Search

The lymphoid cell composition of milky spots was analyzed in unprimed mice before and after i.p. immunization with sheep red blood cells. Milky spots contained surface immunoglobulin-positive B lymphocytes, and T cells of the helper and cytotoxic phenotype. After secondary antigen challenge (a) the number of lymphocytes increased up to 40-fold, (b) B and T cells were found to segregate into distinct areas in situ, and (c) lymphocytes were found to associate with I-A-negative stromal cells in vivo. These findings qualify milky spots as a peripheral lymphoid organ exhibiting a remarkable change in number and composition of lymphocytes in response to a local antigen stimulus.

In the F1 hybrid of autoimmune New Zealand Black (NZB) and phenotypically normal New Zealand White (NZW) mice, there occurs a severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like autoimmune disease more fulminant than that found in the parental NZB mice. To determine the role of the H-2 complex in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease of the (NZB X NZW)F1 hybrid, we developed H-2-congenic NZB (NZB.H-2z) and NZW (NZW.H-2d) strains, and compared the degree of autoimmune features between congenic H-2d/H-2d and H-2z/H-2z homozygous F1 hybrids and the original H-2d/H-2z heterozygous (NZB X NZW)F1 hybrid. We found that autoimmune features such as productions of IgG class anti-DNA antibodies and retroviral gp70 immune complexes and the development of renal disease were to a great extent reduced in both H-2 homozygous F1 hybrids, as compared with the H-2 heterozygous (NZB X NZW)F1 hybrid. It would thus appear that the heterozygosity of H-2d haplotype derived from NZB and H-2z from NZW is essential for the autoimmune disease characteristic of the (NZB X NZW)F1 hybrid.

The migration of 51Cr-labeled autologous lymphocytes from intestinal or prescapular lymph was compared in fetal lambs and adult sheep. A subpopulation of lymphocytes present in intestinal lymph of adults which migrated to the small intestine was not found in fetal intestinal lymph. There were marked differences in the migration of fetal and adult lymphocytes to the lungs and liver. In spite of the absence of circulating antibodies or immunoglobulins and of extrinsic antigen in the immunologically virgin sheep fetus, the circulation of lymphocytes through the spleen and lymph nodes of fetal lambs was more intense than in the adult.

What is an “Internet user” in the late 1990s? How is this important in the 1990s transition between the confidential and the mainstream Internet? The Web as a “missing link” between information systems technologies and market is a common answer to explain the success of the Internet in the end of the twentieth century. However, we lack insight on how the Internet entered the public sphere, from a genealogical and historical point of view. Our hypothesis is that in the context of an Internet crisis in the mid to late-1990’s, institutional appropriation of the topic on the Web 1.0 helped define a general Internet user; and thus, allowed the emergence of a “Internet critical user” as an alternative to the “commercial user” beging fashioned in the new digital economy. One of the first institutional appropriations of network technologies can be analyzed through the creation of non-profit organizations dedicated to the defense and promotion of the Internet, and more specifically dedicated to the “Internet user”. We studied how they appropriate Internet and Web technologies to showcase their mission. Our corpus comprises websites of two of these groups in France: AFUU, the French Unix User Organization that pioneered open system networks in France since 1982, falling within the tradition of professional computer users; and AUI (Internet Users Organization), created in 1996 in reaction to the first governmental attempts in France to regulate Web usage, and fitting into the model of the citizen defense group.

This paper is based on two studies we did on Usenet archives as an object of analytical and methodological research: 1/ a genealogy of its successive archival processes, with the archived collections ending up in the Google Groups web service, put in perspective with an analysis of the reception of this first heritage initiative by Usenet users themselves (Paloque-Berges, 2013); 2/ our own collection and analysis of a corpus of newsgroups’ messages in order to research a chapter of the French history of computer communication networks, with a socio-technical approach inspired by the sociology of innovation refined with the perspectives of infrastructure and code studies; followed by an attempt at engineering the corpus for structuration, standardization and interoperability purposes