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This research note addresses the gap in the household’s intention to recycle clothes in the Malaysian context. It examines the intention of recycling clothes by integrating lack of facilities and social media usage into The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework. An online survey was developed and distributed throughout Malaysia via social media platforms, and data was collected from 148 respondents. They were then screened and analysed. Subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and social media usage positively impacted the intention, and the lack of facilities negatively impacted intention. This study offers insights into the literature and responds to the call to investigate household intention to recycle clothes.

This study re-investigates the presence of the Kuznets curve in the context of Malaysia, by employing an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. We seek to examine the non-linear impacts of economic growth on income inequality by investigating the existence of a second turning point to the relationship. Furthermore, we also assess the impacts of information and communication technology (ICT) (through internet, mobile, and broadband usage) on income inequality, besides the determinants of income inequality which have been extensively studied within the framework. This endeavour leveraged a time series analysis whereby the data was employed from the time period of 1970–2018. Our estimation results support the S-curve hypothesis that relates economic growth to inequality starting from the back portion of the inverted U-shaped curve. Our results confirm that ICT can actually be part of an active economic policy aiming to reduce existing income inequalities.

Sense of place is important in sustaining the socio-cultural heritage of a place. It can be nurtured through a systematic place-based approach. However, the lack of a critical perspective and often under-theorized place-based education has been criticized as this results in limitations to achieve its original intention. This research aims to comprehend the concepts of place-based learning by identifying the socio-cultural elements, particularly from a clan/geographical heritage perspective, and how it might cultivate a sense of place for locals. Interviews and observations were conducted in Melaka and George Town, the World Heritage Sites of Malaysia. A total of twenty documents, including primary and secondary data, were analysed. The findings reveal five themes to be developed as a place-based approach for nurturing the sense of place of locals. Theoretically, it extends the literature of place-based learning, and the ontological appreciations of place. Practically, related stakeholders might use this as a reference to preserve their clan/geographical association heritage.

Purpose This study examines how the importance of external investment environment factors affects stock market perception, and how stock market perception affects stock investments after stock market crash witnessed by individual investors in one of the emerging stock markets. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional survey was administrated among 223 individual investors who experienced stock market crash in 2010–2011 in Bangladesh, and the proposed model was tested by the partial least squares-structural equation modeling PLS-SEM model. Findings Findings show that the importance of Bangladesh's stock market performance, government policy, economic issues and neighboring country's stock market performance have effects on investors' stock market perception. This perception, in turn, decreases monthly stock trading and short-term investment horizon. The findings further show the mediating effect of stock market perception. Practical implications Investors need to carefully consider the external investment environment when they form their stock market perception, as this perception drives stock investments. Analogously, regulators should ensure releasing timely and updated statistics on external investment factors. Originality/value Addressing those investors who encountered stock market crash, a set of external investment environment issues, stock market perception and stock investments are new in the literature.

Global warming is the price for economic development. Rapid industrialization produces greenhouse gases that trap the heat and make the earth warmer. The rise in temperature and changes in precipitation resulted in extreme weather conditions. Global climate change affects both physical and biological environments and the impacts on biodiversity is directly and indirectly. The direct effects of climate change includes the increased in temperature and precipitation that affect individual organisms, populations, species distribution and ecosystem compositions and functions. The indirect effects of climate change are through increased salinity and extreme weather events such as floods, cyclones and droughts that will have a profound negative impacts on the forest and biodiversity. The present study investigates the impact of climate change on the number of threatened species as proxy for biodiversity loss using a cross-national data consisting of 98 countries. We have estimated the impact of temperature, precipitation and the number of natural disasters occurrences on the number of threatened species, in particular birds, fishes, mammals, plants and reptiles. As control variables, we have considered government effectiveness (proxy for good governance) and the level of economic development (proxy for wealth). By employing Ordinary Least Square (OLS) with robust standard error and quantile regressions analyses, our results suggest that all three climate change indicators – temperature, precipitation and the number of natural disasters occurrences increase the number of threatened species (biodiversity loss). Higher economic development also affect the number of threatened species positively. On the other hand, good governance such as government effectiveness reduces the number of threatened species. Thus, practicing good governance, promoting conservation of the environment and the control of greenhouse gasses would able to mitigate biodiversity loss.

