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The reactions of C3H and C4H radicals with C6H2 were investigated for the first time. Reactants C3H, C4H, and C6H2 were synthesized in two beams of C2H2 diluted with helium by pulsed high-voltage discharge. We measured translational-energy distributions, angular distributions, and photoionization-efficiency spectra of C9H2 and C10H2 produced from the title reactions in a crossed molecular-beam apparatus using synchrotron vacuum-ultraviolet photoionization. The C3H (C4H) + C6H2 reaction releases 42% (33%) of available energy into the translational degrees of freedom of product C9H2 (C10H2) + H and scatters products into a nearly isotropic angular distribution. The photoionization-efficiency spectrum of C9H2 (C10H2) is in good agreement with that of C9H2 (C10H2) produced from the C7H (C8H) + C2H2 reaction. The ionization threshold, after deconvolution, was determined as 8.0 ± 0.1 eV for C9H2 and 8.8 ± 0.1 eV for C10H2. The combination of measurements of product translational-energy release and photoionizati...

Reactants C4H and HC4H were synthesized from 1% C2H2/He in two crossed molecular beams by pulsed high-voltage discharge. We measured the angle-specific time-of-flight spectra and the photoionization-efficiency spectrum of product C8H2 using a crossed-molecular-beam quadrupole-mass apparatus and synchrotron vacuum-ultraviolet photoionization. The C8H2 product has translational energy stretching to the energetic limit of producing HC8H + H and has an ionization threshold 9.0 ± 0.1 eV in good agreement with that of HC8H. The quantum-chemical calculations are in accord with the experimental results. This work demonstrates that octatetrayne can be synthesized from the reaction C4H + HC4H → HC8H + H.

We characterize the 157 nm photodissociation of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) using photofragment translational spectroscopy, detecting the products with photoionization mass spectrometry. The major photodissociation products are Cl + CH2Cl and HCl + CHCl. Comparing the integrated ion signal at m/e = 35 (Cl+) and m/e = 49 (CH2Cl+) gives the partial photoionization cross section of CH2Cl to parent ion to be σ = 26.6 Mb at 13.7 eV. This value is a quantitative anchor point of the energy-dependent photoionization cross section. In recent work we used this result to quantify the product branching to HCO + CH2Cl in the photodissociation of 2-chloroacetaldehyde.

UV-excited aromatic molecules with N-H/O-H moieties often possess an important nonradiative relaxation pathway, from an optically bright ππ

We first characterize the dissociation pathways of BrCH2CH2ONO, a substituted alkyl nitrite, upon photoexcitation at 193 nm under collision-free conditions, in a crossed laser-molecular beam scattering apparatus using vacuum ultraviolet photoionization detection. Three primary photodissociation pathways occur: photoelimination of HNO, leading to the products HNO + BrCH2CHO; C-Br bond photofission, leading to Br + CH2CH2ONO; and O-NO bond photofission, leading to NO + BrCH2CH2O. The data show that alkyl nitrites can eliminate HNO via a unimolecular mechanism in addition to the commonly accepted bulk disproportionation mechanism. Some of the products from the primary photodissociation pathways are highly vibrationally excited, so we then probe the product branching from the unimolecular dissociation of these unstable intermediates. Notably, the vibrationally excited CH2CH2ONO radicals undergo two channels predicted by statistical transition-state theory, and an additional non-intrinsic reaction coordinate channel, HNO elimination. CH2CH2ONO is formed with high rotational energy; by employing rotational models based on conservation of angular momentum, we predict, and verify experimentally, the kinetic energies of stable CH2CH2ONO radicals and the angular distribution of dissociation products. The major dissociation pathway of CH2CH2ONO is NO2 + ethene, and some of the NO2 is formed with sufficient internal energy to undergo further photodissociation. Nascent BrCH2CHO and CH2Br are also photodissociated upon absorption of a second 193 nm photon; we derive the kinetic energy release of these dissociations based on our data, noting similarities to the analogous photodissociation of ClCH2CHO and CH2Cl.

