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In recent years, the development of highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors has been a pivotal area of research, driven by the growing demand for environmental monitoring and industrial process control. Among various materials investigated for sensor applications, manganese oxide (MnO2) nanoparticles have garnered significant attention due to their excellent electrochemical properties, environmental friendliness, and natural abundance. Critical analyses of the synthesis of MnO2 using different techniques such as hydrothermal method, chemical precipitation, and sol–gel process which allows for the fine-tuning of particle size and morphology while enhancing the electrochemical sensing capabilities have been reviewed. The review also provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancement evaluation of manganese oxide-based electrodes for detecting sulfonamides and other analytes in water across diverse matrices. This paper sets the stage for a comprehensive exploration of the synthesis methods and application areas of MnO2 nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors, highlighting their role in advancing sensor technology and their impact on various sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of materials based on fossil resources is yielding more sustainable and ecologically beneficial methods. Vegetable oils (VO) are one example of base materials whose derivatives rival the properties of their petro‐based counterparts. Gaps exist however and one way to fill them is by employing sol–gel processes to synthesize organic–inorganic hybrid materials, often derived from silane/siloxane compounds. Creating Si─O─Si inorganic networks in the organic VO matrix permits the attainment of necessary strength, among other property enhancements. Consequently, many efforts have been directed to optimally achieve organic–inorganic hybrid materials with VOs. However, compatibilization is challenging, and desirable conditions for matching the inorganic filler in the organic matrix remain a key stumbling block toward wider application. Therefore, this review aims to detail recent progress on these new hybrids, focusing on the main strategies to polymerize and functionalize the raw VO, followed by routes highlighting the addition of the inorganic fillers to obtain desirable composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ho3+ ions doped with ZnS NPs in silicate glasses prepared by room temperature sol–gel method, and its physical parameters and spectroscopic properties were characterized. Structural characterization were performed by XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX and TEM. ZnS nanoparticles are present in the Ho3+-doped silicate matrix, according to structural investigations. The phenomenological Judd Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ, which depict the intensities for transitions in lanthanides and actinides in both solids and liquids, follow the pattern Ω2 > Ω4 > Ω6, according to Judd Ofelt analysis of UV–Visible absorption spectra. The study reveals that the four unique PL emission bands of Ho3+ are significantly influences by the concentration of ZnS NPs for enhancing PL emissions is found to be 20 M. This enhancement is ascribed to the modification of the network and sensitization of Ho3+ ions by the presence of the NPs. The photoluminescence spectra of the prepared samples were used to calculate the radiative parameters, such as the stimulated emission cross-section (σp), radiative lifetimes (τR), branching ratio (βR), and transition probability (Aed). CIE color coordinates were computed and they showed the yellow to greenish-yellow region for Ho3+ doped with various ZnS concentration. The present, SHZ20 glass may be useful for the greenish-yellow emitting phosphor application. The result of the Figure of Merit indicate that the prepared glasses show promise for use as optical amplifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has focused on immunotherapy with no side effects as an innovative medical treatment for cancer. However, typical drugs for immunotherapy are very expensive. Here, we propose the use of immunoceramics that activate immune cells by contact with their surface. Previous studies demonstrated that polymers, including the phenylboronic acid group, could activate lymphocytes. This activation may be due to the interaction between the sugar chains in cells and the OH group in B(OH)3 formed via the dissociation of the BO2 group. We have clarified that boron-containing apatite (BAp) activated lymphocytes in vitro. In this study, we fabricated the ceramic surfaces using the CaO-P2O5-SiO2-B2O3 system (CPSB ceramics) containing BAp as a main crystalline phase. The results of the in vitro evaluation indicated that killer T cells in splenocytes cocultured with the CPSB ceramics were more numerous than in splenocytes cocultured on a control surface. The results of the in vivo evaluation indicated that the CPSB ceramics significantly inhibited tumor growth when CD8-positive T cells were cultured on individual ceramics and subsequently injected into tumor-bearing mice. The present CPSB ceramics are expected to be a valuable biomaterial for immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZrN–SiO2 core–shell particles were prepared, where the ZrN core nanoparticles and SiO2 shell were designed to exhibit localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) and structural coloring. The heating of ZrO2 nanoparticles with Mg3N2 under a nitrogen gas flow produced ZrN nanoparticles with a diameter in the range of 10–20 nm. The dispersion of ZrN nanoparticles in water exhibited an absorption maximum at approximately 700 nm owing to LSPRs. An SiO2 shell was formed on the ZrN nanoparticles using a sol–gel process. Scanning transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of ZrN–SiO2 core–shell particles containing ZrN particles with a diameter of approximately 10 nm. The SiO2 shell thickness was controlled by varying the reaction time to form SiO2. The use of particles as a structural component of a structural color material owing to the high uniformity of the size of obtained core–shell particles was investigated. The obtained ZrN–SiO2 core–shell particles were arrayed on a glass substrate using a layer‐by‐layer method. The particle‐stacked film of the ZrN–SiO2 core–shell particles exhibited the maximum reflection depending on the particle size of the SiO2 shell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium (Ca)-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) with 1 wt.% and 3 wt.% Ca content (CZO_1% and CZO_3%) and pure ZnO (ZO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using the sol–gel method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed that calcium was incorporated in the ZnO lattice, the crystallites were nanometric in size, and the obtained NPs were prismatic in shape with sizes ranging from 40 nm to 60 nm agglomerated microspheres. Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2.5-diyl) (P3HT):ZO (PZO_50, PZO_100, and PZO_150), CZO_1% (PCZO1%_50, PCZO1%_100, and PCZO1%_150), and CZO_3% (PCZO3%_50, PCZO3%_100, and PCZO3%_150) blend thin films were prepared at a ratio from 0 mg to 150 mg. The optical characterization carried out on the P3HT:ZO, P3HT:CZO_1%, and P3HT:CZO_3% layers showed that the incorporation of pure and Ca-doped ZnO NPs had a weak influence on the chain structure and the optical gap of P3HT. The direct-bandgap energy varied with doping from 1.85 to 1.89 for ZO, 1.72 eV to 1.83 eV for PCZO_1%, and 1.69 to 1.80 for PCZO_3%. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on PZO_50, PZO_100, PZO_150, PCZO1%_50, PCZO1%_100, and PCZO1%_150, PCZO3%_50, PCZO3%_100, and PCZO3%_150 thin films used as active layers were successfully fabricated at low temperature. The electrical characterization of the nine OFETs was performed by comparison in ambient air. The results showed that the PCZO1%_150 exhibited better electrical performance, with saturation mobility (μsat) of 1.3 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Solar cells technology will be one of the futuristic major resources for global energy demands. One of the major problems in energy harvesting using solar cells was reflection of incident light over solar cell surface. The present research work aims to synthesize the magnesium fluoride through sol-gel process which acts as antireflection layer for achieving better output performance. MgF 2 films were deposited over solar cells at varying time periods of 60, 90, 120 and150 min through electrospraying technique. MgF2 electrosprayed solar cells were inspected for evaluating its structural, optical, electrical and morphological characteristics. The coated solar cells were analyzed under dark and light conditions. The precursor materials involved in sol-gel synthesis of MgF 2 were magnesium chloride hexahydride, polyethylene glycol and hydrofluoric acid. From the I–V results, it is evident that performance of 120 min MgF 2 coated solar cell exerts maximum performance of 19.38 % (open) and 19.41 % (controlled). MgF 2 antireflective electrosprayed films were prominent materials for minimizing reflection and ensuring the maximum photon transmission into the coated surface especially in opto-electronic applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop a novel ureasil–polyether transdermal hybrid matrix (U-PEO) loaded with Annona muricata concentrated extract (AMCE), which exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity. The extract was obtained by maceration, a method that allowed for the extraction of a high concentration of flavonoids (39.27 mg/g of extract). In vivo tests demonstrated that 10 mg/kg of AMCE inhibited inflammation for 6 h. The physicochemical characterization of U-PEO with AMCE was conducted via a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while its surface was recorded using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The in vitro macroscopic swelling and release tests demonstrated the hydrophilic profile of the material and the percentage of AMCE released. The TGA results demonstrated that the system exhibited physical compatibility due to the thermal stability of U-PEO. Additionally, the AFM analysis revealed a rough and porous surface, with a particular emphasis on the system with AMCE. The release resulted in the liberation of 23.72% of AMCE within 24 h. Finally, the preclinical tests demonstrated that U-PEO with AMCE was also capable of effectively inhibiting inflammation for 6 h, a duration comparable to that of a commercial formulation. The results permit the advancement of the study towards the development of a transdermal system, thereby rendering its application in clinical studies feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For alumina (Al2O3) powder produced by corrosion of aluminum, we investigated the effect of the solvent composition (C2H5OH/H2O of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, and 0:100 v/v) on the particle size distribution. The powders were calcined at 1473K and identified as α-Al2O3. The particle size of alumina powder obtained with H2O as the solvent was 0.3-100 µm. As the volume fraction of H2O in the solvent mixture increased, the particle size of the alumina powder also increased. With the increase in the H2O volume fraction, agglomeration of the obtained alumina particles was observed by scanning electron microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a novel Fe3O4@SiO2/Ag/AgCl/CdS nanocomposite, designed for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO), serving as a proxy for synthetic water pollutants under visible light. A combination of co-precipitation, sol-gel, and photodeposition techniques was used to synthesize the desired nanocomposite. Leveraging the response surface methodology (RSM), we optimized the degradation process, achieving an unprecedented near-complete degradation efficiency of 99% within 90 min. The nanocomposite, characterized by an average diameter of 25 nm and uniform size distribution, demonstrated significant photocatalytic activity and stability, maintaining effectiveness over multiple usage cycles. Notably, the incorporation of Ag/AgCl alongside CdS not only extends the light absorption range but also facilitates charge separation, enhancing photocatalytic performance. Additionally, mineralization was confirmed by measuring the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values. This work not only presents a significant advancement in the field of photocatalyst for water purification but also introduces a scalable and effective approach for the development of next-generation photocatalysts. Our findings highlight the potential of magnetic nanocomposites in environmental remediation, offering a sustainable solution for the degradation of organic pollutants. Highlights: Developed a Fe3O4@SiO2/Ag/AgCl/CdS nanocomposite optimized for visible-light photocatalysis. Achieved 99% methyl orange degradation under visible light in 90 min. Enhanced water purification via magnetic nanocomposites for pollutant degradation. Confirmed stability and sustained efficiency of the photocatalyst over multiple use cycles. Used response surface methodology to optimize photocatalytic conditions efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variation of calcium phosphate formation rate on calcium titanate surfaces synthesized via sol-gel (CTSol) and solid-state reaction (CTS-S) at 600 °C for 10 h, were investigated using DSC, FTIR, XRD, DLS-Zeta potential, FESEM-EDS, BET, and ICP-OES, focusing on the relationship between surface morphology and