. The results of this study emphasize the importance of approaching the media multitasking context as a heterogeneous concept by considering different media combinations and their specific characteristics driving media-effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on sociometer theory, we argue that when 360 degree feedback is used in a work setting, being ostracized by coworkers has a stronger negative influence on employees' state self-esteem, which promotes interpersonal deviance and demotivates helping directed toward coworkers, as compared to settings in which 360 feedback is not used. We tested our hypotheses using data collected from North American employees (Study 1) and a two-wave survey of employees in China (Study 2). Results from both studies support the hypothesized interaction between workplace ostracism and 360 degree feedback on interpersonal deviance and helping behavior. Results from Study 2 further show that lower state self-esteem accounts for the stronger negative association of ostracism with helping behavior among employees who are exposed to 360 degree feedback. Ostracism is not related to subsequent state self-esteem or behavior when 360 degree feedback is absent. We discuss the implications for theory and research concerning employee exclusion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study surveyed 1,000 married Emirati men and women to explore a model of marital satisfaction in relation to self-esteem, satisfaction with life, gender-role attitudes, and general health (physical and psychological). The Emirati Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMSS), State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Arabic General Health Questionnaire, and the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale were used. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the EMSS indicated a moderate fit of the data to one factor structure. CFA on SSES and SWLS indicated an adequate fit of the data to the four-factor solution and one factor, respectively. The structural equation model for the EMSS showed that both general health and gender-role attitudes predict marital satisfaction and that marital satisfaction seems to predict the individual’s well-being as measured by life satisfaction and self-esteem. These results are discussed within the context of the United Arab Emirates culture and directions for future research are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marital satisfaction is a culturally bound construct influenced by many traditional family values and processes. Research on marital satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates is very limited perhaps due to unavailability of a culturally relevant scale. In this study, the Emirati Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMSS) was constructed and validated based on a community sample of 407 Emirati married men and women. The 30-item unidimensional EMSS was found to have high construct validity and internal consistency reliability estimates. The validity of the EMSS was supported by the positive correlations between marital satisfaction and life satisfaction and self-esteem. Men reported higher level of marital satisfaction than women. Demographic variables such as religious commitment and living location affect marital satisfaction in the Emirates. Implications for research and practice were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from the work–home resources model, we examined the relations of family incivility, counterproductive work behaviors (CWB), state self-esteem, and emotional regulation. Results from three-wave lagged data ( N = 284) indicated that family incivility was positively correlated with counterproductive work behaviors, and this relationship was mediated by state self-esteem. In addition, emotional regulation mitigated the relationship between family incivility and state self-esteem. The findings suggested that family incivility, as an emotional contextual demand in the home domain, is related to negative outcome (deviant behavior) in the work context (i.e., CWB) through the depletion of the personal resource—state self-esteem, while emotional regulation is a key resource that mitigates this relationship. This paper discusses the implications of these findings with respect to applications and developments of the work–home resources model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a multi-source study, we examine how frequent change interacts with ethical leadership to reduce turnover intentions. We argue that ethical leaders enhance employees' state self-esteem, which explains the moderating effect of ethical leadership. Results from 124 employee-coworker-supervisor triads revealed that ethical leadership moderated the relationship between frequent change and turnover intention such that the relationship was positive only when ethical leadership was low. The moderating relationship could be shown to be mediated by employees' state self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the usefulness of name-letter preference scores as indirect indicators of self-esteem by exploring whether multiple unsupervised self-administrations of letter rating tasks within a short period of time yield useful data. We also examined whether preferences for initials and noninitial name-letters tap different aspects of self-esteem. Participants from a community sample (N = 164; 58 men and 106 women, 17–67 years, Mage = 34.57, SD = 13.28) completed daily letter rating tasks and state self-esteem questionnaires for 7 consecutive days. They also completed a trait self-esteem questionnaire on the first measurement day as well as 6 months later. Preference scores for first-name initials were stronger but more unstable than preference scores for other name-letters. Preferences for first-name initials were primarily associated with directly measured state self-esteem whereas preferences for noninitials were primarily associated with directly measured trait self-esteem even if the latter was measured 6 months later. Thus, we showed that preferences for initials and noninitials are not simply interchangeable. Previous letter