The Cm+2H2 family can be classified into two categories - C2n+1H2 and C2n+2H2. Cm+2H2 are important intermediates in the syntheses of large carbonaceous molecules. An understanding of the formation mechanisms of both odd and even carbon-numbered Cm+2H2 is beneficial to atmospheric, astronomical, and combustion chemistry. HC2n+2H (polyynes) are believed to be producible from C2nH + C2H2 and C2H + C2nH2 reactions but C2n+1H2 (n≥ 2) attract less attention to their formation mechanisms. In the present study, we make up for the lack of knowledge on C2n+1H2 formation mechanisms by investigating the reactions C2n-1H + C2H2→ C2n+1H2 + H with n = 1-4. The dynamics of reactions of C2n-1H radicals with C2H2 are explored in crossed molecular beams using products C2n+1H2. The translational-energies and angular distributions of the hydrogen-loss channels of products are unraveled by measuring time-of-flight spectra and photoionization-efficiency spectra of C2n+1H2 with tunable synchrotron vacuum-ultraviolet ionization. The C2n+1H2 product includes two isomers, c-(1)HC2n-1(C)CH and (3)HC2n+1H, which are identified by the maximal translational-energy release and the photoionization threshold. Furthermore, quantum-chemical calculations indicate that the title reactions incur a small or negligible entrance barrier and are nearly isoergic except for the barrierless exothermic reaction CH + C2H2→ C3H2 + H. We demonstrate for the first time that C5H2, C7H2, and C9H2 are producible from the title reactions. In conjunction with studies on the C2nH + C2H2 reactions, a brief picture for the CmH (m = 1-8) + C2H2→ Cm+2H2 + H reactions can be outlined.

The reactions of C

Some of the polyynes (HC2n+2H, 1 ≤ n ≤ 4) are observable in planetary atmospheres, interstellar space, and flames. Polyynes are proposed to play an important role in synthesis of large carbonaceous molecules. We explore the dynamics of reactions of C2nH (n = 1–4) radicals with C2H2 by interrogating time-of-flight spectra and photoionization efficiency spectra of products C2n+2H2. The reactions of n = 2–4 were investigated for the first time. The translational energy release is biased to low energy but extends to the energetic limit of product HC2n+2H + H, corresponding to a fraction of 0.34–0.36 on translational energy. Product C2n+2H2 has a deconvoluted ionization threshold in good agreement with the ionization energy of polyynes. The quantum chemical calculations support the experimental observations. This work verifies that the title reaction is an important source for formation of polyynes that have been observed in interstellar/circumstellar media and combustion processes.

Some difficulties and variations remain associated with the care of elderly patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS).We included 1470 patients from a Taiwan nationwide registry who fulfilled the criteria of NSTE-ACS, and stratified these patients by age and evaluated the treatment, complications and outcomes in different age groups. Furthermore, we analyzed risk factors and standards of care to determine the predictors of mortality.Patients ≥ 75 years of age (n = 396) had significantly higher incidences of 90-day mortality [odd ratio (OR) = 4.5 (1.2-16.3), p = 0.023] and 1-year mortality [OR = 4.9 (2.0-12.3), p = 0.001] compared with those patients 45-64 years of age (n = 595). In the patients ≥ 75 years of age, previous myocardial infarction (MI) [OR = 3.3 (1.1-9.8), p = 0.035], statins [OR = 0.35 (0.1-0.9), p = 0.037], left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)35% [OR = 3.9 (1.5-10.4), p = 0.006] were associated with 90-day mortality. Furthermore, previous MI [OR = 4.0 (1.3-12.6), p = 0.019] was an independent predictor of 90-day mortality. Age [OR = 1.1 (1.03-1.2), p = 0.002], previous MI [OR = 2.2 (1.1-4.4), p = 0.034], angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker [OR = 0.5 (0.3-0.9), p = 0.028], and LVEF35% [OR = 4.3 (1.9-9.5), p0.001] were associated with 1-year mortality. Furthermore, previous MI [OR = 2.6 (1.1-6.5), p = 0.037], LVEF35% [OR = 4.7 (1.5-14.4), p = 0.007] and percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) or not [OR = 0.3 (0.1-0.9), p = 0.021] were independent predictors of 1-year mortality.Previous MI, LVEF35% and PCI or not could predict 1-year mortality in advanced elderly patients with NSTE-ACS. Despite their elevated morbidities and complications, PCI was still beneficial for these patients.