calcium phosphate formation ability. Both powders had meso-porosities with a mean pore diameter of 45 and 54 nm, respectively. While CTSol particles had a diameter of about 100–250 nm, CTS-S had nanosized particles (35–40 nm) with the configuration of parent P25 TiO2. CTS-S had a higher specific surface area (26.14 m2. g−1), pore volume (0.36 cm3.g−1), and pore size (D = 54.51 nm) than CTSol (11.09 m2. g−1, 0.12 cm3.g−1, D = 44.97 nm). By submerging disk-shaped samples in SBF solution, their bioactivity was evaluated for up to 14 days. Both samples formed calcium phosphate at similar rates. Despite having a smaller surface area, CTSol makes up for it with a higher rate of Ca2+ dissolution. Whereas the calcium phosphate initial particles on the surface of CTS-S were spherical, the needle-like features on the surface of CTSol were created by immersion in SBF. Highlights: Two distinct processes were used to create calcium titanate. Two powders represented similar morphologies but different properties. The rate of Calcium Phosphate formation was approximately the same. Various morphologies were observed for the primary nuclei. The MTT evaluation indicated adequate cytocompatibility for powders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize thin hybrid films on polyurethane-coated knitted fabrics and to achieve satisfactory color fastness to artificial light. Sol–gel-derived hybrid thin films were deposited via the dip-coating of 3-glycidoxypropiltrimethoxysilane. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowders were added to compensate for the insufficient aging resistance, which manifests itself in low color fastness and is one of the most frequent complaints from manufacturers of coated marine fabrics (yachts, boats, etc.). The optimum processing conditions were determined by varying the concentration of precursors and auxiliaries, the mass concentration of TiO2 and ZnO nanopowders, the drawing speed, and the methods and process of fabric treatment. The hybrid films were also characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total internal reflection, while Spectraflash SF 300 investigated color fastness. After 300 h of exposure in a xenon chamber, the thin hybrid films showed good color fastness and good resistance to washing cycles. The sol–gel treatment proved to be a successful answer to the manufacturers' need for the post-treatment of polyurethane-coated knitted fabrics against UV radiation for use in the marine sector (yachts, speedboats, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the influence of formulation and process variables on the physicochemical properties and drug release behavior of oxaliplatin (OXP)-loaded ORMOSIL (Organically Modified Silicate) nanoparticles. ORMOSIL nanoparticles were synthesized using sol-gel methods, employing co-condensation (addition of TEOS and APTES at the beginning of the hydrolysis) and post-modification (adding APTES in hydrolyzed silica sol) approaches. Key parameters, pH of the hydrolysis process, water/alkoxide ratio, and preparation method, were systematically explored. The formulations demonstrated average diameter in the range of 111–296 nm, with a unimodal size distribution (PDI). Drug content (DC) ranged 2.42–8.39 µg OXP/mg nanoparticles, and the dissolution pattern was characterized by an initial burst release followed by a slower drug release phase. The post-modification method yielded higher DC, attributed to matrix structure differences which were also validated by distinctive features in FTIR and Raman spectra. XRD and DSC studies demonstrated that OXP was completely entrapped in the silica matrix in its amorphous form, regardless of the preparation method. Further studies were focused on investigating the post-modification method, as it presented more promising formulation properties in regards to the DC. A study design guided by central composite response surface methodology revealed relationships between variables (pH, water, oxaliplatin quantity) and responses (particle size, PDI, DC, zeta potential). Particle sizes ranged from 274 to 2285 nm, PDI from 0.129 to 0.958, DC from 3.81 to 37.08 µg OXP/mg NPs, with positive zeta potential (0.83–28.3 mV). The PLS exploratory multivariate statistical analysis highlighted an increase in particle size and PDI under acidic pH and a positive correlation between OXP quantity and DC and inverse relationship between water quantity and nanoparticle zeta potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 , also called zirconia) is used for restoration or as an implant in dentistry due to its properties and the aesthetics that can be achieved. In the present work, zirconia particles were obtained by the sol-gel method using acid or basic medium to study its influence on the nucleation and growth of the particle size and determine the crystallite size of the high-temperature phase. Also, to control the particle size and improve the solubility and dispersion of the colloidal particles resulting from the hydrolysis-condensation reactions, a mixture of alcohol of different chain lengths were used. The zirconia samples were heat treated at 400, 600, and 800 °C and up to 250 h of holding times to follow the growth of crystallite size of zirconia phases. The results showed tetragonal (ZrO 2 -t) and monoclinic (ZrO 2 -m) zirconia as predominant phases, regardless of the synthesis conditions and heat treatment used. The monoclinic phase is favored at elevated temperatures and prolonged holding times, while the tetragonal ones are favored at low temperatures. The holding time promotes the transformation from the tetragonal to the monoclinic phase in both media (acid and basic). However, this transformation is promoted by the basic catalyst, while the acid medium favors the stability of the tetragonal phase at 400 and 600 °C. The phase transformation, particle size, and crystallite size depend on the synthesis conditions and heat treatment used to obtain the zirconia particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin dioxide (SnO2) possesses remarkable optical and electrical properties and finds applications in a diverse array of devices, including supercapacitors, gas sensors, batteries, and solar cells. Enhancing SnO2's optoelectronic characteristics can substantially improve the functionality of devices incorporating this material. In this research endeavor, we synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles doped with fluorine (F-SnO2) using the modified sol-gel method. Our results underscore the affirmative impact of fluorine incorporation of SnO2's optoelectronic properties. Strikingly, this doping procedure left the morphology and structure of the nanoparticles untouched, but it did induce changes in particle size. Notably, the reduction in bandgap from 3.87 eV for SnO2 to 3.70 eV for F-SnO2 nanoparticles suggests the