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1. Bi-allelic ATG4D variants are associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by speech and motor impairment

Author: Marie Morimoto, Vikas Bhambhani, Nour Gazzaz, Mariska Davids, Paalini Sathiyaseelan, Ellen F. Macnamara, Jennifer Lange, Anna Lehman, Patricia M. Zerfas, Jennifer L. Murphy, Maria T. Acosta, Camille Wang, Emily Alderman, Undiagnosed Diseases Network, Sara Reichert, Audrey Thurm, David R. Adams, Wendy J. Introne, Sharon M. Gorski, Cornelius F. Boerkoel, William A. Gahl, Cynthia J. Tifft, and May Christine V. Malicdan
Subjects: Medicine, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: Abstract Autophagy regulates the degradation of damaged organelles and protein aggregates, and is critical for neuronal development, homeostasis, and maintenance, yet few neurodevelopmental disorders have been associated with pathogenic variants in genes encoding autophagy-related proteins. We report three individuals from two unrelated families with a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by speech and motor impairment, and similar facial characteristics. Rare, conserved, bi-allelic variants were identified in ATG4D, encoding one of four ATG4 cysteine proteases important for autophagosome biogenesis, a hallmark of autophagy. Autophagosome biogenesis and induction of autophagy were intact in cells from affected individuals. However, studies evaluating the predominant substrate of ATG4D, GABARAPL1, demonstrated that three of the four ATG4D patient variants functionally impair ATG4D activity. GABARAPL1 is cleaved or “primed” by ATG4D and an in vitro GABARAPL1 priming assay revealed decreased priming activity for three of the four ATG4D variants. Furthermore, a rescue experiment performed in an ATG4 tetra knockout cell line, in which all four ATG4 isoforms were knocked out by gene editing, showed decreased GABARAPL1 priming activity for the two ATG4D missense variants located in the cysteine protease domain required for priming, suggesting that these variants impair the function of ATG4D. The clinical, bioinformatic, and functional data suggest that bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in ATG4D contribute to the pathogenesis of this syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder.
Published: 2023
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2. Protocol for analysis of RNA-sequencing and proteome profiling data for subgroup identification and comparison

Author: Kevin C. Yang and Sharon M. Gorski
Subjects: Bioinformatics, Cancer, RNAseq, Gene Expression, Proteomics, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract: Summary: RNA-sequencing and quantitative proteomic profiling simultaneously measure thousands of molecules and provide opportunities to decipher the transcriptomic and proteomic landscapes of cohort specimens for basic and health research. We present a protocol for the analysis of paired transcriptome and proteome data to identify and compare molecular subgroups among cohort specimens. We demonstrate a streamlined analysis workflow, applicable for both transcriptome and proteome data, which allows the comparison of two data types for RNA-protein variations and for derivation of biological implications.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Yang et al. (2021).
Published: 2022
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3. Loss of Parkinson’s susceptibility gene LRRK2 promotes carcinogen-induced lung tumorigenesis

Author: Chandra Lebovitz, Nicole Wretham, Maryam Osooly, Katy Milne, Tia Dash, Shelby Thornton, Basile Tessier-Cloutier, Paalini Sathiyaseelan, Svetlana Bortnik, Nancy Erro Go, Elizabeth Halvorsen, Rachel A. Cederberg, Norman Chow, Nancy Dos Santos, Kevin L. Bennewith, Brad H. Nelson, Marcel B. Bally, Wan L. Lam, and Sharon M. Gorski
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract Pathological links between neurodegenerative disease and cancer are emerging. LRRK2 overactivity contributes to Parkinson’s disease, whereas our previous analyses of public cancer patient data revealed that decreased LRRK2 expression is associated with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The clinical and functional relevance of LRRK2 repression in LUAD is unknown. Here, we investigated associations between LRRK2 expression and clinicopathological variables in LUAD patient data and asked whether LRRK2 knockout promotes murine lung tumorigenesis. In patients, reduced LRRK2 was significantly associated with ongoing smoking and worse survival, as well as signatures of less differentiated LUAD, altered surfactant metabolism and immunosuppression. We identified shared transcriptional signals between LRRK2-low LUAD and postnatal alveolarization in mice, suggesting aberrant activation of a developmental program of alveolar growth and differentiation in these tumors. In a carcinogen-induced murine lung cancer model, multiplex IHC confirmed that LRRK2 was expressed in alveolar type II (AT2) cells, a main LUAD cell-of-origin, while its loss perturbed AT2 cell morphology. LRRK2 knockout in this model significantly increased tumor initiation and size, demonstrating that loss of LRRK2, a key Parkinson’s gene, promotes lung tumorigenesis.
Published: 2021
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4. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