Purpose The purpose this paper is to investigate whether family affects financial outcomes and psychological biases in an under-researched context, Bangladeshi small investors. Design/methodology/approach To achieve the stated research objective, the survey data were collected from 223 small investors from brokerage houses in Dhaka and estimated using regression analysis. Findings The results indicate that learning from parents, discussion with parents about financial issues and father’s education have the strongest impact on financial outcomes (i.e. financial wealth holding, portfolio value, investment strategy, technical indicator, past perceived and expected portfolio performance) and psychological biases (i.e. herding, risk tolerance and better-than-average). Furthermore, spouse’s education, parental income, marital status and family size explain financial outcomes and psychological biases, but to a lesser extent. Practical implications The implications have been discussed for small investors and the family’s role in resulting positive financial outcomes and avoid biases. Originality/value This is the first study to take into account a set of family background variables influencing various financial outcomes and psychological biases in the context of Bangladesh.

The purpose of this study is to understand the elements of creativity, as well as to what extent and how creativity serves as a tool in preserving the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) at World Heritage Sites (WHSs). A WHS will lose its uniqueness if the ICH disappears. Hence, it is important to determine how creativity may sustain the ICH. In-depth interviews, and participant and nonparticipant observations were conducted, and a 5As—actor, audience, affordance, artifact, and apprentice—cultural creativity interaction model was constructed. These elements of cultural creativity may serve as a guideline for different stakeholders in sustaining the status of a WHS.

The present article investigates the relationship between stated preferences for firm’s characteristics and asset allocation decisions. Data from the survey of retail investors in Malaysia are used for estimations by employing binary logit and ordered logistic models. The analyses show that preferences for a firm’s value characteristics, quality of management and product characteristics, risky characteristics, liquidity and trading volume characteristics affect holding of a particular financial asset, number of asset holding, quite diversified portfolio holding and hypothetical asset allocation. However, a firm’s characteristics have no influence on fully diversified portfolio. In Malaysia, the regulators may consider the investor’s preferences for specific firm’s characteristics in designing policies to reduce the apparent structural imbalance in the capital market.

Investors’ perception of past portfolio returns predicts their investment behavior, but does this relationship mediate by overconfidence? Taking into account different aspects of overconfidence, th...

The present study investigates the impact of climate change on biodiversity loss using global data consisting of 115 countries. In this study, we measure biodiversity loss using data on the total number of threatened species of amphibians, birds, fishes, mammals, mollusks, plants, and reptiles. The data were compiled from the Red List published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). For climate change variables, we have included temperature, precipitation, and the number of natural disaster occurrences. As for the control variable, we have considered governance indicator and the level of economic development. By employing ordinary least square with robust standard error and robust regression (M-estimation), our results suggest that all three climate change variables – temperature, precipitation, and the number of natural disasters occurrences – increase biodiversity loss. Higher economic development also impacted biodiversity loss positively. On the other hand, good governance such as the control of corruption, regulatory quality, and rule of law reduces biodiversity loss. Thus, practicing good governance, promoting conservation of the environment, and the control of greenhouse gasses would able to mitigate biodiversity loss.

This article presents the advanced financial literacy of Malaysian Gen Y investors and investigates whether literacy varies across demographics and ethnicity, and how financial literacy is related to investing decisions. In a survey-based study (N = 231) with the estimation of crosstab, ordered logistic regression and binary logistic regression, the results suggest that Gen Y investors display a medium level of financial literacy and that investors with certain demographic characteristics and ethnicity display a relatively higher level of financial literacy. Literacy items such as knowledge of stocks and bonds, functioning of the stock market, working of long-term bonds and mutual funds, and riskiness of bonds versus stocks are more closely related to investors’ trading, risky share investment, willingness of risk-taking, stock market participation and perceived portfolio returns. The results imply a clear scope to improve Gen Y investors’ financial literacy by concentrating on a certain socio-demographic groups and specific financial literacy items. JEL Classifications: D14, G11, I20

