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In the present investigation 25 genotypes of maize collected from different sources were characterized for the soluble seed proteins using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The total protein bands were separated on 12% polyacrylamide gel using standard protocols. Highest number of bands observed was 14 in inbred HUZQPM-1.Highest coefficient of similarity matrix was0.69whereas lowest was 0.04. The dendrogram prepared by using UPGMA clustering method separated the whole genotypes into two main groups; I and II. On the basis of present investigation, it is observed that there is low variability present among quality protein maize inbreds.

Monitoring antimalarial drug resistance in India via sentinel sites: outcomes and risk factors for treatment failure, 2009-2010/Surveillance de la resistance aux antipaludiques en Inde par l'intermediaire de sites sentinelles: resultats et facteurs de risque de l'echec du traitement, 2009-2010/El seguimiento de la resistencia a los farmacos contra el paludismo en India por medio de sitios centinela: resultados y factores de riesgo en el fracaso del tratamiento, 2009-2010. Objective To describe India's National Antimalarial Drug Resistance Monitoring System, measure the efficacy of first-line malaria treatments, and determine risk factors for treatment failure. Methods In 2009-2010, prospective studies with 28 days of follow-up were conducted at 25 sentinel sites. Patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum were given artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS+SP); those infected with P. vivaxwere given chloroquine. Polymerase chain reaction was used to distinguish post-treatment reinfection from treatment failure. Isolates of P. falciparum were checked for dhfr and dhps mutations. Findings Overall, 1664 patients were enrolled. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed an efficacy of 98.8% for AS+SP. Most patients with P. falciparum parasitaemia cleared their parasitaemias within 24 hours of treatment initiation, but six, including four with treatment failure, remained parasitaemic after 72 hours. Double mutants in dhfr were found in 68.4% of the genotyped isolates. Triple or quadruple mutants in dhfr and mutations in dhps were rare. A daily dose of artesunate of < 3 mg per kg of body weight, age of less than 5 years, and fever at enrolment were associated with an increased risk of treatment failure. Chloroquine remained 100% efficacious and generally cleared P. vivax parasitaemias within 48 hours. Vomiting (seen in 47 patients) was the most common adverse event. Conclusion India's National Antimalarial Drug Resistance Monitoring System provides wide coverage. The first-line antimalarials used in the country remain safe and efficacious. The treatment of malaria in young children and the relative benefits of age- and weight-based dosing need further exploration. Objectif Decrire le systeme national indien de surveillance de la resistance aux medicaments antipaludiques, mesurer l'efficacite des traitements antipaludiques de premiere ligne et determiner les facteurs de risque de l'echec du traitement. Methodes En 2009-2010, des etudes prospectives, avec 28 jours de suivi, ont ete menees dans 25 sites sentinelles. On a administre aux patients infectes par le Plasmodium falciparum de l'artesunate et de la sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS+SP). Ceux qui etaient infectes par le P. vivaxont recu de la chloroquine. La reaction en chaine par polymerase a ete utilisee pour distinguer la reinfection apres traitement de l'echec du traitement. Des isolats de P. falciparum ont ete verifies pour deceler les mutations de dhfr et de dhps. Resultats Un total de 1664 patients ont participe a l'etude. L'analyse de survie de Kaplan-Meier a montre une efficacite de 98,8% de l'AS+SP. La plupart des patients infectes par le P. falciparum ont vu disparaitre leurs parasitemies dans les 24 heures suivant le debut du traitement, mais 6, dont 4 avec echec du traitement, sont restes parasitemiques apres 72 heures. Des doubles mutations de dhfr ont ete trouvees dans 68,4% des isolats genotypes. Les triples ou quadruples mutations de dhfr et les mutations de dhps etaient rares. Une dose quotidienne d'artesunate inferieure a 3 mg par kg de poids corporel, un age inferieur a 5 ans, et de la fievre au moment de l'enregistrement