164 results on '"Simopoulos AP"'
Search Results
2. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases
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Amine, EK, Baba, NH, Belhadj, M, Deurenberg-Yap, M, Djazayery, A, Forrestre, T, Galuska, DA, Herman, S, James, WPT, M'Buyamba Kabangu, JR, Katan, MB, Key, TJ, Kumanyika, S, Mann, J, Moynihan, PJ, Musaiger, AO, Olwit, GW, Petkeviciene, J, Prentice, A, Reddy, KS, Schatzkin, A, Seidell, JC, Simopoulos, AP, Srianujata, S, Steyn, N, Swinburn, B, Uauy, R, Wahlqvist, M, Zhao-Su, W, Yoshiike, N, Rabenek, S, Bagchi, K, Cavalli-Sforza, T, Clugston, GA, Darnton-Hill, I, Ferro-Luzzi, A, Leowski, J, Nishida, C, Nyamwaya, D, Ouedraogo, A, Pietinen, P, Puska, P, Riboli, E, Robertson, A, Shetty, P, Weisell, R, and Yach, D
- Published
- 2003
3. What Is So Special about the Traditional Diet of Greece
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Simopoulos Ap and Sidossis Ls
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Food intake ,Feeding behavior ,Mediterranean diet ,Traditional medicine ,Environmental health ,Biology ,Animal origin ,Scientific evidence - Published
- 2000
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4. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids
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Simopoulos, AP
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Omega-3 fatty acids -- Physiological aspects -- Measurement -- Health aspects ,Diet -- Health aspects -- Physiological aspects -- Measurement ,Health ,Physiological aspects ,Measurement ,Health aspects - Abstract
Simopoulos AP. Biomed Pharmacother 2002;56:365-379. Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately [...]
- Published
- 2003
5. Reply to JG Chamberlain
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Simopoulos, AP, primary
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- 1992
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6. Egg yolk as a source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant feeding
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Simopoulos, AP, primary and Salem, N, additional
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- 1992
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7. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development
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Simopoulos, AP, primary
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- 1991
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8. Commentary. Genetic variants, diet, and physical activity.
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Simopoulos AP
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- 2001
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9. Purslane: a terrestrial source of omega-3 fatty acids
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Salem N and Simopoulos Ap
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business.industry ,Vegetables ,MEDLINE ,Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ,Medicine ,General Medicine ,Food science ,business ,Omega - Published
- 1986
10. Current concepts in the management of hemolytic disease of the newborn
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Sites Jg, Simopoulos Ap, Fidis Ne, and Pugsley Lq
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Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Amniotic Fluid ,Antigen-Antibody Reactions ,Erythroblastosis, Fetal ,Pregnancy ,Spectrophotometry ,Medicine ,Humans ,Female ,gamma-Globulins ,business ,Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell) - Published
- 1967
11. The nutritional aspects of hypertension
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Simopoulos, AP, primary
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- 1985
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12. Statement on Vitamin and Mineral Supplements
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McNutt Kw, Simopoulos Ap, Harold H. Sandstead, Richard S. Rivlin, Callaway Cw, and Ross Ac
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Vitamin ,Gerontology ,Public information ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Statement (logic) ,business.industry ,Alternative medicine ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Clinical nutrition ,Infant newborn ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Medicine ,business - Published
- 1987
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13. n–3 Fatty Acids in Eggs from Range-Fed Greek Chickens
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Simopoulos Ap and Salem N
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Greece ,Animal feed ,Range (biology) ,business.industry ,Eggs ,General Medicine ,Fatty acids.omega 3 ,Animal Feed ,Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ,Animals ,Medicine ,N-3 fatty acids ,Food science ,business ,Chickens - Published
- 1989
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14. Newsbreaks. Workshop on the essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids.
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Simopoulos AP, Leaf A, and Salem N Jr.
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- 2000
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15. Genetic variation and nutrition.
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Simopoulos AP
- Published
- 1999
16. Relationship Between Distance Run Per Week, Omega-3 Index, and Arachidonic Acid (AA)/Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Ratio: An Observational Retrospective Study in Non-elite Runners
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Serena Martegani, Immaculata De Vivo, Artemis P. Simopoulos, Riccardo Pina, Elena Casiraghi, Stefano Righetti, Graziamaria Corbi, Giovanni Scapagnini, Francesco Chiappero, Sergio Davinelli, Davinelli, S, Corbi, G, Righetti, S, Casiraghi, E, Chiappero, F, Martegani, S, Pina, R, De Vivo, I, Simopoulos, Ap, and Scapagnini, G.
