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PURPOSE: The aim of the publication is to verify the use of information obtained from accounting in business and financial management by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Poland. As part of this objective, the main hypothesis was formulated that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) largely rely on accounting information to manage their assets and finances. Additionally, auxiliary hypotheses were put forward., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The literature review was carried out. The research tool was a questionnaire addressed to a representative group of 150 randomly selected Polish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The questionnaire survey was conducted in January and February 2021. The questionnaire contained 21 single-choice and multiplechoice record and substantive questions using the Likert scale., FINDINGS: The results of research show that 90% of the surveyed entities use data for financial management. 75% of companies use them to improve the debt collection process. Over 60% use this information when choosing the optimal sources of financing, incl. subsidies from the European Union. Approximately 70% of entities use accounting information to calculate the ROE, and more than 80% use it when analyzing and undertaking investment activities., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Owners of businesses are aware that thanks to accounting information they are able to make better decisions and manage their resources in a more optimal way, use them more effectively for their own purposes and improve the processes taking place in a given unit., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The processes and situations in which accounting data in the field of financial management are most often used are described. This publication provides an answer to what extent the theories from scientific literature find practical application in real reality in the field of property and financial management. The conducted research can be the basis for further analyzes of the importance of these data for companies in specific situations., peer-reviewed

Purpose: The goal of the study is to analyze model of government financing for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Switzerland in order to apply its advanced experience to improve the system of federal financial support for SMEs in Russia. Design/Methodology/Approach: Brewer and Hunter’s approach was used to carry out an analysis of state financial support. Findings: The findings suggest that the modern system of government financial support for SMEs in Switzerland is flexible and capable of effectively resisting financial crises and changes in global market conditions. Switzerland has one of the most powerful and secure banking systems in the world and modern scientific and educational capabilities based on its world famous universities. These conditions are self-sufficient in the innovative development of the economy, focusing on their own financial resources and the national scientific and educational environment. Practical Implications: The experience of Switzerland can be applied in Russia to develop effective mechanisms for integrating academic and university sciences with public and private commercial industrial partners in order to accelerate the commercialization of scientific research. Such government policy instruments will make it possible to increase the level of state interaction in the sphere of education and science with the business sector, resolve the shortage of qualified specialists and accelerate the process of commercialization of research and development (R&D). Originality/Value: The advanced approaches of the Swiss model of public financing for the SME sector can be applied in developing countries, especially in those with limited mineral and labor resources, and in implementing strategies to boost the ratio of SMEs in the economy and their contribution to it., peer-reviewed