rating studies, which almost exclusively used initial preferences, should be interpreted in terms of state rather than trait self-esteem. In future studies, researchers should focus on the name-letter preference that reflects the aspect of self-esteem they wish to address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass media are one of the most powerful conveyors of beauty ideals, promoting an unrealistic image of female beauty that is impossible for the majority of females to achieve. Internalization of such ideal standards leads to negative affect, body-focused anxiety, and dissatisfaction. Present study compared two different approaches aimed at reducing such negative outcomes, one based on awareness of the deceptive nature of media techniques (i.e., photo retouching), and the other based on the use of "real" women as models. One hundred and fifty-one female undergraduates participated in the study. Results showed that retouching salience can reduce the level of internalization of beauty ideals and thus the negative effects of media images exposure, such as negative mood and decrease in self-esteem. On the contrary, ideal images and "real" images play a similar role in fostering internalization of beauty ideals. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from theorizing about motivated self-protection, we report the results of four studies testing the idea that threatened state self-esteem reduces forgiving. In Study 1, primed self-esteem threat (versus a control condition) led to decreased forgiving intentions in hypothetical scenarios. In Study 2, primed self-esteem threat (versus two control conditions) negatively affected forgiveness motivations in relation to recalled personally experienced transgressions. Study 3 utilized a correlational recall design, demonstrating that threatened self-esteem directly associated with a personally recalled transgression is negatively related to forgiving motivations. Study 4 returned to a priming paradigm, providing evidence that the deleterious effect of self-esteem threat on forgiveness may be combated by enhancing state-level self-esteem. Theoretical and practical implications and ideas for future research are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper we consider the specific relationship between communal and agentic functioning of narcissistic individuals. The study was aimed to test whether narcissist's aggression is due to not only negative information about their agency but also positive information about their communion. Whereas the first effect is well- documented in empirical studies, the second effect has been revealed in our prior research. The results of the present study confirmed both effects: negative information about one's agency increased aggressive tendencies (operationalized as a display of demeaning behavior) and decreased state self-esteem, while positive information about one's communion resulted only in displaced aggression. The aggressive response to positive communal information is discussed as the success-as-aflaw effect, which we mean as inverse of the failure-as-an asset effect. According to the success-as-a-flaw effect, positive outcomes in the communal domain, considered by narcissists to be an evidence of low-status, are threatening for the grandiose self, based on the domain of agency. The social cognitive and clinical approach is employed to interpret these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was intended to carry out the adaptation and validation of State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) in National language (i.e., Urdu). Subsequent to completion of adaptation process, validation (i.e. reliability and validity estimates) of SSES was done on a randomly selected sample of 237 young adults ranging in age from 18-25 years (with the mean age of 22.04; SD=1.78). They belonged to all three socioeconomic status (i.e., lower, middle, and upper). The research measures employed were: Demographic Form; State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale - Urdu Version (Sardar, 1998); The Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale (AKUADS; Ali, Reza, Khan, & Jehan, 1998), and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation-Urdu Version (Ayub, 2008). The findings show satisfactory internal consistency (i.e., α = .80), test-retest scores (i.e., r = .96); and Guttman split-half reliability coefficient (i.e., .85). Further, a positive correlation is found between SSES-Urdu Version and RSE (r =.49) and a negative correlation is found between SSESUrdu Version and AKUADS (r = -.51) and BSSI (r = -.29) indicating good convergent validity of the scale. The implications, limitations and avenues for future research were also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed at investigating differences among male and female young adults on the variable of State Self-Esteem and its three subscales i.e., Performance Self-Esteem, Social Self-Esteem, and Appearance Self-Esteem. Research Design: A Comparative Study. Place of Study: Various departments within Science and Arts Faculties of University of Karachi. Sample and Method: The sample consisted of 500 young adults recruited from two Faculties of University of Karachi, i.e. Science and Arts. The ages of the participants ranged from 18-25 years with the mean age of 21.97 (SD= 1.95) Representation of both genders was equal in the sample. The research measure used was Urdu Adapted Version of State Self-Esteem Scale along with Demographic Form. t-test was employed for statistical analysis of the data. Results: Results indicate insignificant differences among male and female young adults on the variable of State Self-Esteem (t = -0.89; df = 498; p> .05) and its three subscales i.e. i.e., Performance Self-Esteem (t= -1.55; df = 498; p> .05), Social Self-Esteem (t= -.84, df=498, p>.05), and Appearance Self-Esteem (t= .89, df=498, p>.05). Conclusion: The findings of present study showed insignificant gender differences on state self-esteem, appearance state self-esteem, performance state self-esteem and social state self-esteem which may be the result of the augmented changes in cultural and societal roles