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0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Physical exercise ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,lcsh:Physiology ,whole blood spot ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Animal science ,Physiology (medical) ,Bayesian multivariate linear regression ,running ,Medicine ,Whole blood ,Original Research ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,lcsh:QP1-981 ,business.industry ,Fatty acid ,Eicosapentaenoic acid ,chemistry ,AA/EPA ratio ,Arachidonic acid ,PUFA ,omega-3 index ,business ,Polyunsaturated fatty acid ,Cohort study - Abstract
Background: Tissue availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) depends on several factors, including dietary intake, physical exercise, genetic variation, and metabolic turnover. However, there is limited evidence whether running training activity per se may influence indices associated with PUFA metabolism such as Omega-3 (ω-3) index and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4ω-6)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω-3) ratio. Objective: To examine the association between kilometers (Km) run per week and changes in ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational, cohort study of 257 non-elite runners (mean age: 40.85 ± 12.17 years) who consumed no fatty acid supplements and provided a blood sample for analysis. The whole blood samples were collected by finger sticks, stored on absorbent filter paper, and then PUFA were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) and ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio measured. Results: In a multivariate linear regression model, a gradual decrease of the ω-3 index was observed with higher weekly running distance (β = −0.033; 95% CI −0.039 to −0.026; R2 = 0.447; p < 0.0001). We also found a progressive increase of the AA/EPA ratio in subjects who ran greater weekly distances (β = 0.092; 95% CI 0.038 to 0.146; R2 = 0.320; p = 0.001). No other significant associations were observed with other variables, including years of running training and weekly training frequency (hours/week). Finally, as expected, a significant inverse correlation between ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio (β = −2.614; 95% CI −3.407 to −1.821; R2 = 0.336; p < 0.0001) was detected. Conclusions: These findings suggest that distance running training and its weekly volume may negatively contribute to changes of the ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio. Further studies with greater sample size will be required to replicate and extend these data.
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- 2019
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17. "Lipid Nutrition Guidelines: A Comprehensive Analysis" by Harumi Okuyama, Sheriff Sultan, Naoki Ohara, Tomohito Hamazaki, Peter H. Langsjoen, Rokuro Hama, Yoichi Ogushi, Tetsuyuki Kobayashi, Shunji Natori, Hajime Uchino, Yoko Hashimoto, Shiro Watanabe, Kenjiro Tatematsu, Daisuke Miyazawa, Mikio Nakamura and Kentaro Oh-hashi.
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Simopoulos AP
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- Books, Humans, Nutritional Sciences, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Dietary Fats, Nutrition Policy
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This book, "Lipid Nutrition Guidelines: A Comprehensive Analysis" by Professor Harumi Okuyama et al [...].
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- 2021
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18. The need for precision nutrition, genetic variation and resolution in Covid-19 patients.
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Simopoulos AP, Serhan CN, and Bazinet RP
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- COVID-19 metabolism, Docosahexaenoic Acids metabolism, Eicosanoids metabolism, Eicosapentaenoic Acid analogs & derivatives, Eicosapentaenoic Acid metabolism, Fatty Acids, Essential metabolism, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 metabolism, Genetic Predisposition to Disease genetics, Haplotypes, Humans, Inflammation diet therapy, Inflammation genetics, Inflammation metabolism, Linoleic Acid metabolism, RNA, Viral genetics, RNA, Viral metabolism, SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity, COVID-19 diet therapy, COVID-19 genetics
- Abstract
The health of the individual and the population in general is the result of interaction between genetics and various environmental factors, of which diet/nutrition is the most important. The focus of this paper is on the association of high n-6 PUFA or low n-3 PUFA due to genetic variation and/or dietary intake, with changes in specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), cytokine storm, inflammation-resolution and Covid-19. Human beings evolved on a diet that was balanced in the n-6 and n-3 essential fatty acids with a ratio of n-6/n-3 of 1-2/1 whereas today this ratio is 16/1. Such a high ratio due to high amounts of n-6 fatty acids leads to a prothrombotic and proinflammatory state and is associated with obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some forms of cancer. In addition to the high intake of n-6 fatty acids that increases inflammation there is genetic variation in the biosynthesis of n-6 linoleic acid (LA) to arachidonic acid (ARA) and of linolenic (ALA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Present day humans have two common FADS haplotypes that differ dramatically in their ability to generate long-chain fatty acids. The more efficient, evolutionary derived haplotype increases the efficiency of synthesizing essential long-chain fatty acids from precursors and could have provided an advantage in environments with limited access to dietary long-chain fatty acids ARA, EPA and DHA. In the modern world this haplotype has been associated with lifestyle-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, all of which are characterized by increased levels of inflammation. African Americans and Latino populations have increased susceptibility and higher death rates from SARS-CoV-2 than whites. These populations are characterized by increased numbers of persons (about 80%) that are fast metabolizers, leading to increased production of ARA, as well as poor intake of fruits and vegetables. The combinations of fast metabolism and high n-6 intake increases their inflammatory status and possibly susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2. In vitro and human studies indicate that the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) produced from the n-3, EPA and DHA influence the resolution of inflammation, allowing the tissues to return to function and homeostasis. The SPMs each counter-regulate cytokine storms, as well as proinflammatory lipid mediators via NFκB and inflammasome down regulation and reduce the proinflammatory eicosanoids produced from ARA. The nutritional availability of dietary n-3 fatty acids from marine oils enriched with SPM intermediate precursors, along with increasing local biosynthesis of SPMs to functional concentrations may be an approach of value during SARS-CoV2 infections, as well as in prevention, and shortening their recovery from infections. It is evident that populations differ in their genetic variants and their frequencies and their interactions with the food they eat. Gene-nutrient interactions is a very important area of study that provides specific dietary advice for individuals and subgroups within a population in the form of Precision Nutrition. Nutritional science needs to focus on Precision Nutrition, genetic variants in the population and a food supply composed of Nutrients that have been part of our diet throughout evolution, which is the diet that our genes are programmed to respond., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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19. Genetic Variation, Diet, Inflammation, and the Risk for COVID-19.