Purpose: This study focused on the usefulness of management accounting information to small-medium-sized service enterprises other than manufacturing business. The size and industry classification are important proxies among firms to have market concentration. Design/Methodology/Approach: Median, Spearman Rho, Mann-Whitney U Test, KruskalWallis, and post Hoc test were used to analyzed the relationship of variables and test of difference between and among the service activities based on the data surveyed from 180 respondents. Findings: The evidence suggests that statement of cash flow analysis, capital budgeting decisions, financial budgets, and managing customers’ relationship are the very useful management accounting tools enough to response for their urgent needs to operate and grow. There is always non-uniformity of accounting techniques because of the industry classification, enterprise size, the nature of their operation, different managers interpretations placed on particular tool and the knowledge and skills in adopting accounting methods make comparison difficult. Therefore, the choices are associated on the particular problem at hand and the potential problems in the future. Practical Implications: To provide for more valuable representation about the usefulness of management accounting information this time across SMEs service activities. This is because previous research findings has focused more on large and private industries and the current research investigated mostly on small-medium-sized manufacturing activities. Originality/Value: Surveyed accommodation and food service activities, financial and insurance activities, and professional, scientific and technical activities in the research design to give importance and be certain to evaluate the level of its usefulness, test the relationship of net income and capital on the level of usefulness of MATs used, test the difference of the level of usefulness between and across SMEs and identify the problems encountered in the application of management accounting tools used as techniques across service business type of activities., peer-reviewed

Purpose: This paper proposes a management accounting framework for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) operating in developing countries. The development of the framework was motivated by the existing low uptake of management accounting and inconsistent use of Management Accounting Practices (MAPs) by SMEs, especially in emerging economies. The model framework advanced in this paper is meant to regularise and systematise the use of MAPs by SMEs., Methodology: The study adopted a qualitative research approach using semi-structured interviews. A total of thirteen focus group meetings, nineteen face-to-face in-depth interviews and twenty-one key informant interviews were conducted in five provinces in Zimbabwe. Data was analysed following a reflexive thematic analysis through content analysis using Atlas. ti., Findings: The paper proposed a six staged systematic implementation method that makes the application of MAPs less cumbersome and easy to implement. The framework can be applied to other similar contexts in the Global South. It is highly recommended that SMEs should apply management accounting as it use promotes competitive advantage and success for an entity., Originality/Value: The framework is envisaged to increase the usage of management accounting among SMEs as well as reducing inconsistencies in the application of MAPs among SMEs., peer-reviewed

Text in Turkish ; Abstract: Turkish and English Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-167) x, 168 leaves Yasal olarak Türkiye’de uygulanmakta olan VUK/MSUGT yaklaşımı ulusal ölçekli bir muhasebe anlayışıdır ve vergi tahakkuku üzerine kurgulanmıştır. Ancak bu anlayış finansal tablo kullanıcıları için gerçeğe ve ihtiyaca uygun bilgi sunmamaktadır. Bağımsız denetime tabi olan işletmeler, geniş kullanıcı kitlesine yönelik raporlama yaparken ihtiyaç duydukları düzenlemeleri UFRS, TFRS, BOBİ FRS uygulamalarıyla karşılamaktadır. Ancak yeni kurulmuş, günümüzde sayıları giderek artmakta olan start-up veya küçük işletmelerin bu ortak dile uyum sağlaması açısından genel bir çerçeve bulunmamaktadır. Kamu Gözetimi Kurumu bu genel çerçeveyi oluşturmak için Avrupa Birliği’nin yayınladığı yönergeleri incelemiş ve bu incelemelerin sonucunda, 2019 yılında KÜMİ FRS taslak raporunu kamuoyunun görüşlerine sunmuştur. KÜMİ FRS, küçük ve mikro işletmelerin dünya ile entegre olması, ülkemize yabancı yatırımcıların yönlenmesi, start-up işletmelerin yatırımcı bulması açısından oldukça önemlidir ve 2022 yılından itibaren uygulanmaya başlanacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, KÜMİ FRS uygulamaları ile MSUGT/VUK uygulamaları arasındaki farkları uygulama ağırlıklı biçimde ele alarak; KÜMİ FRS’ye göre raporlama yapacak olan işletmelerin yararlanabileceği bir kaynak olmasıdır. Bu doğrultuda, KÜMİ FRS’nin teorik altyapısı detaylı olarak anlatılmış, KÜMİ FRS ve MSUGT/VUK yaklaşımının uygulamadaki farklılıkları gösterilmeye çalışılmış ve son olarak bu uygulama farklılıklarının rasyo analizi ile karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. In Turkey, the existing legally mandatory GCASI / TPL approach is based on the basis of taxation. The essence of this approach is based on preventing tax evasion and subjecting all taxed businesses to common rules. However, this approach is not enough for businesses that want to report to a wide audience of users. Businesses that are subject to independent audit have been meeting these common language requirements since the past with IFRS applications. However, there was no general framework for newly established start-ups or small businesses, whose numbers are growing today, to adapt to this common language. The Public Oversight Authority (public oversight accounting and auditing standards authority) examined the European Union's guidelines to create this general framework, and as a result of these reviews, in 2019, the FRS for SMIs submitted its draft report to the public. FRS for SMIs is very important in terms of integrating small businesses with the world, directing foreign investors to our country and starting-up businesses to find investors and will start to be implemented starting from 2022. This study aims to be a resource that businesses that will report according to FRS for SMIs can benefit from, mainly addressing the difference between FRS for SMIs applications and MSUGT/ TPL applications. For this purpose, the theoretical infrastructure of FRS for SMIs was explained in detail, its differences with MSUGT \ TPL were explained; the differences between FRS for SMIs and GCASI/ TPL the approach were tried to be shown in practice; finally, these differences in the practice were compared with ratio analysis. GİRİŞ ULUSLARARASI FİNANSAL RAPORLAMA STANDARTLARI ve TÜRKİYE Bağımsız Denetim Kavramı Ve Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartlarının Ortaya Çıkışı Türkiye’de Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartlarının Yaygınlaşması Türkiye’de Yayınlanan Muhasebe Standartları KÜMİ FRS’ye Tabi Olan İşletmeler KÜMİ FRS’nin TEORİK ALT YAPISI ve MSUGT/VUK ile KARŞILAŞTIRMASI Kavramlar ve Genel İlkeler Finansal Tabloların Sunumu KÜMİ FRS’ye Göre Genel Finansal Raporlama İlkeleri İşletmenin Sürekliliği Tahakkuk Esası İhtiyatlılık Önemlilik Netleştirme(Mahsup) Yasağı Raporlamanın Sıklığı Karşılaştırmalı Bilgi Sunumda Tutarlılık MSUGT’ye Göre Genel Finansal Raporlama İlkeleri Sosyal sorumluluk ilkesi Kişilik ilkesi İşletmenin sürekliliği ilkesi Dönemsellik ilkesi Parayla ölçülme ilkesi Maliyet esası ilkesi Tarafsızlık ve belgelendirme ilkesi Tutarlılık ilkesi Tam Açıklama ilkesi İhtiyatlılık ilkesi Önemlilik ilkesi Özün önceliği ilkesi KÜMİ FRS ve MSUGT’nin Kapsadığı Finansal Tablolar KÜMİ FRS’nin Finansal Tablolar Açısından Bilgi Anlayışı İhtiyaca Uygunluk Gerçeğe Uygun Sunum Anlaşılabilirlik Karşılaştırılabilirlik Zamanında sunum Finansal Durum Tablosu Varlıklar Yükümlülükler Özkaynaklar Kar Veya Zarar Tablosu Gelirler Giderler Muhasebe Politikaları, Tahminler Ve Hatalar Muhasebe Politikaları Muhasebe Tahminleri Geçmiş Dönem Hataları Ek Finansal Durum Tablosu Sunulması Raporlama Döneminden Sonraki Olaylar Raporlama Döneminden Sonra Düzeltme Gerektiren Olaylar Raporlama Döneminden Sonra Düzeltme Gerektirmeyen Olaylar Hasılat Takas İşlemlerinde Hasılatın Ölçümü Mal Satışına İlişkin Hasılatın Ölçümü Hizmetin Sunumu İnşa Sözleşmeleri Tamamlanma Yüzdesi Yöntemi Faiz, İsim Hakkı ve Kar Payları Peşin Satışa İlişkin Hasılatın Muhasebeleştirilmesi Vadeli Satışa İlişkin Hasılatın Muhasebeleştirilmesi Hizmet Sunumlarına ve İnşa Sözleşmelerine İlişkin Hasılatın Muhasebeleştirilmesi Faiz, İsim Hakkı ve Temettü Gelirlerine İlişkin Hasılatın Muhasebeleştirilmesi Stoklar Stok Dönüştürme Maliyetleri Tam Maliyet ve Normal Maliyet Yöntemlerinin Farkları Stok Maliyetine Dahil Edilmeyen Giderler Hizmet Sağlayan İşletmelerin Stok Maliyetleri Stoklarda Maliyet Hesaplama Yöntemleri Stoklarda Değer Düşüklüğü Tarımsal