Author: Clotilde Théry, Kenneth W Witwer, Elena Aikawa, Maria Jose Alcaraz, Johnathon D Anderson, Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina, Anna Antoniou, Tanina Arab, Fabienne Archer, Georgia K Atkin-Smith, D Craig Ayre, Jean-Marie Bach, Daniel Bachurski, Hossein Baharvand, Leonora Balaj, Shawn Baldacchino, Natalie N Bauer, Amy A Baxter, Mary Bebawy, Carla Beckham, Apolonija Bedina Zavec, Abderrahim Benmoussa, Anna C Berardi, Paolo Bergese, Ewa Bielska, Cherie Blenkiron, Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz, Eric Boilard, Wilfrid Boireau, Antonella Bongiovanni, Francesc E Borràs, Steffi Bosch, Chantal M Boulanger, Xandra Breakefield, Andrew M Breglio, Meadhbh Á Brennan, David R Brigstock, Alain Brisson, Marike LD Broekman, Jacqueline F Bromberg, Paulina Bryl-Górecka, Shilpa Buch, Amy H Buck, Dylan Burger, Sara Busatto, Dominik Buschmann, Benedetta Bussolati, Edit I Buzás, James Bryan Byrd, Giovanni Camussi, David RF Carter, Sarah Caruso, Lawrence W Chamley, Yu-Ting Chang, Chihchen Chen, Shuai Chen, Lesley Cheng, Andrew R Chin, Aled Clayton, Stefano P Clerici, Alex Cocks, Emanuele Cocucci, Robert J Coffey, Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva, Yvonne Couch, Frank AW Coumans, Beth Coyle, Rossella Crescitelli, Miria Ferreira Criado, Crislyn D’Souza-Schorey, Saumya Das, Amrita Datta Chaudhuri, Paola de Candia, Eliezer F De Santana, Olivier De Wever, Hernando A del Portillo, Tanguy Demaret, Sarah Deville, Andrew Devitt, Bert Dhondt, Dolores Di Vizio, Lothar C Dieterich, Vincenza Dolo, Ana Paula Dominguez Rubio, Massimo Dominici, Mauricio R Dourado, Tom AP Driedonks, Filipe V Duarte, Heather M Duncan, Ramon M Eichenberger, Karin Ekström, Samir EL Andaloussi, Celine Elie-Caille, Uta Erdbrügger, Juan M Falcón-Pérez, Farah Fatima, Jason E Fish, Miguel Flores-Bellver, András Försönits, Annie Frelet-Barrand, Fabia Fricke, Gregor Fuhrmann, Susanne Gabrielsson, Ana Gámez-Valero, Chris Gardiner, Kathrin Gärtner, Raphael Gaudin, Yong Song Gho, Bernd Giebel, Caroline Gilbert, Mario Gimona, Ilaria Giusti, Deborah CI Goberdhan, André Görgens, Sharon M Gorski, David W Greening, Julia Christina Gross, Alice Gualerzi, Gopal N Gupta, Dakota Gustafson, Aase Handberg, Reka A Haraszti, Paul Harrison, Hargita Hegyesi, An Hendrix, Andrew F Hill, Fred H Hochberg, Karl F Hoffmann, Beth Holder, Harry Holthofer, Baharak Hosseinkhani, Guoku Hu, Yiyao Huang, Veronica Huber, Stuart Hunt, Ahmed Gamal-Eldin Ibrahim, Tsuneya Ikezu, Jameel M Inal, Mustafa Isin, Alena Ivanova, Hannah K Jackson, Soren Jacobsen, Steven M Jay, Muthuvel Jayachandran, Guido Jenster, Lanzhou Jiang, Suzanne M Johnson, Jennifer C Jones, Ambrose Jong, Tijana Jovanovic-Talisman, Stephanie Jung, Raghu Kalluri, Shin-ichi Kano, Sukhbir Kaur, Yumi Kawamura, Evan T Keller, Delaram Khamari, Elena Khomyakova, Anastasia Khvorova, Peter Kierulf, Kwang Pyo Kim, Thomas Kislinger, Mikael Klingeborn, David J Klinke, Miroslaw Kornek, Maja M Kosanović, Árpád Ferenc Kovács, Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers, Susanne Krasemann, Mirja Krause, Igor V Kurochkin, Gina D Kusuma, Sören Kuypers, Saara Laitinen, Scott M Langevin, Lucia R Languino, Joanne Lannigan, Cecilia Lässer, Louise C Laurent, Gregory Lavieu, Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez, Soazig Le Lay, Myung-Shin Lee, Yi Xin Fiona Lee, Debora S Lemos, Metka Lenassi, Aleksandra Leszczynska, Isaac TS Li, Ke Liao, Sten F Libregts, Erzsebet Ligeti, Rebecca Lim, Sai Kiang Lim, Aija Linē, Karen Linnemannstöns, Alicia Llorente, Catherine A Lombard, Magdalena J Lorenowicz, Ákos M Lörincz, Jan Lötvall, Jason Lovett, Michelle C Lowry, Xavier Loyer, Quan Lu, Barbara Lukomska, Taral R Lunavat, Sybren LN Maas, Harmeet Malhi, Antonio Marcilla, Jacopo Mariani, Javier Mariscal, Elena S Martens-Uzunova, Lorena Martin-Jaular, M Carmen Martinez, Vilma Regina Martins, Mathilde Mathieu, Suresh Mathivanan, Marco Maugeri, Lynda K McGinnis, Mark J McVey, David G Meckes, Katie L Meehan, Inge Mertens, Valentina R Minciacchi, Andreas Möller, Malene Møller Jørgensen, Aizea Morales-Kastresana, Jess Morhayim, François Mullier, Maurizio Muraca, Luca Musante, Veronika Mussack, Dillon C Muth, Kathryn H Myburgh, Tanbir Najrana, Muhammad Nawaz, Irina Nazarenko, Peter Nejsum, Christian Neri, Tommaso Neri, Rienk Nieuwland, Leonardo Nimrichter, John P Nolan, Esther NM Nolte-’t Hoen, Nicole Noren Hooten, Lorraine O’Driscoll, Tina O’Grady, Ana O’Loghlen, Takahiro Ochiya, Martin Olivier, Alberto Ortiz, Luis A Ortiz, Xabier Osteikoetxea, Ole Østergaard, Matias Ostrowski, Jaesung Park, D. Michiel Pegtel, Hector Peinado, Francesca Perut, Michael W Pfaffl, Donald