generation of new energy levels below the conduction band due to doping. Electrical transport assessments using impedance spectroscopy revealed the semiconducting behavior of the samples. The Nyquist diagram was instrumental in evaluating the role of grain and grain boundaries, and an equivalent circuit was employed for sample modeling. Conductivity showed temperature dependency, displaying Mott's variable range hopping conduction mechanism at lower temperatures and small polaron hopping at higher temperatures. Moreover, the introduction of fluorine ions leads to an increase in conductance and decrease the resistance.Dielectric analysis identified polarization as the main factor behind the dielectric loss tangent. The dielectric constant and tan δ show typical behavior by decreasing with increasing frequency. These observations align with the Maxwell–Wagner model. The dielectric loss coupled with high permittivity values, render F-SnO2 a promising compound for energy storage. These findings underscore the potential of F-SnO2 nanoparticles to enhance the performance of SnO2-based devices across a diverse spectrum of applications. Highlights: Preparation of fluorine-doped tin dioxide (F-SnO2) nanopowders via sol-gel method. Morphological and structural analysis revealed polycrystalline structure with tetragonal rutile phase. Adjustable optical capabilities demonstrated through doping. Electrical properties confirmed semiconductor behavior of F-SnO2. Dielectric behavior explained by relaxation effect and interfacial polarization, following the Maxwell–Wagner model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the synthesis of Fe3O4/PANI nanocomposites is achieved by employing a spin coating technique, which involves the initial preparation of Fe2O3 from iron sand through magnetic separation and ball milling. The Fe3O4 precursor is then combined with polyaniline (PANI) at different concentrations (30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%) using a sol-gel process. The resulting Fe3O4/PANI gel mixture is spin-coated onto glass substrates and dried. The nanocomposite films undergo extensive characterization through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Vibration Sample Magnetometry (VSM), and electrical measurements using an LCR meter. Our findings show a correlation between Fe3O4 concentrations and crystal size, observed as a decrease from 30% to 40%, an increase at 50%, and a subsequent decrease from 60% to 70%. Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the chemical bonding between Fe3O4 Fe2O3 and PANI. SEM images reveal the layer thickness varies with concentration, measured as 5.02 µm, 16.54 µm, 17.82 µm, 19.36 µm, and 24.4 µm, respectively. Electrical properties indicate resistance values of 7.36 mΩ, 8.388 mΩ, 8.101 mΩ, 8.53 mΩ, and 3.53 mΩ for the respective Fe3O4 concentrations, with corresponding capacitance values. This study elucidates the structural and electrical properties of Fe3O4/PANI nanocomposites, highlighting their potential for diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report on the optical properties of europium-doped SrTiO 3 , synthesized in situ via the sol-gel method as nanopowders and sintered ceramic bulks by heat treatment in vacuum. The structure and morphology of the Sr 1-3x/2 Eu x TiO 3 (x = 0.01–0.07) nanopowders and ceramics, concerning to the europium concentration, were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The optical properties of as-prepared materials were also investigated. These analyses demonstrated that a temperature of 1425 °C in a vacuum of 10−4 Pa and a plateau of 4h are the optimal sintering conditions for Sr 1-3x/2 Eu x TiO 3 ceramics. Eu3+ doped SrTiO 3 ceramics exhibit visible red photoluminescence characteristics. The emission of SrTiO 3 :Eu3+ phosphor with different amounts of Eu3+, excited by 395 nm and 465 nm light, was studied. The emission spectra exhibit characteristic luminescence from 5D 0 → 7F j (j = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) intra-4f shell Eu3+ ion transitions. The most intense transitions are 5D 0 → 7F 1 (591 nm) for pumping at 395 nm and, 5D 0 → 7F 2 (615 nm) at 465 nm. The corresponding coordinates CIE for the Eu-doped SrTiO 3 samples were calculated from the emission spectra obtained at 395 nm and 465 nm excitation wavelengths. This study demonstrates that the original protocol of materials engineering used is a simple and efficient method for manufacturing novel nanophosphors with enhanced reddish-orange emission. The as-obtained results indicated that the sol-gel synthesis combined with the sintering process in a vacuum at an appropriate temperature, plateau, could be a novel way to fabricate materials based on strontium titanate with reasonable optical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New polysilsesquioxane (PSQ)-based CO2 separation membranes with succinic anhydride and monoalkylurea units as thermally degradable CO2-philic units were prepared by the copolymerization of a 1:1 mixture of [3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]succinic anhydride (TESPS) or [3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]urea (TESPU) and bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTESE). The succinic anhydride and monoalkylurea units underwent thermal degradation to form ester and dialkylurea units, respectively, with the liberation of small molecules (e.g., CO2 and NH3) under N2 atmosphere. The effects of thermal degradation on the performance of the obtained membranes were investigated. The TESPS-BTESE- and TESPU-BTESE-based membranes calcined at 250 °C and 200 °C exhibited good CO2/N2 permselectivities of 20.2 and 14.4, respectively, with CO2 permeances of 7.7 × 10−8 and 7.9 × 10−8 mol m−2·s−1·Pa−1, respectively. When the membranes were further calcined at elevated temperatures of 350 °C and 300 °C, respectively, to promote the thermal degradation of the organic units, the CO2 permeances increased to 1.3 × 10−7 and 1.2 × 10−6 mol m−2·s−1·Pa−1 (3.9 × 102 and 3.6 × 103 GPU), although the CO2/N2 permselectivities decreased to 19.5 and 8.4, respectively. These data indicate that the controlled thermal degradation of the organic units provides a new methodology for possible tuning of the CO2 separation performance of PSQ membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica-based materials modified with maize stalks were synthesized using different sol-gel routes (acid-catalyzed route, base-catalyzed route, acid-catalyzed followed by base-catalyzed (two steps) hydrolytic route, and FeCl3-catalyzed nonhydrolytic route). The porogenic role of maize stalks as templates was evaluated by comparing the effects of thermal and ultrasonic extraction methods. The resulting adsorbents were characterized via a set of complementary techniques, including nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and