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Resumen: El artículo analiza la obra de pintores santiagueros que tienen a la mujer negra en sus discursos con el objetivo de determinar el condicionamiento social de su representación plástica, tomando la obra de pintores desde una micro localización geográfica distante del centro cultural de la isla (Santiago de Cuba). Se aplicó el método iconográfico para el análisis de las obras y se emplearon técnicas de análisis documental y de recogida de información para arribar a las consideraciones aquí expuestas. El estudio, desde las coordenadas de los Estudios Culturales y la Sociología del Arte, conduce a reconocer que, aunque la representación del individuo de piel negra en la plástica cubana ha cambiado los códigos visuales a lo largo de más de tres siglos, aún persisten estereotipos femeninos y raciales en el imaginario nacional y esto es representado con mayor frecuencia en el microcircuito de las artes plásticas santiagueras. The article analyzes the work of santiago painters who have black women in their discourses with the aim of determining the social conditioning of their depiction, taking the work of painters from a micro-geographical location distant from the cultural centre of the island (santiago de cuba). the iconographic method was applied to the analysis of the paintings, and other techniques for analysing and collecting information were used to arrive at the considerations presented here. the study, from a cultural studies and sociology of art perspective, leads to the recognition that, although the depiction of the black skinned individual in cuban visual arts has changed its visual codes over more than three centuries, feminine and racial stereotypes persist in the national imaginary, and this is more frequent in santiago de cuba's art microcircuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research has identified that some individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities who engage in target behavior (e.g., aggression, self-injury) maintained by negative reinforcement engage in the behavior to escape or avoid social interaction specifically (i.e., social avoidance). However, assessment and treatment strategies for this function are understudied when compared to target behavior maintained by other forms of negative reinforcement. The current study builds on this limited research and demonstrates (a) a replication of functional analysis conditions and a negative reinforcement latency assessment to identify the specific types of social interaction that evoke target behavior, and (b) an intervention that includes stimulus fading, social conditioning, and differential reinforcement for five participants with autism spectrum disorder. Participant target behavior decreased within the intervention phase for four out of five participants. The implications of strategies to guide the use of antecedent-based treatment strategies are discussed for target behavior maintained by social avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nietzsche claims that suffering is needed for achievement. Morality, he thinks, aims to end suffering, and so would end achievement. I argue that at best some achievements are partly caused by suffering. Nietzsche could get a more secure connection between suffering and achievement by arguing that some achievements are constituted in part by suffering. But in both the causal and constitutive cases, moralists do not condemn inflicting on oneself the suffering involved in achievement. Nietzsche could instead argue, more simply, that morality is mistaken to think suffering is bad. He could deploy a 'conditionality' view of organic wholes, on which the value of suffering changes when part of an achievement, to argue that in some cases, suffering is good. I argue that here the conditionality view is less plausible than Moore's view of organic wholes, on which suffering would remain bad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are conditioned not to see some of the most potent facts; one of these repressed facts is the common assumption that goodness is the same as obedience – you are good if you ‘do what you're told’ – and bad if you are disobedient. To illustrate how this invisibility of social conditioning works, some very famous stories are helpful, both for how this conditioning works and for how it is resisted, because, simply put, obedience is not the same as being good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attentional bias to threat has been almost exclusively examined after participants experienced repeated pairings between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). This study aimed to determine whether threat-related attentional capture can result from observational learning, when participants acquire knowledge of the aversive qualities of a stimulus without themselves experiencing aversive outcomes. Non-clinical young-adult participants (N = 38) first watched a video of an individual (the demonstrator) performing a Pavlovian conditioning task in which one colour was paired with shock (CS+) and another colour was neutral (CS−). They then carried out visual search for a shape-defined target. Oculomotor measures evidenced an attentional bias toward the CS+ colour, suggesting that threat-related attentional capture can ensue from observational learning. Exploratory analyses also revealed that this effect was positively correlated with empathy for the demonstrator. Our findings extend empirical and theoretical knowledge about threat-driven attention and provide valuable insights to better understand the formation of anxiety disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparative Literature / Primerjalna Književnost is the property of Slovenian Comparative Literature Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Comparative Literature / Primerjalna Književnost is the property of Slovenian Comparative Literature Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We estimate the extent to which the methodological problem called panel conditioning biases the federal government's estimates of the prevalence of food insecurity in the United States. To do so, we use 2002 through 2020 data from the Current Population Survey's Food Security Supplement—the same data used to