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The impact of thermal quenching on the photostability of bismuth active center (BAC) is investigated through measuring the photo-bleaching process under 830 nm irradiation in quenched Bi/Er co-doped fiber (BEDF). By fitting with the stretched-exponential model, the emission intensity ascribed to the photostable BAC associated with silica (BAC-Si) at 1400 nm (I( $\infty $ )), unbleachable ratio $(\gamma _{\textrm {UB}})$ and bleaching time $(\tau _{\mathbf {B}})$ are obtained. Compared to the untreated sample, the $\text{I}(\infty) $ increases with higher temperature or a longer dwell time, while both the $\gamma _{\textrm {UB}}$ and $\tau _{\mathbf {B}}$ decrease. The results show that BAC-Si could be bleached faster, while additional amount of BAC-Si could be retained in thermally quenched samples. Besides, the lower photostability of the newly quenching activated BAC, impacted by different quenching conditions, is estimated.

Annealing effects on optical losses in silica optical fiber drawn from 3D-printed preform were investigated. An irreversible reduction in loss was observed through multiple annealing cycles at a temperature T = 800 ° C. Changes in Raman spectroscopy confirm densification of the core as the stresses in glass relax with annealing. The temperature-dependent loss in the 3D printed fiber is consistent with modal field overlap at the core-cladding interface.

In this article, an improved polarization interference method is proposed for fiber birefringence measurement. This method uses two different lengths of a birefringence fiber with their birefringent axes orthogonally coupled to compensate the phase difference and achieve the required pitch in interferogram for determining birefringence accurately. Experiments and analysis demonstrate that the method could offer improved accuracy and expanded range in birefringence measurement with relatively low spectral resolution systems.

Bismuth-doped optical fiber (BDF) and bismuth/erbium co-doped optical fiber (BEDF) have attracted much attention due to their ultra-broadband luminescence in the near-infrared (NIR) region. The photobleaching effect on bismuth active centers (BACs) related to the NIR luminescence has been systematically investigated and summarized, in terms of irradiation intensity, irradiation wavelength, and temperature. All these findings not only give the deep insights into the fundamental structure of BACs but also provide an effective way to control the BACs. They play an important role for the development of BDF- and BEDF-based devices with high performance and stability under laser exposure in future.

In this Letter, the impact of

International audience; We investigate the potential of fabricating thermally stable refractive index contrasts using femtosecond (fs) near-infrared (IR) radiation in aluminosilicate glasses. A set of pure SiO 2-Al 2 O 3 glasses are manufactured, characterized (density and Raman), and investigated after being irradiated by fs laser within the Type II regime. The formation of nanogratings is identified and studied using quantitative birefringence measurements. Their thermal stability is then investigated through 30 minutes step isochronal annealing (up to 1250°C). For both SiO 2 and 50SiO 2-50Al 2 O 3 compositions, the normalized birefringence does not decrease when tested up to 1100°C, while for the 4,6 mol% GeO 2-SiO 2 erased for 20% at 1000°C.

Background The purpose of the present study was to evaluate efficacy and patient satisfaction of acupuncture or Chuna therapy for back pain. Methods Amongst all the patients with back pain who had been treated at Sun-cheon korean medicine hospital, Dong-shin university, only patients that had received either acupuncture or Chuna manual therapy between September 1 and October 31, 2017 were selected and their medical charts retrospectively analyzed. A questionnaire was used in the investigation that consisted of a numeric rating scale (NRS), the Oswestry low-back pain disability index (ODI), general, emotional, conversational, and technical satisfaction. The questionnaire was completed before treatment and at weekly intervals (approximately). Treatment efficacy was analyzed using the first and last questionnaires. The last questionnaire was also used to establish patient satisfaction. The data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 21.0. Results The NRS, Current degree of pain (ODI-1), and total ODI were significantly decreased in both the acupuncture and Chuna groups. The differences in NRS, ODI-1, and total ODI changes between treatment groups were not significant. There were no statistically significant differences between the acupuncture and Chuna groups in terms of general, emotional, conversational, and technical satisfaction. Conclusions Acupuncture treatment significantly reduces NRS and ODI in patients who have back pain without structural transformation, and Chuna therapy significantly reduces NRS and ODI-1 in patients who have back pain with structural transformation. These results indicate that further studies should be conducted in more patients and over a longer period.

