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Introduction Mullah Habibullah Sharif Kashani, a prominent scholar and jurist, was born in Kashan in 1261 AH. He attained the rank of mujtahid at the age of 16 and dedicated his life to teaching, writing, and guiding people. He trained numerous students and produced valuable works in various fields of knowledge. His notable works included Montaqed al-Manafe about jurisprudence, Lubab al-Alqab on biographies of scholars, Tashil al-Masaalikila al-Madarik fi Ru'us al-Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah, and Qawamis al-Durar. In addition to his numerous works, Mullah Habibullah Sharif Kashani also authored a collection of Persian quatrains and an Arabic qasida in praise of the Imam Mahdi, the twelfth Imam of Shiite. This work demonstrated his deep devotion and love towards Imam Mahdi. Mullah Habibullah' quatrains, in line with the requirements of the time, belonged to the category of protest and social quatrains. These quatrains provide valuable information about the society, the conditions, the people, and their circumstances at that time. Materials, Methods, and Results The ruba'i, an ancient Persian poetic form of a-four-line structure and an "aaba" rhyme scheme, has a high capacity for expressing profound and effective notions due to its simplicity and conciseness. This form has had diverse applications throughout the history of Persian literature, encompassing themes ranging from love and mysticism to wisdom, praise, and satire. Nevertheless, the ruba'i, owing to its structural characteristics, is also considered a suitable medium for expressing social and political themes. Mulla Habibullah's ruba'is serve as a comprehensive mirror of the social, economic, and political conditions of the Qajar era, particularly the epoch of the First World War and the famine of 1296 AH in Kashan. In addition to their literary values, these ruba'is are a valuable resource for understanding the living conditions of the people, their thoughts and critiques of a religious scholar in the face of social problems. Besides, they reveal a better comprehension of the political situation of that period. The content of Mulla Habibullah's ruba'is encompasses a wide range of themes. They include the description of God, the praise of the Prophet Muhammad, Imam Ali, and Imam Mahdi, the promotion of moral virtues, the lamentation of the time, the reflection of the poet's poverty, the famine of the era, a criticism of the city of Kashan, its people, women, various professions, and different social classes. Within his poems, he also criticizes the Sufis and their beliefs in the unity of existence. Considering jurisprudence, Quranic exegesis, and Hadith the best sciences, he himself seems to believe in the unity of vision. A notable aspect of Mulla Habibullah's ruba'is is his political inclination, which opposed the Russian and English governments. He also has a sidelong glance at the constitutional situation. One of the main reasons for Mulla Habibullah's opposition to the colonial governments of Russia and England was his concern about the weakening and elimination of the Islamic religion. He refers to the severe social conditions prevailing in the society and speaks of the widespread evil and corruption, poisoned family relationships, the oppression of the rulers, and the closure of scientific and religious schools. He then alludes to his own unfavorable financial situation in the later years of his life and expresses his expectation for assistance and attention from Kashan's people. However, he faces indifference and, thus, resorts to sarcasm and disparagement of the city of Kashan, considering it a city full of sedition. The author, then, proceeds to criticize various professions and social classes. He expresses his disapproval of the religious class in a serious tone and advises people to distance themselves from them. He also makes remarks about the judges and directs the most extensive criticism towards the apparent scholars and clerics. According to the evidences found in his other poems, Mulla Habibullah refers to these people with titles such as "ignorant negligent ones" and "followers of falsehood," accusing them of plundering people's wealth and corrupting their beliefs. In short, the poems by Mulla Habibullah present a bitter and stinging portrayal of the social and cultural crises resulting from the famine in Kashan. He expresses his candid and unvarnished criticisms towards all segments of society, from the rulers and religious scholars to common people, through a direct and uncompromising language. His poems serve as a valuable document for understanding the social and cultural conditions of Kashan during the famine period. They also helped recognize Mulla Habibulla's critical and reformist perspectives. Another theme in his ruba'is is his belief in Islam practiced by the Shia. He considers Imam Ali as the rightful successor of the Prophet and refers to this issue in numerous verses. In addition to the aforementioned themes, Mulla Habibullah's ruba'is also address topics such as women, the sanctity of not shaving one's beard, and moral advice. The poet's ethical recommendations are tailored to the requirements of the time and include calls for moderation, patience, and abstinence from seeking help from inferior and mean people. Conclusion Mulla Habibullah's ruba'iyats (quatrains) are valuable resources for understanding the social, economic, and political conditions of Kashan during the First World War and the great famine of 1296 AH. These ruba'iyats, beyond their literary