We used crossed laser-molecular beam scattering to study the primary photodissociation channels of chloroacetaldehyde (CH2ClCHO) at 157 nm. In addition to the C–Cl bond fission primary photodissociation channel, the data evidence two other photodissociation channels: HCl photoelimination and C–C bond fission. This is the first direct evidence of the C–C bond fission channel in chloroacetaldehyde, and we found that it significantly competes with the C–Cl bond fission channel. We determined the total primary photodissociation branching fractions for C–Cl fission:HCl elimination:C–C fission to be 0.65:0.07:0.28. The branching between the primary channels suggests the presence of interesting excited state dynamics in chloroacetaldehyde. Some of the vinoxy radicals from C–Cl photofission and most of the ketene cofragments formed in HCl photoelimination have enough internal energy to undergo secondary dissociation. While our previous velocity map imaging study on the photodissociation of chloroacetaldehyde at 1...

These experiments report the dissociative photoionization of vinoxy radicals to m/z = 15 and 29. In a crossed laser–molecular beam scattering apparatus, we induce C–Cl bond fission in 2-chloroacetaldehyde by photoexcitation at 157 nm. Our velocity measurements, combined with conservation of angular momentum, show that 21% of the C–Cl photofission events form vinoxy radicals that are stable to subsequent dissociation to CH3 + CO or H + ketene. Photoionization of these stable vinoxy radicals, identified by their velocities, which are momentum-matched with the higher-kinetic-energy Cl atom photofragments, shows that the vinoxy radicals dissociatively photoionize to give signal at m/z = 15 and 29. We calibrated the partial photoionization cross section of vinoxy to CH3+ relative to the bandwidth-averaged photoionization cross section of the Cl atom at 13.68 eV to put the partial photoionization cross sections on an absolute scale. The resulting bandwidth-averaged partial cross sections are 0.63 and 1.3 Mb at ...

Synchrotron radiation VUV-photoionization based photofragment translational spectroscopy was used to identify the primary and secondary photodissociation reactions of methyl azide (CH3N3) at 157 nm under collision-free conditions. Two primary dissociation channels are identified, leading to CH3 + N3 (the radical channel) and CH3N + N2 (the molecular elimination channel). The last channel is the major dissociation pathway, but unlike work at longer photolysis wavelengths, here, the radical channel exclusively produces the higher energy isomer cyclic-N3. Product time-of-flight data for both channels were obtained and compared with earlier work on methyl azide photochemistry at 193 nm based on electron impact ionization, allowing us to estimate a product branching ratio ΦCH3-N3 ΦCH3N-N2 =2.3%±0.6%97.7%±0.6%.

The original ion imaging technique has low velocity resolution, and currently, photodissociation is mostly investigated using velocity map ion imaging. However, separating signals from the background (resulting from undissociated excited parent molecules) is difficult when velocity map ion imaging is used for the photodissociation of large molecules (number of atoms ≥ 10). In this study, we used the photodissociation of phenol at the S1 band origin as an example to demonstrate how our multimass ion imaging technique, based on modified spatial map ion imaging, can overcome this difficulty. The photofragment translational energy distribution obtained when multimass ion imaging was used differed considerably from that obtained when velocity map ion imaging and Rydberg atom tagging were used. We used conventional translational spectroscopy as a second method to further confirm the experimental results, and we conclude that data should be interpreted carefully when velocity map ion imaging or Rydberg atom tagging is used in the photodissociation of large molecules. Finally, we propose a modified velocity map ion imaging technique without the disadvantages of the current velocity map ion imaging technique.

UV-excited aromatic molecules with N–H/O–H moieties often possess an important nonradiative relaxation pathway, from an optically bright ππ* state to a dark dissociative πσ* state. We apply a new time-selected photofragment translational spectroscopy method to disclose a previously unknown triplet-mediated N–H dissociation of aniline prevented by the multiphoton dissociative ionization in conventional methods. We further determined the branching fractions of aniline dissociated in the πσ*, triplet, and ground states at 248 nm. Additionally, we selectively captured the population changes in the singlet and triplet states with ionization from different laser wavelengths, 355 or 266 nm, in time-resolved photoion yields. The combination of experimental data enables us to uniquely determine the relative ionization cross sections of the singlet and triplet states at an ionization laser wavelength of 266 nm and allows us to extensively measure the rate constants of intersystem crossing and the branching fractions at various excitation wavelengths.