produce the federal government's annual statistics about food insecurity. We take advantage of the CPS's rotating panel design feature to estimate the effects of panel conditioning. By comparing CPS respondents who participated in the Food Security Supplement in each of two consecutive years but who—strictly by chance—were selected to begin the CPS one year apart, we both approximate an experimental design and derive estimates of panel conditioning that are purged of biases from panel attrition. For the 200,000+ unique households in our sample, the treatment is having previously participated in the Food Security Supplement; the outcome is participants' subsequent responses to survey questions about food security. We find that in nearly every year people in the treatment group—that is, the group of people who have previously responded to the Food Security Supplement—are less likely to be food insecure than people responding for the first time. These differences are statistically significant and large in magnitude. We conclude that the federal government's estimates of the prevalence of food insecurity in America are substantially biased; depending on the mechanism underlying panel conditioning, the true prevalence of food insecurity may be substantially higher or lower than officially reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As people with disability participate in the abled world, they are at a clear disadvantage as there is an apparent gap in resources. This is evident at the intersection of disability and sexuality. They are viewed as asexual beings and denied basic rights when dependent on society and care-givers. We aim to study the available resources and ways of making it stakeholder friendly. We aim to provide a framework for creation of resources through qualitative data analysis. The purpose is to investigate ground reality and develop understanding and strengthen policy making, infrastructure and working on social conditioning in the Indian context. Analysis of the depiction of disability, sexuality and inclusivity in select films to view issues of representation is done. In-depth interviews with experts have provided insights about the complexity of the subject. In conclusion, as this subject remains in the shadows, active ground work is required on all fronts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expectations about economic variables vary systematically across genders. In the domain of inflation, women have persistently higher expectations than men. We argue that traditional gender roles are a significant factor in generating this gender expectations gap as they expose women and men to different economic signals in their daily lives. Using unique data on the participation of men and women in household grocery chores, their resulting exposure to price signals, and their inflation expectations, we document a tight link between the gender expectations gap and the distribution of grocery shopping duties. Because grocery prices are highly volatile, and consumers focus disproportionally on positive price changes, frequent exposure to grocery prices increases perceptions of current inflation and expectations of future inflation. The gender expectations gap is largest in households whose female heads are solely responsible for grocery shopping, whereas no gap arises in households that split grocery chores equally between men and women. Our results indicate that gender differences in inflation expectations arise due to social conditioning rather than through differences in innate abilities, skills, or preferences.

Copyright of Law of Ukraine / Pravo Ukraini is the property of Editorial Board of Journal "Law of Ukraine" and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Naukowe KUL is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Wydawnictwo KUL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An editorial is presented on the importance of olfactory stories and the integral part of odours in perceiving the environment. Topics include role of the sense of smell in recognising people, assessing danger and well-being, and its essential role in love; and perception and interpretation of olfactory are determined by social preconditions, and the smell attribution can serve as markers of social distinction, such as poverty and otherness.

Deception pervades our social interactions and can profoundly shape our relational and economic outcomes. This is particularly true in negotiations. We review the extant literature investigating deception in negotiation, challenge prevailing assumptions in this literature, and call for future work to fill fundamental gaps in our understanding of how deception influences intrapersonal, interpersonal, and economic outcomes. Specifically, we challenge empirical and theoretical investigations that have conceptualized deception as an unethical, dichotomous construct (e.g., honest or deceptive) and have studied deception as informational, lies of commission in single-shot experiments with unfamiliar counterparts. We highlight the importance of characterizing deception as a multidimensional construct, and we focus on three dimensions of deception: intentionality (self-interested or prosocial), content (informational or emotional), and activity (omission, commission, or paltering). We introduce the Deception Consequence Model (DCM) to offer a framework and foundation for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do negotiators act ethically or unethically? What happens after they do? Despite accumulating evidence on the causes and consequences of ethical and unethical behavior in non-negotiation situations, surprisingly few attempts have been made to examine these issues systematically within the negotiation context. This is problematic because it contributes to the somewhat stale viewpoint that unethical negotiation behavior is both inevitable and uniformly harmful. It also impedes progress in both the negotiation and the behavioral ethics literatures and limits our field's ability to train ethical negotiators. As a step toward refreshing the field's perspective on the causes and consequences of ethical and unethical negotiation behavior, the current symposium assembles four papers by leading scholars of ethics and negotiation. Collectively, they aim to provide a bird's-eye view on the numerous causes (e.g., moral character, ethical fading, environmental cues) and surprisingly diverse consequences attending ethical and unethical negotiation, both reviewing current knowledge and looking to the future. Overall, we suggest that unethical behavior is not inevitable in negotiation nor necessarily detrimental for either negotiator. Rather, science can reliably anticipate negotiators' ethical choices and the consequences that attend them—and urgently should. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The business scandals of the past several decades have led to the rising importance of ethics as a topic central to management scholarship. Behavioral scientists in particular have been attracted to the topic in far greater numbers, and the study of ethical decision making has emerged as a core subfield (Messick & Tenbrunsel, 1996). This paper draws on that framework and applies it to negotiations, arguing that not all unethical behavior is intentional; rather, negotiators fall prey to bounded ethicality, engaging in behavior that is contradictory to their values without realizing that they are doing so. We further argue that ethical fading—when individuals do not see the ethical implications of the situation or their action—is central to explaining why this occurs. Relying on past empirical research, we identify negotiation cues that have been linked to unethical behavior, and explore how they make a negotiator particularly vulnerable to ethical fading, resulting in subsequent unethical behavior. We discuss several opportunities for future research in the negotiation discipline and other disciplines that draw on motivated social exchange or assume intentionality, and conclude with a call for scholars to define normative standards as they pertain to negotiator ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we discuss the role of moral character in negotiation and identify open questions and promising directions for future scholars to explore. We advance research in this area by introducing a dyadic model of moral character in negotiation that highlights the joint influence of each party's moral character on negotiation attitudes, motives, and behaviors. We discuss the implications of our model and conclude that personality science—especially the study of moral character—has great potential to enhance research and practice in negotiations. Our hope is that this work will accelerate theoretical development and empirical studies that address the question of how moral character influences negotiation processes and outcomes—from pre-negotiation (e.g., planning, selecting negotiating partners) to actual bargaining (e.g., bargaining tactics, concessions) to post-negotiation (e.g., deal implementation, long-term consequences, relationship building and maintenance, reputations)—and provide a springboard for future studies on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent psychological research on deception has focused on environmental cues—features of the physical and temporal environment (e.g., money, mirrors) that can influence an individual's decision to deceive. Although research on the social situation of negotiation has examined numerous reasons why negotiators deceive, it has not often explored the role of environmental cues. The current paper seeks to draw greater attention to environmental cues in the literature on deception in negotiation. After synthesizing the psychological evidence on environmental cues and deception in individual decision-making situations, I translate that evidence for the social decision-making situation of negotiation and the more general set of social decision-making situations in organizations (using mergers and acquisitions as an example). Ultimately, theoretical overlap between the deception and negotiation literatures leads me to conclude that environmental cues could have an even greater influence on deception in social decision-making situations, suggesting that scholars of negotiation and several other management topics would benefit by considering the surrounding physical and temporal environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend evaluative conditioning research by examining how differences in emotional ability impact implicit and explicit attitude formation from conditioning. Across five studies, the ability to experience emotional information enhanced the valence of implicit attitudes toward a conditioned stimulus (CS). Conversely, the ability to reason about emotional information reduced the impact of implicit CS attitudes on subsequent explicit evaluations. Furthermore, we examine how brand familiarity and the timing of conditioned and unconditioned stimulus pairings impacts attitude formation. Implications for associative learning and persuasion are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R-pronouns are R-words which feature as pronouns in prepositional phrases (among other things). They are common in Dutch and German (e.g., D. daarmee, G. damit, lit. 'therewith', 'with that', D. erna, G. danach, lit. 'hereafter', 'after this'). This contribution concerns a quantitative study of variation in R-pronouns in modern Moroccan and Turkish ethnolectal Dutch. In conversational speech of bilingual speakers of Moroccan Dutch, Turkish Dutch and two groups of monolingual 'white' Dutch (one of them being the control group), R-pronouns appear to vary in three dimensions: the R-pronoun can or cannot be realized (with the latter option violating the norms of Dutch); if it is realized, the R-pronoun and the preposition can or cannot be split (both options conform the norms of Standard Dutch), if the R-pronoun is not realized, then either another pronoun is used instead or there is no substitute (both variants violate the norms of Dutch). For all three dimensions of variation, statistical analyses were carried out, starting from a total of 1160 realizations by 52 representatives of the four groups. The analyses involved three internal parameters and four social ones. The results serve to answer research questions concerning the origin of the variation, its place in the verbal repertoires and the social spread of the variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the study is to show the specifics and