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The aim of the study is to estimate prophylactic and clinical efficacy of cycloferon concerning acute respiratory viral infection among military men in the period of formation of military units. Material and methods. 1300 military men were under observation in the period of formation of military units. There was calculated efficiency coefficient. Index of efficiency, and severity of disease, frequency of development and character of complications were established. Results. It is established that application of both prophylactic and clinical course of tablet of cycloferon in the period of seasonal increase of morbidity of acute respiratory viral infection in the period of formation of military units enables to increase significantly efficiency of prophylactic and clinical activities, to decrease morbidity, frequency of severe and complicated forms of disease. Conclusion. According to these results, the perspectives of cycloferon use in prophylaxis and treatment of acute respiratory viral infection in the closed units were worked out.

The aim of the study: Modification in the treatment of patients with herpes associated with psoriasis. Materials and methods: 30 patients were included in the study divided into two groups. In the 1st group the patients received standard treatment for herpes and two daily applications of cikloferon liniment for seven days. In the 2nd group the patients received only standard treatment for herpes. The patients were followed-up for six months. The study was open-label randomized. Results: The results obtained show that general infectious symptoms of herpes subsided considerably faster in the 1st group of patients treated with cikloferon liniment. The applications with the topical immunomodulator enhanced more dynamic disappearance of erosions. During the six months follow-up exacerbations of herpes were noted in 10% of patients in the 1st group and in 30% of patients in the second group. Cikloferon liniment was well tolerated and no side effects were noted. Conclusion: Cikloferon liniment used for the treatment of patients with herpes exacerbation associated with psoriasis contributes to more dynamic disappearance of infectious syndrome, enhances epithelization of herpetic erosions, and lowers the duration of erosions and local inflammation as well as the number of exacerbations in catamnesis.

Aim of the study: to evaluate the effciency of detection for HIV-infection in patients of neurological departments of Saratov. Materials and methods. We retrospectively analyzed 25 250 medical histories of patients hospitalized into neurological departments of Saratov hospitals between January 2007 and April 2012. Results. Blood samples of 2010 patients (7,96 %) were tested for the presence of HIV-antibodies. 37 patients were HIV-positive (1,84 % of examined patients and 0,15 % of the total number of patients). Conclusion. Increasing popularity and variety of clinical manifestations of HIV-infection requires the expansion of neurological patients whom serum test for antibodies against HIV is needed.

Education quality improvement of the future specialists assumes the intensification of training, usage of optimization techniques as well as constructive approach in accordance with the Bologna Declaration. Introduction of constructive approach and inductive and deductive strategies in the teaching process will enable to enhance cognitive activity of students

The research goal is to determine the clinical and pathogenetic efficacy of Cycloferon liniment in the combined therapy in patients with herpetic stomatitis accompanied by chronic tonsillitis. Materials and methods: Medical examination and treatment of 60 patients have been carried out. The marker of endogenous intoxication, infectious severity and immunity has been investigated. Results. It has been established that use of Cycloferon liniment in the combined therapy in patients with herpetic stomatitis accompanied by chronic tonsillitis has allowed to decrease infectious severity in par-odontal recess and evidence of local inflammation, to normalize immunity indices and reduce the level of endogenous intoxication that has been liable for acceleration of recuperation processes and lowering of frequency of stomatitis recurrences. Conclusion. The clinical efficacy of Cycloferon liniment in the therapy in patients with herpetic stomatitis accompanied by chronic tonsillitis conditioned by the decreasing of activity of local inflammatory process according to the reducing of level pro-inflammatory cytokines, infectious burden of the mouth cavity, endogenous intoxication

The shift in priorities in the system of Russian education, transition from reproductive learning to learner-centered approach, incorporation of competency-based approach into the educational standards of "the third generation" require the training of a competitive specialist with professional competency. Types of competencies are characterized. The competency presenting certain requirements is studied. The mastering of the requirements will enable to train qualified specialists. The quality of education directly influences the level of professional activity through the training of specialists and the development of sciences. Competence-oriented modules approach and adherence to pedagogic requirements in education enables the efficacy of professional training. Innovative techniques and approaches to organizing educational process in their active form stimulate the process of studying.

The purpose of the work is to prescribe combined treatment in order to determine the efficiency of cycloferon liniment. Materials and methods. 80 patients suffering from such inflammatory disease of parodentium as herpetic stomatitis and periodontitis have been examined and treated. Results. Cycloferon liniment used in the combined treatment of stomatitis and periodontitis reduces the infection load in gingival pockets, decreases local inflammation, normalizes immunity parameters, decreases endotoxemia and reduces relapse rates. Conclusion. Cycloferon liniment is an efficient medication restoring the parameters of local nonspecific immune response.

