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Tobacco control legislation has been pivotal in reducing exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) as well as in changing the social norm that smoking is an acceptable behaviour in public. (1) [...], OBJECTIVES: Second-hand smoke (SHS) can attain high concentrations in cars. To protect children's health, nine Canadian provinces have enacted legislation prohibiting smoking in privately owned vehicles when children are present; Quebec is the only province with no such legislation. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of smokers in Quebec who smoke while travelling in a private vehicle in which children are present, and to compare the characteristics of smokers who do and do not smoke in cars. METHODS: In 2011-12, 754 daily smokers who recently travelled in a car with children completed a telephone survey in which they reported how frequently they smoked in a car, if there were smoking restrictions, and perceptions about the effectiveness of legislation prohibiting smoking in cars when children are present. RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of daily smokers smoked at least occasionally in their car when children were present. This proportion was higher among smokers who knew that there was no legislation in Quebec prohibiting smoking in cars, compared to smokers who believed that such legislation was already in effect (32% vs. 12%). Smokers with a university degree and those who reported that smoking was prohibited at home were less likely to expose children to SHS in cars. Most daily smokers (75%) believed that legislation would be effective. DISCUSSION: The results of this study suggest that legislation prohibiting smoking in cars is necessary to protect children from SHS, that such legislation would be effective, and that it may be relatively easy to implement. KEY WORDS: Canada; child; smoke-free policy; tobacco smoke pollution Can J Public Health 2015;106(6):e369-e374 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.106.5070 OBJECTIF: La concentration de fumee de tabac peut atteindre des niveaux eleves dans une voiture. Afin de proteger la sante des enfants, neuf provinces canadiennes ont adopte une mesure legislative interdisant de fumer dans les vehicules prives lorsque des enfants y prennent place. Le Quebec est la seule province canadienne a ne pas avoir legifere en ce sens. L'objectif de cette etude etait d'estimer la proportion de fumeurs qui fument en voiture en presence d'enfants au Quebec, et de comparer les caracteristiques des fumeurs qui fument a ceux qui ne fument pas en voiture. METHODE: En 2011-2012, 754 fumeurs quotidiens ayant voyage recemment en voiture en presence d'enfants ont participe a une entrevue telephonique. Les participants ont ete interroges sur la frequence a laquelle ils fumaient dans la voiture, sur la presence de restrictions a l'usage de tabac dans la voiture, et sur leur perception de l'efficacite d'une loi qui interdirait de fumer dans une voiture en presence d'enfants. RESULTATS: Vingt-trois pour cent des fumeurs quotidiens fumaient regulierement ou a l'occasion en voiture en presence d'enfants. Cette proportion etait plus elevee parmi les fumeurs qui savaient qu'aucune loi quebecoise n'interdisait de fumer en voiture, comparativement aux fumeurs qui croyaient a tort qu'une telle loi etait en vigueur (32 % c. 12 %). Les fumeurs diplomes universitaires et ceux qui rapportaient qu'il etait interdit de fumer a l'interieur de leur domicile etaient moins susceptibles d'exposer des enfants a la fumee de tabac en voiture. La majorite des fumeurs quotidiens interroges (75 %) croyaient qu'une telle loi serait efficace pour reduire l'exposition des jeunes a la fumee de tabac. DISCUSSION: Les resultats de cette etude indiquent qu'une loi interdisant de fumer dans les voitures est necessaire pour proteger la sante des enfants, qu'une telle loi serait efficace et que son implantation au Quebec se ferait sans opposition. MOTS CLES: Canada; enfant; interdiction de fumer; fumee de tabac

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.031 Byline: Jude Robinson (a), Deborah Ritchie (b), Amanda Amos (c), Sarah Cunningham-Burley (d), Lorraine Greaves (e), Claudia Martin (f) Abstract: The introduction in March 2006 of legislation banning smoking in public places in Scotland raised concerns that smokers would smoke more at home and so increase the exposure of those living with them to tobacco smoke. Drawing on interviews from two qualitative studies conducted after the implementation of the legislation, this article uses a gendered analysis to explore where and why smokers, who lived with non-smokers including children, continued to smoke in their homes. Although very few people attributed any increased home smoking to being a direct consequence of the legislation, many who already smoked there continued, and most women reported little or no disruption to their home smoking post-legislation. Also, because of the changing social environment of smoking, and other life circumstances, a minority of women had increased their levels of home smoking. Compared to the men in these studies, women, particularly those who didn't work outside the home, had restricted social lives and thus were less likely to have smoked in public places before the legislation and spent more time socialising in the homes of other people. In addition, women with children, including women who worked outside their homes, were more likely to spend sustained periods of time caring for children compared to fathers, who were more likely to leave the home to work or socialise. Although home smoking was linked to gendered caring responsibilities, other issues associated with being a smoker also meant that many women smokers chose to keep smoking in their homes. Author Affiliation: (a) The Health and Community Care Research Unit (HaCCRU), University of Liverpool, Thompson Yates Building, The Quadrangle, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GB, United Kingdom (b) Nursing Studies, School of Health in Social Science, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, United Kingdom (c) UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom (d) Centre for Population Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom (e) British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women's Health, Canada (f) Scottish Centre for Social Research, 73 Lothian Road, Edinburgh EH3 9AW, United Kingdom Article Note: (footnote) [star] Both studies and the GBA were funded by NHS Health Scotland. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the funder. We would like to thank all those who participated in the studies; Richard Phillips for his work on the Homes study; the interviewers Irene Miller, Fiona Rait, and Fenella Hayes; and Sally Haw for her advice and support.

