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Based on newly available source materials and recent research by other scholars, this article revisits the “hand-copied book” phenomenon during and after the Chinese Cultural Revolution and views i...

Modern microprocessors suffer from significant on-chip variation at the advanced technology nodes. The development of CMOS-compatible memristive devices has brought nonvolatile capability into silicon technology. This paper explores new applications for memristive devices to resolve performance degradations that result from process variation. Novel self-healing flip-flop and clock buffers are developed to automatically detect timing violation and to perform timing recovery by tuning the resistance values of memristor devices. To incorporate the circuit techniques into VLSI circuits design, novel device placement and tuning algorithms have been developed. The proposed design methodology is demonstrated in a 45-nm fast Fourier transform processor design. Our test results show that performance gains of up to 20% can be achieved using the proposed self-healing circuits, with only 1% area

Logic encryption is a powerful hardware protection technique that uses extra key inputs to lock a circuit from piracy or unauthorized use. The recent discovery of the SAT-based attack with Distinguishing Input Pattern (DIP) generation has rendered all traditional logic encryptions vulnerable, and thus the creation of new encryption methods. However, a critical question for any new encryption method is whether security against the DIP-generation attack means security against all other attacks. In this paper, a new high-level SAT-based attack called SigAttack has been discovered and thoroughly investigated. It is based on extracting a key-revealing signature in the encryption. A majority of all known SAT-resilient encryptions are shown to be vulnerable to SigAttack. By formulating the condition under which SigAttack is effective, the paper also provides guidance for the future logic encryption design.

Cyclic logic encryption is newly proposed in the area of hardware security. It introduces feedback cycles into the circuit to defeat existing logic decryption techniques. To ensure that the circuit is acyclic under the correct key, CycSAT is developed to add the acyclic condition as a CNF formula to the SAT-based attack. However, we found that it is impossible to capture all cycles in any graph with any set of feedback signals as done in the CycSAT algorithm. In this paper, we propose a behavioral SAT-based attack called BeSAT. Be-SAT observes the behavior of the encrypted circuit on top of the structural analysis, so the stateful and oscillatory keys missed by CycSAT can still be blocked. The experimental results show that BeSAT successfully overcomes the drawback of CycSAT.

Logic encryption has attracted much attention due to increasing IC design costs and growing number of untrusted foundries. Unreachable states in a design provide a space of flexibility for logic encryption to explore. However, due to the available access of scan chain, traditional combinational encryption cannot leverage the benefit of such flexibility. Cyclic logic encryption inserts key-controlled feedbacks into the original circuit to prevent piracy and overproduction. Based on our discovery, cyclic logic encryption can utilize unreachable states to improve security. Even though cyclic encryption is vulnerable to a powerful attack called CycSAT, we develop a new way of cyclic encryption by utilizing unreachable states to defeat CycSAT. The attack complexity of the proposed scheme is discussed and its robustness is demonstrated.

The high cost of IC design has made chip protection one of the first priorities of the semiconductor industry. Although there is a common impression that combinational circuits must be designed without any cycles, circuits with cycles can be combinational as well. Such cyclic circuits can be used to reliably lock ICs. Moreover, since memristor is compatible with CMOS structure, it is possible to efficiently obfuscate cyclic circuits using polymorphic memristor-CMOS gates. In this case, the layouts of the circuits with different functionalities look exactly identical, making it impossible even for an inside foundry attacker to distinguish the defined functionality of an IC by looking at its layout. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive chip protection method based on cyclic locking and polymorphic memristor-CMOS obfuscation. The robustness against state-of-the-art key-pruning attacks is demonstrated and the overhead of the polymorphic gates is investigated.

Process variation is the dominating factor for performance degradation in modern IC chips. The conventional guard-band design methodology leads to significant performance penalty. This paper utilizes an emerging non-volatile resistive device, memristor, with timing violation detectors to dynamically achieve local recovery from timing violation during the runtime, eliminating the necessity of testing phase. It develops a systematic self-tuning mechanism that globally adjusts the clock skew scheduling to compensate the timing violation, and determines the tunability of the memristor-based self-tunable circuits. It also proposes an algorithmic memristor placement across the clock tree to balance the tradeoff between hardware cost and system tunability. Experimental results show that our approach can improve the yield from 90% to 98% with only 4% overhead in average.