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- COVID-19 genetics, COVID-19 physiopathology, COVID-19 virology, Cytokine Release Syndrome, Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase, Dietary Fats administration & dosage, Evolution, Molecular, Humans, Life Style, Obesity complications, Risk Factors, SARS-CoV-2 isolation & purification, COVID-19 epidemiology, Diet, Genetic Variation, Inflammation complications
- Abstract
COVID-19, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, is characterized by various symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to life-threatening pneumonia, "cytokine storm," and multiorgan failure. The manifestation of COVID-19 may lead to a cytokine storm, i.e., it facilitates viral replication that triggers a strong release of cytokines, which then modulates the immune system and results in hyperinflammation. Today's diet is high in omega-6 fatty acids and deficient in omega-3 fatty acids; this, along with a high fructose intake, leads to obesity, which is a chronic state of low-grade inflammation. Omega-6 fatty acids are proinflammatory and prothrombotic whereas omega-3 fatty acids are less proinflammatory and thrombotic. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids make specialized lipid mediators, namely resolvins, protectins, and maresins, that are potent anti-inflammatory agents. Throughout evolution there was a balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids with a ratio of 1-2/1 omega-6/omega-3, but today this ratio is 16-20/1 omega-6/omega-3, leading to a proinflammatory state. In addition, genetic variants in FADS1, FADS2, ELOV-2, and ELOV-5 lead to a more efficient biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), e.g., of linoleic acid (LA) to arachidonic acid (ARA), and (alpha-linolenic acid) (ALA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), leading to higher ARA levels. Because the US diet is already high in omega-6 fatty acids, the increased biosynthesis of ARA in people with the derived FADS haplotype (haplotype D) leads to an increased production of leukotrienes, thromboxanes, C-reactive protein (CRP), and eventually elevated levels of cytokines, like interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which may increase susceptibility to COVID-19. About 80% of African Americans, 50% of Hispanics, and 45% of European Americans have the FADS haplotype D and are thus efficient metabolizers, which could account for the higher vulnerability of these populations to COVID-19. Therefore, another reason that African Americans and Hispanics are more susceptible to COVID-19 is that they have a higher frequency of haplotype D, which is no longer beneficial in today's environment and diet. Genetic variation must be considered in all studies of disease development and therapy because it is important to the practice of precision nutrition by physicians and other health professionals. The objective of this commentary is to emphasize the importance of genetic variation within populations and its interaction with diet in the development of disease. Differences in the frequency of genes and their interactions with nutrients in various population groups must be considered among the factors contributing to health disparities in the development of COVID-19. A balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is essential to health. Physicians should measure their patients' fatty acids and recommend decreasing the intake of foods rich in omega-6 fatty acids and increasing the intake of omega-3 fatty acids along with fruits and vegetables., (© 2021 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)
- Published
- 2021
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20. Relationship Between Distance Run Per Week, Omega-3 Index, and Arachidonic Acid (AA)/Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Ratio: An Observational Retrospective Study in Non-elite Runners.
- Author
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Davinelli S, Corbi G, Righetti S, Casiraghi E, Chiappero F, Martegani S, Pina R, De Vivo I, Simopoulos AP, and Scapagnini G
- Abstract
Background: Tissue availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) depends on several factors, including dietary intake, physical exercise, genetic variation, and metabolic turnover. However, there is limited evidence whether running training activity per se may influence indices associated with PUFA metabolism such as Omega-3 (ω-3) index and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4ω-6)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω-3) ratio. Objective: To examine the association between kilometers (Km) run per week and changes in ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational, cohort study of 257 non-elite runners (mean age: 40.85 ± 12.17 years) who consumed no fatty acid supplements and provided a blood sample for analysis. The whole blood samples were collected by finger sticks, stored on absorbent filter paper, and then PUFA were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) and ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio measured. Results: In a multivariate linear regression model, a gradual decrease of the ω-3 index was observed with higher weekly running distance (β = -0.033; 95% CI -0.039 to -0.026; R
2 = 0.447; p < 0.0001). We also found a progressive increase of the AA/EPA ratio in subjects who ran greater weekly distances (β = 0.092; 95% CI 0.038 to 0.146; R2 = 0.320; p = 0.001). No other significant associations were observed with other variables, including years of running training and weekly training frequency (hours/week). Finally, as expected, a significant inverse correlation between ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio (β = -2.614; 95% CI -3.407 to -1.821; R2 = 0.336; p < 0.0001) was detected. Conclusions: These findings suggest that distance running training and its weekly volume may negatively contribute to changes of the ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio. Further studies with greater sample size will be required to replicate and extend these data.- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Mediterranean diet: ω -6 and ω -3 fatty acids and diabetes.
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Simopoulos AP and DiNicolantonio JJ
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- Dietary Fats, Fatty Acids, Omega-6, Humans, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Mediterranean, Fatty Acids, Omega-3
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- 2017
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22. The importance of a balanced ω-6 to ω-3 ratio in the prevention and management of obesity.
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Simopoulos AP and DiNicolantonio JJ
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- 2016
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23. An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity.