Purpose This paper aims to examine how board composition, political connections and sustainability practices affect risk-taking and performance of firms. Design/methodology/approach This paper used secondary data and regression technique to analyse the relationship. A sample consisting of 290 firm-year observations was applied in the analysis. Findings The findings show that a larger board size contributes to greater financial risk; however, this risk can be reduced with more independent directors in the boardroom. An optimal board size with appropriate number of independent directors is desired, as a large board size can be harmful to firm performance. Politically connected firms also generate lower risk-taking and performance, and the double-edged sword effect of political connections needs to be considered. In terms of sustainability practices, firms have to engage in sustainable development to maximise the firms’ value, not ignoring the vital role of women in strategising business performance. However, the effect of sustainability practices on firms’ risk-taking is still not noticeable. Research limitations/implications Even though the sample size is not large because of the limited availability of data, the findings, to a certain extent, could be generalised to emerging markets, as most emerging markets do have similar financial and economic developments. Practical implications The findings from this paper can be used to support the implementation of sustainability practices, especially in those countries where sustainability initiatives are yet to be widely accepted. Originality/value This is one of the first few studies that examined the effect of non-financial information on risk-taking and performance of firms. This study concludes the positive effect of sustainability practices on firm performance.

This study aims to explore the potential mediating effect of risk perception between environmental consciousness, social trust and environmental knowledge to climate change mitigation behaviors and community green activity participation. The data were gathered from various categories of age strata in Klang Valley, Malaysia, from which 210 respondents participated in this study. Factor analysis, partial least squares and structural equation modeling tools were used to achieve these aims. The findings indicate that environmental consciousness and social trust are key predictors of risk perception. However, environment knowledge is not significantly related to risk perception. The proposed mediating influence of risk perceptions on mitigation behaviors and green activity participation are not supported.

The study proposes and tests the underlying psychological mechanisms on how investors’ past perceived portfolio returns affect their trading and risk taking, and if these psychological mechanisms are significant mediators. Using a covariance based structural equation modeling and multiple mediation tests with a dataset of Malaysian retail investors, the results show that: (a) In line with the naive reinforcement learning, hot-hand fallacy and representativeness heuristics, investors’ excessive extrapolation of past perceived portfolio returns causes them to display optimism, overconfidence and risky attitude; (b) these psychological biases, in turn, lead to portfolio turnover, trading intention, risky share holding and willingness of risk taking; and (c) overconfidence, optimism and risk attitude emerged as multiple mediators. The results lead to the conclusion that the presence of underlying biases deteriorates financial behaviors.

This study investigates the impact of the aggregate and individual dimensions of environmental performance (EP) on financial performance (FP), based on a dataset covering the travel and tourism industry (airlines, casinos, hotels, and restaurants) across different economic regions over the period 2003-2014. The results reveal that EP positively affects the FP in the hotel industry when aggregate EP is used. When individual dimensions of EP are considered, resource reduction is found to positively (negatively) affect the performance in the hotel (airline) industry, while product innovation positively affects the performance in the restaurant industry. Hence, the trade-off effect seems to be dominant in the airline industry, and the 'heterogeneous resources and reputation-building' hypothesis is evident in both the hotel and restaurant industries. In addition, in general, the findings support the positive moderating effect of slack resources on the relationship between the individual dimensions of EP and FP in the travel and tourism industry, and, hence, are supportive of the slack resources hypothesis. These effects, however, vary depending on the travel and tourism industry under investigation.

