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Nitrogen-doped biochar performs much better in dye adsorption due to its rich functional groups. Soybean cake, a by-product of soybean oil production, comprises rich contents of cellulose, lignin, and protein. Therein, simple direct carbonization was utilized to prepare self-nitrogen-doped biochar (SCB). The results showed that the N content of SCB was 6.81 wt%, and its specific surface area was 18.8 m2/g. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic results confirmed that the surface of SCB was rich in pyridine-N, pyrrole-N, graphite-N, and oxidized-N functional groups. The adsorption capacity of SCB for Rhodamine B was 17.2 mg/g, which is higher compared with other unactivated biochars. The results of thermodynamic parameters indicate that Rhodamine B adsorption on SCB is an endothermic, entropy-increasing, and spontaneous process.

Poultry farming is the fastest growing sector of agriculture. Balanced diets are an important factor for realisation of the genetic potential of birds. The pancreas plays an important role in the digestive process. The aim of the review is to describe the adaptation of chicken pancreatic secretory functions to a diet with various protein and fat ingredients. Due to the fact that digestive enzymes correlate with nutrient absorption, basic knowledge of pancreatic secretion can be useful to improve poultry nutrition and the economics of the poultry industry in general. The consumption of soy cake instead of sunflower cake (with a 1.5% increase in dietary crude fat) led to an increase in the activity of pancreatic juice lipase by 33.8%. A slight increase in crude protein in the feed (by 0.5%) led to an increase in proteolytic activity by 28.1% compared to the background period. The consumption of sunflower oil instead of soybean, rapeseed and linseed oil in the diet led to a decrease in the activity of pancreatic juice lipase by 42.2%, 57.6% and 19.1%, respectively. It could be concluded that in chickens there is no strict parallelism in the release of the pancreatic enzymes and there is no clear adaptation to a specific feed component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Vegetable oils are yearly produced in large amounts generating solid by‐products, the oilseed cake (OC). OCs are lignocellulosic materials that have been used for animal feed with some limitations due to high fibre content from the plant cell walls. Biotechnological processes can help to overcome these limitations and contribute to up‐grading such by‐products, enhancing their nutritional value as feed ingredients. RESULTS: All fungal species were able to decrease neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre in all by‐products. Additionally, relevant enzymes were produced by the three fungi studied resulting in an improved antioxidant capacity of all fermented OCs. Aspergillus niger led to the highest activity of cellulase (109 U g−1), xylanase (692 U g−1) and protease (157 U g−1) per dry OC matter and to the recovery of an extract rich in antioxidants, with the highest scavenging potential of free radicals and superoxide anion, iron chelation ability and reducing power. Rhyzopus oryzae produced the highest activity of β‐glucosidase (503 U g−1) and led to the highest liberation of total phenolic content (TPC). Principal components analysis showed that extracts with high antioxidant potential were obtained in solid‐state fermentation (SSF) with high enzymatic activity. A positive correlation was established between the action of β‐glucosidase and TPC. CONCLUSION: Within the same bioprocess it was possible to improve the nutritional value of OCs and to obtain relevant bioactive compounds such as lignocellulosic enzymes and phenolic compounds with antioxidant potential, resulting in a significant improvement of already valuable by‐products with commercial interest for animal feed. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A global increase in the demand for livestock products suggests that there will be a consequent rise in demand for feed, not only of cereals but of other feeds and particularly proteins. In the present study, oil industry by-products such as soybean meal, soybean cake and sunflower meal were analysed as sources of amino acids in animal nutrition. From among oilseed byproducts, the soybean meal content the most of crude protein up to 44% and the best of amino acid composition, while content of crude cellulose (about 6%) is lower in comparison to other oilseed meals. The results showed that the total amino acids in the examined samples ranged from 31.87 to 41.01%, and the total essential and nonessential amino acids varied from 13.41 to 17.38% and from 18.46 to 23.76%, respectively. Generally, the protein contained in soybean meal and cake was rich in essential amino acids. However, because of the lowest amino acid score, methionine was considered as a limiting amino acid in both soybean by-products. On the other hand, soya's meal contained higher level of lysine than other protein-based vegetable alternative to soya like sunflower meals examined in this study. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and valine were the most abundant amino acids in all tested by-products of the oil industry. Therefore, partial substitution of protein sources in feeds with proteins from the oil industry by-products may improve feed quality.