of women and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social self-threat during physical stress, such as exposure to the cold pressor test and isometric handgrip test, has been shown to induce activation of the HPA axis, in addition to autonomic responses. However, previous research has suggested that dysfunctional post-event processing may play a major role in neuroendocrine reactivity at initial as well as subsequent social stress exposure. In the present study, we investigated how the interplay of context (i.e. performance feedback) with state (i.e., self-esteem) as well as trait-like factors (i.e., ruminative tendencies) affects stress responses to repeated, short bouts of physical activity. On two sessions, 1 week apart, 53 participants (27 women) performed an isometric handgrip task for 3 min, during which they were exposed to social-evaluative threat. In addition, participants received fake feedback on their performance immediately after the task, labeling it as either 'above' (positive) or 'below average' (negative). In addition to neuroendocrine (cortisol), cardiovascular (heart rate, blood pressure) and subjective stress reactivity, performance-related and social dimensions of state self-esteem were assessed before and after stress induction. Substantial increases in cardiovascular parameters were found on both days, regardless of feedback condition. However, positive feedback led to significantly diminished neuroendocrine responses on day 1, whereas baseline cortisol on session 2 was significantly higher in the negative feedback group. Conversely, social self-esteem decreased after stress induction on both days only for participants who had received negative feedback. Changes in self-esteem reported on day 1 were associated with increased baseline cortisol at the second session, while interindividual differences in self-reported (trait) rumination were associated with cortisol reactivity at session 1. Taken together, the results suggest that effects of social evaluation during short periods of physical stress rely on post-event processing and might be counteracted by positive appraisal directly after stress exposure. Post-hoc framing (in terms of success vs. failure) may predict subsequent stress-related hormonal effects better than task demands per se, which should be considered as a potential moderator in future acute stress research, but might also be relevant to many practical applications in fields ranging from sports/performance to health psychology. • Repeated physical stress induction by means of a handgrip task with social evaluation. • Evaluative feedback directly after exposure modulates cortisol reactivity. • No changes in cardiovascular reactivity at re-exposure. • Elevated baseline cortisol before re-exposure linked to reduced state self-esteem. • (Initial) cortisol reactivity associated with ruminative tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on objectification has largely shown the relationship between viewing objectified media models and women's body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. The purpose of the present study was to extend past research by examining the effects of objectified media images -considering both male and female models- on psychological well-being, self-esteem, and endorsement of sexist attitudes. 166 undergraduates (51.8% males) participated in the study. Results showed that objectification of men decreases men's well-being, whereas objectification of women not only decreases women's well-being, but also their attractiveness and social self-esteem. Furthermore, objectification of women affects men's endorsement of sexist attitudes, increasing hostility toward women and decreasing hostility toward men. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socially anxious children tend to attach great importance to others' evaluations of them. However, the extent to which they base their momentary feelings of self-worth (i.e., state self-esteem) on social (dis)approval is unclear. It is also unclear whether this exceedingly approval-based self-esteem is a common correlate of social anxiety and depression, or specifically linked to one or the other. Changes in children's state self-esteem were obtained in response to a manipulated peer evaluation outcome. Participants ( N = 188) aged 10 to 13 took part in a rigged online computer contest and were randomized to receive positive or negative peer feedback. Self-reported state self-esteem was assessed via computer at baseline and immediately post-feedback. The predictive effects of self-reported social anxiety and depression symptoms on changes in state self-esteem were investigated. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that children with higher social anxiety, as indexed by the fear of negative evaluation component, experienced significantly stronger increases in state self-esteem following peer approval ( β = .26, p < .05), and significantly stronger decreases in state self-esteem following peer disapproval ( β =−.23, p < .05). In both conditions depressive symptoms did not predict changes in state self-esteem ( ps > .20). Socially anxious children's state self-esteem is strongly contingent on social approval. Because basing one's self-esteem on external validation has multiple negative consequences, these findings highlight the importance of teaching these children skills (e.g., making cognitive reappraisals) to weaken the linkage between other- and self-evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People are strongly motivated to feel accepted by others. Yet when faced with acute peer rejection they often aggress against the very peers they desire acceptance from, which may lead to further rejection. The present experiment tests three potential mediators of aggressive responses to acute peer rejection in the critical developmental stage of early adolescence. Participants (N = 185, Mage = 11.5 years) completed personal profiles that were allegedly evaluated online by peers. After receiving negative or neutral peer feedback, participants could aggress against the same peers who had evaluated them. Rejected participants attributed more hostile