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Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) involving organic compounds has been identified as an important process affecting aerosol particle number concentrations in the global atmosphere. Laboratory studies have shown that highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) can make a substantial contribution to NPF, but there is a lack of global model studies of NPF with detailed HOM chemistry. Here, we incorporate a state-of-the-art biogenic HOM chemistry scheme with 96 chemical reactions to a global chemistry–climate model and quantify the contribution to global aerosols through HOM-driven NPF. The updated model captures the frequency of NPF events observed at continental surface sites (normalized mean bias changes from −96 % to −15 %) and shows reasonable agreement with measured rates of NPF and sub-20 nm particle growth. Sensitivity simulations show that compared to turning off the organic nucleation rate, turning off organic initial growth results in a more substantial decrease in aerosol number concentrations. Globally, organics contribute around 45 % of the annual mean vertically integrated nucleation rate (at 1.7 nm) and 25 % of the vertically averaged growth rate. The inclusion of HOM-related processes leads to a 39 % increase in the global annual mean aerosol number burden and a 33 % increase in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) burden at 0.5 % supersaturation compared to a simulation with only inorganic nucleation. Our work predicts a greater contribution of organic nucleation to NPF than previous studies due to the semi-explicit HOM mechanism and an updated inorganic NPF scheme. The large contribution of biogenic HOMs to NPF on a global scale could make aerosol sensitive to changes in biogenic emissions.

In dairy cattle, oxidative stress is a predominant problem associated with diseases and reproductive health issues. This study aimed to detect the variation in the antioxidant biomarkers by adding different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and sought to elucidate its effects on the gene expression levels of growth hormone (GH) and antioxidant biomarkers in bovine hepatocytes.

As one of the most representative natural products among flavonoids, quercetin (QUE) has been reported to exhibit beneficial effects on gut health in recent years. In this study, we utilized a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice model to explore the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of QUE on colitis. Our data demonstrated that QUE oral gavage administration significantly ameliorates the symptoms and histopathological changes associated with colitis. Additionally, the concentration of mucin-2, the number of goblet cells, and the expression of tight junction proteins (such as ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1) were all found to be increased. Furthermore, QUE treatment regulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines and macrophage polarization, as well as the oxidative stress-related pathway (Nrf2/HO-1) and associated enzymes. Additionally, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that QUE treatment rebalances the alterations in colon microbiota composition (inlcuding Bacteroidaceae, Bacteroides, and Odoribacter) in DSS-induced colitis mice. The analysis of network dynamics reveals a significant correlation between gut microbial communities and microenvironmental factors associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, in conjunction with the previously mentioned findings. Collectively, our results suggest that QUE has the potential to treat colitis by maintaining the mucosal barrier, modulating inflammation, and reducing oxidation stress, which may depend on the reversal of gut microbiota dysbiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a subclass of noncoding RNAs, circular RNA play an important role in tumour development. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of circ_0004674 in osteosarcoma glycolysis and the molecular mechanism of its regulation. We examined the expression of circ_0004674, miR‐140‐3p, TCF4 and glycolysis‐related proteins (including HK2, PKM2, GLUT1 and LDHA) in osteosarcoma cells and tissues by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting (Western blot analysis). The role of circ_0004674, miR‐140‐3p and TCF4 in the proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of OS cells was examined using CCK8 assay, Apoptosis assay, Wound healing assay, Transwell migration and Matrigel invasion assay. The interaction of circ_0004674/miR‐140‐3p and miR‐1543/TCF4 was also analysed using a dual luciferase reporter assay. Finally, the glycolytic process was assessed by glucose uptake assays and lactate production measurements. The results showed that the expression of circ_0004674 and TCF4 was significantly higher in MG63 and U2OS cells compared to hFOB1.19 cells, while the expression of miR‐140‐3p was downregulated. Silencing of circ_0004674 gene significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells and promoted apoptosis of cancer cells. Experiments such as dual luciferase reporter analysis showed that circ_0004674 regulates the expression of glycolysis‐related proteins through the miR‐140‐3p/TCF4 pathway, and inhibition of this gene attenuated the depletion of glucose content and the production of lactate in cancer cells. Furthermore, inhibition of miR‐140‐3p or overexpression of TCF could reverse the phenotypic changes in cancer cells induced by circ_0004674 silencing. In summary, this study elucidated the specific function and potential mechanisms of circ_0004674 in osteosarcoma glycolysis. The findings demonstrate that miR‐140‐3p and TCF4 function respectively as a tumor suppressor gene and an oncogene in osteosarcoma. Notably, they influence glycolysis and associated pathways, regulating osteosarcoma proliferation. Therefore, circ_0004674 promotes osteosarcoma glycolysis and proliferation through the miR‐140‐3p/TCF4 pathway, enhancing the malignant behaviour of tumours, and it is expected to be a potential molecular target for osteosarcoma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, challenges such as chemotherapy resistance, resulting from preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy, postoperative recurrence, and poor bone regeneration quality, are becoming increasingly prominent in osteosarcoma (OS) treatment. There is an urgent need to find more effective ways to address these issues. Ferroptosis is a novel form of iron‐dependent programmed cell death, distinct from other forms of cell death. In this paper, we summarize how, through the three major defense systems of ferroptosis, not only can substances from traditional Chinese medicine, antitumor drugs, and nano‐drug carriers induce ferroptosis in OS cells, but they can also be combined with immunotherapy, differentiation therapy, and other treatment modalities to significantly enhance chemotherapy sensitivity and inhibit tumor growth. Thus, ferroptosis holds great potential in treating OS, offering more choices and possibilities for