features of the social phenomenon of divorce in medieval Moldavia. Divorce was known in all civilizations, however, in the context of European history, both common and specific features were observed in the Principality of Moldavia. The study of documentary historical, legal and act material of the era, notes and information of Catholic missionaries shows that in the Principality of Moldavia not only men, but also women had the right to divorce and remarry. Moldavian women could and had the right to initiate a divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupations are segregated with respect to sex, even in modern, egalitarian societies. There are strong pressures to eliminate segregation and therefore strong reasons to correctly theorize why segregation persists. The dominant view underpinning most public policies is essentially that environmental factors nudge women and men into different occupational paths. Nudging, however, ignores research suggesting that psychological traits that influence occupational choice differs between women and men, on average. Some of the most well-documented and persistent average sex differences between men and women suggest that the taken-for-granted assumption that an egalitarian society would exhibit a more or less equal distribution of men and women across the occupational landscape may be mistaken. Rather, models of occupational choice informed by individual differences in preferences, broadly understood, would help us better explain how men and women behave in the labor market. Differences in occupational preferences will affect choices. Therefore, differences in proportions of women and men across professions may be in line with an egalitarian society and the well-being and best interest of both men and women in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses and analyzes the specificities of the creative interpretation as a reading comprehension. The creative product, especially in philosophy with a cause, is described as a personal projection of the author in the light of his/her professional background, values preferences, existential psychology. A special attention is paid to the value aspect of the creative process and the role of the author’s attitude within it. The studies in the philosophical-anthropological sphere are debated within the same perspective; the intellectual and the social challenges the author usually meets in this process are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, Bissau-Guineans fought a bloody war for independence. Typical narratives of the war emphasize the ethnic dimension of the liberation struggle, with Balanta freedom fighters opposing Portuguese-allied Fulbe. This dominant narrative is open to question, as it ignores the war as a 'social condition', and the role that local circumstances played in determining collaboration with the Portuguese, fighting in liberation militaries, or fleeing to neighboring states for personal safety. Oral and archival evidence suggests a more nuanced perspective that blurs the binary nature of this dominant narrative along ethnic fault lines, viewed as either resistance or collaboration. The argument presented in this article allows us to move past defining the war along ethnic or regional lines, and instead urges a view of the conflict as a complex, fractured experience for all Bissau-Guineans, shaped by the particularities of local circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Several single or combined therapeutic approaches have been developed to treat addiction, however with partial efficacy in preventing relapse. Recently, the living environment has been suggested as a critical intervening factor determining the treatment outcomes. Despite accumulating evidence confirming a role of living conditions in the vulnerability to addictive behaviours, their impact on single or integrative therapeutic strategies preventing relapse is yet to be identified. Objectives: Here, we explore the possible interaction between brief Environmental Enrichment (EE) exposure and acute fluoxetine administration in inhibiting sucrose-seeking behaviours, and whether this effect could be affected by living environment. Methods: Social and isolated adult male C57BL/6 mice were trained to sucrose self-administration associated to a specific conditioning context (CxA), followed by a 7-day extinction in a different context (CxB). Afterwards, mice were exposed for 22 h to EE and then injected with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h before a CxA-induced sucrose-seeking test. Results: Brief EE exposure and acute fluoxetine administration alone inhibited context-induced sucrose-seeking in both housing conditions; however, they exhibited additive properties only in social condition. Conclusions: Our data show that social environment may influence the EE/fluoxetine interaction in inhibiting relapse to sucrose. These findings suggest that setting up proper living conditions to boost the efficacy of therapeutic approaches may represent a fundamental strategy to treat addiction disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanitas Taiwanica is the property of National Taiwan University, Humanitas Taiwanica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mencius 孟子 is famous for arguing that human nature is good (xingshan 性善). In this article, I offer a reading of Mencius' argument which can be evaluated in terms of empirical psychology. In this reading, Mencius' argument begins with three claims: (1) humans naturally have prosocial inclinations, (2) prosocial inclinations can be cultivated into mature forms of virtue, and (3) the growth of prosocial inclinations is more natural than the growth of their alternatives. I also argue that each of these claims is well supported by empirical psychology. The relevant studies demonstrate, for example, that humans' prosocial inclinations are not merely products of social conditioning or egoistic concerns; that prosocial inclinations can be cultivated by environmental factors and personal effort; that humans—even preverbal infants—have a natural inclination to prefer prosociality over its alternatives; and that growth in prosociality is positively associated with human health. Finally, I suggest we interpret Mencius' expression "human nature is good" as