Aims/Introduction Admission hyperglycemia is associated with poor outcome in patients with myocardial infarction. The present study evaluated the relationship between admission glucose level and other clinical variables in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Materials and Methods The 959 consecutive STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI were divided into five groups based on admission glucose levels of

We observed the products C 4 H 5 , C 4 H 4 , C 3 H 3 and CH 3 of the C( 3 P) + C 3 H 6 reaction using product time-of-flight spectroscopy and selective photoionization. The identified species arise from the product channels C 4 H 5 + H, C 4 H 4 + 2H and C 3 H 3 + CH 3 . Product isomers were identified via measurements of photoionization spectra and calculations of adiabatic ionization energy. Product C 4 H 5 probably involves three isomers HCCCHCH 3 , H 2 CCCCH 3 and H 2 CCCHCH 2 . In contrast, products C 4 H 4 and C 3 H 3 involve exclusively HCCCHCH 2 and H 2 CCCH, respectively. Reaction mechanisms are unraveled with crossed-beam experiments and quantum-chemical calculations. The 3 P carbon atom attacks the π orbital of propene (C 3 H 6 ) to form a cyclic complex c -H 2 C(C)CHCH 3 that rapidly opens the ring to form H 2 CCCHCH 3 followed by decomposition to HCCCHCH 3 /H 2 CCCCH 3 /H 2 CCCHCH 2 + H and H 2 CCCH + CH 3 ; the corresponding branching ratios are 7:5:10:78 predicted with RRKM calculations at collision energy 4 kcal mol −1 . Nascent C 4 H 5 with enough internal energy further decomposes to HCCCHCH 2 + H. Ratios of products C 4 H 5 , C 4 H 4 and C 3 H 3 are experimentally evaluated to be 17:8:75. This work provides a comprehensive look at product channels of the title reaction and gives implications for the formation of hydrocarbons in extra-terrestrial environments such as Titan and carbon-rich interstellar media. We suggest that the title reaction, hitherto excluded in any chemical networks, needs to be taken into account at least in the atmosphere of Titan and carbon-rich molecular clouds where rapid neutral–neutral reactions are dominant and carbon atoms and propene are abundant.

Background: Renal dysfunction is associated with a higher rate of atrial fibrillation in clinical practice. This study investigated the associations between renal function, left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, and postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF). Methods and Results: A total of 265 consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery were prospectively enrolled in the study. Echocardiography was performed before cardiac surgery. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (group 1, ≥90ml·min–1·1.73m–2; group 2, 60–90ml·min–1·1.73m–2; and group 3, 15 – also increased (group 1, 19.0%; group 2, 38.1%; and group 3, 48.3%; P

The newer 256-slice computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) has the capability of improving diagnostic performance in the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) compared to 64-slice CTCA. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of 64- versus 256-slice CTCA in two similar populations.Our study included 120 consecutive patients who were referred for CTCA and subsequently underwent conventional coronary angiography (CCA). Sixty patients were studied by 64-slice CTCA, with the other 60 by 256-slice CTCA. We compared the technical characteristics and diagnostic performance of 64- and 256-slice CTCA for the detection of ≥ 50% stenosis of the coronary arteries on CCA.The 256-slice CTCA had a shorter scanning time (4.4 ± 0.6 sec vs. 5.0 ± 0.7 sec, p0.001) compared to 64-slice CTCA. The diagnostic accuracy rates of 256-slice CTCA based on patient analysis (97% vs. 83%, p0.05), vessel analysis (95% vs. 85%, p0.05), and segment analysis (94% vs. 88%, p0.05) were significantly superior to those of 64-slice CTCA. The diagnostic accuracy rates of 64- and 256-slice CTCA were affected by the presence of stent (65% vs. 75%, respectively, p0.05) and severe calcifications (75% vs. 82%, respectively, p0.05).In two similar populations, 256-slice CTCA displayed superior diagnostic performance than 64-slice CTCA. However, the performance of 256-slide CTCA is affected in those segments that are severely calcified and/or stented.Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA); Conventional coronary angiography; Diagnostic performance; 64-slice helical CTCA; 256-slice helical CTCA.