The current study was designed to investigate the chemical composition, amino acid content, and rumen degradation characteristics (nylon bag method) of six organic feeds to illustrate their feeding values. The feeds analyzed were: corn grain (CG), soybean cake (SC), wheat bran (WB), corn silage (CS), oat hay (OT), and alfalfa hay (AF). Our results showed that the contents of crude protein (CP) (47.46%) and ether extract (EE) (8.23%) in SC were highest. The contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (65.00%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (39.16%) in OT were highest. The contents of total amino acid (TAA) (42.95%) and essential amino acid (EAA) (19.73%) in SC were highest. Among SC, WB, and CG, the effective degradation rate (ED) of dry matter (DM) is SC (87.89%) > WB (73.32%) > CG (64.25%); the ED value of CP is CG (82.37%) > WB (82.40%) > SC (60.47%). Among CS, OT, and AF, the effective degradation rate (ED) of DM is CS (72.68%) > OT (59.97%) > AF (58.89%); the ED value of CP is AF (76.46%) > CS (72.03%) > OT (71.99%). In conclusion, the chemical composition, amino acid content, and rumen degradation rate of SC and AF were better than those of the other four feeds.

The studies were carried out on two groups of novice cows (n = 0, average weight of 650 kg, average daily yield of 26 kg) from 30 to 100 days of lactation. The diet of the cows of the fi rst group included soybean meal, and diet of the cows of the second group - the soybean cake in equivalent quantities for the exchange protein, previously estimated in experiments on operated cows. There were no significant differences in the parameters of enzymatic-microbiological processes in rumen, biochemical indicators of blood, milk productivity and milk composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microbial production of fumaric acid by Rhizopus arrhizus NRRL 2582 has been evaluated using soybean cake from biodiesel production processes and very high polarity (VHP) sugar from sugarcane mills. Soybean cake was converted into a nutrient-rich hydrolysate via a two-stage bioprocess involving crude enzyme production via solid state fermentations (SSF) of either Aspergillus oryzae or R. arrhizus cultivated on soybean cake followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean cake. The soybean cake hydrolysate produced using crude enzymes derived via SSF of R. arrhizus was supplemented with VHP sugar and evaluated using different initial free amino nitrogen (FAN) concentrations (100, 200, and 400 mg/L) in fed-batch cultures for fumaric acid production. The highest fumaric acid concentration (27.3 g/L) and yield (0.7 g/g of total consumed sugars) were achieved when the initial FAN concentration was 200 mg/L. The combination of VHP sugar with soybean cake hydrolysate derived from crude enzymes produced by SSF of A. oryzae at 200 mg/L initial FAN concentration led to the production of 40 g/L fumaric acid with a yield of 0.86 g/g of total consumed sugars. The utilization of sugarcane molasses led to low fumaric acid production by R. arrhizus, probably due to the presence of various minerals and phenolic compounds. The promising results achieved through the valorization of VHP sugar and soybean cake suggest that a focused study on molasses pretreatment could lead to enhanced fumaric acid production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin (AFs) are secondary metabolites produced primarily by aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus in agricultural foodstuff such as peanuts, maize grains, cereals, and animal feeds. Moreover, AFs are highly toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic. A total of 141 samples comprising of feed ingredients (n=58) and complete feeds (n=83) used for cattle and poultry nutrition were analyzed for detection of aflatoxin in both seasons winter and summer. The incidence and level of aflatoxin B1 in feed ingredients was 26.923% (n=7/26) by mean of 78.285 ppb in summer but in winter was 28.125% (n=9/32) by mean of 47.333 ppb. For aflatoxin B2, the incidence and level in feed ingredients was 7.692% (n=2/26) and mean (54 ppb) in summer while in winter was 9.375% (n=3/32) by mean of 52.666 ppb. The incidence and level of total aflatoxins in feed ingredients was 11.538% (n=3/26) by mean of 98.333 ppb in summer but in winter was 15.625% (n=5/32) by mean of 112 ppb. Out of 7 cotton seed cake samples, one was