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Abstract Solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment plays a crucial role in the transition to renewable energy. However, comprehensive models that can effectively explain the variations in solar PV deployment are lacking. This study aims to address this gap by introducing two innovative models: (i) a computer vision model that can estimate spatial distribution of solar PV deployment across neighborhoods using satellite images and (ii) a machine learning (ML) model predicting such distribution based on 43 factors. Our computer vision model using Faster Regions with Convolutional Neural Network (Faster RCNN) achieved a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 81% for identifying solar panels and 95% for identifying roofs. Using this model, we analyzed 652,795 satellite images from Colorado, USA, and found that approximately 7% of households in Colorado have rooftop PV systems, while solar panels cover around 2.5% of roof areas in the state as of early 2021. Of our 16 predictive models, the XGBoost models performed the best, explaining approximately 70% of the variance in rooftop solar deployment. We also found that the share of Democratic party votes, hail and strong wind risks, median home value, the percentage of renters, and solar PV permitting timelines are the key predictors of rooftop solar deployment in Colorado. This study provides insights for business and policy decision making to support more efficient and equitable grid infrastructure investment and distributed energy resource management.

Abstract Geophysical analysis of the Earth's lower mantle has revealed the presence of two superstructures characterized by low shear wave velocities on the core‐mantle boundary. These Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) play a crucial role in the dynamics of the lower mantle and act as the source region for deep‐seated mantle plumes. However, their origin, and the characteristics of the surrounding deep mantle, remain enigmatic. Mantle plumes located above the margins of the LLSVPs display evidence for the presence of this deep‐seated, thermally and/or chemically heterogeneous mantle material ascending into the melting region. As a result, analysis of the spatial geochemical heterogeneity in ocean island basalts provides constraints on the structure of the Earth's lower mantle and the origin of the LLSVPs. In this study, we focus on the Galápagos Archipelago in the eastern Pacific, where bilateral asymmetry in the radiogenic isotopic composition of erupted basalts has been linked to the presence of LLSVP material in the underlying plume. We show, using spatial variations in the major element contents of high‐MgO basalts, that the isotopically enriched south‐western region of the Galápagos mantle—assigned to melting of LLSVP material—displays no evidence for lithological heterogeneity in the mantle source. As such, it is unlikely that the Pacific LLSVP represents a pile of subducted oceanic crust. Clear evidence for a lithologically heterogeneous mantle source is, however, found in the north‐central Galápagos, indicating that a recycled crustal component is present near the eastern margin of the Pacific LLSVP, consistent with seismic observations.

Social activism and education have been associated with hip-hop since it emerged in New York City 38 years ago. Therefore, it might not be surprising that universities have become interested in hip-hop. This article aims to highlight this "hip-hop academisation" and analyse the discursive mechanisms that manifest in these academisation processes. The guiding research question explores how hip-hop scholars talk about this academisation. The theoretical framework is informed by the scholarship of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. Hip-hop scholars were interviewed in New York City during 2010. The results demonstrate themes of hip-hop as an attractive label, a door opener, a form of "low-culture", a trap and an educational tool.

Many U.S. classrooms today have at least some children with limited abilities to understand and express themselves in English. Two critical factors spell success or failure for teachers who have dual language learners (DLLs) in their classrooms: the teacher's understanding of and respect for the initial difficulties in learning a second language and the teacher's ability to adapt learning experiences in a creative and playful manner. Acquiring a second language presents challenges that differ for individual children. It is less difficult when done as early as possible and prior to adolescence. The young dual language learner is better able to hear the "music," or "prosody," of the new language and therefore has less difficulty with phonology than do older children and adults. However, there are definite hot spots where children in preschool through the early primary grades need targeted support as they move through the multiple stages of second language building. This article offers six suggestions that will enable teachers to help children through these hot spots.