G Phinney, Bartijn CH Pieters, Ryan C Pink, David S Pisetsky, Elke Pogge von Strandmann, Iva Polakovicova, Ivan KH Poon, Bonita H Powell, Ilaria Prada, Lynn Pulliam, Peter Quesenberry, Annalisa Radeghieri, Robert L Raffai, Stefania Raimondo, Janusz Rak, Marcel I Ramirez, Graça Raposo, Morsi S Rayyan, Neta Regev-Rudzki, Franz L Ricklefs, Paul D Robbins, David D Roberts, Silvia C Rodrigues, Eva Rohde, Sophie Rome, Kasper MA Rouschop, Aurelia Rughetti, Ashley E Russell, Paula Saá, Susmita Sahoo, Edison Salas-Huenuleo, Catherine Sánchez, Julie A Saugstad, Meike J Saul, Raymond M Schiffelers, Raphael Schneider, Tine Hiorth Schøyen, Aaron Scott, Eriomina Shahaj, Shivani Sharma, Olga Shatnyeva, Faezeh Shekari, Ganesh Vilas Shelke, Ashok K Shetty, Kiyotaka Shiba, Pia R-M Siljander, Andreia M Silva, Agata Skowronek, Orman L Snyder, Rodrigo Pedro Soares, Barbara W Sódar, Carolina Soekmadji, Javier Sotillo, Philip D Stahl, Willem Stoorvogel, Shannon L Stott, Erwin F Strasser, Simon Swift, Hidetoshi Tahara, Muneesh Tewari, Kate Timms, Swasti Tiwari, Rochelle Tixeira, Mercedes Tkach, Wei Seong Toh, Richard Tomasini, Ana Claudia Torrecilhas, Juan Pablo Tosar, Vasilis Toxavidis, Lorena Urbanelli, Pieter Vader, Bas WM van Balkom, Susanne G van der Grein, Jan Van Deun, Martijn JC van Herwijnen, Kendall Van Keuren-Jensen, Guillaume van Niel, Martin E van Royen, Andre J van Wijnen, M Helena Vasconcelos, Ivan J Vechetti, Tiago D Veit, Laura J Vella, Émilie Velot, Frederik J Verweij, Beate Vestad, Jose L Viñas, Tamás Visnovitz, Krisztina V Vukman, Jessica Wahlgren, Dionysios C Watson, Marca HM Wauben, Alissa Weaver, Jason P Webber, Viktoria Weber, Ann M Wehman, Daniel J Weiss, Joshua A Welsh, Sebastian Wendt, Asa M Wheelock, Zoltán Wiener, Leonie Witte, Joy Wolfram, Angeliki Xagorari, Patricia Xander, Jing Xu, Xiaomei Yan, María Yáñez-Mó, Hang Yin, Yuana Yuana, Valentina Zappulli, Jana Zarubova, Vytautas Žėkas, Jian-ye Zhang, Zezhou Zhao, Lei Zheng, Alexander R Zheutlin, Antje M Zickler, Pascale Zimmermann, Angela M Zivkovic, Davide Zocco, and Ewa K Zuba-Surma
Subjects: extracellular vesicles, exosomes, ectosomes, microvesicles, minimal information requirements, guidelines, standardization, microparticles, rigor, reproducibility, Cytology, QH573-671
Abstract: The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.
Published: 2018
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5. Data from Autophagy Inhibition Augments the Anticancer Effects of Epirubicin Treatment in Anthracycline-Sensitive and -Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Author: Sharon M. Gorski, Marcel B. Bally, Donald T. Yapp, Karen Gelmon, Sherry A. Weppler, Lindsay DeVorkin, Nancy E. Go, Amy Leung, Namal Abeysundara, Jing Xu, Wieslawa H. Dragowska, Svetlana Bortnik, and Suganthi Chittaranjan
Abstract: Purpose: Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are defined by a lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2/HER2). Although initially responsive to chemotherapy, most recurrent TNBCs develop resistance, resulting in disease progression. Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated degradation and recycling process that can function as an adaptive survival response during chemotherapy and contribute to chemoresistance. Our goal was to determine whether autophagy inhibition improves treatment efficacy in TNBC cells in tumors either sensitive or refractory to anthracyclines.Experimental Design: We used in vitro and in vivo models of TNBC using cell lines sensitive to epirubicin and other anthracyclines, as well as derivative lines, resistant to the same drugs. We assessed basal autophagy levels and the effects of chemotherapy on autophagy in parental and resistant cells. Applying various approaches to inhibit autophagy alone and in combination with chemotherapy, we assessed the effects on cell viability in vitro and tumor growth rates in vivo.Results: We demonstrated that epirubicin induced autophagic flux in TNBC cells. Epirubicin-resistant lines exhibited at least 1.5-fold increased basal autophagy levels and, when treated with autophagy inhibitors, showed a significant loss in viability, indicating dependence of resistant cells on autophagy for survival. Combination of epirubicin with the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine resulted in a significant reduction in tumor growth compared with monotherapy with epirubicin.Conclusion: Autophagy inhibition enhances therapeutic response in both anthracycline-sensitive and -resistant TNBC and may be an effective new treatment strategy for this disease. Clin Cancer Res; 20(12); 3159–73. ©2014 AACR.
Published: 2023