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Simopoulos AP
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- Adipose Tissue physiopathology, Adiposity, Animals, Dietary Supplements, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 metabolism, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 metabolism, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Obesity genetics, Obesity metabolism, Obesity prevention & control, Phenotype, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Adipose Tissue metabolism, Diet adverse effects, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 adverse effects, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 adverse effects, Obesity epidemiology
- Abstract
In the past three decades, total fat and saturated fat intake as a percentage of total calories has continuously decreased in Western diets, while the intake of omega-6 fatty acid increased and the omega-3 fatty acid decreased, resulting in a large increase in the omega-6/omega-3 ratio from 1:1 during evolution to 20:1 today or even higher. This change in the composition of fatty acids parallels a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Experimental studies have suggested that omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids elicit divergent effects on body fat gain through mechanisms of adipogenesis, browning of adipose tissue, lipid homeostasis, brain-gut-adipose tissue axis, and most importantly systemic inflammation. Prospective studies clearly show an increase in the risk of obesity as the level of omega-6 fatty acids and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio increase in red blood cell (RBC) membrane phospholipids, whereas high omega-3 RBC membrane phospholipids decrease the risk of obesity. Recent studies in humans show that in addition to absolute amounts of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid intake, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio plays an important role in increasing the development of obesity via both AA eicosanoid metabolites and hyperactivity of the cannabinoid system, which can be reversed with increased intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). A balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is important for health and in the prevention and management of obesity.
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- 2016
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24. Guide and Position of the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on Personalised Nutrition: Part 1 - Fields of Precision Nutrition.
- Author
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Ferguson LR, De Caterina R, Görman U, Allayee H, Kohlmeier M, Prasad C, Choi MS, Curi R, de Luis DA, Gil Á, Kang JX, Martin RL, Milagro FI, Nicoletti CF, Nonino CB, Ordovas JM, Parslow VR, Portillo MP, Santos JL, Serhan CN, Simopoulos AP, Velázquez-Arellano A, Zulet MA, and Martinez JA
- Subjects
- Epigenesis, Genetic, Gene Expression Profiling, Humans, Metabolomics, Metagenomics, Nutrition Policy, Proteomics, Societies, Scientific, Nutrigenomics, Precision Medicine
- Abstract
Diversity in the genetic profile between individuals and specific ethnic groups affects nutrient requirements, metabolism and response to nutritional and dietary interventions. Indeed, individuals respond differently to lifestyle interventions (diet, physical activity, smoking, etc.). The sequencing of the human genome and subsequent increased knowledge regarding human genetic variation is contributing to the emergence of personalized nutrition. These advances in genetic science are raising numerous questions regarding the mode that precision nutrition can contribute solutions to emerging problems in public health, by reducing the risk and prevalence of nutrition-related diseases. Current views on personalized nutrition encompass omics technologies (nutrigenomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, foodomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, etc.), functional food development and challenges related to legal and ethical aspects, application in clinical practice, and population scope, in terms of guidelines and epidemiological factors. In this context, precision nutrition can be considered as occurring at three levels: (1) conventional nutrition based on general guidelines for population groups by age, gender and social determinants; (2) individualized nutrition that adds phenotypic information about the person's current nutritional status (e.g. anthropometry, biochemical and metabolic analysis, physical activity, among others), and (3) genotype-directed nutrition based on rare or common gene variation. Research and appropriate translation into medical practice and dietary recommendations must be based on a solid foundation of knowledge derived from studies on nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. A scientific society, such as the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics (ISNN), internationally devoted to the study of nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics, can indeed serve the commendable roles of (1) promoting science and favoring scientific communication and (2) permanently working as a 'clearing house' to prevent disqualifying logical jumps, correct or stop unwarranted claims, and prevent the creation of unwarranted expectations in patients and in the general public. In this statement, we are focusing on the scientific aspects of disciplines covering nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics issues. Genetic screening and the ethical, legal, social and economic aspects will be dealt with in subsequent statements of the Society., (© 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.)
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- 2016
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25. The impact of the Bellagio Report on healthy agriculture, healthy nutrition, healthy people: scientific and policy aspects and the International Network of Centers for Genetics, Nutrition and Fitness for Health.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Agriculture, Child, Diet adverse effects, Dietary Fats administration & dosage, Dietary Fats adverse effects, Dietary Sucrose administration & dosage, Dietary Sucrose adverse effects, Eating, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 administration & dosage, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 administration & dosage, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 adverse effects, Global Health, Humans, Italy, Nutrigenomics, Nutritional Status, Nutrition Policy
- Abstract
The Bellagio Report on Healthy Agriculture, Healthy Nutrition, Healthy People was the result of a meeting held at the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center in the fall of 2012. The meeting was science based but policy oriented. The Bellagio Report concluded that: (1) sugar consumption, especially in the form of high-energy fructose in soft drinks, poses a major and insidious health threat, particularly for children; (2) current diets in most populations, albeit with regional differences, are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids but too high in omega-6 fatty acid intake, and (3) not all calories are the same since calories from different sources (i.e. glucose or fructose or omega-6 or omega-3 fatty acids) have different metabolic and neurohormonal effects. This paper summarizes the scientific progress and policy actions that have occurred in these three areas. Genetic variation in populations and gene-nutrient interactions are fundamental concepts that need to be taken into consideration in growth and development and in the prevention and management of chronic noncommunicable diseases since there is enormous variation in both the frequency of genetic variants and dietary composition worldwide. Furthermore, this paper updates the Bellagio Report in terms of the scientific and policy aspects, both of which have expanded over the past 2 years, and describes the progress made in establishing an International Network of Centers for Genetics, Nutrition and Fitness for Health., (© 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.)