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.01840.x Byline: VALENTINA MELE (1), AMELIA COMPAGNI (1) Abstract: The approval (2003) and enforcement (2005) of a smoking ban in Italy have been viewed by many as an unexpectedly successful example of policy change. The present paper, by applying a processualist approach, concentrates on two policy cycles between 2000 and 2005. These had opposing outcomes: an incomplete decisional stage and an authoritative decision, enforced two years later. Through the analysis of the different phases of agenda setting, alternative specification and decision making, we have compared the quality of participation of policy entrepreneurs in the two cycles, their political strategies and, in these, the relevance of issue image. The case allows us to direct the attention of scholars and practitioners to an early phase of the policy implementation process - which we have named 'transition to practice'. This, managed with political strategy, might have strongly contributed to the final successful policy outcome. Author Affiliation: (1)Valentina Mele and Amelia Compagni are Assistant Professors in the Department of Institutional Analysis and Public Management, Bocconi University, Milan. Article History: Date received 19 February 2008. Date accepted 6 August 2008.

Because of the high social cost of cigarette smoking, many countries impose advertising restrictions to reduce cigarette consumption. Yet previous studies conclude that advertising constraints have been ineffective at reducing cigarette smoking. This conclusion is incorrect because it ignores the fact that advertising restrictions have supply as well as demand effects. The authors extend existing research by showing that advertising regulations, especially those found in the recent National Tobacco Settlement, have decreased the equilibrium level of cigarette consumption in the United States, a result that holds for both myopic and rational addiction models. (JEL L50, L66, M37), I. INTRODUCTION As the leading cause of preventable mortality in the United States, cigarette smoking imposes a tremendous cost on society. Sloan et al. (2004) estimate that each year smoking [...]

The effects factors like peer pressure, tobacco control policies and the cigarette prices on the smoking behavior of high school students are examined.

While much is known about the impact of law and public policy, we know considerably less about their antecedents. Theories of policy adoption suggest that a variety of policy inputs help to shape legislative change. This research considers the enactment of municipal smoking bylaws in Canada between 1970 and 1995. The emergence of secondhand smoke (SHS) has been offered as a viable explanation for the increased enactment of local smoking restrictions. A number of indicators confirm the rising public health concern around SHS. Using Health Canada data on municipal smoking bylaw enactment in Canada, this paper employs an event history analysis to trace the role of four indicators of the increased recognition of SHS as a public health concern--scientific research, parliamentary debate, print media, and health advocacy. Findings indicate that the print media and health advocacy play the strongest role in explaining the increase in the adoption of municipal smoking bylaws in Canada. Results lend support to the quantitative study of the policy adoption process and to theories of policy making that consider multiple influences on policy adoption. Keywords: Second-hand smoke; Public policy adoption; Canada; Municipal smoking bylaws; Donald Black; Event history analysis

The tobacco industry has claimed that smoke-free bar laws caused bar revenues to decline by 30%. After we controlled for economic variables, we found that bars located in areas with smoke-free laws sold for prices that were comparable to prices for similar bars in areas with no smoking restrictions. Other studies have reported that sales did not decline, and we also found that neither price nor sales declined. Therefore, bar owners' concerns that smoke-free laws will reduce the value of their bars are unfounded. (AM J Public Health. 2007;97:1400-1402.doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.095315)

Impact of total ban on smoking at home is analyzed, given their parents and friends are smokers.

The scope of smoking bans imposed in restaurants and public places is analyzed. Children need to receive greater protection from environment tobacco smoke not only in public places but in their homes too.

The study created the Tobacco Policy Model, a system dynamics computer simulation model to assess the expected population health impacts of a legislative or regulatory mandate. The results reveal that even if requiring cigarettes to be safer makes smoking more attractive and increases tobacco use, a net gain in population health is still possible.

An analysis that compares four smoking cessation outcome measures on data gathered from three population-based studies is reported. The data demonstrates an extremely high relationship between all four measures.