Some of the polyynes (HC2n+2H, 1 ≤ n ≤ 4) are observable in planetary atmospheres, interstellar space, and flames. Polyynes are proposed to play an important role in synthesis of large carbonaceous molecules. We explore the dynamics of reactions of C2nH (n = 1-4) radicals with C2H2 by interrogating time-of-flight spectra and photoionization efficiency spectra of products C2n+2H2. The reactions of n = 2-4 were investigated for the first time. The translational energy release is biased to low energy but extends to the energetic limit of product HC2n+2H + H, corresponding to a fraction of 0.34-0.36 on translational energy. Product C2n+2H2 has a deconvoluted ionization threshold in good agreement with the ionization energy of polyynes. The quantum chemical calculations support the experimental observations. This work verifies that the title reaction is an important source for formation of polyynes that have been observed in interstellar/circumstellar media and combustion processes.

We investigated the title reaction at collision energy 3.5 kcal mol(-1) in a crossed molecular beam apparatus using undulator radiation as an ionization source. Time-of-flight (TOF) spectra of product C(3)H(3) were measured in laboratory angles from 20° to 100° using two photoionization energies 9.5 and 11.6 eV. These two sets of experimental data exhibit almost the same TOF distributions and laboratory angular distributions. From the best simulation, seven angle-specific kinetic-energy distributions and a nearly isotropic angular distribution are derived for product channel C(3)H(3) + H that has an average kinetic-energy release of 15.5 kcal mol(-1), corresponding to an average internal energy of 33.3 kcal mol(-1) in C(3)H(3). Furthermore, TOF spectra of product C(3)H(3) were measured at laboratory angle 52° with ionizing photon energies from 7 to 12 eV. The appearance of TOF spectra remains almost the same, indicating that a species exclusively contributes to product C(3)H(3); the species is identified as H(2)CCCH (propargyl) based on the ionization energy of 8.6 ± 0.2 eV and the maximal kinetic-energy release of 49 kcal mol(-1). Theoretical calculations indicate that the rapid inversion mechanism and rotation in intermediate H(2)CCCH(2) can result in a forward-backward symmetric angular distribution for product C(3)H(3) + H. The present work avoids the interference of reactions of C((1)D) and C(2) radicals with C(2)H(4) and rules out the probability of production of other isomers like c-C(3)H(3) and H(3)CCC proposed in the previous work at least at the investigated collision energy.

Using a crossed laser-molecular beam scattering apparatus and tunable photoionization detection, these experiments determine the branching to the product channels accessible from the 2-hydroxyethyl radical, the first radical intermediate in the addition reaction of OH with ethene. Photodissociation of 2-bromoethanol at 193 nm forms 2-hydroxyethyl radicals with a range of vibrational energies, which was characterized in our first study of this system ( J. Phys. Chem. A 2010 , 114 , 4934 ). In this second study, we measure the relative signal intensities of ethene (at m/e = 28), vinyl (at m/e = 27), ethenol (at m/e = 44), formaldehyde (at m/e = 30), and acetaldehyde (at m/e = 44) products and correct for the photoionization cross sections and kinematic factors to determine a 0.765:0.145:0.026:0.063:0.01 branching to the OH + C(2)H(4), H(2)O + C(2)H(3), CH(2)CHOH + H, H(2)CO + CH(3), and CH(3)CHO + H product asymptotes. The detection of the H(2)O + vinyl product channel is surprising when starting from the CH(2)CH(2)OH radical adduct; prior studies had assumed that the H(2)O + vinyl products were solely from the direct abstraction channel in the bimolecular collision of OH and ethene. We suggest that these products may result from a frustrated dissociation of the CH(2)CH(2)OH radical to OH + ethene in which the C-O bond begins to stretch, but the leaving OH moiety abstracts an H atom to form H(2)O + vinyl. We compare our experimental branching ratio to that predicted from statistical microcanonical rate constants averaged over the vibrational energy distribution of our CH(2)CH(2)OH radicals. The comparison suggests that a statistical prediction using 1-D Eckart tunneling underestimates the rate constants for the branching to the product channels of OH + ethene, and that the mechanism for the branching to the H(2)O + vinyl channel is not adequately treated in such theories.