Background This research was performed to investigate the effects of Pulsatilla Koreana NAKAI pharmacopuncture (PPA) therapy on intestinal disease in rats with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Methods The subjects were divided into five groups : A control group, saline group, pharmacopuncture group PPA1 (0.2 ㎎/ 1 kg/ 40 ㎕), pharmacopuncture group PPA2 (0.5 ㎎/ 1 kg/ 40 ㎕), and pharmacopuncture group PPA 3(1 ㎎/ 1 kg/ 40 ㎕). The experimental model of colitis was induced by infection of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for eighteen days. After colitis was induced, PPA therapy was practiced on the Chunchu (ST25) once every two days for a total six times. Thereafter Disease Activity Index (DAI), colon length, damage to the colonic mucosa, body weight, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β1, IL-23 and IL-17 were measured. Results The results were as follows. 1. DAI was significantly decreased in the PPA groups. 2. Colon length was significantly increased in the PPA groups. 3. Damage of colonic mucosa was observed less in the PPA groups. 4. Body weight was significantly increased in the saline group and the PPA groups. 5. The PPA2 group showed a significant decrease in the intensity of IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γand TNF-α levels and the mean of IL-23. 6. The PPA3 group showed a significant increase in the intensity of IL-10 and TGF-β1 levels. 7. No significant differences were shown in the mean of IL-17. Conclusions These results suggest that PPA therapy on Chunchu (ST25) can be used as an effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease.

Bismuth active center associated with silica (BAC-Si) activation and thermal darkening effect at high temperature has been distinguished in a bismuth/erbium co-doped fiber (BEDF). Activation could be achieved ahead of the severe thermal darkening effect.

The photostability of bismuth active centre associated with aluminium (BAC-Al) and bismuth active centre associated with silicon (BAC-Si) in bismuth/erbium co-doped optical fibre (BEDF) is investigated at a wide range of laser wavelengths. © 2020 The Author(s)

The thermal treatment effect on bismuth active center associated with aluminum (BACAl) has been investigated. The results indicate that thermal treatment leads to significant degradation of BAC-Al in 3D printed bismuth/erbium co-doped optical fibre. © 2019 The Author(s)

State-of-the-art optical fiber communication system reaches to transmission capacity from tens to hundreds of Tb/s. The massive capacity crunch has sparked concerns regarding available bandwidth and constantly increasing optical data traffic. Certainly, one way is to broaden the spectral transmission range beyond the narrow gain band of current erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). Either side of Erbium across low-loss transmission window (1.5μm) shown promising results with optical fibres codoped with rare-earth-doped materials such as bismuth/thulium. Hence, it is of crucial importance to develop broadband optical amplifier to fully utilize the uncovered spectral regions with proper choice of pump wavelength(s)/Laser diodes. Here we have compared the performances of Bismuth/Erbium and Ytterbium/Erbium co-doped fibres as pumped to 808nm to one as pumped at 830nm. The pumping excitation conditions and spectral characteristics in BEDF and EYDF are explored to maximize the lasing efficiency. Using equivalent conditions and same section of Bi/Er codoped fiber, an enhanced broadband emission with FWHM ~ 149 nm is observed in Bi active centers (BAC) related to Si around ~1420nm under 808nm excitation as compared to 830nm with its FWHM ~ 125nm at an input power of ~ 55.5 mW. At maximum power, under 808nm pumping, a well-known peak emission of Er3+ at 1536nm noticeably increased due to reabsorption of BAC-Si (~1420nn) with the ratio ~ 1.7 between Er3+ and BAC-Si emission peaks. On the contrary, emission peak of the BAC-Si revealed higher with the ratio of ~ 1.5 than that of Er3+ by 830nm pumping. Afterward, we observed Yb3+ emission at 1040nm and 980 nm using Yb/Er codoped fiber with both pumps at same power. Using 808nm pumping, an extended emission band around ~ 1230 nm appeared namely BAC-Al while the other emission bands associated with BAC-Si (~ 1480nm) and Er3+ (~1536nm) shown similar emission bands with high emission peaks compared to 830nm pump at equivalent pump powers. Furthermore, the emission peak of the BAC-Si is about the same level as that of Er3+ with ratio of RBi/Er~ 1.1 under 808nm pumping while 830 nm pump showed the ~ 5.25 ratio between the emission peaks of BAC-Si and Er3+. We believe that this side-by-side comparison of two pumps and two home-made fabricated codoped fibres could be useful as a promising strategy for the next-generation WDM passive optical networks employing single broadband amplifier and tunable fiber laser covering 1000-1800nm telecommunication bands.