a rhetorical tool to capture the totality of such empirically minded claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our society frequently describes privacy problems with the dystopian metaphor of George Orwell's 1984. Understood through the Orwellian metaphor--and particularly the "Big Brother is watching you" maxim--privacy rights are forcefully invaded by the government's constant surveillance and disclosures of personal information. Yet our other personality right--the right of publicity, "the right of every human being to control the commercial use of his or her identity"--still lacks an appropriate metaphor, making it difficult to conceptualize and thus to regulate effectively. This Article suggests that the problems with a commercially transferable right of publicity can be usefully analogized to another chilling dystopia: Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. Huxley wrote Brave New World as an expression of the anxiety of losing one's individual identity in a technology-driven future. The novel envisioned a utilitarian society controlled through technological manipulation, conspicuous consumption, social conditioning, and entertainment addiction. In contrast to Orwell's Big Brother's forceful coercion, pacified citizens in Huxley's "World State" society willingly participate in their own servitude. Commentators often focus on the fact that litigated publicity cases tend to overprotect celebrities' fame to the detriment of creators' First Amendment rights. The vast majority of publicity rights, however, actually belong to ordinary citizens. The Huxleyan metaphor's depiction of technological manipulation, social conditioning, and identity loss thus reveals the constant but overlooked publicity problem that this Article labels the "pleasurable servitude." In effect, by consenting to terms of service on social media, ordinary citizens voluntarily license rights in their identities to internet platforms in exchange for access to the pleasures of digital realities. Through this unregulated mass transfer of publicity rights, social networks strip away their users' identities and sell them to advertisers as commodities. This Article claims that pleasurable servitude is a form of surveillance capitalism deserving of regulation by means of "publicity policies" that would function analogously to privacy policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The religious economy paradigm sees churches as firms, pastors as marketers, and church members as consumers whose tastes shape the goods and services the ministers offer. Religious innovators operate within this framework as suppliers who thrive because they react quickly to changing cultural and social conditions. This article argues that Oral Roberts was a religious innovator who operated and thrived within this environment because he quickly reacted to changing cultural and social conditions and resourcefully supplied and packaged his spiritual products in ways that resonated with his followers' needs and tastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism for book "Le roman du vieux frères" by Hamadi Labidi, which focuses on the Political commitment and perception of freedom with postulation of the alternative city, is presented. Topics include Literature, social expression with violent movements through reducing adversity to human proportions; and political order examines the historical modalities underlying the Labidisian commitment to against freedom of expression.

This article aims to unravel a mature student's processes of social engagement at a university, based on nine years of biographical interview data. By framing itself within the realist social theory, this paper analytically distinguishes between precedent social conditioning factors, social engagement processes, and their consequences of learning outcomes in a temporal perspective. In this way, this study attempts to explain how the mature student came to activate or inactivate agency in interaction with changing social circumstances at the university over time. The results of the study show that mediatory mechanisms between social structure and learner agency are the mature student's mobilisation of diverse modes of personal reflexivity and her development of relational reflexivity. The empirical evidence reconciles the competing theorisation of reflexivity between durable disposition and temporary strategy, indicating what matters in student learning from the mature student's viewpoint are changing relational and reflexive dynamics throughout time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatric care in Greece followed a similar course to the rest of Europe with a significant difference, the delay in the creation of asylum. The present study aims to investigate a) the development of psychiatric hospitals in the Greek state as well as the historical and social context from the beginning to the middle of the 20th century and b) the formulation of the Psychiatric Reform (PR) program. The methodology followed included literature and research data review, which were collected through online databases, publications, articles, journals, and dissertations. A crucial outcome of the study is that the obvious gaps and the very serious shortages of psychiatric care in Greece, during the previous decades, were not enough to point out the necessity of a Psychiatric Reform (PR), but were only perceived as another imposed obligation towards europeanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that school is a reflection of society as her dealings with children and young people with individual requirements, different needs and different goals is indicative of the currently prevailing social conditions and considered that especially in relation to their immigration-societal character.

The article discuss the social conditions of composition of public archives kept by Brazilian public universities, based on the concept of information regime, which is useful to reflect on the custody documentary and the construction of memory. It discusses the impact of the public policies of a conservative government whose actions and programs harm the culture, diversity and memory of social sectors and marginalized groups characterized by authoritarianism and a conservative ideology.