6. Supplementary Figure 1 from Autophagy Inhibition Augments the Anticancer Effects of Epirubicin Treatment in Anthracycline-Sensitive and -Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Author: Sharon M. Gorski, Marcel B. Bally, Donald T. Yapp, Karen Gelmon, Sherry A. Weppler, Lindsay DeVorkin, Nancy E. Go, Amy Leung, Namal Abeysundara, Jing Xu, Wieslawa H. Dragowska, Svetlana Bortnik, and Suganthi Chittaranjan
Abstract: Establishment of saturation levels of BAF for MDA-MB-231, R8, SUM159PT and R75.
Published: 2023

7. Supplementary Materials and methods from Autophagy Inhibition Augments the Anticancer Effects of Epirubicin Treatment in Anthracycline-Sensitive and -Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Author: Sharon M. Gorski, Marcel B. Bally, Donald T. Yapp, Karen Gelmon, Sherry A. Weppler, Lindsay DeVorkin, Nancy E. Go, Amy Leung, Namal Abeysundara, Jing Xu, Wieslawa H. Dragowska, Svetlana Bortnik, and Suganthi Chittaranjan
Abstract: Detailed description of Alamar blue assay, QRT-PCR, transfections, siRNA, western blot analyses, autophagic flux assay, IHC, and associated references.
Published: 2023