contaminated with total aflatoxins (TAF) (14.285%) and had 300 ppb. Among 13 maize samples, only one had TAF (7.692%) and contains 14 ppb. From 4 sorghum grain samples, 2 were contaminated with AFB1 (50%) and had 12.5±5.303 ppb. Among 8 soybean processed cake, one of them (12.5%) was had AFB1 in summer and contained 10 ppb, and 2 samples in winter (25%) with range of 3-5 ppb (4±0.707). One soybean sample was contaminated with AFB2 (12.5%) and had 3 ppb. From sunflower feed samples (n=26), 11 were contaminated with AFB1, 6 in summer (23.076%) with mean of 89.666±22.188ppb (range 80-150), and 5 in winter (19.230%) with mean level 78.6±17.226ppb (range 40- 150ppb). Four samples were contaminated with AFB2, 2 in summer (7.692%) with mean level of 54±32.526ppb (range 8-10) and 2 samples in winter (7.692%) had average level of 77.5±1.767ppb (range 75-80). Six samples had TAF, 2 samples in summer (7.692%) with average level of 140.5±77.428 ppb (range 31-250) and 4 in winters (15.384%) with mean of 65±5.303 ppb. The occurrence of B1, B2 and TAF in complete feed samples was high in winter than in summer. B1 in winter samples was 42±11.798 ppb while in summer was 16.562±3.027 ppb. B2 in winter was 65±4.082 ppb while in summer was 36.833±11.996 ppb. TAF in winter samples was 140±56.319 ppb while was 22±4.242 ppb in summer. Overall incidence of detected aflatoxin in total samples as 35.82% (n=24/67) in summer, 33.783% in winter but in total samples was 34.751% (n=49/141). From these obtained results, it was clarified that about 1/3 of analyzed samples were contaminated with aflatoxins which represent great hazard for their consumers in both animals and humans. So More efforts must be done to minimize this contamination by application of suitable conditions to prevent fungal growth and thereby prevent more production of aflatoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the inclusion of two types of cakes obtained from non-genetically modified soybean cultivars (cv. Regale, Italy and cv. Onix, Romania; RSBC and OSBC diet, respectively) in dairy cows compound feeds in order to assess their effects on the quantity (yield) and quality (physico-chemical parameters and fatty acids composition) of raw milk.The feeding trial used 16 multiparous Romanian Black Spotted dairy cows, mid-lactation stage, with an initial average milk yield of 18.46 litres/d, assigned to two groups (8 cows each) for 43 days. Milk yield and milk protein were not influenced by the feeding of RSBC or OSBC diet. However, the OSBC diet decreased significantly milk fat content (3.71% vs. 4.08%). Palmitic acid content in milk fat of dairy cows receiving the RSBC diet was significantly lower in comparison with the OSBC diet (30.27% vs. 32.03%). The conjugated linoleic acid content was significantly higher with the RSBC diet, while the total polyunsaturated fatty acids content did not differ among treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was evaluate introduction of byproducts of oleaginous in lambs feeding. Diets were composed for 30% of Tifton hay and 70% of concentrate based on corn grain, soybean meal, soybean cake, sunflower cake and peanut cake, limestone and mineral mixture, as dites: FS – control with soybean meal, TS – soybean cake as part of the concentrate, TG sunflower cake as part of the concentrate and TA – peanut cake as part of the concentrate. For performance evaluating 24 Santa Inês lambs with initial age and weight of 70 days and 19 + 2 kg, according to a completely randomized design. For digestive evaluate, weight Santa Inês sheep with initial age and weight of 70 days and 16 + 1.2 kg, adapted to the use of bag, for collect feces. Animals were distributed in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin Square and means were compared by Tukey’s test with 5% significance level. By the performance trial, duration of confinement, weight gain, fed conversion and the dry matter intake were not affected (P>0,05), with averages of 54.29 days, 259 g/day, 4.29 kg of DM/kg and 1.32 kg/day, respectively. There were no difference P>0,05) for intake DM, OM, CP, CT and CE among diets, digestibility trial with averages of 76.23; 74.47; 76.44; 41.12; 73.00 and 93.00%, respectively. There were no differences for digestibility DM, OM, CP, ADF, CT and NCF. The partial substitution of the soybean meal for byproducts of oleaginous was a good proteic alternative in the feeding of lambs.