future clinical interventions. Significance Statement: This article highlights some key challenges in osteosarcoma (OS) treatment, such as chemotherapy resistance, postoperative recurrence, and poor bone regeneration quality, and points out the urgent need to find more effective treatment options. It discusses ferroptosis, a form of iron‐dependent programmed cell death, which differs from other cell death mechanisms, demonstrating its unique value and potential in OS treatment. The importance of the article lies in its explanation of how the three major defense systems of ferroptosis not only can utilize traditional Chinese medicine, antitumor drugs, and nano‐drug carriers to induce ferroptosis in OS cells, but can also be combined with immunotherapy, differentiation therapy, and other treatment methods to significantly enhance chemotherapy sensitivity and inhibit tumor growth. This approach offers more choices and possibilities for the clinical treatment of OS, with significant prospects for clinical application and scientific research. Furthermore, the significance of the article is also evident in its promotion of the integration of traditional and modern medical methods, advocating for a multi‐angle, multi‐strategy comprehensive treatment approach to address complex medical issues. This interdisciplinary treatment strategy not only aids in developing new therapeutic drugs and methods but also provides new directions and insights for future OS research and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New particle formation (NPF) involving organic compounds has been identified as an important process affecting aerosol particle number concentrations in the global atmosphere. Laboratory studies have shown that highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) can make a substantial contribution to NPF, but there is a lack of global model studies of NPF with detailed HOMs chemistry. Here, we add a state-of-art biogenic HOMs chemistry scheme with 96 chemical reactions to a global chemistry-climate model and quantify the contribution to global aerosols through HOMs-driven NPF. The updated model captures the frequency of NPF events observed at continental surface sites (normalized mean bias changes from -96 % to -15 %) and shows reasonable agreement with measured rates of NPF and sub-20 nm particle growth. Sensitivity simulations show that the effect of HOMs on particle growth is more important for particle number than the effect on particle formation. Globally, organics contribute around 45 % of the annual mean vertically-integrated nucleation rate (at 1 nm) and 25 % of the vertically-averaged growth rate. The inclusion of HOMs-related processes leads to a 39 % increase in the global annual mean aerosol number burden and a 33 % increase in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) burden at 0.5 % supersaturation compared to a simulation with only inorganic nucleation. Our work predicts a greater contribution of organic nucleation to NPF than previous studies due to the explicit HOMs mechanism and an updated inorganic NPF scheme. The large contribution of biogenic HOMs to NPF on a global scale could make global aerosol sensitive to changes in biogenic emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cattle-yak milk is rich in numerous bioactive substances that function beyond their nutritive value. Given the high content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), this exponent suggests a potential role for cattle-yak milk in preventing cancer, heart disease, and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. It is expected to isolate probiotic strains with natural and excellent characteristics in optimizing human health. However, little research data and much fewer studies on probiotics from cattle-yak milk are reported. Therefore, in the present study, the beneficial strains from cattle-yak milk were identified to evaluate probiotic characteristics of potential strains, and to screen potential probiotics with an emphasis on making better use of milk in such extreme climatic environments. These findings support the potential application of cattle-yak milk in human health, animal food processing, and drug production in the future as a potential candidate for probiotics. Cattle-yak milk is an important raw material and an indispensable source of high-quality food for local farmers and herdsmen to produce ghee, milk residue, yogurt, and other dairy products. In this study, Lactobacillus strains were isolated from cattle-yak milk for potential probiotic candidates using a series of in vitro tests, including probiotic characterization and safety evaluation (antibiotic susceptibility and hemolytic ability). The results found that the Lactobacillusrhamnosus CY12 strain showed a high survival rate in bile salts, under acid conditions, and in the gastrointestinal juice environment, as well as showing high antimicrobial activity and adhesive potential. The safety evaluation showed that all strains were considered non-hemolytic. In addition, the whole-genome sequencing indicated that the strain CY12 spanned 2,506,167 bp, with an average length of 881 bp; the GC content in the gene region (%) was 47.35, contained 1347 protein-coding sequences, and accounted for 85.72% of the genome. The genome annotation showed that genes mainly focused on the immune system process, metabolic process, carbohydrate utilization, carbon metabolism, galactose metabolism, and biological adhesion, etc. This study revealed that the Lactobacillusrhamnosus CY12 strain might be an excellent potential probiotic in the development of feed additives for animals and has the ability to promote health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein (PEBP) family. RKIP is an endogenous inhibitor of the Raf-1-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway, NFkappaB signaling pathway and G protein coupled receptors signaling pathway. The aim of this study is to explore the expression of RKIP in lung squamous cell carcinoma, and the relationship between RKIP expression and clinical pathology of lung squamous cell carcinoma., Methods: The expression of RKIP mRNA was detected in 56 lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues and adjacent cancer tissues by RT-PCR. The expression level of RKIP protein was detected by Western blot. The positive rates of RKIP expression in cancer tissues and adjacent cancer tissues were analyzed., Results: RKIP mRNA positive expression rate in cancer tissues was significantly lower than that in adjacent cancer tissues (P < 0.05). The positive rate of RKIP mRNA expression in the cancer tissues with lymph node metastasis was significantly lower than that without lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). RKIP mRNA expression has no remarkable correlation with age, sex, tumor differentiation and size (P > 0.05). RKIP protein expression in the cancer tissues was significantly lower than that in adjacent cancer tissues (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The deficiency of RKIP expression is positively correlated with carcinogenesis and invasion metastasis of lung squamous cell carcinoma.