8. Supplementary Table 1 from Autophagy Inhibition Augments the Anticancer Effects of Epirubicin Treatment in Anthracycline-Sensitive and -Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Author: Sharon M. Gorski, Marcel B. Bally, Donald T. Yapp, Karen Gelmon, Sherry A. Weppler, Lindsay DeVorkin, Nancy E. Go, Amy Leung, Namal Abeysundara, Jing Xu, Wieslawa H. Dragowska, Svetlana Bortnik, and Suganthi Chittaranjan
Abstract: Inhibitory activity of anthracyclines and their analogs on sensitive and resistant TNBC cells.
Published: 2023

9. Supplementary Figure Legends from Autophagy Inhibition Augments the Anticancer Effects of Epirubicin Treatment in Anthracycline-Sensitive and -Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Author: Sharon M. Gorski, Marcel B. Bally, Donald T. Yapp, Karen Gelmon, Sherry A. Weppler, Lindsay DeVorkin, Nancy E. Go, Amy Leung, Namal Abeysundara, Jing Xu, Wieslawa H. Dragowska, Svetlana Bortnik, and Suganthi Chittaranjan
Abstract: Supplementary Figure legends
Published: 2023

10. Supplementary Figure 3 from Autophagy Inhibition Augments the Anticancer Effects of Epirubicin Treatment in Anthracycline-Sensitive and -Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Author: Sharon M. Gorski, Marcel B. Bally, Donald T. Yapp, Karen Gelmon, Sherry A. Weppler, Lindsay DeVorkin, Nancy E. Go, Amy Leung, Namal Abeysundara, Jing Xu, Wieslawa H. Dragowska, Svetlana Bortnik, and Suganthi Chittaranjan
Abstract: Pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy sensitizes EPI-sensitive BT549 and EPI-resistant R75 TNBC cells.
Published: 2023

11. Data from Here, There Be Dragons: Charting Autophagy-Related Alterations in Human Tumors

Author: Sharon M. Gorski, Svetlana B. Bortnik, and Chandra B. Lebovitz
Abstract: Macroautophagy (or autophagy) is a catabolic cellular process that is both homeostatic and stress adaptive. Normal cells rely on basal levels of autophagy to maintain cellular integrity (via turnover of long-lived proteins and damaged organelles) and increased levels of autophagy to buoy cell survival during various metabolic stresses (via nutrient and energy provision through lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic components). Autophagy can function in both tumor suppression and tumor progression, and is under investigation in clinical trials as a novel target for anticancer therapy. However, its role in cancer pathogenesis has yet to be fully explored. In particular, it remains unknown whether in vitro observations will be applicable to human cancer patients. Another outstanding question is whether there exists tumor-specific selection for alterations in autophagy function. In this review, we survey reported mutations in autophagy genes and key autophagy regulators identified in human tumor samples and summarize the literature regarding expression levels of autophagy genes and proteins in various cancer tissues. Although it is too early to draw inferences from this collection of in vivo studies of autophagy-related alterations in human cancers, their results highlight the challenges that must be overcome before we can accurately assess the scope of autophagy's predicted role in tumorigenesis. Clin Cancer Res; 18(5); 1214–26. ©2012 AACR.
Published: 2023