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- 2014
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26. [Bellagio Report on Healthy Agriculture, Healthy Nutrition, Healthy People].
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Simopoulos AP, Bourne PG, and Faergeman O
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- Food Supply, Humans, Nutrition Policy, Personal Satisfaction, Agriculture trends, Nutritional Sciences trends
- Abstract
The Bellagio Report on Healthy Agriculture, Healthy Nutrition, Healthy People is the result of the meeting held at the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center in Lake Como, Italy, 29 October-2 November 2012. The meeting was science-based but policy-oriented. The role and amount of healthy and unhealthy fats, with attention to the relative content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, sugar, and particularly fructose in foods that may underlie the epidemics of non-communicable diseases (NCD's) worldwide were extensively discussed. The report concludes that sugar consumption, especially in the form of high energy fructose in soft drinks, poses a major and insidious health threat, especially in children, and most diets, although with regional differences, are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids and too high in omega-6 fatty acids. Gene-nutrient interactions in growth and development and in disease prevention are fundamental to health, therefore regional Centers on Genetics, Nutrition and Fitness for Health should be established worldwide. Heads of state and government must elevate, as a matter of urgency, Nutrition as a national priority, that access to a healthy diet should be considered a human right and that the lead responsibility for Nutrition should be placed in Ministries of Health rather than agriculture so that the health requirements drive agricultural priorities, not vice versa. Nutritional security should be given the same priority as food security., (Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2013. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
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27. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and high fructose intake in the development of metabolic syndrome, brain metabolic abnormalities, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain physiopathology, Diet, Dietary Supplements, Disease Models, Animal, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 administration & dosage, Fatty Liver chemically induced, Fatty Liver prevention & control, Fish Oils administration & dosage, Fructose administration & dosage, Humans, Insulin blood, Insulin Resistance, Liver drug effects, Liver physiopathology, Metabolic Syndrome chemically induced, Metabolic Syndrome prevention & control, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Sweetening Agents administration & dosage, Sweetening Agents adverse effects, Brain drug effects, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 blood, Fatty Liver physiopathology, Fructose adverse effects, Metabolic Syndrome physiopathology
- Abstract
Western diets are characterized by both dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and increased fructose intake. The latter found in high amounts in added sugars such as sucrose and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Both a low intake of omega-3 fatty acids or a high fructose intake contribute to metabolic syndrome, liver steatosis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), promote brain insulin resistance, and increase the vulnerability to cognitive dysfunction. Insulin resistance is the core perturbation of metabolic syndrome. Multiple cognitive domains are affected by metabolic syndrome in adults and in obese adolescents, with volume losses in the hippocampus and frontal lobe, affecting executive function. Fish oil supplementation maintains proper insulin signaling in the brain, ameliorates NAFLD and decreases the risk to metabolic syndrome suggesting that adequate levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet can cope with the metabolic challenges imposed by high fructose intake in Western diets which is of major public health importance. This review presents the current status of the mechanisms involved in the development of the metabolic syndrome, brain insulin resistance, and NAFLD a most promising area of research in Nutrition for the prevention of these conditions, chronic diseases, and improvement of Public Health.
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- 2013
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28. Evolutionary aspects of diet: the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and the brain.
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Aging physiology, Animals, Atherosclerosis physiopathology, Cognition physiology, Humans, Inflammation physiopathology, Substance-Related Disorders, Biological Evolution, Brain physiology, Diet, Dietary Fats metabolism, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 metabolism, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 metabolism
- Abstract
Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet that had a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (FA) of about 1/1; whereas today, Western diets have a ratio of 10/1 to 20-25/1, indicating that Western diets are deficient in omega-3 FA compared with the diet on which humans evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Omega-6 and omega-3 FA are not interconvertible in the human body and are important components of practically all cell membranes. Studies with nonhuman primates and human newborns indicate that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is essential for the normal functional development of the brain and retina, particularly in premature infants. DHA accounts for 40% of the membrane phospholipid FA in the brain. Both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA have an effect on membrane receptor function and even neurotransmitter generation and metabolism. There is growing evidence that EPA and DHA could play a role in hostility and violence in addition to the beneficial effects in substance abuse disorders and alcoholism. The balance of omega-6 and omega-3 FA is important for homeostasis and normal development throughout the life cycle.
- Published
- 2011
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29. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and plasma fatty acids: data from the Bordeaux sample of the Three-City study.