Due to the increasing complexity of design process, outsourcing, and use of third-party blocks, it becomes harder and harder to prevent Trojan insertion and other malicious design modifications. In this paper, we propose to deploy security invariant as carried proof to prevent and detect Trojans and malicious attacks and to ensure the security of hardware design. Non-interference with down-grading policy is checked for confidentiality. Contrary to existing approaches by type checking, we develop a method to model-check a simple safety property on a composed machine. Down-grading is handled in a better way in model-checking and the effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated on various Verilog benchmarks.

"This paper examines the exilic experience and nomadic discourse in the lives and works of Gao Xingjian and Ma Jian, two prominent literary figures who have lived outside China since the late 1980s....Their exilic writing provides new source material for the study of literary exile and nomadism at the turn of the 21st century."

Through a case study of reality TV mediation shows, this article joins the debate about the recent promotion of formal and informal mediation by the Chinese government, what some scholars have called a "turn against law" (Minzner 2011). We identify three converging reasons for the sudden popularity of mediation shows on Chinese primetime television: (1) the desire of TV producers to commercially exploit interpersonal conflicts without fanning the flames of social instability; (2) the demands of official censors for TV programming promoting a "harmonious society"; and (3) the requirement for courts and other government institutions to publicly demonstrate their support for mediation as the most "appropriate" method for resolving interpersonal and neighborhood disputes. Cases drawn from two top-rated mediation shows demonstrate how they privilege morality and "human feeling" ( ganqing) over narrow application of the law. Such shows could be viewed merely as a form of propaganda, what Nader has called a "harmony ideology"-an attempt by the government to suppress the legitimate expression of social conflict. Yet while recognizing that further political, social, and legal reforms are necessary to address the root causes of social conflict in China, we conclude that TV mediation shows can help to educate viewers about the benefits and drawbacks of mediation for resolving certain narrow kinds of domestic and neighborhood disputes.Over three decades have passed since China entered the postsocialist reform era. While economic progress has greatly improved the material lives of many people, the economic reforms and consequent decline in socialist institutions have also caused enormous upheaval and disruption of the social fabric. There has been a significant increase in social conflict, inequality, and class stratification. The decline in traditional forms of social belonging, such as work units, active membership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and other social and political organizations, such as neighborhood committees, and a corresponding increase in social isolation and the spread of individualism, together with labor mobi- lization and urbanization, have raised major concerns about col- lapsing social networks and a decline in civic virtue (Sun & Guo 2012: 1--2). How to rebuild and strengthen the social fabric against these threats is a crucial issue facing both the Chinese government, desperate to maintain social stability and its hold on power, and Chinese citizens who wish to form a civic society in a more dis- persed, less tightly state-controlled, world.Since around 2005, the government's response to the increas- ing domestic conflicts and social instability arising from these rapid social changes has been to emphasize the need for "harmony."1 The CCP's imperative to promote a "harmonious society" has exerted particular influence in two areas: first, the legal system and the resolution of disputes more broadly, where the government has reaffirmed its belief in the "traditional Chinese" cultural ideal of mediation rather than adversarial litigation. This "new" policy approach culminated in the PRC People's Mediation Law in 2010, but it has been ongoing for several years within the Chinese court system, as we will discuss later. Second, the "harmonious society" campaign has strongly impacted the Chinese media, especially the content and genres of Chinese television programs. Several contro- versial shows that allegedly fomented unorthodox values and social instability have been censored in recent years, and television sta- tions must desperately search for ways to promote the govern- ment's ideal of "harmony" while still maintaining audience ratings and increasing their profits. One method of satisfying these differ- ing demands has been to produce reality TV mediation shows.When the first of these TV mediation shows, "The New Family Mediator" (Xin laoniangjiu), started broadcasting in early 2008 on Shanghai Dragon Satellite TV, its "people's mediators" (renmin tiaojieyuan) quickly established a reputation for helping ordinary Shanghai citizens out of their interpersonal disputes using a mix of earthy wisdom, moral persuasion, and basic legal knowledge. …