Faaliyetler Finansal Araçlar Ve Özkaynaklar Finansal Tablolara Alma Kriterleri Alacak ve Borçlar Borçlanma Araçları Özkaynak Araçlarındaki Yatırımlar Diğer Finansal Araçlar Değer Düşüklüğü Finansal Varlıklarda Değer Düşüklüğü Zararının Finansal Tablolara Alınması Finansal Varlıkların Finansal Tablo Dışı Bırakılması Finansal Yükümlülüklerin Finansal Tablo Dışı Bırakılması Maddi Duran Varlıklar Finansal Tablolara İlk Alım Maddi Duran Varlıkların Borçlanma Maliyetleri Maddi Duran Varlıkların Sonraki Dönemde Ölçümü Maddi Duran Varlıkların Amortismanı Maddi Duran Varlıklarda Değer Düşüklüğü Maddi Duran Varlıkları Finansal Tablo Dışı Bırakmak Maddi Olmayan Duran Varlıkların Sonraki Dönemde Ölçümü Faydalı Ömrü Belirsiz Olan Maddi Olmayan Duran Varlıklar Maddi Olmayan Duran Varlıkları Finansal Tablo Dışı Bırakma Kiralamalar KÜMİ FRS’ye Göre Kiralama İşlemleri Faaliyet Kiralaması Finansal Kiralama Kiralama İşlemlerinin Finansal Tablolara Alınması Vergi Usul Kanununa Göre Kiralama İşlemleri Kiralama İşlemlerinde Kiralayana İlişkin Hükümler Kiralama İşlemlerinde Kiracıya İlişkin Hükümler Devlet Teşvikleri Borçlanma Maliyetleri Varlıklarda Değer Düşüklüğü Değer Düşüklüğünün Finansal Tablolara Alınması Değer Düşüklüğü Zararının İptali Karşılıklar, Şarta Bağlı Yükümlülükler Ve Şarta Bağlı Varlıklar KÜMİ FRS’ye Göre Karşılıklar, Şarta Bağlı Yükümlülükler Ve Varlıklar Karşılıklar Şarta Bağlı Yükümlülükler Şarta Bağlı Varlıklar VUK’a Göre Karşılıklar, Şarta Bağlı Yükümlülükler Ve Varlıklar Yabancı Para Çevrim İşlemleri KÜMİ FRS’ye Göre Yabancı Para Çevrim İşlemleri Yabancı Para İşlemleri Finansal Tablolara Alma ve Ölçümü Yabancı Para İşlemlerinin Sonraki Dönemde Ölçümü Finansal Tabloların Ağırlıkla Kullanılan Para Biriminden Farklı Bir Para Birimiyle Sunulması Vergi Usul Kanununun Yabancı Para Çevrim İşlemlerine Yaklaşımı İşletme Birleşmeleri KÜMİ FRS’ye Göre İşletme Birleşmeleri İşletme Birleşmelerinin Finansal Tablolara Alınması Edinen İşletmenin Belirlenmesi Birleşme Tarihinin Belirlenmesi İş Birleşmesinin Maliyetinin Belirlenmesi Edinilen Varlıkların, Üstlenilen Yükümlülüklerin ve Kontrol Gücü Olmayan Payların Ölçümü ve Kayda Alınması Şerefiye Ölçülmesi ve Kayda Alınması Ölçüm Dönemi Vergi Usul Kanununa Göre İş Birleşmeleri Gelir Üzerinden Alınan Vergiler KÜMİ FRS’ye Göre Gelir Üzerinden Alınan Vergiler Dönem Vergisinin Finansal Tablolara Alınması Vergi Usul Kanunu Açısından Gelir Üzerinden Alınan Vergiler Dipnotlar Tüm İşletmelerin Yapması Gereken Açıklamalar Temel Açıklamalar Muhasebe Politikaları ve Tahminler Raporlama Tarihinden Sonra Ortaya Çıkan Olaylar Stoklar Finansal Araçlar Maddi Duran Varlıklar Karşılıklar, Şarta Bağlı Yükümlülükler ve Şarta Bağlı Varlıklar Devlet Teşvikleri İşletme Birleşmeleri Aynı Toplulukta Yer Alan İşletmelerle İlgili Açıklamalar Diğer Açıklamalar Yalnızca Küçük İşletmeler Tarafından Yapılacak İlave Açıklamalar Stoklar Finansal Araçlar Tarımsal Faaliyetler Maddi Duran Varlıklar ve Maddi Olmayan Duran Varlıklar Kiralamalar Küçük Ve Mikro İşletmeler İçin Finansal Raporlama Standardına Geçiş KÜMİ FRS’ye İlk Geçiş Geçiş Tarihinde Yapılacak İşlemler Muafiyetler Açıklamalar KÜMİ FRS – MSUGT/VUK Bölüm Karşılaştırmaları UYGULAMA Genel Bilgiler Uygulama Hakkında Genel Değerlendirme Uygulaması Yapılacak İşletmeyle İlgili Bilgiler VUK’a Göre Hazırlanmış Mali Tablolar A.B.C A.Ş’nin VUK/MSUGT’a Göre Hazırlanmış Bilançosu A.B.C A.Ş’nin VUK/MSUGT’a Göre Hazırlanmış Gelir Tablosu VUK’a Göre Hazırlanmış Mali Tabloların KÜMİ FRS’ye Çevrimi KÜMİ FRS’ye Çevrim İşlemleri A.B.C A.Ş’nin KÜMİ FRS’ye Göre Hazırlanmış Finansal Durum Tablosu A.B.C. A.Ş’nin KÜMİ FRS’ye Göre Hazırlanmış Kar veya Zarar Tablosu KÜMİ FRS ve VUK’a Göre Hazırlanmış Finansal Tabloların Rasyo Analizi SONUÇ