The objective of the present study was to determine whether there are differences in prececal amino acid digestibility between commonly used slow- and fast-growing broiler strains when the regression approach is applied. ISA J-275 and Ross 308 were selected as common representatives of slow- and fast-growing broiler strains, respectively. The experimental diets with soybean cake at levels of 0, 100, and 200 g/kg were offered for ad libitum consumption between 22 and 29 d post-hatch. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Each treatment was tested with six pens comprising 10 birds each. Digesta samples were collected on a pen basis from the distal two-thirds of the intestine section between Meckel's diverticulum and 2 cm anterior to the ileocecal-colonic junction. The prececal amino acid digestibility of soybean cake was calculated by linear regression simultaneously for both strains. There was no significant interaction between broiler strain and inclusion level of soybean cake with respect to the prececal CP and amino acid digestibility of complete diets; there was a significant strain effect for 5 out of the 16 measured amino acids. The prececal CP and amino acid digestibility of soybean cake did not differ significantly between strains and was numerically almost identical. The results of the present study provide evidence of the transferability between broiler strains of prececal amino acid digestibility data, determined using the regression approach, thus improving the accuracy of diet formulation without drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, soybean cake as an economic adsorbent was used to remove reactive dye from aqueous solution. Effect of initial pH, dose, contact time and particle size were studied. The selected conditions are 2, 100 mesh, 1 g/l and 30 min for initial pH, particle size, adsorbent dosage and contact time, respectively. The equilibrium data and kinetic data were analyzed for adsorption mechanism and characteristic. According to the results, second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model are well fitted to the experimental data obtained for Reactive Black 5 (RB5) adsorption on soybean cake. The monolayer adsorption capacity values were calculated as 250 and 285.7 mgRB5/g for 20 and 60°C, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on the microbiological and nutritional composition of soybean cake (Awara) and camel- milk cheese (Chukwui) vended in Kano metropolis was carried out between September 2014 and March 2015. Two hundred samples were subjected to microbiological evaluation using standard procedures. Selective media were used to isolate some specific pathogens, and antibiotic sensitivity profiles of the isolates were determined using the disc-diffusion method. Proximate analyses were also carried out on 50 representative samples using the Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC. Results obtained indicated that soybean cake had mean aerobic mesophilic bacterial count of 1.37×103 cfu/g, mean fungal count of 2.37×104 cfu/g and mean coliform count of 17.65 cells/g compared to camel-milk cheese which had higher aerobic mesophilic bacterial count of 4.50×104 cfu/g, mean fungal count of 5.93×104 cfu/g and mean coliform count of 42.70 cells/g. Pathogenic bacteria isolated from the samples include Escherichia coli 13(50.00%), Staphylococcus aureus 8(30.77%) and Salmonella typhi 5(19.23%). S. aureus exhibited the highest antibiotic resistance compared to the other pathogens isolated. Proximate analysis revealed that soybean cake had higher mean percentages for moisture, protein, fat, fibre and ash than Camel-milk cheese. The isolation of some pathogenic agents from these snacks point to a potentially negative implication on public health, this suggests the need for more hygienic vigilance in the preparation and handling of these snacks.

The objectives of this study were to use soybean cake as the raw material for the production of isoflavone powder and compare the effects of different carriers as well as drying methods on the powder quality. Results showed that with spray drying, a level of 40 % maltodextrin as carrier produced the highest yield (mass) of isoflavone powder, followed by 10 % gelatin and 1 % sodium alginate. However, a reversed trend was observed for the isoflavone content. With 1 % sodium alginate, freeze drying generated the greatest yield of isoflavone powder, followed by vacuum drying and spray drying. The isoflavone content also exhibited the same tendency. With poly-g-glutamicacid (g-PGA) as carrier, all six levels studied (0.57, 0.28, 0.14, 0.028, 0.014 and 0.003 %) were capable of forming powder containing high amounts of total isoflavone, which was comparable to that using 1% sodiumalginate by freeze drying. Both high- and low-molecular-weight g-PGA showed similar effects in terms of powder yield and isoflavone content.