Cet article examine quelques téléséries récentes prenant pour thème les travailleuses licenciées en Chine pour faire ressortir la dimension affective, souvent négligée, qui y est véhiculée ainsi que l’ambivalence du discours télévisuel à propos des réformes économiques et de la nouvelle dominance capitaliste dans la société chinoise. En s’appuyant sur une ethnographie des décors, des personnages, de l’intrigue et du langage audiovisuel, ainsi que des expériences de visionnement par les téléspectateurs, il explore les stratégies affectives et émotionnelles mises de l’avant et, plus particulièrement, les implications sociales et émotionnelles des récits de ces mélodrames dans le contexte du discours public sur les coupures en emploi (xiagang). Parmi les conséquences des réformes économiques chinoises, ce sont ces coupures qui ont semé le plus de discorde et causé le plus de souffrances. L’article montre que le sort et le salut potentiel de ces femmes licenciées et, par extension, ceux d’autres groupes sociaux parmi les moins privilégiés, ont été instrumentalisés dans un format dramatique mobilisant des affects puissants et ce, par divers acteurs sociaux poursuivant leurs propres objectifs. Parmi ceux-ci figurent la promotion du projet gouvernemental de retour à l’emploi, l’expression du mécontentement social et de la détresse émotionnelle, ainsi que la tentative de faire sens des énormes changements sociaux qui sont survenus dans la Chine contemporaine., This paper uses recent TV serial dramas about laid-off female workers as an example to demonstrate the often neglected affective dimension of Chinese TV drama and its ambivalent televisual discourse on the economic reforms and the new dominance of capital in Chinese society. Based mainly on close generic analysis of settings, characters, plotlines, and audio-visual language, supplemented by audiences’ viewing experiences, I explore the affective strategies and emotional meanings of these dramas, in particular, the social implications and emotional impact of these melodramatic narratives in the context of the public discourse on retrenchment (xiagang), which has been one of the most divisive and painful consequences of China’s economic reforms. I argue that the plight and potential salvation of laid-off women, and by extension, of other less privileged social groups, has been used as a powerfully affective dramatic form by various social agents with their own agendas. Such agendas include promoting the government’s re-employment project ; voicing social discontent and emotional distress ; and attempting to make sense of the enormous changes taking place in China today., El presente artículo se apoya en algunas teleseries recientes que tienen como tema las trabajadoras despedidas en China con el fin de resaltar la dimensión afectiva, con frecuencia olvidada, que a través de ellas se vehicula así como la ambivalencia del discurso televisivo sobre las reformas económicas y el nuevo dominio capitalista en la sociedad china. Fundamentado en una etnografía del decorado, de los personajes, de la intriga y del lenguaje audiovisual, así que sobre las experiencias de las telespectadoras, exploro las estrategias afectivas y el sentido emotivo que dichos dramas presentan y, más específicamente, las implicaciones sociales y emotivas de las historias de esos melodramas en el contexto del discurso público sobre el corte de los empleos (xiagang). Dichos cortes representan, entre las consecuencias de las reformas económicas chinas, los procesos que más han provocado la discordia y causado muchos sufrimientos. Muestro que el destino y el mejoramiento potencial de las mujeres despedidas y, por extensión, el de otros grupos sociales menos privilegiados, han sido instrumentalizados de una manera dramática movilizando poderosos efectos mediante diversos agentes sociales motivados por objetivos diferentes. Esos objetivos son especialmente promover la política gubernamental de alentar la búsqueda de empleo, de expresar el descontento social y la miseria emotiva, o bien de tratar de dar un sentido a las enormes alteraciones sociales que han afectado a la China contemporánea.

The article examines the social and political uses of the Chinese popular media in promoting the market economy and reforming national subjectivity through the production and promotion of the TV documentary Shanxi Merchants.

(The Chinese film tradition was) a sacred hall (baodian), an orthodox place strictly guarded by professionally trained third and fourth generation filmmakers. The fifth generation didn't enter thro...