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyse costs and information management as determinants of the final price strategy, the cost components and to identify the impact of factors affecting the performance of SMEs. Design/Methodology/Approach: The methodology is based on the comparative analysis of data using both primary and secondary sources. The data collected are analyzed using the regression method. The results show that cost and information management contributes to determinate the company’s price of goods and services. Findings: The research for SMEs shows that company performance depends on managerial decision taking into account cost management and accounting information. Decision-making in this context is determined by making a choice between alternatives and it is based on objectives. Cost and information management has a key goal, to organize costs by creating products and services, so company managers can use cost information as a guide to setting sales prices and inventory estimates by determining profits. Practical Implications: This work will be useful to the people in the academic field, readers, and knowledge seekers and will be of great relevance in the area of managerial decisions and performance appraisal. Originality/Value: It contributes to the knowledge of financial managers and other accountants as it will assist them in effective planning and control., peer-reviewed

PURPOSE: The purpose of the article is to examine the frequency of using data from accounting and the perception of accounting functions by small and medium-sized enterprises in Poland., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The research tool used was a questionnaire conducted on a group of 150, randomly selected business entities from the group of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The questionnaire survey was conducted in January and February 2021. The questionnaire contained 21 metric and content questions of single-choice, multiple-choice, and Likert scale questions. The study used the Chi-square test of independence and nonparametric Gamma and Cramer correlation coefficients., FINDINGS: Based on the conducted research, it was revealed that all analysed small and medium-sized enterprises use accounting data to conduct their business activities. Large companies use this data with greater frequency. Regardless of their size, the surveyed SMEs identify other accounting functions besides the information function, such as analytical (90% small and 99% medium-sized enterprises), reporting (98% small and 98% mediumsized enterprises), controlling (90% small and 97% medium-sized enterprises), evidential (90% small and 96% medium-sized enterprises). In an open-ended question, 21 (including 17 medium-sized) of the 150 surveyed companies listed other accounting functions, including managerial, organizational, decision-making, strategic, in planning, hedging, statistical, economic, business support, in obtaining financing., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Thanks to the identification of many accounting functions, new technologies and data availability, entrepreneurs can successfully use this data in the daily functioning of business entities and make better decisions., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The accounting functions identified by companies from the SME sector go beyond those described in the literature, which may constitute another subject of research., peer-reviewed

Purpose: The research objective of the article is to propose a model that indicates external factors affecting the introduction of marketing and organizational innovations by Polish small and medium-sized enterprises. Design/methodology/approach: Empirical research was conducted in 2015 using the CAPI method on a representative sample of 250 small and medium-sized enterprises. We determined the external environment based on seven potential factors. We also included contextual factors. We based the analysis and the assessment on the results of the ordered logit regression model estimation. We prepared our interpretation based on the odds ratios. Findings: The results obtained indicate the significance of four variables, two from the external environment, namely support for small and medium-sized enterprises and the amount of tax reliefs and two contextual factors - the size of employment and conducting export activity. Their impact turned out to be only positive. Practical Implications: The results obtained in the scope of the identified external factors affecting the marketing and organizational innovativeness of small and medium-sized enterprises may be a recommendation for entities providing support to subjects operating in this sector. Originality/value: Determination of external environment factors and contextual factors influencing organizational and marketing innovation of Polish small and medium-sized enterprises. The results can be compared with those obtained for other countries., peer-reviewed