The research goal is to determine the clinical pathogenetic efficacy of Cycloferon liniment in the combined therapy of periodontitis in patients with subclinical stage of HIV-infection. Medical examination and treatment of 40 patients has been carried out. It is established that use of liniment Cycloferon in the combined treatment of patients with subclinical stage of HIV-infection allows to accelerate process of normalization of lipid peroxidation parameters and antioxidant potential of blood and to decrease infection (herpes symplex virus I, Candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus) in par-odontal recess and evidence of local inflammation. The considered method of therapy has been proved to improve convalescence period and to decrease frequency of parodontitis recurrences

The article presents the study of formation mechanisms and periodontitis course in patients with subclinical stage of HIV-infection. The examination of 45 patients has enabled the division of patients into three basic groups: patients with periodontitis and HIV-infection; patients with periodontitis; and HIV patients without periodontitis. It has been determined that the patients with periodontitis and subclinical HIV-infection have developed local inflammatory reaction with infection, activation of anti-inflammatory cytokines in parodontal recess fluid. It has been proved that the causative factor of frequent and durable relapses in parodontal pathology with clinical HIV-infection was the development of pathologic process with endotoxicosis syndrome and imbalance of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system

The adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 in the initial phase of the disease are often due to the development of cytokine storm, endothelial dysfunction, shifts in the hemostasis system, microangiopathy, angiocentric inflammation, and pathological angiogenesis, which require targeted therapy. Unfortunately, to date, there is still no drug with proven high efficacy. This review is to analyse the literature data on the pathogenesis of vascular homeostasis lesions and possible ways to correct the existing shifts in patients with COVID-19. When the oxygen content in the tissue decreases, one of the most important mechanisms of adaptation is the activation of the succinate oxidase pathway, but under conditions of prolonged hypoxia and intoxication, the succinate reserve is rapidly depleted. That is why exogenous of succinic acid can enhance the adaptive capabilities of the organism and improve the prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Succinic acid preparations contribute to normalization of energy exchange and reduction of oxidative stress, especially in combination with inosine, nicotinamide and riboflavin and are widely used in clinical practice in various nosological forms. Taking into account the analysis of data on the mechanisms of clinical effects of succinate-containing preparations, this group of drugs can be considered as promising with regard to the correction of vascular disorders in COVID-19.

The article presents the scientific substantiation of the use of interferon inducers in an infectious disease clinic the inducers of endogenous interferon of various chemical groups with antiviral action are examined and analyzed. The authors describe specific features of interferon induction by different drugs. They evaluate the effectiveness of cycloferon in the complex treatment of patients with influenza and other acute respiratory viral diseases, herpesvirus, arbovirus and intestinal infections, tuberculosis, including in the presence of HIV infection, chronic brucellosis, etc.

The aspects of virus hepatitis C immunopathogenesis are discussed. The main attention is paid to higher production of Th1 cytokines providing active protection of the host from HCV. The up-to-date approaches to the therapy of chronic hepatitis C, described in the literature and the original ones, including the triple therapy with immunomodulators of various mechanisms of action, i.e. cycloferon (injections and tablets), galavit and derinat are presented. The comparative efficacy of the therapy is estimated. Cycloferon is shown to be the drug of choice in the treatment of patients with virus hepatitis addicted to narcotics. The clinical and laboratory efficacy of the metabolic hepatoprotector remaxol with antioxidant activity is described. Its high effictivity and satisfactory tolerability (side effects requiring discontinuation of the drug use were recorded only in 0.3% of the cases), as well as the minimal risk of no biochemical remission after its use allow to conseder remaxol as a highly efficient metabolic hepatoprotector for pathogenetic therapy of chronic hepatitis.

Data on the study of the efficacy of the tablets of cycloferon, an early inductor of types 1 and 2 interferon, in the treatment of influenza and acute respiratory tract viral infections in adults are presented. The study enrolled 522 patients with moderate influenza of type A (H1N1) verified in 61% of the patients and type A (H3N2) verified in 7.5% of the cases. The patients were randomized with the envelope procedure. In the patients treated with cycloferon the intensity and period of the fever were stopped earlier and averaged from 1.8 to 3 days vs. 5 days in the reference group (symptomatic therapy)/ The improvement signs in the general state ofthe patients treated with cycloferon were noted on the 2nd day. The influenza complication as pneumonia was recorded in 2.2% of the patients treated with cycloferon, whereas in the patients under the symptomatic therapy the complications as bronchitis, pneumonia, angina were stated in 21.4% of the cases. For urgent prophylaxis of the influenza and respiratory tract viral infections (epidemiologic study) a group of 3717 subjects randomized with the table of random numbers was observed. 2080 patients were treated with cycloferon and 1637 patients were under the symptomatic therapy. The results were evaluated by the efficacy index and the protection estimate (T. A. Semenenko, 1991). The total efficacy index and the protection estimate in all the patients of the group were 4.9 and 79.8% respectively. The complicated forms of the disease were recorded in 1.5% of the patients treated with cycloferon and in 10.5 and 11.3% of the patients not treated with cycloferon.