aspects, present a bitter and stinging portrayal of the social and cultural crises of the era as well. In his poems, Mulla Habibullah expresses his direct criticisms of the colonial governments of Russia and England, Sufis and dervishes, the superficial scholars, and the people of Kashan. With a harsh and uncompromising language, he criticizes the prevailing corruption, injustice, poverty, and secularism in the society and calls for social reforms and the revival of religious values. Mulla Habibullah's ruba'iyats also reflect the devastating impacts of the famine on the lives of the people. He speaks of hunger, death, the collapse of families, and the spread of corruption. His poems show that the famine had severely shaken the moral and social foundations of the society. Thus, Mulla Habibullah's ruba'iyat serve as a historical document for understanding the critical conditions of Kashan during the great famine as well as for recognizing the critical and reformist perspectives of a religious scholar in the face of social problems. His poems present a bitter and stinging portrayal of the social and cultural crises of that era and call for social reforms and the revival of religious values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background information Mexico faces a great challenge in producing, storing, and distributing food to guarantee the food security of its population. Natural disasters, climate change and changes in land cover are dynamic drivers affecting food production. In this study, we propose a method for assessing food security by evaluating the amount of food in Mexico that is available to meet the demand of its population. An indicator of food availability based on environmental, social, production and food supply variables is proposed. Methods Food availability in Mexico's 2471 municipalities was assessed using five sub-indicators covering environmental and social conditions of production, food supply, caloric and protein sufficiency, and food supply. A database of 19 variables was integrated to calculate an index of food availability by municipality. Spatial analysis techniques were used to identify areas with specific needs and to formulate public policy recommendations. Results The availability of food is not a problem at all in 90% of the municipalities in the country. We found that the environmental and social conditions are suitable for producing food from agriculture and livestock and there are sufficient food outlets. The caloric demand and protein requirements of the population can be met in at least 87% of the municipalities. Thus, the environmental and social conditions are good in more than 85% of the municipalities. If food production and availability are sufficient; then, the problem of food insecurity may be due to other causes. Conclusions and recommendations The conclusion is that food insecurity in Mexico is influenced by additional factors. An urgent intervention is needed, including public policies to provide economic support to the most affected segments of the population.

Background: Families of youth involved in the juvenile justice system (YJJ) are integral to YJJ well-being, so it is important to consider the direct input of YJJ families as well as YJJ themselves in justice system reform efforts aiming to improve YJJ health outcomes. Objective: Our university research team partnered with one Midwest county's juvenile court, as well as YJJ family members, to form an advisory council to the juvenile court. We report lessons learned through a case study of this council. Methods: Researchers reviewed and analyzed council records, meeting minutes, and interviews of varied stakeholders, including system representatives, leaders of similar advisory councils, and individuals with lived experience of the juvenile justice system. Lessons Learned: Council sustainability required addressing participation barriers, valuing authentic experiences, seeking out system-based champions, and identifying concrete opportunities for members to be heard. Conclusions: Investments in community health partnerships with YJJ families could improve system efforts to meet YJJ needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The risk of death due to tuberculosis (TB) in Brazil is high and strongly related to living conditions (LC). However, epidemiological studies investigating changes in LC and their impact on TB are lacking. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of LC on TB mortality in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: This ecological study, using panel data on spatial and temporal aggregates, was conducted in 1,614 municipalities between 2002 and 2015. METHODS: Data were collected from the Mortality Information System and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The proxy variable used for LC was the Urban Health Index (UHI). Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the effect of the UHI on TB mortality rate. Attributable risk (AR) was used as an impact measure. RESULTS: From 2002 to 2015, TB mortality rate decreased by 23.5%, and LC improved. The continuous model analysis resulted in an RR = 0.89 (95%CI = 0.82–0.96), so the AR was −12.3%. The categorized model showed an effect of 0.92 (95%CI = 0.83–0.95) in municipalities with intermediate LC and of 0.83 (95%CI = 0.82–0.91) in those with low LC, representing an AR for TB mortality of −8.7% and −20.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Improved LC impacted TB mortality, even when adjusted for other determinants. This impact was greater in the strata of low-LC municipalities.