We investigated thermal effect on attenuation and luminescence of Bi/Er co-doped fiber (BEDF). A strong and irreversible thermal darkening effect in both near-infrared (NIR) and visible spectral range was observed, accompanied by a luminescence quenching of bismuth active centers (BACs), in temperature range from 600 °C to 800 °C. This thermal darkening effect is believed to be linked to the precipitation of metallic bismuth nanoparticles and takes place at a relatively low temperature. We also observed that the quenching of BAC-Si in the BEDF is more prominent than other BACs. The BAC-Si related emission at 1420 nm is decreased by 80% when the temperature is increased to 600 °C—before the significant thermal darkening occurs and while the quenching of others BACs is not significant.

In this Letter, the impact of A l 2 O 3 doping on the Bi active center (BAC) photobleaching is investigated in Bi/Er-codoped fibers (BEDFs). By measuring the evolution of emission attributed to the BAC associated with silica (BAC-Si) at ∼ 1400 n m , the linear relationship between the ratio of unbleached/bleached part ( γ U B / γ B ) and 830 nm irradiation intensity ( P 830 ) was revealed in the log-log plot. The experimental results demonstrate that A l 2 O 3 doping or its induced defects could be one key factor exaggerating the BAC photobleaching in BEDFs.

Bismuth/erbium co-doped optical fiber fabricated through 3D silica lithography is thermally treated with various conditions. Then the thermal treatment effect on bismuth active centers (BACs) in this fiber is investigated. The thermal bleaching of the BAC associated with Al and the BAC associated with Si is observed after thermal treatment at high temperatures (300°C–800°C). It is found that the absorption and luminescence of BACs dramatically decrease after the thermal treatment, even totally bleaching at 700°C. The results show that the temperature and dwell time have significant effects on the thermal bleaching and activation of BACs. The underlying mechanisms of these thermal-induced effects are further discussed.

Temperature dependence of cutoff wavelength of Bi/Er co-doped fiber (BEDF) is investigated. In temperature range from 23°C to 500°C, effective cutoff wavelength of BEDF is found to be a linear function of temperature, shifting from 912 nm to 946 nm at a rate of ~ 76 pm/°C. The difference of thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) between core and cladding is believed to be the dominant factor leading to the observed phenomenon.

Bi/Er co-doped optical fiber is one of the solutions for wave band extending technology which is very important for fiber amplifiers, lasers and communication system. Pump option can alter emission band of the Bi/Er co-doped fiber. In this paper, optimization of pump wavelength is proposed. A high Bi concentration co-doped Bi/Er optical fiber is tested as a sample to demonstrate pump wavelength influence to the emission spectrum band. An optical fiber measurement system is provided to measure out characteristics of active optical fibers. And some useful results and parameters of pump optimizing for Bi/Er co-doped optical fiber are discussed in detail. From this research, optimized pump wavelength is suggested around 1350 nm to get a wider continue spectrum covers from 1300 nm to 1600 nm.

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture therapy with Hominis Placenta pharmacopncture therapy in hospitalized patients with peripheral facial paralysis. Methods : We investigated 34 cases of patients with peripheral facial paralysis who were admitted into the Dept. of Acupuncture & Moxibustion of Dongshin University Suncheon Oriental Hospital from February 1, 2014 to June 31, 2015. Subjects were divided into two groups, Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture group(HR group), and Hominis Placenta Pharmacopuncture group(JH group). HR group was treated by Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture five times a week and JH group was treated by Hominis Placenta Pharmacopuncture five times a week. And both groups were treated by acupuncture, electroacupuncture, herbal medicine therapy, western drug therapy equally. To investigate the effectiveness of treatment, we used House-Brackmann Grading System, Yanagihara's unweighted grading system and Sunnybrook facial grading scale at before admission and after admission. Results : Each scores by 3 evaluation methods improved both in two groups. However, there were no significant differences in improvement between two groups. Conclusions : These results suggest that the Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture therapy is as effective as Hominis Placenta pharmacopuncture therapy to improve symptoms of peripheral facial paralysis.

Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University 2 Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University Department of Oriental Opthalmology, Otolaryngology & Dermatology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University Department of Oriental Gynecology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University Department of Oriental Internal Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University 7 Department of Acupoint & Meridian, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the effect of herbal steam therapy on peripheral facial paralysis. Methods : 55 patients with peripheral facial paralysis were treated with Korean Medicine therapy including herbal steam therapy. We evaluated the effect of Korean Medicine therapy including herbal steam therapy by Yanagihara grading system. Results : 1. 55 patients were treated with Korean Medicine therapy and 23.27±14.11 times of herbal steam therapy. 2. After treatment, Y-system score was significantly increased(p-value＜0.001) from 18.00±6.5514 to 35.00±6.3404. Conclusions : Herbal stream therapy seem to be effective to improve symptoms of peripheral facial paralysis. Further studies will be needed to identify the beneficial of herbal steam therapy on peripheral facial paralysis.

Objectives : Herba on lipid levels in serum and lipid accumulation in liver tissue in high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice. Methods : Experimental groups were subdivided into four; Normal diet group (Nor), Hyperlipidemic mice (Con), Lysimachiae Herba water extract administered mice (LWE), Lysimachiae Herba methanol extract administered mice (LME). Thereafter the changes in body weight, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, ALT, fasting blood glucose in serum were measured. In addition histopathological changes in liver tissue was also observed. Results : Body weight, AST and ALT were not affected by the administration of water or methanol extracts of Lysimachiae Herba. However, methanol extracts of Lysimachiae Herba down regulated the total cholesterol and triglyceride in high fat diet - induced hyperlipidemic mice. Conclusions : In this study, results of total cholesterol and triglyceride showed significant effect in LME compared with LWE, but other results didn’t. Therefore, it is necessary to have more study of Lysimachiae Herba to apply hyperlipidemia.

Objectives: Banhahoobak-tang has been used to treat plum-pit qi, chest and hypochondriac dis-tension, moist or greasy tongue coat, and wiry slow or wiry slippery pulse. It might be used to control coughing and vomiting. We observed that Banhahoobak-tang extract (BHTe) had anti-psychological stress effect. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of BHTe on restoring the transcrip-tional regulation of genes related to psychological stress. Methods: After giving psychological stress to mice, BHTe was orally administered at 100 mg/kg/day for five days. After extracting whole brain tissue from the mice, the gene expression changes were de-termined by microarray. Transcription factor binding site (TFBS) analysis showed up- and down-regu-lated genes related to psychological stress were protected by BHTe and segregated according to the structure of TFBS. We performed text based Pubmed search to select significant target genes involved in psychological stress affected by BHTe.Results: 1. Serum corticosterone level was decreased in the BHTe administered group, although the psychological stress was increased. 2. The BHTe administered group had no significant change in nora-drenaline content in brain tissue, but the psychological stress group had decreased level. 3. The BHTe administered group had increased time of staying at open-arm than the psychological stress group. 4. Microarray revealed that TANK and RARA genes were up-regulated genes while AES, CDC42, FOS, NCL, and PVR were down-regulated genes by psychological stress but restored by BHTe.Key Words: Banhahoobak-tang extract (BHTe), Psychological stress, Anti-anxiety effect, Microarray.

Results: Treatment with CRVP decreased proliferation rates in a dose dependent manner. ID50 (50% inhibitory dosage) was 175.4 μg/ml. In the CRVP treated group, cell volumes showed smaller than non-treated normal. In addition, CRVP increased percentage of apoptotic and sub G1 arrested cells respectively. 200 μg/ml of CRVP treatment increased intracellular ROS level significantly. Finaly the expression level of caspase 3 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were elevated by treatment with CRVP respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that CRVP can trigger intrinsic apoptotic pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells.

A multi-cup electric cupping system (MECS) was proposed, based on the ancient cupping method. MECS consisted of several cups that could be used simultaneously to treat 85 lumbago patients. Each cup was equipped with its own pump and pressure-monitoring system. The vacuum pressure of the cups was controlled using fuzzy logic. Through automated control of the vacuum pressure, long-term relief of muscle tightness was achieved. To develop a scientific foundation for this alternative treatment, we compared the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores from conventional basic cupping to the ODI scores for our proposed MECS. The ODI scores using MECS decreased from 11.71 ± 1.61 before treatment to 4.81 ± 1.48 and 1.87 ± 1.61 after three and five treatments, respectively. The improvement rate in the ODI scores using MECS after three treatments was higher than that achieved by basic cupping. These results, combined with the convenience offered by enhanced information technology and fuzzy logic capabilities, should increase the efficiency of this device, and facilitate the opportunity to further explore the potential of Oriental medical practices.