The purpose of this article is to analyse three case study examples of musical "folkbildning" in Sweden. The first case study is from the establishment of the state-funded Framnas Folk High Music School in the middle of the last century. The second case study, Hagstrom's music education, is from the same time but describes a music school run by a private company. The third case study concerns a contemporary expression of "folkbildning," namely hip-hop. The theoretical framework that inspired this article stems from the work of Pierre Bourdieu. The double feature of "folkbildning" appears in terms of: elitist and democratic tendencies, high and low taste agendas, control and freedom.

The purpose of this article is to show how the rappers' talk about hip-hop and its connection to pedagogy and social activism parallel the Scandinavian tradition of folkbildning. Scandinavian folkbildning can be seen as a movement to provide voluntary education for the general population. It can also be the name of the process of learning in which self-education is an important dimension. There has been an educational component to hip-hop culture since hip-hop was placed on the map as a vibrant subculture during the 1970s in New York City. In the same way as the Swedish working class once found a way out of their marginal position through folkbildning, today's immigrant youth, "new Swedes" access Swedish society by articulating their position through hip-hop. In this article, interviews have been conducted with three rappers who follow the pedagogical way presented in hip-hop. Although, semi-structured and conversational, there was a clear focus on hip-hop and learning in the discussions. Each interview lasted for approximately one hour and was subsequently transcribed. The quotes of the rappers have been analysed and categorised into four themes. These themes are hip-hop as a political tool, marginalisation and exclusion, a voice for the weak, and the power of knowledge. The results show that the rappers can be seen as both culturally radical and culturally conservative, which is in line with the old tradition of Scandinavian folkbildning. The work of the rappers might be seen as not only as a barometer of our time and development of society in general, but also as a well-established practice of musical learning outside school. Finally, hip-hop has the potential to contribute valuable knowledge to teachers implementing what might be described as out-of-school musical activities in school. (Contains 1 note.)

As social creatures, humans relate to one another in environments that are created through interactions with one another. Because these environments are created through one's communication and interaction, they may be called verbal environments. With a renewed interest among educators in children's self-perceptions and the development of social interaction skills, the concept of the verbal environment, formulated by Kostelnik, Stein, and Whiren more than 20 years ago, is worth revisiting. A positive verbal environment is one in which children feel valued. It fosters in them positive feelings and beliefs about themselves and others and promotes the internalization of self-discipline. The quality of the verbal environment sets the stage for children's developing perceptions for themselves and others. This article presents teaching strategies that support safe, enriching environments that promote the development of young children's social interaction skills.

A dual immersion program in Chinese and English at the 3e International School in Beijing is helping children become fluent in both languages, even though many students spoke neither language when they entered the school. Children enter the program as young as two years old. Studies indicate that bilingual children have higher levels of cognitive flexibility than unilingual children, bilingual children become more aware of the meta-linguistic structures of language, and young children are fully able to handle bilingualism without becoming developmentally delayed in language. Dual language immersion programs must be carefully constructed and monitored and must provide best practice in skill building and language training.

The aim of the present study was to examine the social behaviour and competence of children, ages 3-6 as they progressed through the stages of second language acquisition in a dual-immersion program in English and Mandarin. Over 100 2-3 hour classroom observations were made during the school year. Teachers' evaluations of children's social competence and behaviour were collected at the beginning and end of the school year. Results suggest that girls had more social adjustment difficulties than boys. However, as language skills increased, adjustment difficulties decreased significantly among all children. (Contains 1 note and 5 tables.)

The study of informal musical learning outside institutional settings, such as schools, has proved to contribute important knowledge to aspects of music education. Hip-hop, as an example of informal musical learning, has so far been quite an unexplored field for research. The present study investigates music creation within two hip-hop groups ( communes ) in Sweden. The focus is on the creative learning process and the meeting between music and lyrics (the texts). The groups were given a beat/background, composed by a 'beatmaker', on the basis of which they were asked to create a hip-hop tune. The process, which took place in a recording studio with a sound engineer, was observed and videotaped. After the recording sessions, both groups watched the videotape and made comments on their working processes (stimulated recall). Pre-interviews were carried out with both groups, and in addition, the 'beatmaker' was interviewed. The results show that in the creative process, which is collective in character, the lyrics are superior to the music. Although the groups use the same ready-made music backgrounds, the lyrics are different and very personal. The text, which includes music and lyrics, is cyclical and is made using a 'collage' method. It is full of intertextuality , i.e. references to other lyrics, movies and commercials.