Purpose Given the special feature of institutional investors in Malaysia, the purpose of this paper is to explore how these investors acquire and employ different information sources in their investing decisions. Design/methodology/approach The study uses self-reported information sources collected via a survey of 66 institutional investors following convenience sampling, and estimates the relationship via Smart-PLS (Partial Least Squares) path modeling. Findings The results suggest that although investors place greater importance on fundamental and technical indicators, they do not implement these information sources in their decisions. Rather, gathering information from economic statistics and ratios, discussion with colleagues, historical returns of the Malaysian stock market, decisions of other market players, specialized press and stock exchange bulletins, and statements of opinion leaders are more closely related to trading, risk taking, and financial asset holding. This finding supports the limited information processing of bounded rationality, irrespective of the type of information source. Practical implications Institutional investors should critically assess the information sources upon which they rely to collect information as irrational information processing may adversely affect the stock market efficiency. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to explore the unique features of institutional investors in Malaysia in conjunction with their sources of information, and to identify which sources matter when making investing decisions.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships among perception of past portfolio returns, optimism and financial decisions. Design/methodology/approach The relationships are examined using a data set of both retail and institutional investors in Malaysia and estimated using ordinary least square regression. Findings The results demonstrate that perception of past portfolio returns influences both retail and institutional investors’ trading and risk taking. Optimism measured as relative investment optimism and personal investment optimism similarly influences both groups of investors’ financial decisions. However, perception of past portfolio returns causes only retail investors to exhibit optimism. The results furthermore show that only for retail investors perception of past portfolio returns indirectly influences financial decisions, through the mediating channel of optimism. Practical implications The findings on the influences of perception of past portfolio returns and the mediating channel in decision process help to understand the differences between retail and institutional investors. Retail investors are found to be more susceptible to optimism. Therefore, regulators in Malaysia may enhance their initiatives by incorporating the peril of forming optimistic expectations in financial decisions, by giving special focus on retail investors. Originality/value This paper focuses on investors’ perception of past portfolio returns and its influence on various financial decisions, unlike past portfolio returns or market returns. Also, this paper is among the first to demonstrate the mediating channel of optimism in investors’ decision process.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the competing explanations of stated preferences for firm characteristics, optimism and overconfidence for trading activities in a single framework. Design/methodology/approach A survey methodology is followed to collect the data among retail investors in Malaysia using simple random sampling. Findings The findings show simultaneous identification of stated preferences for firm characteristics, optimism and overconfidence as determinants of trading activities. Preferences for firm’s profitability characteristics, management and product-related attributes and risky characteristics are likely to decrease investors’ trading activities. On the other hand, preferences for firm’s liquidity and trading volume characteristics with relative financial-domain optimism, personal investment optimism and better-than-average aspect of overconfidence are likely to increase investors’ trading activities. Practical implications This finding implies that investors should be careful not only in assessing firm’s characteristics but also need to understand the effects of optimism and overconfidence in trading decisions. Originality/value The study considers various aspects of optimism and overconfidence, and the stated preferences for firm characteristics, unlike one aspect of these behavioral biases and indirect observation of preferences for firm characteristics. Furthermore, the study considers trading frequency, annual portfolio turnover and trading intention, whereas earlier studies considered only one or two of these trading decisions.

One of the main applications of conditional volatility modeling and forecasting of financial assets is the value-at-risk (VaR) estimation that is used by financial institutions for reporting the daily capital in risk. It remains a question on whether realized volatility (RV) models that incorporate the use of intraday data produce better VaR forecasts compared to methodologies that are based solely on daily returns. This study provides extensive comparison of out-of-sample volatility and VaR forecast performance on three equity market indices: S&P500, FTSE100, and DAX30 using 13 risk models that consist of 5 GARCH specifications, 4 ARFIMAX specifications and 4 HARX specifications. The out-of-sample volatility forecasts are evaluated by various loss functions and simple scoring procedures in order to identity the model that produces the overall best volatility forecasts. For VaR forecasts, the models are evaluated using a two-stage backtesting procedure where the models undergo unconditional and conditional coverage tests to eliminate underperforming models and the qualified models are then evaluated using the quadratic probability score (QPS) function that is computed based on various VaR loss functions. The results showed that RV models outperform GARCH models for volatility forecasts, but a simple EGARCH model outperforms the rest models for most of the VaR forecasts. The results also indicated that capturing the asymmetric behavior of volatility dynamics is essential for accurate volatility and VaR forecasts. The findings of this study provide useful information for market risk regulation, financial risk management and further investigations such as extension to derivative markets and options pricing.

With the aim being to have an integrated and efficient management system, Malaysia is currently facing a remarkable waste issue with a massive increase in waste generated per day. This study collected 400 survey responses to assess the satisfaction and awareness of households about various issues of solid waste management. This study revealed that the majority of the respondents were satisfied with their waste management services. However, there was concern about providing a more diverse waste management facility. This study found a strong positive relationship between age and waste reduction behaviours. The majority of the respondents agreed that their lifestyle affected waste minimisation. Almost half of the respondents indicated that they lacked knowledge to practise waste sorting. Age and education were positively correlated to reuse and recycling behaviours. Overall, a holistic waste management education is vital for Malaysia to build an efficient waste management system.

Mobile financial services have been adopted rapidly during the digitisation era. This study therefore aims to investigate the antecedents of mobile stock trading adoption among young investors. Using the structural equation modelling technique, this study develops an integrated theoretical framework from both the Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour using survey data from 373 young retail investors. The suggested model incorporates the six constructs of perceived risk, perceived benefits, perceived usefulness, attitude, perceived behavioural control and social influence and assesses how they affect the intention to adopt mobile stock trading. The results show a strong positive connection among attitude, perceived behavioural control, perceived benefits and intention towards mobile stock trading. We find that trust adds great explanatory power to perceived behavioural control, attitude and social influence in explaining investors’ adoption intention. Surprisingly, perceived risk is not significantly correlated with adoption intention. This study has employed a comprehensive framework to understand the acceptance level of mobile stock trading.