Background: Living with two or more chronic conditions simultaneously—known as multimorbidity—has become increasingly prevalent as the aging population continues to grow. However, the factors that influence the development of multimorbidity are still not fully understood. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of multimorbidity among U.S. adults 50 years and older and identify associated factors with multimorbidity. Methods: We used data from four cycles from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2018) to examine the associations between social determinants of health and multimorbidity among American adults aged 50 years and older. A set of variables on socioeconomic status and health behaviors was chosen based on the social determinants of health conceptual framework developed by the World Health Organization. In our study, 4,552 participants were included. All analyses were accounted for a complex survey design and the use of survey weights. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associated factors with multimorbidity. Results: The average age was 63.1 years, and 52.9% were female. The average number of chronic conditions was 2.27. The prevalence of multimorbidity was 63.8%, with high cholesterol and hypertension being the most prevalent conditions. In the adjusted model, age, gender, household income, citizenship status, health insurance, healthcare access, body mass index, and smoking status were found to be associated with living with multimorbidity. Discussion: Our results indicate that continued efforts aimed at promoting smoking cessation and maintaining a healthy weight will be beneficial in preventing the onset of chronic conditions. Additional research is warranted to gain a deeper understanding of the interrelationships between gender, race/ethnicity, household income, citizenship status, health insurance, and healthcare access as social determinants of health in the context of multimorbidity. Further research will help us develop targeted interventions and policies to address disparities and improve health outcomes for individuals with multimorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Infectious diseases remain a major risk for refugees living in camps. Limited research has been undertaken into the burden and impact of infections in the current refugee crisis around the Mediterranean. This analysis examines the frequency and incidence rates of common infections, and use of antibiotics at a healthcare facility inside Moria refugee camp on the island of Lesvos, Greece, during the winter and summer seasons of 2019. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of routinely, prospectively collected service data from the main acute healthcare facility inside Moria camp. Results Of a total of 9601 consultations, 25.16% were for infections (winter: 31.53%, summer: 19.45%). Respiratory, skin and gastrointestinal infections were the most frequent, with incidence rates up to 3.5 times, 50 times and twice as high as those in Western Europe, respectively. Antibiotic prescribing was high (27.7% of all respiratory infections) with high use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (40.2%), raising concerns about induction of antimicrobial resistance. Conclusions The burden of infectious diseases in refugee camps remains high throughout all seasons. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes should be adapted to refugee camp settings to prevent the development of unnecessary antimicrobial resistance. Improving living conditions and access to healthcare in refugee camps is likely to reduce infection rates and antimicrobial resistance among refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent emergency department (ED) patients have unmet social needs that contribute to ED use. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of social needs navigation for adolescents on subsequent ED visits and community resource use and to identify characteristics associated with elevated social risk. Between July 2017 and August 2019, we used a random date generator to establish intervention and control group enrollment dates. All adolescents completed a social needs survey. Adolescents enrolled on intervention dates received in-person, risk-tailored social needs navigation. Those enrolled on control dates received a preprinted resource guide. We used chart review and follow-up calls to assess 12-month ED revisits and community resource use. Logistic regression was used to compare these outcomes between groups. We measured the association between ≥3 reported unmet needs and characteristics hypothesized a priori to be associated with elevated social risk (nonurgent visits, obesity, or any of nine "socially sensitive" chief complaints) using logistic regression. A total of 399 adolescents were randomized. There was no difference between groups in the number of ED revisits. There was increased community resource use in the intervention group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.5 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.5, 8.2]). Adolescents with a socially sensitive chief complaint had increased odds of ≥3 unmet needs (aOR: 2.2 [95% CI: 1.3, 3.6]), as did those with food insecurity in a post hoc analysis (aOR: 9.9 [95% CI: 4.0, 24.6]). Social needs navigation increased community resource use but not subsequent ED visits. Adolescents with socially sensitive chief complaints or food insecurity reported increased unmet needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to verify the influence of social conditions – living in nursing homes or attending social centres – on memory decline, risk of dementia and depression and social involvement of elderly living on Terceira Island - Azores. Different assessment scales were administered: Weschler Memory Scale – 3rd Edition, Dementia Rating Scale – 2, Geriatric Depression Scale – 15, and Social Involvement Scale. A multivariate analysis of variance showed that elderly participating in social centres had more positive outcomes than institutionalised ones regarding memory decline, risk of dementia, depressive symptoms, and level of social involvement. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that social condition was a factor for memory decline and risk of dementia, that the principal factor associated with depression was social involvement, and that the main factors related to social involvement were age and gender. These results suggest the importance of activities that promote social involvement in institutionalised elderly individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern world has encountered a problem of displaced persons and refugees. Due to wars and military conflicts, many people from all over the world are moving to European and American countries in search of places to live. DP status is one of the questions that European politicians try to resolve. However, this problem is not new for Europe. After World War II, European countries had already encountered DPs, organizing aid for them in social, economic, and other fields. The example of Ukrainians in Bavaria represents one of the DP conditions in postwar Europe. The aim of this paper is to analyse the position of Ukrainian DPs in post-war Bavaria from 1945-1947, as well as to characterize the main social conditions DPs faced there. This paper is based on documents that provide information about the main DP camps, aid organizations, and routes taken by Ukrainians to Bavaria. The lack of modern research on DPs after World War II confirms its relevance and emphasizes its novelty. Moreover, this article provides a basis for comparing the problem of Ukrainian DPs then and now in Europe. Therefore, the author aims to demonstrate in this article that Ukrainians were not repatriated because of their social activity. Taking into consideration the Ukrainian position in DP camps regarding education, the healthcare system, and other social fields, the article explains the reality of Ukrainian life in Bavaria. The conclusion of this article demonstrates that despite their DP status, Ukrainians in Bavaria began forming as a national minority after World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Medical neutrality is a normative arrangement that differentiates a zone of medical treatment disconnected from the field of politics. While medical neutrality aims to ensure impartial healthcare for all and to shield the healthcare personnel from political demands, it can also divert attention away from conflicts and their effects on health inequity. This article analyzes how healthcare professionals understand and negotiate the depoliticized space of the emergency department (ED) through their views on neutrality. It also examines how medical staff use depoliticized concepts of culture to account for differences in the health status of patients from disadvantaged groups. These questions are examined in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. METHODS: Twenty-four in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare personnel in a Jerusalem hospitals ED. All but one of the participants were Jewish. The interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and Grounded Theory. RESULTS: The ED staff endorsed the perspective of medical neutrality as a nondiscriminatory approach to care. At the same time, some medical staff recognized the limits of medical neutrality in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and negotiated and challenged this concept. While participants identified unique health risks for Arab patients, they usually did not associate these risks with the effects of conflict and instead explained them in depoliticized terms of cultural and behavioral differences. Culture served as a non-controversial way of acknowledging and managing problems that have their roots in politics. CONCLUSIONS: The normative demand for neutrality works to exclude discussion of the conflict from clinical spaces. The normative exclusion of politics is a vital but under-appreciated aspect of how political conflict operates as a structural determinant of health. Healthcare personnel, especially in the ED, should be trained in structural competency. This training may challenge the neglect of issues that need to be solved at the political level and enhance health equity, social justice, and solidarity.