12. Supplementary Table 1 from Here, There Be Dragons: Charting Autophagy-Related Alterations in Human Tumors

Author: Sharon M. Gorski, Svetlana B. Bortnik, and Chandra B. Lebovitz
Abstract: PDF file - 58K, Details of antibodies used for protein detection in studies included in this review.
Published: 2023

13. Supplementary Figure 2 from Autophagy Inhibition Augments the Anticancer Effects of Epirubicin Treatment in Anthracycline-Sensitive and -Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Author: Sharon M. Gorski, Marcel B. Bally, Donald T. Yapp, Karen Gelmon, Sherry A. Weppler, Lindsay DeVorkin, Nancy E. Go, Amy Leung, Namal Abeysundara, Jing Xu, Wieslawa H. Dragowska, Svetlana Bortnik, and Suganthi Chittaranjan
Abstract: EPI treatment (100-400 nM) results in altered transcript levels of autophagy genes in surviving cells.
Published: 2023

14. The Drosophila TIPE family member Sigmar interacts with the Ste20-like kinase Misshapen and modulates JNK signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and autophagy

Author: Suganthi Chittaranjan, Jing Xu, Michael Kuzyk, Harpreet K. Dullat, James Wilton, Lindsay DeVorkin, Chandra Lebovitz, Gregg B. Morin, Marco A. Marra, and Sharon M. Gorski
Subjects: Eiger, Msn, Autophagy, Cytoskeleton, TNFAIP8, TIPE, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: TNFAIP8 and other mammalian TIPE family proteins have attracted increased interest due to their associations with disease-related processes including oncogenic transformation, metastasis, and inflammation. The molecular and cellular functions of TIPE family proteins are still not well understood. Here we report the molecular and genetic characterization of the Drosophila TNFAIP8 homolog, CG4091/sigmar. Previous gene expression studies revealed dynamic expression of sigmar in larval salivary glands prior to histolysis. Here we demonstrate that in sigmar loss-of-function mutants, the salivary glands are morphologically abnormal with defects in the tubulin network and decreased autophagic flux. Sigmar localizes subcellularly to microtubule-containing projections in Drosophila S2 cells, and co-immunoprecipitates with the Ste20-like kinase Misshapen, a regulator of the JNK pathway. Further, the Drosophila TNF ligand Eiger can induce sigmar expression, and sigmar loss-of-function leads to altered localization of pDJNK in salivary glands. Together, these findings link Sigmar to the JNK pathway, cytoskeletal remodeling and autophagy activity during salivary gland development, and provide new insights into TIPE family member function.
Published: 2015
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15. Multi-Omic Analysis of CIC’s Functional Networks Reveals Novel Interaction Partners and a Potential Role in Mitotic Fidelity