elemental analysis (CHN). The texture, structure, and morphology of the resulting materials were shown to be dependent on the synthesis route. The sorbent material produced via the two-step route followed by ultrasound extraction had the highest adsorption capacity, which allowed the removal of 28% (q = 0.84 mg g−1) of the phenol from the aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication presents general information on calcium zirconate and the physical/chemical properties of products based on it. Methods for CaZrO3 production, such as solid phase synthesis, electric arc fusion, codeposition, hydrothermal synthesis, etc. are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural compound that can be combined with miconazole (MCZ) to improve vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) caused by Candida albicans treatment's efficacy. This study aimed to develop ureasil–polyether (U-PEO) vaginal ovules loaded with CUR and MCZ for the treatment of VVC. Physicochemical characterization was performed by thermogravimetry (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and in vitro release. Antifungal assays were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and synergism between CUR and MCZ, and the activity of U-PEO ovules were performed by microdilution and agar diffusion. TGA results showed high thermal stability of the hybrid ovules. In DTA, the amorphous character of U-PEO and a possible interaction between CUR and MCZ were observed. FTIR showed no chemical incompatibility between the drugs. In vitro release resulted in 80% of CUR and 95% of MCZ released within 144 h. The MICs of CUR and MCZ were 256 and 2.5 µg/mL, respectively. After combining the drugs, the MIC of MCZ decreased four-fold to 0.625 µg/mL, while that of CUR decreased eight-fold to 32 µg/mL. Synergism was confirmed by the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) equal to 0.375. U-PEO alone showed no antifungal activity. U-PEO/MCZ and U-PEO/CUR/MCZ ovules showed the greatest zones of inhibition (≥18 mm). The results highlight the potential of the ovules to be administered at a lower frequency and at reduced doses compared to available formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of erbium (Er) doping on the electrical, structural and morphological properties of TiO2 thin films deposited by the combination of a simple sol–gel process and spin-coating technique on p-type silicon substrates, has been investigated. A systematic study of the effect of concentration of Er on the properties of heterostructures was carried out. Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy have been used to study the structural and morphology properties of devices based on Er-doped TiO2/Si heterostructures. Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) has been also employed to study the electrically active defects within the band gap of Er-doped TiO2 thin films. DLTS that has proved to be a powerful tool in analysing traps in semiconductors devices showed that undoped TiO2-based devices exhibit five defects. However, three defects have been detected in the low erbium-doped TiO2 devices and only one defect was observed in the higher erbium-doped devices. These results provide strong evidence that Er doping annihilates oxygen-related defects and demonstrate the effective proof of doping process in TiO2 thin film. This finding contributes to the improved activities (e.g., photocatalytic) of TiO2 since the increase in charge traps can reduce bulk recombination and consequently, separates photogenerated electrons and holes more efficiently. Furthermore, it is found that the overall electrical properties of the devices are improved by increasing Er doping concentration. This study provides an important understanding of the deep and shallow level defects in Er-doped TiO2 thin films, which is essential for the manufacturing of future devices including UV detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woven silica fiber-reinforced ceramic silica matrix composites with 2.5 dimensionality (2.5D woven SiO2f/SiO2 CMCs) offer various advantages and are commonly utilized in the aerospace industry. The CMCs are primarily prepared using the sol–gel process including infiltration, drying, and sintering under a certain temperature for several cycles. The infiltration effect is influenced by the pore diameter distribution inside the silica matrix, the silica matrix geometry, porosity inside silica matrix, and the silica sol viscosity according to Washburn equation for capillary rise. The physical properties of fiber, matrix, and the interfacial properties are important factors for the mechanical performance of CMCs. The mechanical strength of the CMCs matrix can be enhanced by densification to increase the contact area between the silica fiber tows and silica matrix. Silica aerogels are prepared by proportioning different molar ratios of ethyl-cool orthosilicate, anhydrous ethanol, and deionized water. The porosity of CMCs specimens filled with silica aerogel is around 0.88-9.02%, which is lower than that of specimens without silica aerogel (20-25%). Therefore, woven SiO2f/SiO2 CMCs have a fill ratio of 90.98-99.12%. The compressive impact process was simulated with finite element analysis (FEA), and the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) compressive impact test for the CMCs specimens showed improvement in the anti-impact mechanical properties of CMCs. The densification effect on CMCs specimens filled with silica aerogel was examined and analyzed via SEM imaging. Upon comparison, the simulation results show good consistency with the experimental stress–strain curves and failure modes results, indicating that the compressive impact behaviors can be efficiently predicted with FEA. Kindly check and confirm whether the corresponding author and affiliation is correctly identified.it is ok [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owning to their intrinsic properties, silica-based glasses are widely used in various technological fields, especially in photonics. However, high degree of flexibility is yet challenging in realization of next-generation miniaturized optical components. In this work, we develop an approach based on ‶Solmers″ hybrid resins allowing versatile two-photon polymerization 3D printing of silica glasses with 23 nm resolution, doping with Germanium and/or rare-earths elements. Other dopants such as gold nanoparticles were also incorporated for localized metallization. After 3D printing and sintering (1100–1300 °C), high optical quality glasses with low surface roughness (