- Author
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Féart C, Torrès MJ, Samieri C, Jutand MA, Peuchant E, Simopoulos AP, and Barberger-Gateau P
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition Disorders prevention & control, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet Surveys, Feeding Behavior, France, Humans, Diet, Mediterranean, Fatty Acids blood
- Abstract
Higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and n-3 PUFA may both contribute to decreased dementia risk, but the association between MeDi adherence and lipid status is unclear. The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between plasma fatty acids and MeDi adherence in French elderly community dwellers. The study population (mean age 75·9 years) consisted of 1050 subjects from Bordeaux (France) included in the Three-City cohort. Adherence to the MeDi (scored as 0-9) was computed from a FFQ and 24 h recall. The proportion of each plasma fatty acid was determined. Cross-sectional analysis of the association between plasma fatty acids and MeDi adherence was performed by multi-linear regression. After adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, physical activity, smoking status, BMI, plasma TAG and apoE-ɛ4 genotype, plasma palmitoleic acid was significantly inversely associated with MeDi adherence, whereas plasma DHA, the EPA+DHA index and total n-3 PUFA were positively associated with MeDi adherence. The n-6:n-3 PUFA, arachidonic acid (AA):EPA, AA:DHA and AA:(EPA+DHA) ratios were significantly inversely associated with MeDi adherence. Plasma EPA was positively associated with MeDi adherence only in apoE-ɛ4 non-carriers. There was no association between MeDi adherence and SFA and total MUFA. The present results suggest that the protective effect of the MeDi on cognitive functions might be mediated by higher plasma DHA and lower n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Importance of the omega-6/omega-3 balance in health and disease: evolutionary aspects of diet.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Aging, Animals, Chronic Disease, Dietary Fats administration & dosage, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 blood, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 blood, Gene Expression Regulation drug effects, Humans, Nutrition Policy, Nutritional Requirements, Biological Evolution, Diet, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 physiology, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 physiology
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Action plan for a healthy agriculture, healthy nutrition, healthy people.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP, Faergeman O, and Bourne PG
- Subjects
- Health Promotion, Humans, Nutrigenomics, Nutrition Policy, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Agriculture, Diet
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Genetic variants in the metabolism of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids: their role in the determination of nutritional requirements and chronic disease risk.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Adult, Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase genetics, Breast Neoplasms genetics, Child, Coronary Disease genetics, Coronary Disease metabolism, Cyclooxygenase 2 genetics, Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase, Fatty Acid Desaturases genetics, Female, Gene Expression genetics, Humans, Inflammation genetics, Intelligence genetics, Lactation genetics, Male, Nutrigenomics, Obesity genetics, Pregnancy, Prostatic Neoplasms genetics, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 metabolism, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 metabolism, Genetic Predisposition to Disease genetics, Nutritional Requirements, Polymorphism, Genetic genetics
- Abstract
The tissue composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids is important to health and depends on both dietary intake and metabolism controlled by genetic polymorphisms that should be taken into consideration in the determination of nutritional requirements. Therefore at the same dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), their respective health effects may differ due to genetic differences in metabolism. Delta-5 and delta-6 desaturases, FADS1 and FADS2, respectively, influence the serum, plasma and membrane phospholipid levels of LA, ALA and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy, lactation, and may influence an infant's IQ, atopy and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. At low intakes of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), polymorphisms at the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) level increase the risk for CHD whereas polymorphisms at cyclooxgenase-2 increase the risk for prostate cancer. At high intakes of LA the risk for breast cancer increases. EPA and DHA influence gene expression. In future, intervention studies on the biological effects of LA, ALA and LC-PUFAs, and the effects of genetic variants in FADS1 and FADS2, 5-LO and cyclooxygenase-2 should be taken into consideration both in the determination of nutritional requirements and chronic disease risk. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies need to include environmental exposures and include diet in the interaction between genetic variation and disease association.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Research and its translation into medical practice. Preface.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP and Milner JA
- Subjects
- Evidence-Based Medicine, Humans, Nutrigenomics trends
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Diet, Female, Genetic Variation, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Public Health, United States, Up-Regulation genetics, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Nutrigenomics
- Abstract
All diseases have a genetic predisposition. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) by large international consortia are discovering genetic variants that contribute to complex diseases. However, nutrient information is missing, which is essential for the development of dietary advice for prevention and management of disease. Nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics studies provide data on mechanisms of nutrient and gene interactions in health and disease needed for personalized nutrition. A process will be needed to define when gene-nutrient-disease associations are ready to be evaluated as potential tools to improve public health.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Genetic screening: programs, principles, and research--thirty years later. Reviewing the recommendations of the Committee for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism (SIEM).