Fumaric acid is a platform chemical with many applications in bio-based chemical and polymer production. Fungal cell morphology is an important factor that affects fumaric acid production via fermentation. In the present study, pellet and dispersed mycelia morphology of Rhizopus arrhizus NRRL 2582 was analysed using image analysis software and the impact on fumaric acid production was evaluated. Batch experiments were carried out in shake flasks using glucose as carbon source. The highest fumaric acid yield of 0.84 g/g total sugars was achieved in the case of dispersed mycelia with a final fumaric acid concentration of 19.7 g/L. The fumaric acid production was also evaluated using a nutrient rich feedstock obtained from soybean cake, as substitute of the commercial nitrogen sources. Solid state fermentation was performed in order to produce proteolytic enzymes, which were utilised for soybean cake hydrolysis. Batch fermentations were conducted using 50 g/L glucose and soybean cake hydrolysate achieving up to 33 g/L fumaric acid concentration. To the best of our knowledge the influence of R. arrhizus morphology on fumaric acid production has not been reported previously. The results indicated that dispersed clumps were more effective in fumaric acid production than pellets and renewable resources could be alternatively valorised for the biotechnological production of platform chemicals.

The white-spotted chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is an economically important insect in Korea. Traditionally, it has been regarded as a medicine for preventing liver-related diseases and suppressing liver cancer. Recently, this beetle was enlisted as a temporal food ingredient by Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Therefore, this beetle is focused as a one of the important insects that are commercially reared and sold in Korea. As the economic importance of this beetle is growing, the suitable rearing conditions are needed for more detailed investigation. In this study, we compared three temperature conditions and two food additives, rice chaff and soybean cake, for its effects on the body weight change of third instar larvae of P. brevitarsis . Temperature is a major environmental factor that has tremendous effects on rearing insects. In additions, rice chaff and soybean cake are byproducts of other agricultural activities. Therefore, it is easy to get, and the price is comparatively low. However, they still have meaningful amount of nutrients. With four different kinds of feed and three temperature conditions on the third instar larvae of beetles, the body weight change was tracked for 14 wk. We concluded that 27.5℃ is the optimal temperature to rear the third instar larvae among three temperatures (25, 27.5, and 30℃). Among four different feeds, conventional fermented oak saw dust with rice chaff and soybean cake was the best feed for larval weight gain during 14 wk. However, feed with soybean cake at 30 ℃ was the best condition for rearing P. brevitarsis larvae when temperatures and feeds were compared at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the effect of adding by-products from the processing of oil seeds in the diet of lambs on the carcass and meat traits. Twenty-four non-castrated weaned male Santa Inês lambs with approximately 70 days of age and initial average weight of 19.11 ± 2.12 kg were distributed into a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of diets containing by-products with 70% of concentrate and 30% of tifton hay (Cynodon spp.) and were termed SM: control with soybean meal; SC: formulated with soybean cake; SUC: formulated with sunflower cake and PC: formulated with peanut cake. Diets had no effects on the carcass traits evaluated. There was no significant effect on the mean values of perirenal, omental and mesenteric fats (0.267, 0.552 and 0.470 kg, respectively) and there was no influence on the percentages of moisture, ether extract, crude protein or ash in the loin between experimental diets. Diets containing by-products from the processing of oil seeds did not change fatty acids found in lamb meat. The use of by-products from oil seeds provided similar carcass and meat traits, thus their use can be recommended as eventual protein and energy sources for feedlot lambs.