Background/Purpose Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been increasingly adopted for unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictors of long-term clinical outcomes in patients after elective stent implantation for unprotected LMCA disease. Methods A total of 122 patients with medically refractory angina who received coronary stenting for unprotected LMCA disease between August 1997 and December 2008 were included. Results During the follow-up period of 45 ± 35 months (range: 1–137 months), the incidence of repeated PCI and/or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and cardiovascular and total mortality were 28% (34 patients), 20% (24 patients), and 25% (31 patients), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that young age [ p = 0.02; hazard ratio (HR): 2.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–4.30] and bare-metal stent (BMS) use ( p = 0.02; HR: 5.35, 95% CI: 1.27–22.57) were the independent predictors of repeated PCI and/or CABG. Only lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) could predict both cardiovascular mortality ( p = 0.003; HR: 4.25, 95% CI: 1.63–11.08) and total mortality ( p = 0.002; HR: 3.95, 95% CI: 1.65–9.45). Lower LVEF ( p = 0.001; HR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16–0.61) and small stent size ( p = 0.01; HR: 5.95, 95% CI: 1.43–24.80) could predict the composite endpoint, including target vessel revascularization and total mortality. Conclusion We showed that young age and BMS implantation could predict repeated PCI and/or CABG after stent implantation for unprotected LMCA disease. Only lower LVEF could predict both cardiovascular and total mortality. Lower LVEF and small stent size but not BMS implantation could predict composite target vessel revascularization/total mortality.

Phenol is an important model molecule for the theoretical and experimental investigation of dissociation in the multistate potential energy surfaces. Recent theoretical calculations [X. Xu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 16378 (2014)] suggest that the phenoxyl radical produced in both the X and A states from the O-H bond fission in phenol can contribute substantially to the slow component of photofragment translational energy distribution. However, current experimental techniques struggle to separate the contributions from different dissociation pathways. A new type of time-resolved pump-probe experiment is described that enables the selection of the products generated from a specific time window after molecules are excited by a pump laser pulse and can quantitatively characterize the translational energy distribution and branching ratio of each dissociation pathway. This method modifies conventional photofragment translational spectroscopy by reducing the acceptance angles of the detection region and changing the interaction region of the pump laser beam and the molecular beam along the molecular beam axis. The translational energy distributions and branching ratios of the phenoxyl radicals produced in the X, A, and B states from the photodissociation of phenol at 213 and 193 nm are reported. Unlike other techniques, this method has no interference from the undissociated hot molecules. It can ultimately become a standard pump-probe technique for the study of large molecule photodissociation in multistates.

Background Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is an anomaly resulting in the steal phenomenon of coronary blood flow, which may cause morbidity or mortality. CAFs in Chinese patients after long-term follow-up of 15 years were retrospectively analyzed. Methods and results From September, 1992 to August, 2007, 152 CAFs were detected in 28,210 coronary angiograms from 125 patients. Clinical and angiographic data of all patients were analyzed retrospectively. Two types of CAFs were characterized: type I in 99 patients with 124 solitary coronary to cardiac chamber or great vessel fistula; type II: 26 patients with 28 coronary artery--left ventricular multiple microfistulas. Single-, double-, and triple-CAFs were detected in 79%, 20%, and 1% of patients, respectively. Coexistent coronary lesions were noted in 41% of patients. Fistula-related symptoms included stable angina in 55, myocardial infarction in 2, heart failure in 2, sudden death with ventricular fibrillation in 1, and syncope in 1. Twenty-four patients had coexistent congenital anomalies. Only 9 patients underwent coronary intervention or/and surgery for CAFs. Conclusions CAFs may cause trivial or lethal cardiac events, and may coexist with coronary lesion or congenital anomaly. Coronary to cardiac chamber or great vessel fistula and coronary-left ventricular multiple microfistulas have different morphologic and pathological phenomena.