intent to the peers, were angrier, showed a greater reduction in state self-esteem, and were more aggressive. Mediational analyses showed that hostile intent attributions mediated the acute peer rejection—aggression relationship, whereas increases in anger and decreases in state self-esteem did not. Thus, acute peer rejection evokes hostile intent attributions that, in turn, lead to aggressive reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: From the perspective of terror management theory, awareness of death induces a need for validation of important values. Thus, for women who place a high value on their appearance (e.g., high self-objectifiers), mortality salience should increase positive reactions to objectifying experiences relative to women who do not highly value appearance. Two studies supported this hypothesis. Self-objectification moderated favorable reactions to objectifying stimuli (Study 1) and state self-esteem in response to an objectifying comment (Study 2) when women were primed with death. Together, the studies illustrate the complexity of reactions to objectification and, by highlighting conditions in which objectification serves a psychological function, help to explain the pervasiveness of the phenomena. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An experimental methodology was used to test hypotheses concerning the effects of contextual, cognitive–developmental, and individual difference factors on children’s views of whether they have been the target of gender discrimination and the possible consequent effect of such views on two forms of state self-esteem: performance and social acceptance. Children (N =108, 5–11years of age) completed theory of mind and gender attitude measures and a drawing task. Next, children received feedback that was designed to appear either gender biased (discrimination condition) or nonbiased (control condition). Children’s attributions for the feedback and state self-esteem were assessed. As expected, children reported having been the target of gender discrimination more often in the discrimination condition than in the control condition. Older and more cognitively advanced children made fewer attributions to discrimination than their peers. Perceptions of discrimination were associated with higher performance state self-esteem and, among egalitarian children, lower social state self-esteem. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aim. To determine the psychosocial effect of Tai Chi on nursing home residents. Background. Moving into a nursing home usually imposes a certain degree of psychosocial challenge to older people. However, there is limited evidence suggesting a promising intervention that can promote the psychosocial health for this group. Although previous studies suggest that Tai Chi has the potential to enhance psychosocial well-being, existing evidence is deemed scarce and thus imposes a limitation on drawing out conclusions on this matter. Design. Non-equivalent pretest–posttest control group design. Methods. A convenience sample of 139 residents from six nursing homes in Hong Kong was recruited for this study. The experimental group ( n = 66) participated in a 26-week Tai Chi programme, while the control group ( n = 73) continued its normal daily activities. The outcome measures included state self-esteem, the physical and mental component of health-related quality of life, social support network and social support satisfaction. Resident satisfaction was identified as a covariate because it demonstrated significant correlation with the outcome variables and, likewise, showed significant difference between the two study groups at baseline. Doubly multivariate analysis of covariance was performed to examine the effect of the intervention. Results. Results indicate significant Group × Time interactions, with the experimental group experiencing significant improvement in the composite outcome of state self-esteem, the physical component of health-related quality of life and the mental component of health-related quality of life across the 26-week study period [ F(6, 131) = 2·61, p = 0·02)]. No significant changes were detected regarding the effect of the Tai Chi programme on social support. Conclusion. Tai Chi practice is beneficial for nursing home residents. Relevance to clinical practice. Tai Chi has unique characteristics that are particularly suitable in the practice of health exercise for nursing home residents. The inclusion of Tai Chi in residential care practice for older people is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the development and validation of a state self-esteem scale based on the Two-Item Self-Esteem Scale (TISE). Participants completed the state self-esteem scale in hypothetical scenarios. The criterion-related validity was confirmed owing to the significantly higher TISE score in a positive situation than in a negative situation for both achievement and affiliation scenarios. The concurrent validity was confirmed by the positive correlations between the TISE and a modified state Rosenberg self-esteem scale. The internal consistency of the TISE was also confirmed. Results showed that the TISE was a useful tool in assessing state self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A repeated assessment study examined changes in state implicit self-esteem after negative events. Multilevel analyses revealed that trait explicit self-esteem and self-concept clarity moderated the within-person association between daily negative events and state implicit self-esteem. People with low trait explicit self-esteem or low self-concept clarity experienced decreases in state implicit self-esteem when they experienced negative life events. In contrast, for people with high trait explicit self-esteem or high self-concept clarity, state implicit self-esteem remained stable after negative events. In addition, changes in state implicit self-esteem remained significant after controlling for state explicit self-esteem and daily negative affect. This study is the first to study changes in implicit self-esteem in the context of daily life events. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]