It is generally believed that water droplets on (super)hydrophilic surfaces is spread and strongly pin to the surface. The surface chemistry that achieves the paradoxical surface properties of being statically very hydrophilic, but exhibiting outstanding water sliding properties, has not yet established. Here, a facile approach to prepare such unusual surfaces based on a combination of a sol–gel process using an organosilane containing polyethylene glycol units and tetraethoxysilane, and subsequent alkali‐treatment is reported. The resulting sol–gel thin films are smooth, transparent, hydrophilic (static contact angle (CA) (θS) of ≈37°) and show a liquid‐like nature with both low CA hysteresis (≈4°) and sliding angle (α) for 10 µL water droplets (≈10°). Surprisingly, after alkali‐treatment for sufficient time, the surface becomes very hydrophilic (θS of ≈14°) while improving its dynamic wetting behaviors (CA hysteresis of ≈3° and α for 10 µL water droplet of ≈4°), such that even a mere 0.5 µL water drop can slide down smoothly without pinning and/or tailing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of chromium-doped calcium ferrite samples of composition Ca0.5Mg0.5Fe12−xCrxO19 (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) was meticulously prepared using the standard sol-gel combustion route. Structural and morphological properties were comprehensively studied via X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The lattice parameters 'a' and 'c' unequivocally validated the space group of the samples as P63/mmc (194). Moreover, the lattice parameters derived from the XRD data demonstrated commendable agreement with the values extrapolated from theoretical cation distribution and Rietveld refinement calculations. It was further confirmed that the crystallite size, as determined by XRD, concurred excellently with the particle size measurements from the scanning electron micrographs. The samples' magnetic characterization was carried out using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Notably, the saturation magnetization (Ms) and remanence (Mr) were found to exhibit an increase, while coercivity (Hc) displayed a concurrent decrease with higher substitution ratios. The reason behind the enhancement of saturation magnetization and remanence, along with the reduction in coercivity, was elucidated based on involved factors such as crystallite size, anisotropy constant, and cation distribution. Results showed that including chromium significantly softened the ferrite materials, making them ideal for advanced high-end recording applications. The samples also exhibited low coercivity and impressive saturation magnetization, enhancing their value as storage devices tailored for information storage and recording purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiO-TiO2 is a fascinating p-n semiconducting binary metal oxide with unique electronic and optical properties. The NiO-TiO2 has been synthesized using complicated preparation methods and expensive precursors that hamper their large-scale production. The present study reports the preparation of NiO-TiO2 semiconductor with improved physicochemical properties. NiO-TiO2 samples were prepared through one-pot sol-gel synthesis process followed by sintering of the as-synthesized materials at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1000 °C. The role of thermal treatment and NiO content on the microstructures was exquisitely studied. The microstructure of the NiO-TiO2 samples was examined by Raman spectroscopy, XRD, XRF, SEM-EDAX, high resolution TEM, and UV-visible DRS analyses. It was revealed that the calcination temperature and the NiO content were crucial factors influenced the crystallization temperature, phase transformation, particle size and optical properties of the obtained NiO-TiO2 systems. The incorporation of NiO in the TiO2 microstructure generated photoactive materials with band gap energies ranging from 2.5 eV to 2.8 eV. NiTiO3 system was observed in the calcined samples due to interaction of NiO and TiO2. Therefore, in order to synthesize NiO-TiO2 semiconductors with appealing physico-chemical properties the selection of precursors and optimization of the preparation method and calcination temperature are very important. The current study hence elucidates a facile onepot sol-gel approach to synthesize homogeneous binary metal oxide systems with controlled morphology and crystal structure in the absence of additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the excessive use of electronic devices in this modern technological age, the issue of electromagnetic interference (EMI) has become a concern. To address this, Ca–Pb W-type hexaferrites were synthesized with the composition Ca0.5Pb0.5Co2−xMgxLayFe16−yO27, where x and y vary between 0.0 and 1.0, with a step of 0.2 and 0.02, respectively. The samples were prepared using the sol–gel auto-combustion method. The results of the X-ray diffraction analysis showed the formation of a single-phase hexaferrite structure by examining its structural parameters. This was confirmed as all the peaks observed matched the reference pattern stored in the ICDD database with the number 01-082-0041. Scherrer's formula was used to calculate crystallites size which ranged from 41 to 76 nm. The formation of hexaferrites was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which detected two absorption bands below 1000 cm−1. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that all of the sample's elements were present. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs revealed the shape and distribution of the particles. Frequency-dependent dielectric parameters were evaluated for all concentrations in a range between 1.0 MHz and 3 GHz. At frequencies that are relatively low, the materials exhibit high values of both dielectric constant and dielectric loss. Furthermore, the AC conductivity of these materials is significantly low at lower frequencies. However, as the frequency increases, the conductivity of the materials gradually begins to increase, and this rise is marked by the emergence of resonance peaks. These characteristics make the material well-suited for use as electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters and chokes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, thin films of ZnO co-doped with Co and Cu cations were obtained on glass substrate, combining the sol gel process and spin-coating technique. For the compound, the general chemical formula used was: Zn1-x-zCoxCuzO, [(x; z) = (0.00; 0.00), (0.02; 0.02), (0.04; 0.04) and (0.06; 0.06)]. For pure ZnO film, the surface morphology is composed by small spherical grains that present interstitial spaces, while the films obtained from the simultaneous Co and Cu insertion in the ZnO structure are more dense and interstitial spaces disappear. For all films, the X-ray diffraction patterns testify the monophasic phase formation, typical of the hexagonal structure of ZnO. In addition, the films presented preferential orientation in the (002) direction. It was demonstrated that