Examined sex differences in perceptual and cognitive abilities and in reading skills among 922 first graders in the United States, India, and Taiwan. Found that girls scored significantly higher than boys on reading skills, visual memory, directionality, and ability to track nonsymbolic figures. Urban children outscored rural children on four measures, with the opposite occurring for one measure. (KB)

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Through a comparison of the free online Flash game updated for PlayStation 3 to World of Warcraft, I investigate participatory culture in the game community. The question of why people pursue activities that offer no monetary or similar reward is answered in part by analyzing fan-produced game modifications or mods.

BACKGROUND: Interaction between the coagulation and inflammation systems plays an important role in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Anti-coagulation is an attractive option for ARDS treatment, and this has promoted development of new antibodies. However, preclinical trials for these antibodies are often limited by the high cost and availability of non-human primates. In the present study, we developed a novel alternative method to test the role of a humanized anti-tissue factor mAb in acute lung injury with transgenic mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Human tissue factor knock-in (hTF-KI) transgenic mice and a novel humanized anti-human tissue factor mAb (anti-hTF mAb, CNTO859) were developed. The hTF-KI mice showed a normal and functional expression of hTF. The anti-hTF mAb specifically blocked the pro-coagulation activity of brain extracts from the hTF-KI mice and human, but not from wild type mice. An extrapulmonary ARDS model was used by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Significant lung tissue damage in hTF-KI mice was observed after 2 h reperfusion. Administration of CNTO859 (5 mg/kg, i.v.) attenuated the severity of lung tissue injury, decreased the total cell counts and protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and reduced Evans blue leakage. In addition, the treatment significantly reduced alveolar fibrin deposition, and decreased tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity in the serum. This treatment also down-regulated cytokine expression and reduced cell death in the lung. CONCLUSIONS: This novel anti-hTF antibody showed beneficial effects on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion induced acute lung injury, which merits further investigation for clinical usage. In addition, the use of knock-in transgenic mice to test the efficacy of antibodies against human-specific proteins is a novel strategy for preclinical studies.

Infection with the stomach worm Physaloptera spp. in dogs can cause chronic vomiting, although the diagnosis is often difficult owing to a low worm burden, single-sex infections, a failure to produce ova, or ova that are of greater density than solutions routinely used for qualitative fecal flotation. A retrospective evaluation was performed of 27 dogs that had gastric Physaloptera spp. infection confirmed endoscopically. In 23 of 27 dogs (85.2%), chronic vomiting was the chief complaint, and Physaloptera was an incidental finding in 3 dogs with esophageal or gastric foreign bodies. The worm burden was low (1–3 worms) in 21 dogs (77.8%), but 2 dogs were infected with large numbers (>50 worms). Prior therapy with routine doses of anthelmintics was ineffective in eight dogs prior to endoscopy. A higher dose and longer duration of fenbendazole in combination with pyrantel pamoate is recommended for treatment of suspected or confirmed infections. Reinfection is common in some dogs and should not be viewed as treatment failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviews current research on the individual temperament of young children and recommends strategies to understand and build upon children's personality strengths. Discusses the influence of adult perceptions and misperceptions on children's personality development. (DT)

Discusses four significant areas of gender differences that affect children's approach to formal education: psychosexuality, brain structure, developmental maturity, and academic achievement. Since young males lag in psychosocial development, teachers must learn to assess children's developmental abilities and plan suitable curricular activities for both sexes. Cites 10 references. (MLH)

Lists some of the most common questions extension field staff ask when working with distressed farm families. (JOW)