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Ethics Committees, Research, Ethics, Research, Genetic Counseling, Genetic Research, Genetic Testing ethics, Genetic Variation, Human Experimentation, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Neonatal Screening ethics, Phenylketonurias diagnosis, Public Opinion, United States, Genetic Diseases, Inborn diagnosis, Genetic Diseases, Inborn genetics, Genetic Testing standards, Neonatal Screening standards, Research standards
- Abstract
Screening programs for genetic diseases and characteristics have multiplied in the last 50 years. 'Genetic Screening: Programs, Principles, and Research' is the report of the Committee for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism (SIEM Committee) commissioned by the Division of Medical Sciences of the National Research Council at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, DC, published in 1975. The report is considered a classic in the field worldwide, therefore it was thought appropriate 30 years later to present the Committee's modus operandi and bring the Committee's recommendations to the attention of those involved in genetics, including organizational, educational, legal, and research aspects of genetic screening. The Committee's report anticipated many of the legal, ethical, economic, social, medical, and policy aspects of genetic screening. The recommendations are current, and future committees should be familiar with them. In 1975 the Committee stated: 'As new screening tests are devised, they should be carefully reviewed. If the experimental rate of discovery of new genetic characteristics means an accelerating rate of appearance of new screening tests, now is the time to develop the medical and social apparatus to accommodate what later on may otherwise turn out to be unmanageable growth.' What a prophetic statement that was. If the Committee's recommendations had been implemented on time, there would be today a federal agency in existence, responsive and responsible to carry out the programs and support research on various aspects of genetic screening, including implementation of a federal law that protects consumers from discrimination by their employers and the insurance industry on the basis of genetic information., (Copyright 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Omega-3 fatty acids, the brain and retina. Preface.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Animals, Depression, Diet, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 administration & dosage, Humans, Mental Processes physiology, Brain physiology, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 physiology, Retina physiology
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Evolutionary aspects of the dietary omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio: medical implications.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Arachidonic Acid physiology, Atherosclerosis prevention & control, Brain metabolism, Cardiovascular Diseases prevention & control, Eicosapentaenoic Acid physiology, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated physiology, Gene Expression physiology, Gene Expression Regulation physiology, Humans, Inflammation prevention & control, Linoleic Acid physiology, Nutrition Policy, Nutritional Requirements, Trans Fatty Acids physiology, Biological Evolution, Diet methods, Dietary Fats, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 physiology, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 physiology, Genetic Variation physiology
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Commentary. Genetic variants and omega-6, omega-3 fatty acids: their role in the determination of nutritional requirements and chronic disease risk.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Genetic Diseases, Inborn epidemiology, Humans, Risk Assessment, Chronic Disease epidemiology, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 pharmacology, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 pharmacology, Genetic Variation, Nutritional Requirements, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids: biological effects.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Animals, CD59 Antigens, Diet trends, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Eye Diseases, Gene Expression, Humans, Lipoxins, Mental Health, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 administration & dosage, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 administration & dosage
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Preface by guest editors.
- Author
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Branca F, Popkin BM, and Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Chronic Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetic Angiopathies etiology, Exercise, Female, Humans, Male, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Nutritional Requirements, Obesity complications, Diabetic Angiopathies prevention & control, Obesity prevention & control
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Biological Evolution, Blood Platelets cytology, Cell Proliferation, Chronic Disease, Colorectal Neoplasms metabolism, Eicosapentaenoic Acid chemistry, Humans, Linoleic Acid chemistry, Models, Biological, Platelet Aggregation, Risk, alpha-Linolenic Acid chemistry, Cardiovascular Diseases metabolism, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 metabolism, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 metabolism
- Abstract
Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. Western diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects. In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality. A ratio of 2.5/1 reduced rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas a ratio of 4/1 with the same amount of omega-3 PUFA had no effect. The lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio in women with breast cancer was associated with decreased risk. A ratio of 2-3/1 suppressed inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a ratio of 5/1 had a beneficial effect on patients with asthma, whereas a ratio of 10/1 had adverse consequences. These studies indicate that the optimal ratio may vary with the disease under consideration. This is consistent with the fact that chronic diseases are multigenic and multifactorial. Therefore, it is quite possible that the therapeutic dose of omega-3 fatty acids will depend on the degree of severity of disease resulting from the genetic predisposition. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Nutrition and fitness from the first Olympiad in 776 BC to the 21st century and the concept of positive health.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Egypt, Greece, History, 15th Century, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Humans, Health, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Physical Fitness physiology, Sports history
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Omega-3 fatty acids, exercise, physical activity and athletics.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3 administration & dosage, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 administration & dosage, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 physiology, Health Status, Humans, Life Style, Mental Health, Nutritional Status, Physical Endurance genetics, Diet, Exercise physiology, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 physiology, Physical Endurance physiology, Sports physiology
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio, genetic variation, and cardiovascular disease.
- Author
-
Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents administration & dosage, Anti-Inflammatory Agents metabolism, Cardiovascular Diseases etiology, Cardiovascular Diseases metabolism, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 metabolism, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Genotype, Humans, Cardiovascular Diseases genetics, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 administration & dosage, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 administration & dosage, Genetic Variation
- Abstract
A high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promotes the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Increased dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA) leads to oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), platelet aggregation, and interferes with the incorporation of essential fatty acids (EFA) in cell membrane phopholipids. Both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids influence gene expression. Omega-3 fatty acids have strong anti-inflammatory effects, suppress interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), whereas omega-6 fatty acids tend to be pro-inflammatory. Because inflammation is at the base of many chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease, dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids plays an important role in the manifestation of disease, particularly in persons with genetic variation, as for example in individuals with genetic variants at the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). Increased dietary arachidonic acid (AA) significantly enhances the apparent atherogenic effect of genotype, whereas increased dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) blunts this effect. The diet-gene interaction further suggests that dietary omega-6 fatty acids promote, whereas marine omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA inhibit leukotriene-mediated inflammation that leads to atherosclerosis in this subpopulation.
- Published
- 2008
45. Nutrition and fitness: cultural, genetic and metabolic aspects.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Humans, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ethnology, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena genetics, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena physiology, Physical Fitness physiology
- Published
- 2008
46. Omega-3 fatty acids and athletics.
- Author
-
Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6 physiology, Humans, Life Style, Diet, Exercise physiology, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 physiology, Sports physiology
- Abstract
Human beings evolved consuming a diet that contained about equal amounts of y-6 and y-3 essential fatty acids. Today, in Western diets, the ratio of y-6 to y-3 fatty acids ranges from approximately 10:1 to 20:1 instead of the traditional range of 1:1 to 2:1. Studies indicate that a high intake of y-6 fatty acids shifts the physiologic state to one that is prothrombotic and proaggregatory, characterized by increases in blood viscosity, vasospasm, and vasoconstriction, and decreases in bleeding time. y-3 fatty acids, however, have anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic, and vasodilatory properties. Excessive radical formation and trauma during high-intensity exercise leads to an inflammatory state that is made worse by the increased amount of y-6 fatty acids in Western diets, although this can be counteracted by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). For the majority of athletes, especially those at the leisure level, general guidelines should include EPA and DHA of about 1 to 2 g/d at a ratio of EPA:DHA of 2:1.