the Zn2+ cations by Co2+ and Cu2+ cations replacement, causes relevant modifications in the lattice parameter (c), crystallite size (D), dislocation density (δ), strain (εc) and stress (σc) of the hexagonal structure wurtzite from ZnO. The Co and Cu cations inclusion in the ZnO host lattice, alto caused a decrease in the optical band gap energy (3.37 for 3.16 eV), which is related to the charge transfer between the 4f level electrons and the conduction band or valence band of ZnO. Finally, for all films thin the linear and non-linear optical constants were computed and analyzed, showing variations that depend on the concentration of the dopant cations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of hBN nanoparticles in improving the response times of PEO-based electrochromic devices. The study focuses on creating cost-effective ECDs using a sol-gel spin coating method. The addition of hBN nanoparticles was found to enhance the bleaching and coloring times of the devices. The article also discusses the fabrication process and performance of all solid-state ECDs using polymer electrolytes and WO3 cathode layers, which were characterized using various techniques. Overall, the study aims to develop efficient and affordable ECDs for electrochromic applications. [Extracted from the article]

This article aimed to separate and identify molecular species obtained in the sol-gel process by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), for the reaction mixture with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS). In the presence of an unhydrolyzed methyl group, the molecular species starting with the cyclic trimers, a series of geometric isomers were separated and identified due to the position of the methyl groups in relation to the ring plane of each siloxane molecule; in addition, for the hydrolyzed products, isomers with different relative positions of the hydroxyl groups to the methyl and methoxy groups were separated and identified. The reactivity of the new molecular species formed determines subsequent stages of the sol-gel process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure ZnO and erbium (1, 3, and 5 at. %)-doped ZnO nanoparticles aerogels were synthesized by sol-gel in supercritical drying conditions of isopropanol. The aim of this work is to study the effect of erbium ions on structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of ZnO aerogels using various physicochemical techniques. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV light irradiation is significantly enhanced with the introduction of Er3+ ions into the structure. The complete degradation of MB (99%) was obtained with an optimum of 1 and 3 at. % of erbium after 100 min of UV irradiation. These results are in good agreement with those obtained by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy spin trapping measurements where the highest amount of hydroxyl radicals •OH, responsible for the degradation of methylene blue, is observed with ZnO doped with 1 and 3 at. % erbium. A decrease of the electron-hole pairs recombination rate was confirmed by photoluminescence (PL) analyses in the Er-doped samples, due to the high interactions between Er3+ ions which lead to an increase of the non-radiative process originated from PL quenching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of cotton fabrics treated just by a single SiO2, a single B2O3 and their binary composite sol–gel systems. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and tributyl borate were used as precursors. The sols were coated onto cotton fabrics via dipping-baking processes. Techniques including Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test (VBT) were used to investigate the surface functional groups, elemental compositions, crystal structures, surface morphologies, elemental contents, thermal stability and flame retardancy levels of original and sols-treated cotton fabrics, respectively. The results show that the sols converted gel coatings are successfully deposited on the cotton fabric surfaces. SiO2-B2O3 sol finishing cotton fabric shows the best flame retardancy. It shows the highest char residue rate (43.82%), the highest LOI (25.7%) and ΔLOI/Δm (7.0%/g), the lowest after-flame time (10.0 s) and after-glow time (0.0 s without a smoldering process), a relatively complete and continuous char residue after a VBT. The SiO2 and B2O3 sol–gel systems play more synergistic effects than competitive effects in flame retarding a cotton fabric. A SiO2 gel shows effects of a high melting point, a structural support and dimensional stability, while a B2O3 gel shows a fusing capability and a longer pyrolysis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni-Co-Mn-Mg ferrite nanoparticles with the formula (Ni,Co)xMn0.25-xMg0.75Fe2O4 were synthesized in this work by employing the sol-gel auto-combustion process, with nitrates used as the cations source and citric acid (C6H8O7) as the combustion agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used to characterize the structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of ferrite powders. The XRD measurements showed crystallite sizes ranging between 24 - 28 nm. The FE-SEM images show the presence of agglomeration as well as a non-homogeneous distribution of the samples. On the other hand, the stoichiometry of the reactant solutions that were used is in close agreement with the elemental analysis that was obtained from EDX showing that the composition was as expected. Manganese ferrite showed a decrease in magnetic parameters on magnesium doping, which was further enhanced in (Ni,Co)xMn0.25-xMg0.75Fe2O4 nanoparticles upon replacement of nonmagnetic manganese ions for nickel and cobalt ions. Results indicated that Ni-Co-Mn-Mg ferrite nanoparticles’ crystal morphology, structural, and magnetic properties were significantly influenced by the amounts of nickel and cobalt content.

Then, these 7 NPs were tested first in batch experiments with acetate as a carbon substrate for bio-methane production. Ni/SiO2 and Co/SiO2 showed the best enhancement of methane production from acetate. From this part, both NPs were tested for bio-methane production on two different substrates: starch and glucose. With the starch substrate, the improvements of methane production were equal to 47% and 22%, respectively, for Ni- and Co/SiO2 compared to control sample. In the last part of this work, the influences of NP concentration and thermal pre-treatment applied to the NPs on bio-methane production from glucose were investigated. The results showed that all forms of nickel and cobalt NPs enhance the methane production, and their effect increased with the increase of their concentrations. The best sample was the calcined nickel NPs at a concentration of 10–4 mol L–1, leading to a methane production rate of 72.5% compared to the control.