Although the association between adverse childhood conditions and health in later life has been relatively well established, little is known about how and through which mechanism this association develops. Building on the developmental adaptation model (Martin & Martin, 2002), the present study investigates the effects of distal and proximal influences on successful aging (SA). A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 475 adults aged 50 and above (Mean age = 72.13, SD = 10.46). SA was measured based on Rowe and Kahn's successful aging criteria model (1997) and an SA operationalization based on a number of multidimensional biopsychosocial indicators, including no disease and disability, active engagement with life, high physical and cognitive functioning, psychological well-being, life satisfaction and a one-item subjective SA question. Parental death had no direct effect on SA (β =.03, p =.629), whereas education had (β =.39, p <.001). Furthermore, perceived income level and social conditions were identified as two sequential mediators between both education and SA; and parental death and SA. The findings suggest that both early life and current factors contribute to explaining SA in a variety of ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: Dentro de las actividades del semillero de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo Informal (SST-IN) durante el año 2022 en la ciudad de Bogotá se trabajó sobre una iniciativa de investigación inspirada en las experiencias del semillero en su búsqueda de entendimiento de factores que contribuyan al trabajo digno en el contexto de informalidad laboral. Objetivo: Determinar las condiciones de trabajo de una muestra de bicidomiciliarios que trabajan con plataformas digitales de la ciudad de Bogotá, en el año 2022. Métodos: En esta investigación se utilizó la metodología de estudio de caso obteniendo datos con diversos instrumentos como entrevistas, observaciones, revisión de la literatura, enfocado en factores de riesgo, peligros, enfermedades y accidentes o incidentes a los que se exponen los trabajadores, se evaluaron los resultados de las condiciones subestándar que se han presentado en los bicidomiciliarios, con base en la matriz descrita por la Guía Técnica Colombiana GTC45, con alcance y propuestas de mejora a corto plazo para este grupo de trabajadores informales. Resultados: Se identificaron en los trabajadores de plataformas digitales diferentes riesgos a los cuales están expuestos durante su jornada laboral basadas en la GTC45 y a las condiciones que se enfrentan día a día, además de describir variables sociodemográficas y aspectos de percepción del riesgo. Conclusión: Los aspectos insatisfactorios se refirieron a los medios y condiciones de trabajo como el clima, el uso inadecuado de los elementos de protección personal y la falta de capacitación Introduction: Among the activities of the Safety and Health in Informal Work (SST-IN) seedbed during the year 2022 in the city of Bogota, a research initiative inspired by the experiences of the seedbed in its search for understanding factors that contribute to decent work in the context of labor informality was worked on. Objective: To determine the working conditions of a sample of bicycle workers who work with digital platforms in the city of Bogota, in the year 2022. Methods: In this research, the case study methodology was used, obtaining data with various instruments such as interviews, observations, literature review, focused on risk factors, hazards, diseases and accidents or incidents to which workers are exposed, evaluating results of sub-standard conditions that have occurred to the delivery bike workers, based on the matrix described by the Colombian Technical Guide GTC45, with scope and proposals for improvement in the short term for this group of informal workers. Results: Different risks to which digital platform workers are exposed to during their workday were identified based on the GTC45, and the conditions they face on a daily basis; in addition, sociodemographic variables and aspects of perception were described. Conclusion: The unsatisfactory aspects referred to work environments and conditions such as climate, inadequate use of personal protection elements and lack of training

Social interaction in each housing is formed by the closeness of the space between houses, so that the pattern of housing distribution allows for differences in social conditions. The purpose of this study is to analyze the social condition factor on the influence of housing distribution patterns in the City of Tasikmalaya. This study uses the method of multiple regression statistics with research variables, namely housing distribution patterns, population growth, population density, the ratio of accessibility support facilities, the ratio of health facilities, the ratio of educational facilities and the ratio of economic facilities. Based on the results of social conditions have an influence on the pattern of housing distribution. This study has a multiple regression coefficient between several variables, namely 0.744, which means that there is a correlation between all variables X simultaneously with variable Y. The threshold value of the coefficient is 0.5 so that if it is more than that, it has a strong correlation. A strong correlation is related to social condition variables, namely population, population density, accessibility, health facilities, educational facilities and economic facilities.