- Published
- 2007
47. Melatonin in edible plants (phytomelatonin): Identification, concentrations, bioavailability and proposed functions.
- Author
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Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Manchester LC, Simopoulos AP, Maldonado MD, Flores LJ, and Terron MP
- Subjects
- Biological Availability, Humans, Nutritive Value, Plant Extracts chemistry, Antioxidants analysis, Antioxidants pharmacokinetics, Diet, Mediterranean, Melatonin analysis, Melatonin pharmacokinetics, Plants, Edible chemistry
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases.
- Author
-
Simopoulos AP
- Subjects
- Biological Evolution, Cardiovascular Diseases etiology, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Chronic Disease, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 administration & dosage, Fatty Acids, Omega-6 administration & dosage, Genetic Variation
- Abstract
Anthropological and epidemiological studies and studies at the molecular level indicate that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1 to 16.7/1. A high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promotes the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects. Increased dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA) leads to oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), platelet aggregation, and interferes with the incorporation of EFA in cell membrane phospholipids. Both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids influence gene expression. Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory effects, suppress interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), whereas omega-6 fatty acids do not. Because inflammation is at the base of many chronic diseases, dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids plays an important role in the manifestation of disease, particularly in persons with genetic variation, as for example in individuals with genetic variants at the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). Carotid intima media thickness (IMT) taken as a marker of the atherosclerotic burden is significantly increased, by 80%, in the variant group compared to carriers with the common allele, suggesting increased 5-LO promoter activity associated with the (variant) allele. Dietary arachidonic acid (AA) and LA increase the risk for cardiovascular disease in those with the variants, whereas dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) decrease the risk. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is needed for the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Because of genetic variation, the optimal omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio would vary with the disease under consideration.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. The case for strategic international alliances to harness nutritional genomics for public and personal health.
- Author
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Kaput J, Ordovas JM, Ferguson L, van Ommen B, Rodriguez RL, Allen L, Ames BN, Dawson K, German B, Krauss R, Malyj W, Archer MC, Barnes S, Bartholomew A, Birk R, van Bladeren P, Bradford KJ, Brown KH, Caetano R, Castle D, Chadwick R, Clarke S, Clément K, Cooney CA, Corella D, Manica da Cruz IB, Daniel H, Duster T, Ebbesson SO, Elliott R, Fairweather-Tait S, Felton J, Fenech M, Finley JW, Fogg-Johnson N, Gill-Garrison R, Gibney MJ, Gillies PJ, Gustafsson JA, Hartman JL 4th, He L, Hwang JK, Jais JP, Jang Y, Joost H, Junien C, Kanter M, Kibbe WA, Koletzko B, Korf BR, Kornman K, Krempin DW, Langin D, Lauren DR, Ho Lee J, Leveille GA, Lin SJ, Mathers J, Mayne M, McNabb W, Milner JA, Morgan P, Muller M, Nikolsky Y, van der Ouderaa F, Park T, Pensel N, Perez-Jimenez F, Poutanen K, Roberts M, Saris WH, Schuster G, Shelling AN, Simopoulos AP, Southon S, Tai ES, Towne B, Trayhurn P, Uauy R, Visek WJ, Warden C, Weiss R, Wiencke J, Winkler J, Wolff GL, Zhao-Wilson X, and Zucker JD
- Subjects
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Eating, Environment, Genetic Variation genetics, Genome, Human, Humans, International Cooperation, Phenotype, Research, Genomics, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena physiology
- Abstract
Nutrigenomics is the study of how constituents of the diet interact with genes, and their products, to alter phenotype and, conversely, how genes and their products metabolise these constituents into nutrients, antinutrients, and bioactive compounds. Results from molecular and genetic epidemiological studies indicate that dietary unbalance can alter gene-nutrient interactions in ways that increase the risk of developing chronic disease. The interplay of human genetic variation and environmental factors will make identifying causative genes and nutrients a formidable, but not intractable, challenge. We provide specific recommendations for how to best meet this challenge and discuss the need for new methodologies and the use of comprehensive analyses of nutrient-genotype interactions involving large and diverse populations. The objective of the present paper is to stimulate discourse and collaboration among nutrigenomic researchers and stakeholders, a process that will lead to an increase in global health and wellness by reducing health disparities in developed and developing countries.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Purslane: a plant source of omega-3 fatty acids and melatonin.
- Author
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Simopoulos AP, Tan DX, Manchester LC, and Reiter RJ
- Subjects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic chemistry, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic metabolism, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 physiology, Humans, Melatonin physiology, Plant Leaves chemistry, Plant Leaves metabolism, Portulaca physiology, Fatty Acids, Omega-3 metabolism, Melatonin metabolism, Portulaca metabolism
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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