As a key engine for continued global growth and job creation, tourism-related firms have long been identified as standing in contrast to the global policy momentum that aims to mitigate carbon emissions and enhance resource efficiency and social inclusiveness (United Nations Environment Programme, 2011). To become responsible entities, nowadays, tourism-related firms actively engage in corporate environmental responsibility (CER) activities to deal with their negative effects on the society in which they operate. Although the pressure exerted by external factors undoubtedly affects a firm’s CER practices, Sharma and Henriques (2005) point out that the corporate governance (CG) that drives firms should be analysed as it will reveal how firms understand CER and how they put it into practice. In this regard, understanding whether CG mechanisms improve CER is an issue of utmost importance as it might help in promoting and implementing environmental responsibility in organisations, which in turn will contribute to the sustainable development of firms. This study therefore aims to investigate the relation between CG and CER by empirically testing the impact of various CG mechanisms on firms’ CER in the tourism-related firms.

Purpose – This paper aims to study gender differences in preferences for firm characteristics across various groups of investors in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach – Self-declared preferences are elicited through a survey of 520 investors comprising retail, financial professionals and institutional investors in the Malaysian stock market. Non-parametric (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis) tests are computed to achieve the stated objective. Findings – Results reveal that female investors display higher preferences for the liquidity of a firm, dividend payments, trading volume of a firm, stock price and firm’s age than male investors across investor’s groups. Research limitations/implications – Findings imply that the gender gap in investing behaviour can be partly attributed to gender differences in preferences for firm characteristics. Practical/implications – The findings suggest that the gender gap can be mitigated by giving more priority to the choices of female investors with respect to firm characteristics. In turn, this may reduce a part of the gender gap in investing. Moreover, the findings would assist companies to understand and know how their shareholder’s preferences vary with respect to gender and investor’s groups. Originality/value – This paper provides evidence concerning the gender gap in investor’s self-declared preferences for firm characteristics across retail, financial professionals and institutional investors in Malaysia, which complements previous studies that used equity holdings data and only two groups of investors.

This study explores the interactions of tourists with their surrounding socio-material factors at creative tourism sites in Taiwan. Creativity is generated through the interactions of tourists with the tutor, activity, or the environment; and there is a close relationship between individuals and these socio-material factors. However, how these factors interact has been understudied. Q-methodology was employed to uncover the various perspectives of tourists to determine the important factors that are concerned about when participating in creative activities. Three groups of tourists were identified: relaxers, sensation-seekers, and existential-type. Relaxers emphasize environmental issues and characteristics of the activity, sensation-seekers emphasize tutor-related issues, and existential-type tourists emphasize the characteristics of the activity itself.

This study carries out investigation of technical analysis and Sentiment-Threshold Autoregressive (Sentiment-TAR) trading rules in the Malaysian stock market, using daily data from Jan 1, 2001 through December 31, 2016. The findings reveal that while the Sentiment-TAR trading rules (more specifically SentimentWORLD-TAR) have better predictive power than technical trading rule, the magnitude of predictability is shown to vary with sectors. Robustness of results is further verified by in- and out-of-sample test and bootstrap analysis. As expected, the inclusion of transaction costs eliminates the trading profits for the majority of the trading rules. Nevertheless, results reveal that investors can gain substantially by combining Sentiment-TAR and TRB rules and by investing in certain sectors.

This paper applies autoregressive heteroscedasticity (ARCH) family models for the purpose of comparing stylized facts such as volatility clustering, leverage effect, long memory volatility and risk-return tradeoff for energy and stock markets. Empirical results have found that the presences of volatility clustering in both markets and the impact of volatility shocks to the conditional volatility display hyperbolic rather than exponential rate of decay. Meanwhile, only stock markets denote the leverage effect, which implies that ‘bad’ news has a greater impact on volatility than ‘good’ news at the same magnitude. Additionally, empirical results also highlighted that Kerosene and Brent crude oil are the only energy commodities exhibit risk-return tradeoff. For forecast evaluations, the FIAPARCH model indicates superior out of sample forecasts over short and long time horizon for stock markets. Nevertheless, FIAPARCH model suits better over long term as compared to short term for energy markets. Fina...