The Lake Titicaca basin was one of the major centers for cultural development in the ancient world. This lacustrine environment is unique in the high, dry Andean altiplano, and its aquatic and terrestrial resources are thought to have contributed to the florescence of complex societies in this region. Nevertheless, it remains unclear to what extent local aquatic resources, particularly fish, and the introduced crop, maize, which can be grown in regions along the lakeshores, contributed to facilitating sustained food production and population growth, which underpinned increasing social political complexity starting in the Formative Period (1400 BCE to 500 CE) and culminating with the Tiwanaku state (500 to 1100 CE). Here, we present direct dietary evidence from stable isotope analysis of human skeletal remains spanning over two millennia, together with faunal and floral reference materials, to reconstruct foodways and ecological interactions in southern Lake Titicaca over time. Bulk stable isotope analysis, coupled with compound-specific amino acid stable isotope analysis, allows better discrimination between resources consumed across aquatic and terrestrial environments. Together, this evidence demonstrates that human diets predominantly relied on C3 plants, particularly quinoa and tubers, along with terrestrial animals, notably domestic camelids. Surprisingly, fish were not a significant source of animal protein, but a slight increase in C4 plant consumption verifies the increasing importance of maize in the Middle Horizon. These results underscore the primary role of local terrestrial food resources in securing a nutritious diet that allowed for sustained population growth, even in the face of documented climate and political change across these periods.

يقدم البحث رؤية اجتماعية جديده لمفهوم "الشبع"، و"صوره الجسد السميـن" باعتبارهما الهدفان الرئيسان للدراسة، فدراسة البدانة اجتماعيا هامة جدا في مصر الآن، فقد أصبحت نحو10 ملايين امرأة بنسبة (39٪) من السيدات المصريات يعانين من البدانة حسب كشفت الخريطة العالمية للسمنة .لذا اعتمد البحث الراهن على منهج "دراسة الحالة" مستعين بأداة المقابلة المتعمقة في إجراء دراسة مكثفة وعميقة عن الشبع والبدانة وصوره الجسد، ونقترح به بعض المقولات النظرية التي تسد فجوه عدم وجود نظريه اجتماعية شامله للشبع بين دراسات علم الاجتماع الطبي وسوسيولوجيا الغذاء، وذلك بجمع المعلومات المتعلقة بعشره حالات تعانى من فرط الشبع والبدانة المفرطة، على شكل سيرة ذاتية تحتوي على أحداث في ماضي الحالة وحاضرها، يتم بها فهم شامل لتاريخ حالة الشبع والبدانة، وتحديد التطور الذي مرت بها الحالات في محيطهم الثقافي مع توضيح جميع المؤثرات التي أثرت في تكوين اتجاهاتهم وفلسفتهم في الأكل والخبرات التي اكتسبوها والأزمات والمشاكل الغذائية الثي أثرت في تكوين اتجاهاتهم، وحصل الباحثان على المعلومات من العينة ذاتها أو من محيطه .وتوصل البحث إلى أن الأفراط في الأكل وتجويع النفس وسيلتين لتأكيد التحكم والمطالبة بالاهتمام والتعبير عن الغضب وهما في النهاية وسيلتين مدمرتين للذات على الرغم من انهم لا يفعلان أي شيء لتغيير الأحوال الاجتماعية .Abstract The research provides a new social vision of the concept of "satiety", and"fat body image" as the main objectives of the study, the study of obesity is socially very important in Egypt now, about 10 million women (39%) of Egyptian women have become obese according to the global map of Obesity revealed . Therefore, the current research has relied on the "case study" approach, using the in-depth interview tool to conduct an intensive and in-depth study of satiety, obesity and body image, and we propose some theoretical statements that fill the gap of the lack of a comprehensive social theory of satiety between the studies of medical sociology and food sociology, by collecting information related to ten cases suffering from identify the development that the cases went through in their cultural environment, clarifying all the influences that influenced the formation of their trends, their philosophy of eating and the experiences they gained Crises and food problems influenced the formation of their trends, and the researcher obtained information from the individual himself or from his surroundings . The research found that overeating and starving oneself are two ways to assert control, demand attention and express anger, which are ultimately self-destructive, although they do not do anything to change social conditions .