This article investigates people's experiences of residing close to a municipal waste facility site. Its focus is on perceived dilemmas, including odors, noises, loose garbage, and stray animals, but also on how these dilemmas were overshadowed by other factors or largely framed to concern what I will refer to as situated inconveniences. The findings show that the participants' framing of their perceived dilemmas as situated inconveniences did allow them to adopt different strategies of management such that they were able to act upon them. At the same time, the participants' framing opened up only a restricted range of experiences and forms of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Deviant behaviour in Republic Srpska" by Biljana Milošević Šošo, represents a scientific contribution to the study of sociopathological phenomena with special reference to the societies in the transition process. The monograph is a synthesis of the most important theoretical approaches in sociological pathology and empirical indicators of the most common forms of deviant behaviour in Republic Srpska. The author expresses her critical attitude towards the existing social-value system, which is a determinant for the emergence and development of specific forms of sociopathological behaviour in the society in Republic Srpska.

Abstract Introduction Overweight and obesity prevalence has increased significantly over the past two decades, currently impacting greater than 60% of Australians. It is unclear if a social perception of a healthy weight has been obscured by the increase in prevalence and thus has become inconsistent with the medical definitions. Methods An electronic questionnaire was distributed via email and social media using the authors’ informal networks. Australian adults were eligible to participate. Participants were asked to categorise their own body size using medically accepted words and previously published silhouettes, before identifying underweight, healthy weight, overweight or obesity in a series ofsilhouettes. Results Eight hundred six questionnaires were completed, a majority of participants had attained a high level of education and were employed female health professionals. Under half the studied population had a Body Mass Index (BMI) corresponding to overweight or obese categories (n = 349, 47%). Accuracy in self-perceived weight status using medicalised words was higher among respondents with BMI corresponding to the healthy weight category (n = 311, 85%) and overweight category (n = 133, 74%) than for respondents with BMI corresponding to obesity (n = 79, 45%) or underweight (n = 5, 31%). A majority of respondents were able to accurately self-perceive their weight status using silhouettes (n = 469, 70%). Females were significantly more likely to be accurate in their self-perception than males, using both medicalised words (p =

The purpose of this article was to investigate how educated Indian women experience career disruptions after marriage. Women make up nearly half of India's population and hold more advanced degrees compared to men. However, women make up less than 20% of India's workforce and married women are especially underrepresented in the workforce. This article explored the paradoxical relationship between educated Indian women and their low workforce participation. In this qualitative inquiry, we focused on factors that defined their career continuity or disruption, through an interpretive qualitative inquiry. Our findings indicate that married Indian women have low autonomy over their career-related decisions, and they largely depend on support from their husbands and his family to continue their careers. In addition, due to social conditioning, women internalize their gender roles and identity as mothers and wives and choose to give up their careers. We present the implications of our findings for theory, research, and practice in human resource development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that COVID-19 pandemic created a new collection of "digital nomads" individuals with the means and inclination to take flight from what they see as the dangers of sheltering in place for extended periods are relocating, for a fixed or uncertain period of time, to other climes. Topics include examines that consequences of this movement for the social, economic, and political conditions of contemporary America, in this pandemic and post-pandemic period.

According to the social conditions of women as a vulnerable group in society, it is necessary to create a suitable environment for their entrepreneurial activities and study the issues of women entrepreneurs in order to identify existing limitations, modifying future policy-makings in this area, and also increasing the individual, economic and social efficiency. Therefore, in this study, the barriers of women entrepreneurship in the city of Zahedan have been studied and tested. The research method was Quantitative and the statistical population of the research was women entrepreneurs and business founders of the city of Zahedan, which includes: women entrepreneurs in companies located in Zahedan University Growth Centers, knowledge-based companies, companies located in the province Science and Technology Park and other women Entrepreneurs in Zahedan city who were introduced by the labor office. Finally, 148 questionnaires based on simple random sampling method were distributed and received among the statistical population. The required data for research analysis were collected by the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and SMARTPLS softwares. Findings indicate that there are six categories of barriers; Includes barriers: socio-cultural, governmental, access to facilities, individual, motivational and family, affect women's entrepreneurship and prevent women's participation in the field of entrepreneurial activities in Zahedan. Individual barriers are the most important barriers to women entrepreneurship in Zahedan. Barriers of motivation, family, access to facilities, government, cultural-social are ranked second to sixth in terms of importance, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the new dispensation and prevailing social conditions, the presence of that critical word dystopia all but presupposed an affirmative reply. Topics include considered that throughout modernity, utopia has been a handy term of criticism among educated elites and early modern and Enlightenment political philosophers, theorists of the social contract, were wary of being taken for writers of utopias.