Purpose– The purpose of this study is to delineate the factors influencing the use of financial derivatives by non-financial firms in managing their exchange rate exposure. In total, 219 non-financial firms are surveyed in regard to their financial hedging decision.Design/methodology/approach– This study is conducted via a survey and the questionnaires were sent to the treasurers and financial controller of the firms. Descriptive analysis is employed to assess the profiles of the respondents. Then, factor analysis is carried out to determine the factors influencing the use of financial derivatives in Malaysia.Findings– The results indicate that the hedging decision of non-financial firms is influenced by their assertive level toward the market and regulators and also how flexible they are for derivative instruments. The intellectual capability that firms acquire to perform hedging strategies is also vital in influencing them to make hedging decision.Practical implications– The insights of this survey would assist and prepare firms to hedge their exchange rate risk by employing financial derivatives. Knowing the influences of firms' adoption of currency derivatives would allow policy makers to formulate their policies in boosting the liquidity of Malaysian derivative market.Originality/value– This study presents findings on the factors influencing the execution of financial hedging by non-financial firms in Malaysia. Survey data are used to seek for the feedback from the market players in order to provide empirical evidence on the corporate use of financial hedging.

This study aims to test if the impact of shocks to Singapore's tourism industry is permanent or transitory by investigating the unit root properties of international tourist arrivals to Singapore from 20 source markets. The results reveal that the tourist arrivals to Singapore are stationary with multiple structural breaks, implying any shocks will have only a transitory effect. Based on the break dates identified, a growth rate analysis is performed. Specifically, the growth rates for tourist arrivals to Singapore from 13 out of the 20 source markets have decreased after the break in 2005. The results provide some implications for policy-makers.

This paper examined the behavior of institutional and retail investors in Malaysia during the bulls and bears. The results revealed significant differences in behavioral patterns between these two groups of investors. For the institutional investors, obvious differences were found in the areas of overconfidence, liquidity preference, and price anchoring between these two distinct market trends. As for the retail investors, there were no obvious difference in investing behavior except in terms of liquidity preference and self-control. The overall results indicated that both investors exhibited overconfidence during both periods; nonetheless, they were somewhat rational by exercising self-control and being concerned with liquidity when making investment decisions. Both investors ranked dividend yield as the most important fundamental variable particularly during bearish market outlook. On the other hand, trend analysis was rated as the most important variable closely watched technical indicator during bulli...

This research note tests whether or not Singapore's 15 major tourist source markets are converging. The study uses monthly data for the period January 1994 to June 2011, and the results are as follows: (a) univariate unit root tests without any structural breaks show that 13 out of the 15 tourist markets are diverging; (b) 80% of the tourism markets support the evidence for convergence when multiple structural breaks are incorporated; (c) the evidence of convergence is strongly supported under different panel settings, leading to the conclusion that policies to boost the total tourists arrivals in Singapore have been successful.

This study aims to explore the self-employment intentions of the universities’ students in Malaysia. With the growing number of graduates every year, and growing funds created to assist small enterprises in Malaysia, self-employment may be one option available to them to start on their careers. Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO) scale was used to measure the students’ entrepreneurial attitudes. Specifically, the EAO attitude subscales are achievement in business, innovation in business, perceived personal control of business outcomes and perceived self-esteem in business. A survey approach was adopted by sending questionnaires to 2000 students of the public and private universities that are listed under tier 5 (Excellent) in the Malaysia Quality Agency SETARA rating of year 2011. The results show that personal control, self-esteem and innovation were found to have significant and positive relationships with self-employment intention. Meanwhile achievement was found to have no significant relationship with self-employment intention. These findings provide important insight to relevant parties to embed more entrepreneurial curriculum or seminar to educate and guide universities students besides, promoting and producing a positive image of entrepreneurship as a career.

Knowledge sharing can enhance learning and help to build the knowledge workforce. This paper reports on a study of knowledge sharing behaviour among undergraduate students in Malaysia. Knowledge sharing was found to be influenced by the mechanisms used, various barriers to communication and the motivations behind knowledge sharing. The mechanisms include online communication, social interaction, off-campus activities and learning activities. It was found that problems with information and communications technology (ICT), lack of self confidence, external constraints, self-centredness and social attributes can create barriers to knowledge exchange. It is concluded that the motivation to share knowledge appears to be affected by relationships, rewards and the level of satisfaction with knowledge sharing activities.