Objective: In today's age, having military and war power can no longer be considered as a global power, but global power is achieved through knowledge and ways to achieve it. Due to the increasing development and production of knowledge, a new concept has been created under the title of knowledge city, which has attracted the attention of the world. Today, knowledge city is one of the important issues in urban development. A knowledge city is a city that has encouraged, continuous production of knowledge, continuous creativity, sharing, evaluation, renovation and updating of knowledge in order to develop knowledge. Considering the importance of knowledge in the city of knowledge, the aim of this research is to identify the impact of the key components of the city of knowledge in transferring knowledge. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. Library and field methods were used to collect information. The data collection tool in this research was a closed questionnaire that consists of 110 questions. In order to determine the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, the method of content validity with the opinion of experts has been used. In this research, two criteria of composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) were used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The professors of information science and epistemology, who had expertise in the field of knowledge management, formed the statistical community of this research. In the present study, 30 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method. In order to analyze the data, SPSS and PLS software were used. Findings: The findings indicate that the key components identified in Knowledge city include 7 components: social conditions, strategic conditions, technological conditions, political conditions, financial conditions, the component of environmental conditions, and finally the component of urban management. The present study investigated the effect of each of the components on knowledge transfer, which the components of strategic situation, political conditions, financial situation, and environmental conditions have a significant effect on knowledge transfer, and in contrast to the social conditions, the conditions Technological and urban management components have no effect on knowledge transfer. Conclusion: Based on the investigations, some components of knowledge city can be effective in knowledge transfer. It seems that there is a need to strengthen the foundation of the components of the strategic situation, the political situation, the financial situation, and the environmental conditions that have a positive and significant effect on knowledge transfer, because knowledge transfer can contribute to the development and the productivity of knowledge city has an important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is based on an in-depth analysis of the Portuguese reality. The main question addressed concerns the effects of the pandemic on the social profile and conditions of participation, and higher education students' sense of belonging in Portugal. The changes resulting from the pandemic will also be considered in light of the policies that have been pursued and implemented at the national level with the aim of increasing and enhancing students' integration within the higher education community. The application of a longitudinal approach was made possible through institutional data and data produced by the EUROSTUDENT project. The results obtained clarify some of the immediate effects that the pandemic has had on higher education and on the social and academic conditions and contexts of students in Portugal. On a more structural level, these results also emphasise the importance of political choices in the process of democratisation and extending the system to new segments of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a rapidly growing public health problem, especially in disadvantaged populations. Major political interventions are required to mitigate the social and socioeconomic inequities that contribute to the development and progression of CKD and its disproportionate impact on low and middle-income countries.

This study aims to analyze the effect of family social conditions on the religious motivation of BPI Stambuk 2019 students. Social family conditions include factors such as inherited religious practices, religious communication, religious support, role models, and the level of religious conflict in the family. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 15 students from various BPI Stambuk 2019 student study programs. The results showed that family social conditions had a significant influence on students' religious motivation. Inherited religious practices, open religious communication, religious support, and role models in the family are positively related to high levels of religious motivation in college students. However, the level of religious conflict in the family can affect students' religious motivation. This research provides a deeper understanding of how family social conditions affect students' religious motivation, so that the role of the family in providing support and a conducive environment in religious matters becomes increasingly important.

Indonesia is a country ranked fourth as the most populous country in the world, so it's no wonder there are many socio-economic problems. Development has several indicators, namely social conditions and economic conditions related to SDGs 3, 4, 8, 9 and 11 goals, where the goal to be achieved is to see which areas have optimal economic growth values. To encourage the achievement of SDGs in Indonesia, social conditions and economic conditions have a role to play in supporting economic growth. Economic growth in this study is described by the GRDP, namely the GRDP describes the total gross added value of each economic sector. By using a sustainability analysis technique, namely Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) using Tosmana software. Using the year of research in 2020 and research objects in 34 provinces. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the regions with optimal economic growth from social and economic conditions were North Sulawesi, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, Lampung, West Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, Bali, Kep. Riau, Central Java, East Java and West Java. The relationship between socio-economic conditions on economic growth is expected to provide an increase in economic growth and see what programs have been successfully implemented that can have a positive influence on social and economic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives The purpose of the article is a theoretical analysis of the process of introducing a new product to the market, taking into account economic and social aspects. Material and methods Induction was used as the main research method. It involves drawing general conclusions or establishing regularities on the basis of analysis of empirically established phenomena and processes. It is a type of inference based on details about the general properties of a phenomenon or object. In addition, the paper uses two general research methods, i.e. analytical and synthetic methods, characterized by a particular approach to the study of reality. Results First: the process of implementing new products/services should correlate with the company's development strategy Second: the development and introduction of new products/services as part of the company's activities must be in line with the development strategy and mission. Third: each in the process of planning and marketing of new products / services - distinguish eight stages (milestones of the process). Fourth: The consumer communication strategy should be carefully designed, written out, and then implemented step by step. Conclusions First: the various organizational cells/accounting, marketing, legal departments, as well as development and implementation departments/ must know the essence of the product/service to be introduced for sale. Second: business units must have knowledge of: sales strategy, P&L, forecasts of A&P budgets, forecast of product profitability and implementation schedule. Third: when preparing a recommendation for planning and budgeting sales of new products/services, the individual organizational units of the form should know specific parameters. Fourth: the various organizational units should have knowledge of the prepared sales strategy.