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In this study, soybean cake which is mainly consisted of cellulose and oil-free material prepared by treating with sulphuric acid, was used as an adsorbent in the adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. Effects of various parameters such as initial pH of solution, contact time and temperature were investigated. Removal of Cr(VI) with the sulphuric acid-treated soybean cake (SDSK) gave the highest adsorption efficiency at pH 1.5. The solutions containing initial Cr(VI) concentrations changing from 125 to 500 mg/L were contacted with SDSK at the various constant temperatures (20, 40 and 60 °C). The equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) which is a Langmuir constant increased from 178.6 mg/g to 192.3 mg/g with increasing temperature from 20 °C to 60 °C. The adsorption process was found to be endothermic and Langmuir isotherm data were evaluated to determine the thermodynamic parameters (ΔHo, ΔGo, ΔSo) for the process. The experimental data were analyzed using the first order and second order adsorption kinetic models. According to these models, the rate constants were evaluated at various constant temperatures. The experimental data fit the first order kinetic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a research study on optimizing roasting temperature for soybean cake evaluated by nitrogen (N)-factionation and in-situ protein degradability. Conducted by researchers was the in situ nylon bag technique and protein partitioning by subjecting feedstuffs to different solvents for digestion. Results showed that acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN) content increased with increasing temperature for roasting and no increase in user datagram protocol (UDP) content after the temperature of 160 degrees Celsius.

Simple Summary: In this study, six organic feed raw materials (corn grain, soybean cake, wheat bran, corn silage, oat hay, and alfalfa hay) were selected for a comparison of their nutritional values. The chemical composition, amino acid content, and rumen degradation characteristics of these raw materials were studied in detail. The current study was designed to investigate the chemical composition, amino acid content, and rumen degradation characteristics (nylon bag method) of six organic feeds to illustrate their feeding values. The feeds analyzed were: corn grain (CG), soybean cake (SC), wheat bran (WB), corn silage (CS), oat hay (OT), and alfalfa hay (AF). Our results showed that the contents of crude protein (CP) (47.46%) and ether extract (EE) (8.23%) in SC were highest. The contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (65.00%) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (39.16%) in OT were highest. The contents of total amino acid (TAA) (42.95%) and essential amino acid (EAA) (19.73%) in SC were highest. Among SC, WB, and CG, the effective degradation rate (ED) of dry matter (DM) is SC (87.89%) > WB (73.32%) > CG (64.25%); the ED value of CP is CG (82.37%) > WB (82.40%) > SC (60.47%). Among CS, OT, and AF, the effective degradation rate (ED) of DM is CS (72.68%) > OT (59.97%) > AF (58.89%); the ED value of CP is AF (76.46%) > CS (72.03%) > OT (71.99%). In conclusion, the chemical composition, amino acid content, and rumen degradation rate of SC and AF were better than those of the other four feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Soybean cake has been shown to be a rich source of isoflavone and can be produced during processing of soybean oil as byproduct. The objectives of this study were to compare the extraction yield of isoflavone from soybean cake by solvent and supercritical carbon dioxide, and study the conversion of isoflavone glucosides to the biologically active aglycone by employing β-glucosidase. Results showed that with supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, a maximum yield of malonylglucoside and glucoside was generated at 60°C and 350bar, while a high level of acetylglucoside and aglycone was produced at 80°C and 350bar. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction resulted in a lower yield of total isoflavone than solvent extraction, but the former was more applicable to extraction of acetylglucoside and aglycone, and the latter to malonylglucoside and glucoside. A peak level of aglycone was attained from conversion of isoflavone glucoside by β-glucosidase at 55°C, pH 5, concentration 50U/ml and incubation time of 2h. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study was an investigation of the role of important parameters influencing pyrolysis yields from soybean cake. Experiments were carried out at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700°C, for various nitrogen flow rates, heating rates and particle sizes. The maximum liquid yield was 42.83% at a pyrolysis temperature of 550°C with a sweeping gas rate of 200cm3 min−1 and heating rate of 700°Cmin−1 for a soybean cake sample having 0.425< D p <0.85mm particle size. The various characteristics of liquid product were identified. Thus, the aliphatic sub-fraction of the bio-oil was analysed by GC-MS and further structural analyses of bio-oil and aromatic and polar sub-fractions were conducted using FT-IR and 1H-NMR. The H/C ratios and the structural analysis of the fractions obtained