In this research, the dispersion characteristics of the suspension containing precursors were investigated in terms of charge, particle size, and rheological properties. Zirconium carbide nanopowder was prepared in the four-component system of alkoxide-resin-dispersant-catalyst based on the sol-gel chemical process under acidic conditions. Ammonium polycarboxylate (APC) was manipulated as a sol-dispersing agent to reach a particle size of less than 5 nm. Results depicted that the amount of surface charge of precursors was changed in the presence of ammonium polycarboxylate agent, and the PZC point was shifted towards acidic pHs less than 6.1. According to electrokinetic data, the interaction of surface sites and APC cause alteration of free specific energy for surface adsorption with a negative value. With regard to DLS analysis, the presence of APC stabilizes particles in the sol with precise control over their sizes in less than 10 nm. At intermediate pHs, the viscosity of the sol containing precursor increases which leads to a decrease in the particles stability. FTIR analysis of gel powder confirmed the proper formation of Zr–O–C bonds through hydrolysis and condensation reactions. The surface of the synthesized nanopowders is porous and in the meso range, so that their specific surface area is 165 m2/g. DTA analysis indicated that initial nuclei of ZrC were formed at around 1320 °C, which XRD patterns confirm this. SEM microstructure images showed that ZrC particles were created in the nanometer dimensions, and particle size distribution were reported in a narrow range with uniform morphology. TEM images and their diffraction patterns represented the synthesis of crystalline ZrC particles less than 50 nm.

This study aimed to develop a novel ureasil–polyether transdermal hybrid matrix (U-PEO) loaded with Annona muricata concentrated extract (AMCE), which exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity. The extract was obtained by maceration, a method that allowed for the extraction of a high concentration of flavonoids (39.27 mg/g of extract). In vivo tests demonstrated that 10 mg/kg of AMCE inhibited inflammation for 6 h. The physicochemical characterization of U-PEO with AMCE was conducted via a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while its surface was recorded using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The in vitro macroscopic swelling and release tests demonstrated the hydrophilic profile of the material and the percentage of AMCE released. The TGA results demonstrated that the system exhibited physical compatibility due to the thermal stability of U-PEO. Additionally, the AFM analysis revealed a rough and porous surface, with a particular emphasis on the system with AMCE. The release resulted in the liberation of 23.72% of AMCE within 24 h. Finally, the preclinical tests demonstrated that U-PEO with AMCE was also capable of effectively inhibiting inflammation for 6 h, a duration comparable to that of a commercial formulation. The results permit the advancement of the study towards the development of a transdermal system, thereby rendering its application in clinical studies feasible.

The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize thin hybrid films on polyurethane-coated knitted fabrics and to achieve satisfactory color fastness to artificial light. Sol–gel-derived hybrid thin films were deposited via the dip-coating of 3-glycidoxypropiltrimethoxysilane. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowders were added to compensate for the insufficient aging resistance, which manifests itself in low color fastness and is one of the most frequent complaints from manufacturers of coated marine fabrics (yachts, boats, etc.). The optimum processing conditions were determined by varying the concentration of precursors and auxiliaries, the mass concentration of TiO2 and ZnO nanopowders, the drawing speed, and the methods and process of fabric treatment. The hybrid films were also characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total internal reflection, while Spectraflash SF 300 investigated color fastness. After 300 h of exposure in a xenon chamber, the thin hybrid films showed good color fastness and good resistance to washing cycles. The sol–gel treatment proved to be a successful answer to the manufacturers’ need for the post-treatment of polyurethane-coated knitted fabrics against UV radiation for use in the marine sector (yachts, speedboats, etc.).

Results obtained in physics, chemistry and materials science on nanoparticles have drawn significant interest in the use of nanostructures on dental implants. The main focus concerns nanoscale surface modifications of titanium-based dental implants in order to increase the surface roughness and provide a better bone–implant interfacial area. Surface coatings via the sol–gel process ensure the deposition of a homogeneous layer of nanoparticles or mixtures of nanoparticles on the titanium substrate. Nanotubular structures created on the titanium surface by anodic oxidation yield an interesting nanotopography for drug release. Carbon-based nanomaterials hold great promise in the field of dentistry on account of their outstanding mechanical properties and their structural characteristics. Carbon nanomaterials that include carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives (graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots) can be used as coatings of the implant surface. Their antibacterial properties as well as their ability to be functionalized with adequate chemical groups make them particularly useful for improving biocompatibility and promoting osseointegration. Nevertheless, an evaluation of their possible toxicity is required before being exploited in clinical trials.

The present work investigates the enhancement effect of seven different catalysts made of Cu/SiO2, Pd/SiO2, Pt/SiO2, Ni/SiO2, Co/SiO2, Ag/SiO2 and Fe/SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on methane production during thermophilic anaerobic digestion. The tested NPs were synthesized by the sol-gel process and encapsulated in porous silica (SiO2) to prevent their coagulation and agglomeration. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) pictures confirmed the specific morphologies of all seven catalysts. Then, these 7 NPs were tested first in batch experiments with acetate as a carbon substrate for biomethane production. Ni/SiO2 and Co/SiO2 showed the best enhancement of methane production from acetate. From this part, both NPs were tested for bio-methane production on two different substrates: starch and glucose. With the starch substrate, the improvements of methane production were equal to 47% and 22%, respectively, for Ni- and Co/SiO2 compared to control sample. In the last part of this work, the influences of NP concentration and thermal pre-treatment applied to the NPs on bio-methane production from glucose were investigated. The results showed that all forms of nickel and cobalt NPs enhance the methane production, and their effect increased with the increase of their concentrations. The best sample was the calcined nickel NPs at a concentration of 10-4 mol L-1, leading to a methane production rate of 72.5% compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study a novel and straightforward 3D printing method based on inkjet printing process for the design of superhydrophobic surfaces was investigated. In particular, a novel sol-gel solution was designed and used with a modified 3D printing approach based on micro-solenoid inkjet printing. The study focuses on the impact of roughness and chemical composition - both crucial factors in achieving superhydrophobic properties - by measuring the contact. In addition, tilt angle of water droplets on different coating were determined. It is believed that the simple new inkjet printing method presented here can expand the application of the superhydrophobic high and low adhesive surface on different substrates for application in many industrial fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]