Copyright of Gerokomos is the property of Indemm Farma SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studying breast and cervical cancers in space and time and verifying divergences of different territorially established socioeconomic profiles. Ecological study using spatial scanning (with socioeconomic characterization), space-time, and spatial variation of temporal trends, in order to identify significant clusters of high- and low-risk or temporal trends, of deaths from breast cancer and cervical cancer, in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, during 2000–2016. High-risk spatial clusters were identified in the central areas, and low-risk clusters were identified in the peripheral areas, which were associated with better and worse socioeconomic conditions, respectively. As for cervical cancer, the pattern was the opposite. High-risk space-time clusters occurred in the early years of the study, whereas low-risk clusters occurred in the most recent years. For breast cancer, the central areas showed a temporal trend of decreasing mortality and the peripheral areas showed an increasing trend. While for cervical cancer, in general, the temporal trend was for the identified clusters to fall. It is expected that this study will provide insights for the formulation of public policies to implement prevention and control measures, in order to reduce mortality and inequalities related to breast and cervical cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among all the families of Quraysh, Banu Hashim and Banu Umayyah had a prominent position in terms of greatness, fame and worldly prestige. This was the reason why Banu Hashim sometimes prevailed and Banu Umayyah sometimes prevailed during the period of Jahiliyyah. Bani Hashim and Bani Umayyad had a dispute over the leadership of Tulaat Kaaba for a period. Finally, with the intervention of influential people, administrative officials were divided between them. The ancestor of this family was Umayyah bin Abd Shams. The position of Quraysh army chief was transferred from Bani Makhzoom to this family, during the period of Jahiliyyah, the position of army commander was held by Harb bin Umayyah from this family and then by Abu Sufyan. Abu Sufyan accepted Islam at the time of the conquest of Makkah and through his son Amir Muawiyah, the rule of the Banu Umayyad was founded, during the time of the Rashidun Caliphs, the Banu Umayyad achieved great achievements, during the reign of Umar Farooq, Amir Muawiya became the governor of Damascus and during the reign of Usman Ghani, he was made the governor of the entire province of Syria. The following research paper will describe the social relations of Banu Umayyah and Banu Hashim. This will help to resolve many disagreements and different ideas and theories and will create new avenues of research for researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to analyze the health conditions of the population affected by the mining dam collapse from the perspective of healthcare professionals and managers. Method: this is a qualitative case study, conducted using public domain documents and interviews with healthcare professionals and managers, from March to May 2022, totaling 14 participants. The data were analyzed according to the theoretical propositions strategy based on the Social Determinants of Health. Results: the health conditions of this population have worsened in terms of respiratory problems, gastroenteritis, obesity, arboviruses, increased use of alcohol and drugs, and mental illnesses. The loss of employment, home, and community belonging of those affected is highlighted. Conclusion: the socio-environmental disaster was a conditioning factor for changes in the health conditions of those affected, exposing them to new scenarios and overlapping risks capable of modifying their quality of life and aggravating their biopsychosocial health conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial distribution of establishments according to levels of care is a central aspect for understanding access to health services. The objective of this work was to analyze the location of Unified Health System establishments, according to spatial patterns of urban living conditions and levels of care in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. The Urban Well-Being Index was used to measure living conditions and socio-spatial inequalities in the region. The health units were georeferenced and accounted for by weighting areas, stratified according to urban well-being categories. The changes in the provision of services were verified, considering the years 2010, 2012, 2015 and 2018. The results show intrametropolitan inequalities and variations in the number of health units. Primary health care units are concentrated in places with poor urban living conditions, but there was a 90% increase in the stratum with better conditions. Hospitals are concentrated in privileged locations, and, during the period, there was a 100% reduction in hospitals in the neediest stratum. The trends observed highlight convergences between urban inequalities and the provision of health services and their reproduction in the metropolitan urban space of Rio de Janeiro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze the probability of dietary changes and exercise associated to the different stages of a type 2 diabetes diagnostic evolution and social conditions in the Mexican adult population. Methodological design: An analysis was carried out based on data obtained from the National Health and Aging Study in Mexico (2012, 2015 and 2018). Variables were selected considering health status and reported social conditions. Results: In 1,879 people, 38.2 % reached prediabetes levels, 40.5 % type 2 diabetes, and 21.3 % normal glucose levels. Dietary modifications and exercise were significantly associated with having already been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or with some comorbidity, higher education, younger age, having health services, a higher index of assets, staying in contact with family and friends, and making personal medical decisions together with family members and health care professionals. Research limitations: The results card that was given to participants of the National Health and Aging Study in Mexico does not indicate prediabetic condition. Findings: Knowledge of health status sparks interest in both dietary care and