The thermal activation of the bismuth active center associated with silicon (BAC-Si) in bismuth/erbium-codoped optical fiber (BEDF) has been investigated in terms of temperature, dwell time, and cooling rate. The experimental results show that temperature and dwell time have significant effects on activation of BAC-Si, and the underlying mechanism is further discussed. Especially, through the optimization of these dynamic parameters, the thermal activation of BAC-Si is achieved with a maximum enhancement ∼ 2.5 times of peak luminescence intensity and 1.6 dB/m increment of the on–off gain at ∼ 1405 n m . Such discovery clearly indicates that thermal treatment with optimized temperature, dwell time, and cooling rate could be an effective way to activate BAC-Si in BEDF.

Objectives : The purpose of this report is to show the effectiveness of traditional korean medical treatment with Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture. Methods : Twenty five patients were treated by korean medical treatment including Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopuncture. We measured valuation standards such as House-Brackmann Grade(H-B Grade) and Numeric Rating Scale(NRS) to assess the effectiveness of treatments. These valuation standards were measured at admisson and discharge. Results : The results were obtained as below. 1. In House-Brackmann Grade, 60.0% of patients were improved and 36.0% were maintained at the same level. 4.0% of patients were worsen. 2. Average of Numeric Rating Scale was changed from 8.5 to 3.0 after whole treatment. Conclusions : Korean medical treatments including Hwangryunhaedok-tang pharmacopunture can be effective for improving symptoms of facial paralysis.

Objectives : The purpose of this report is to show the clinical efficiency of korean medical treatments with Bee Venom pharmacopuncture therapy on patient of Trigeminal Neuralgia. Methods : The patient was treated with Bee Venom pharmacopuncture, acupuncture, electroacupuncture, cupping venesection treatment, and herbal medicine. Visual Analog Scale was used to evaluate the improvement of pain after all treatments. Results : Visual Analog Scale was improved from 10 to 2 after korean medical treatment including Bee Venom pharmacopuncture. Conclusions : Korean medical treatments with Bee Venom pharmacopuncture can be effective for improving symptoms of Trigeminal Neuralgia.

In this study, a hybrid multi-cup electric cupping system (HMECS) was proposed, based on the ancient cupping method. HMECS consisted of several cups that could be used simultaneously to treat different areas of the patient’s body. Each cup was equipped with its own pump and pressure-monitoring system. Moreover, the vacuum pressure of the cups was controlled using fuzzy logic. Through automated control of the vacuum pressure, long-term relief of muscle tightness was achieved. To develop a scientific foundation for this alternative treatment, we compared the VAS(Visual Analog Scale) and ODI(Oswestry Disability Index) scores from conventional basic cupping to the VAS and ODI scores for our proposed HMECS. The improvement rate in the VAS and ODI scores using HMECS after three treatments was higher than that achieved by basic cupping. These results, combined with the convenience offered by enhanced IT capabilities, should increase the popularity of this device among an aging society, and facilitate the opportunity to further explore the potential of Oriental medical practices.

The thermal effect upon the photo-bleaching of bismuth/erbium co-doped optical fiber (BEDF) containing Al has been investigated. The photo-bleaching effects of aluminum related bismuth active center (BAC-Al) in BEDF are studied from room temperature (RT) up to 350°C under the irradiation of a 980 nm laser. No visible bleaching of the luminescence associated with BAC-Al was observed at RT, but significant bleaching appeared at higher temperatures above 150°C under the same irradiation power. The underlying mechanism of significant thermal aggravation of photo-bleaching is discussed, and its impact needs to be considered in the design and application of optical amplifiers and lasers using Al-doped BEDF.

We have investigated the thermal quenching effect on the bismuth active center (BAC) in a Bi/Er co-doped fiber (BEDF). The effects from varying quenching conditions are studied and discussed. We report, for the first time to our knowledge, a significant BAC activation achieved by thermal quenching. We observed that the peak luminescence at ∼1405 nm of the BAC associated with silica (BAC-Si) could be enhanced more than two times by thermal quenching. The experimental results indicate that thermal quenching could be an effective way for BAC activation of bismuth-doped fibers.

The unsaturable absorption and excited state absorption (ESA) for bismuth/erbium codoped fibers have been investigated under 830 nm pumping. The ESA and unsaturable absorption at 1050 nm are found to increase with increasing BAC-Al absorption.