ont ete associes a un risque accru d'echec therapeutique. La chloroquine restait efficace a 100% et faisait generalement disparaitre les parasitemies de P. vivax dans les 48 heures. Les vomissements (observes chez 47 patients) etaient l'effet indesirable le plus frequent. Conclusion En Inde, le systeme national de surveillance de la resistance aux medicaments antipaludiques offre une large couverture. Les antipaludeens de premiere ligne utilises dans le pays restent surs et efficaces. Le traitement du paludisme chez les jeunes enfants et les avantages relatifs de la posologie en fonction de l'age et du poids necessitent une etude plus poussee. Objetivo Describir el sistema nacional de seguimiento de la resistencia a los farmacos contra el paludismo en India, medir la eficacia de los tratamientos de primera linea contra el paludismo y determinar los factores de riesgo en el fracaso del tratamiento. Metodos En los anos 2009-2010, se llevaron a cabo estudios prospectivos con un seguimiento de 28 dias en 25 sitios centinela. Se proporciono artesunato con sulfadoxina-pirimetamina (AS+SP) a los pacientes infectados con Plasmodium falciparum, y cloroquina a los pacientes infectados con P. vivax. Se empleo la reaccion en cadena de la polimerasa para distinguir la reinfeccion postratamiento del fracaso del tratamiento y se examinaron aislados de P. falciparum en busca de mutaciones de DHFR y DHPS. Resultados Se inscribieron un total de 1664 pacientes. Los analisis de supervivencia Kaplan-Meier mostraron una eficacia del 98,8% para el AS+SP En la mayoria de pacientes con parasitemia por P. falciparum, esta desparecio en las 24 horas posteriores al inicio del tratamiento. Solo seis, incluidos los cuatro en los que el tratamiento fracaso, siguieron teniendo parasitemia pasadas 72 horas. Se encontraron mutantes dobles en DHFR en el 68,4% de los aislados genotipados. No fue frecuente encontrar mutantes en DHPS ni mutantes triples o cuadruples en DHFR. Una dosis diaria de artesunato de < 3 mg por kg de peso corporal, una edad inferior a 5 anos y fiebre en el momento de la inscripcion se asociaron con un riesgo superior de fracaso del tratamiento. La cloroquina fue eficaz en el 100% de los casos y elimino, por lo general, las parasitemias por P. vivax en un plazo de 48 horas. El acontecimiento adverso mas frecuente fueron los vomitos (presentes en 47 pacientes). Conclusion El sistema nacional de seguimiento de la resistencia a los farmacos contra el paludismo en India proporciona una cobertura amplia. Los farmacos antipaludicos empleados en primera linea en el pais continuan siendo seguros y eficaces. Se debe seguir examinando el tratamiento del paludismo en los ninos pequenos y las ventajas relativas de la edad y las dosis basadas en el peso corporal., Introduction Resistance to antimalarial drugs in the parasites that cause malaria is hampering the effective global control of the disease in humans. Plasmodium falciparum rapidly develops resistance to new therapies, [...]

The shingled module has become an attractive interconnection architecture for its higher packing density and superior power generation. However, with longer string lengths and smaller cell areas, these modules are particularly susceptible to developing hotspots from shading elements. In this paper, a framework for the design of hotspot‐ and shading‐resistant shingled modules is presented. An electrothermal model is developed and validated extensively through specially fabricated shingled modules that allow for string‐level measurement and analysis. To investigate the relative influence of cell electrical characteristics on power loss and hotspot temperature, we perform a stochastic Monte Carlo simulation which reveals a greater sensitivity to parameters associated with the shaded cell's leakage current. A further study on cells with illumination‐dependent Jleakage shows the detriment of this light‐induced effect where higher hotspot temperatures can develop. Module‐level parameters are also investigated where string length, number of parallel strings, and cell fraction are studied in relation to their impact on module power and hotspot response. Finally, these findings are condensed into a design matrix which defines the space in which module manufacturers may configure shingled modules such that hotspots will not exceed a set threshold temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]