exercise. The manner in which this practice is influenced by social conditions and accompaniment through support networks in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of the new coronavirus, in 2019, in China, in record time, its spread to all continents, leading the World Health Organization to declare a pandemic situation on March 11, 2020. Therefore, a global effort was developed in the fight against COVID-19, involving the enactment of administrative acts on an emergency basis, such as social isolation, closing borders and, more recently, the implementation of the vaccination schedule. In this perspective, the municipality of Niteroi, located in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, was chosen as a study area to understand how the spatial diffusion of Sars-CoV-2 occurred in the first year of spatialization (January 2020 to July 2021, the year of prevalence of the gamma variant. Regarding the methodological procedures, an exploratory analysis of the epidemiological data was used: cases and deaths with the intention of revealing spatiotemporal patterns of diffusion. First, the Pettitt statistical test was applied to identify the point of rupture and trend change of the universe of data. After applying the test and establishing the temporal clipping, Kernel Density statistics were used with the production of choropleth maps of the pattern of spatial diffusion among neighborhoods over epidemiological weeks and also maps of the rate of incidence by neighborhoods. As a result, it was possible to understand that the spatial spread of the virus took place primarily via road structuring axis/population mobility, established by the influence of the intra-municipal hierarchy, where central neighborhoods had the first case and after stabilization there was the interiorization of the dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the experiences of women waste pickers in the face of the implications caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in an association in the Distrito Federal (DF). The main objective was to understand the precarious life situation of women waste pickers inserted in a systemic and institutional inequality of capitalism. For that, an ethnography was carried out that combined observation and listening techniques (informal conversations and semi-structured interviews). Through this, it was possible to monitor the daily life of these women, from the onset of one of the greatest health crises in humanity until the period of return to work activities. The results revealed that the waste pickers are inserted in the logic of precariousness of life, and the conditions were aggravated with the arrival of the new coronavirus when the vulnerability related to the informal work bond, the unhealthy conditions and health risks inherent to the occupation and the difficulties increased. access to health and social assistance services. The context shows a complex deal related to the fear of unemployment, the difficulties and barriers to entering the labor market and maintaining one's livelihood. Above all, it worsened more intensely in the face of the absence of policies and programs aimed at them, the State did little to reduce the impacts of the pandemic on their lives. Thus, the established health crisis reflected their fragility in the face of the recycling cycle. This fact demonstrates the urgent need for government actions to embrace this social group, both during the pandemic and post-pandemic of COVID-19, aiming to overcome social invisibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Occupational Therapy / Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional is the property of Cadernos de Terapia Ocupacional da UFSCar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Médica de Risaralda is the property of Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article considers the experiences of Romanian men and women who expressed same-sex desire immediately following the collapse of Nicolae Ceauescu's regime in 1989 until Romania's accession to the European Union in 2007. Drawing from the Adrian Newell Păun Queer Archives, this research puts at its forefront the voices of queer individuals to shine a light on the hardships of living as a sexual minority in the repressive environment of Romania in the 1990s. This research follows the broader framework of decolonizing Eastern European queer history by giving members of the LGBTQ+ community their rightful voices to tell the story of their plight and their perspectives in a country where they experienced widespread homophobia, transphobia, and discrimination. Through fi rsthand accounts, this article additionally exemplifi es how queer individuals were able to survive hardship, to find their voices within their own community, and to begin experiencing and expressing themselves as a sexual minority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep is a relevant factor for functioning and well-being of young people. The paper provides a differentiated description of sleep difficulties in this population group including social, health-related, and environmental factors. The analyses included n=6,728 11- to 17-year-olds of the KiGGS baseline study (2003–2006) and 6,072 young adults (age 18–31), who provided information relating sleep in the survey KiGGS Wave 2 (2014–2017). Information from 3,567 people was evaluated at two survey points. 22.0% of the 11- to 17-year-olds reported sleep difficulties. A significant impact for the sex (female), living with a single parent, and with siblings is reflected in the logistic regression. The risk for sleep difficulties increases significantly in the case of mental problems and pain. Among the 18- to 31-year-olds, 19.6% complained of difficulties falling asleep and sleeping through the night. In addition to sex, noise exposure, a low level of education, the professional situation, and living with children were reflected as important influencing factors in the logistic regressions. Over one third of those, who suffered from sleep problems as children and adolescents, also indicated sleep difficulties almost ten years later. The high prevalence of sleep problems and the associated health risks illustrate the high public health relevance of the topic. In addition to sex, health-related and environmental variables also turned out to be significant and need to be considered in the development of interventions.