The efficacy of the use of triple schemes in combined therapy of chronic virus hepatitis was estimated and its safety was monitored. The problems of therapy of mixed hepatitis in drug addicts are discussed. Immunotropic agents, increasing the efficacy of the standard therapy of chronic affections of the liver, are suggested to be used as the third remedy in the combined therapy.

The best therapeutic effect in the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B was observed with the use of cycloferon in the scheme of the antiviral therapy. The combination of cycloferon with lamivudine provided complete stable remission in 54.1% of the patients, whereas the use of а-interferon in combination with cycloferon provided remission in 44.1% of the lamivudine-resistant patients. The use of cycloferon in the therapy of chronic hepatitis B made it possible to lower the frequency and manifestation level of the side effects and prevented the lamivudine resistance development and generation of the virus mutants.

The results of the multicentre clinical trials on cycloferon efficacy in children at the age from 4 to 16 years are presented. The prophylactic effect of the drug (2.9—7.2-fold decrease of the morbidity) with respect to the respiratory tract mono- and mixed infections was showen. The marked cytoprotective effect, evident from lower destruction of the epithelial cells and increased activity of the local nonspecific resistance factors (lysozyme, secretory immunoglobulin A) was observed.

Comparative placebo-controlled study entrolled 647 patients with verified diagnosis of chronic virus hepatitis B (HBeAg+), not previously subjected to antiviral therapy (with nucleotide analogues or interferons). The drug under the investigation was cycloferon, an earlier interferon inductor. The antiviral combination therapy of the main group patients (323 subjects) included the use of cycloferon + lamivudine for 48 weeks and the therapy of the control group patients (324 subjects) included the use of lamivudine + placebo for 48 weeks. The cycloferon and lamividine combination antiviral therapy was shown preferable vs. the lamivudine + placebo therapy by biochemical remission, virusological response, seroconversion by HBeAg by the 48th week of the treatment and HBsAg clearance. The conbination therapy provided lower frequency of the ralapses within 24 weeks of the observation. The higher efficacy of the antiviral combination therapy was evident of the impact of the antiviral activity of cycloferon itself and its immunomodulating and interferon-inducing activity on elimination of the virus-infected hepatocytes. The use of the 48-week course of the antiviral combination therapy is advisable as the prime treatment in the management of patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis not previously treated with nucleoside analogues and as a variant of therapy for lamivudine-refractory patients.

Characteristics of the clinical process of acute intestinal infection were studied. The main infection was salmonellosis. The intoxication syndrome was defined and its dynamics was estimated by the intoxication leukocytic index. The severity and intoxication syndrome level were characterized by the integral value or the level of the mean mass molecules. The infusion validity as pathogenetic treatment providing detoxication and normal hemostasis was shown. The favourable outcomes were observed to depend on the dynamics of the main clinical symptoms and the intoxication leukocytic index.

The prospective randomized study involved 60 patients with chronic dystrophic diseases of the vulva. The clinical efficacy of cycloferon in the complex treatment of the patients and its on the psychological and functional state and the dynamics of the life quality were investigation.

To determine the clinicopathogenetic efficacy of cycloferon liniment in combined therapy of herpetic stomatitis, 60 patients with herpetic stomatitis and chronic tonsillitis were examined and treated. It was shown that the use of cycloferon liniment in the combined therapy of herpetic stomatitis in the patients with chronic tonsillitis allowed to lower the infection load in the parodontal recesses and the local inflammation, to normalize the immunity indices and to reduce the level of the endogenous intoxication, that provided acceleration of the recuperation processes and decreased the frequency of stomatitis backsets.

The symptoms similar to those detected in rheumatic diseases in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are due to various pathogenetic mechanisms (immune cell imbalance, antibody production, etc.). The occurrence of rheumatic symptoms and syndromes in HIV infection can lead to diagnostic errors and wrong treatment policy (use of immunosuppressive therapy instead of high-dose antiretroviral therapy). The paper describes two clinical cases of HIV infection in the stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in young and middle-aged women, who were misdiagnosed rheumatic diseases at baseline. In the first case, a 34-year-old woman was suspected to have systemic lupus erythematosus before HIV infection diagnosis, whereas the leading clinical syndrome was nephropathy (nephrotic syndrome, hypertension). In the other case, in a 62-year-old woman, the manifestations of the advanced stage of HIV infection at baseline were regarded as mixed connective tissue disease, while the greatest similarity was found in the concurrence of Sjö gren’s syndrome. The paper discusses the reasons for diagnostic difficulties in each case and the specific features of organ damages in comparison with the data available in the literature.