from the biocrudes showed that the fractions were quite similar to currently utilised transport fuels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The effect of nitrogen (N) supplementation of poor quality hay on dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility, rumen fermentation and plant fibre kinetics was investigated using five ruminally fistulated mature heifers (1/2 Boran × 1/2 Friesian) with an average body weight of 210 kg. The experimental set-up was a 5×5 Latin square with five treatments and five periods of 28 days each. In each period, 14 days were for adaptation to treatments, 7 days for in vivo digestibility trial and rumen fluid sampling, and the last week was used for three rumen evacuations. The treatments were: poor quality hay only (HO) which was the control, hay with low urea (32 g per day) (HLU), hay with high urea (64 g per day) (HHU), hay with low soybean cake (210 g DM per day) (HLS) and hay with high (420 g DM per day) soybean cake (HHS). At a given level of supplementation, urea and soybean cake were iso-nitrogenous, and hay was provided ad libitum. The intake varied from 5.7 to 6.8 kg DM between treatments.N supplementation gave significant increases in DM and organic matter (OM) intake and digestibility. Mean daily ruminal fluid ammonia (mg N/100 ml) was also significantly increased by urea supplementation. Mean daily ruminal fluid pH was not significantly affected by treatments. Ruminal fluid total volatile fatty acids (mM) increased with N supplementation and were significantly (P<0.05) higher in HHS compared to the control.Both urea and soybean cake supplementation significantly increased the rate (P=0.05) and extent (P=0.01) of digestible NDF (DNDF) degradation compared to the control.In conclusion, N supplementation of poor quality hay greatly improved the intake and digestibility of DM, OM and NDF. The effect of soybean cake or urea on plant fibre digestibility was equivalent, indicating no effect of intact protein compared to NPN on ruminal NDF digestion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Biochar has very low adsorption capacity to anionic dyes due to negative charge on the surface. Herein, a dual-templating strategy by mild activators (K 2 C 2 O 4 ·H 2 O and CaCO 3) was applied for synthesis of soybean cake nitrogen self-doped biochar (NSB) to enhance the adsorption capacity for dyes. The results of element analysis showed NSB had N contents of 3.51%. Its specific surface area was 2413.00 m2 g−1 and maximum adsorption amount of Rhodamine B and Congo Red reached up to 839.97 mg g−1 and 882.64 mg g−1, respectively. The NSB retained high adsorption capacity after 5 cycles. By linear fitting of full Van't Hoff equation, lower enthalpy value shown in Congo Red adsorption in comparison with Rhodamine B adsorption, indicated the efficient anionic dye removal by NSB. Negative heat capacity change value indicated water molecules adsorbed on the NSB surface were replaced by dyes molecules. This paper provides a framework to prepare excellent NSB for the efficient removal of dyes from wastewater and shed lights on the mechanism of how NSB work for respective cationic and anionic dye from thermodynamics. [Display omitted] • Biochar prepared from soybean cake and activated by a dual-templating approach. • Q m for cationic dye Rhodamine B reached up to 839.97 mg g−1. • Q m for anionic dye Congo Red reached up to 882.64 mg g−1. • Versatile adsorption capability was revealed by Van't Hoff assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the production of novel oleogels via circular valorisation of food industry side streams. Sugarcane molasses and soybean processing side streams (i.e. soybean cake) were employed as fermentation feedstocks for the production of microbial oil. Fed-batch bioreactor fermentations carried out by the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides led to the production of 36.9 g/L total dry weight with an intracellular oil content of 49.8% (w/w) and 89.4 μg/g carotenoids. The carotenoid-rich microbial oil and soybean oil were evaluated as base oils for the production of wax-based oleogels. The wax esters, used as oleogelators, were produced via enzymatic catalysis, using microbial oil or soybean fatty acid distillate as raw materials. All oleogels presented a gel-like behaviour (G′ > G″). However, the highest G′ was determined for the oleogel produced from soybean oil and microbial oil-wax esters, which indicated a stronger network. Thermal analysis showed that this oleogel had a melting temperature profile up to 35 °C, which is favorable for applications in the confectionery industry. Also, texture analysis demonstrated that soybean oil-microbial oil wax oleogel was stable (1.9–2.2 N) within 30-days storage period. This study showed the potential of novel oleogels production through the development of bioprocesses based on the valorisation of various renewable resources. Unlabelled Image • Molasses and soybean cake could be used for microbial oil and carotenoids production. • Rhodosporidium toruloides produced 18.4 g/L microbial oil from crude feedstocks. • Microbial oil accumulation coincided with 89.4 μg/g carotenoids production • Soybean oil & microbial oil were successfully utilized for oleogels production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]