This essay aims to explore imitation in social contexts. The argument that summarizes my claim is that the perception of other people's behaviour conditions the agent in imitating that behaviour, as evidence from social psychology holds (Bargh and Chartrand in J Pers Soc Psychol 76(6):893–910, 1999; Bargh and Ferguson in Psychol Bull 126(6):925–945, 2000; Bargh and Ferguson in Trends Cogn Sci 8(1):33–39, 2004), but what the agent perceives and experiences becomes potential motives for her actions only through her identification with a particular way of being and acting. Therefore, although the agent's actions are conditioned by perceptual stimuli, the latter are not the cause of the actions. The agent is the ultimate cause. That is, a convergence between perceptual stimuli and conscious will. I take this latter conclusion to suggest a compatibilist approach whereby action in a social situation would require the perceptual conditioning as much as the freedom and consciousness of the agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expectations about economic variables vary systematically across genders. In the domain of inflation, women have persistently higher expectations than men. We argue that traditional gender roles are a significant factor in generating this gender expectations gap as they expose women and men to different economic signals in their daily lives. Using unique data on the participation of men and women in household grocery chores, their resulting exposure to price signals, and their inflation expectations, we document a tight link between the gender expectations gap and the distribution of grocery shopping duties. Because grocery prices are highly volatile, and consumers focus disproportionally on positive price changes, frequent exposure to grocery prices increases perceptions of current inflation and expectations of future inflation. The gender expectations gap is largest in households whose female heads are solely responsible for grocery shopping, whereas no gap arises in households that split grocery chores equally between men and women. Our results indicate that gender differences in inflation expectations arise due to social conditioning rather than through differences in innate abilities, skills, or preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The hypothesis that gender stereotypes influence human behaviour and relational well-being is widely accepted in the literature. However, a comparison based on scientific assumptions is necessary to deeply understand the mechanisms activated by stereotypes in conditions of stress. The global health emergency from COVID-19 offers the opportunity to compare countries with different socio-cultural conditions, whose population has been subjected to the same stressful event during the lockdown phase. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The same questionnaire was disseminated in both Italy and Turkey during their respective lockdown phases. 140,000 interviews were collected in Italy and 10,000 in Turkey, a number big enough to obtain useful information for a comparative analysis in relation to behaviours, attitudes and well-being, also using the recursive regression models. RESULTS: The results, based on scientific data, show that gender stereotypes are much more rooted in Turkey than in Italy, where the emancipation process of the population is more advanced, producing profound social changes and decreasing differences between men and women in terms of behaviour and reactions to difficult situations, such as the present one. CONCLUSIONS: Stereotypes, which are hostile to any opposite evidence, affect individual behaviours and attitudes to the point that, within a specific context, they play a protective role against the uncertainty during a period of health emergency, inducing people to seek shelter in pre-established and widespread behavioural models. According to the data analysis, this has happened in Turkey more than in Italy. The results show that within a culture still strongly pervaded by these social conditioning, especially at the presence of low levels of education, the adherence to gender roles constitutes a "protective factor" of the individual well-being against external stress factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased global migration to international urban centres has motivated a growing interest in ethnolects and the role migrant communities play in language variation and change. Here, we consider ethnolectal variation in real and apparent time, by examining the realization of word-final (er) (e.g. teacher, remember) in Australian English. We capitalize on sociolinguistic interview data collected by Barbara Horvath in Sydney in the 1970s as a benchmark against which to compare newly collected recordings with Sydneysiders in the 2010s. Approximately 15,000 tokens of word-final (er) were extracted from the speech of nearly 200 people, including Anglo-Australians, and second-generation migrants of Italian, Greek and Chinese background. Acoustic analyses of vowel duration and position in the vowel space reveal incremental lengthening with concomitant lowering and backing over time for (er), though only in prosodically final position. This change was led by Greek and Italian teenagers in the 1970s, then taken up by working class women, and today, has been adopted across the community. Tracking this change in real and apparent time provides evidence that ethnolectal features may be adopted by the wider community, with ethnic minorities playing a leading role in language change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]