Author: Yuka Takemon, Véronique G. LeBlanc, Jungeun Song, Susanna Y. Chan, Stephen Dongsoo Lee, Diane L. Trinh, Shiekh Tanveer Ahmad, William R. Brothers, Richard D. Corbett, Alessia Gagliardi, Annie Moradian, J. Gregory Cairncross, Stephen Yip, Samuel A. J. R. Aparicio, Jennifer A. Chan, Christopher S. Hughes, Gregg B. Morin, Sharon M. Gorski, Suganthi Chittaranjan, and Marco A. Marra
Subjects: Cancer Research, CIC, genetic networks, proteomic interactions, single-cell sequencing, cell cycle, mitosis, splicing, Oncology
Abstract: CIC encodes a transcriptional repressor and MAPK signalling effector that is inactivated by loss-of-function mutations in several cancer types, consistent with a role as a tumour suppressor. Here, we used bioinformatic, genomic, and proteomic approaches to investigate CIC’s interaction networks. We observed both previously identified and novel candidate interactions between CIC and SWI/SNF complex members, as well as novel interactions between CIC and cell cycle regulators and RNA processing factors. We found that CIC loss is associated with an increased frequency of mitotic defects in human cell lines and an in vivo mouse model and with dysregulated expression of mitotic regulators. We also observed aberrant splicing in CIC-deficient cell lines, predominantly at 3′ and 5′ untranslated regions of genes, including genes involved in MAPK signalling, DNA repair, and cell cycle regulation. Our study thus characterises the complexity of CIC’s functional network and describes the effect of its loss on cell cycle regulation, mitotic integrity, and transcriptional splicing, thereby expanding our understanding of CIC’s potential roles in cancer. In addition, our work exemplifies how multi-omic, network-based analyses can be used to uncover novel insights into the interconnected functions of pleiotropic genes/proteins across cellular contexts.
Published: 2023

16. Chloroquine treatment induces secretion of autophagy-related proteins and inclusion of Atg8-family proteins in distinct extracellular vesicle populations

Author: Jing Xu, Kevin C Yang, Nancy Erro Go, Shane Colborne, Cally J Ho, Elham Hosseini-Beheshti, Alf H Lystad, Anne Simonsen, Emma Tomlinson Guns, Gregg B Morin, and Sharon M Gorski
Subjects: Extracellular Vesicles, Syntenins, Autophagy, Autophagy-Related Proteins, Chloroquine, Cell Biology, Autophagy-Related Protein 8 Family, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, Molecular Biology, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Research Paper
Abstract: Chloroquine (CQ), a lysosomotropic agent, is commonly used to inhibit lysosomal degradation and macroautophagy/autophagy. Here we investigated the cell-extrinsic effects of CQ on secretion. We showed that lysosomal and autophagy inhibition by CQ altered the secretome, and induced the release of Atg8 orthologs and autophagy receptors. Atg8-family proteins, in particular, were secreted inside small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in a lipidation-dependent manner. CQ treatment enhanced the release of Atg8-family proteins inside sEVs. Using full-length ATG16L1 and an ATG16L1 mutant that enables Atg8-family protein lipidation on double but not on single membranes, we demonstrated that LC3B is released in two distinct sEV populations: one enriched with SDCBP/Syntenin-1, CD63, and endosomal lipidated LC3B, and another that contains LC3B but is not enriched with SDCBP/Syntenin-1 or CD63, and which our data supports as originating from a double-membrane source. Our findings underscore the context-dependency of sEV heterogeneity and composition, and illustrate the integration of autophagy and sEV composition in response to lysosomal inhibition. Abbreviations: ACTB: actin beta; ANOVA: analysis of variance; ATG4B: autophagy related 4B cysteine peptidase; Atg8: autophagy related 8; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16 like 1; ATP5F1A/ATP5a: ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CASP3: caspase 3; CASP7: caspase 7; CQ: chloroquine; CD9: CD9 molecule; CD63: CD63 molecule; DAPI: 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DQ-BSA: dye quenched-bovine serum albumin; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERN1/IRE1a: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; EV: extracellular vesicles; FBS: fetal bovine serum; FDR: false discovery rate; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GABARAPL2: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 2; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GO: gene ontology; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; HSP90AA1: heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1; IP: immunoprecipitation; KO: knockout; LAMP2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LMNA: lamin A/C; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MS: mass spectrometry; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NCOA4: nuclear receptor coactivator 4; NTA: nanoparticle tracking analysis; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; PECA: probe-level expression change averaging; SDCBP/syntenin-1: syndecan binding protein; SD: standard deviation; SE: secreted; sEV: small extracellular vesicles; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TMT: tandem-mass tag; TSG101: tumor susceptibility 101; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WC: whole cell
Published: 2022

17. Differential expression and prognostic relevance of autophagy-related markers ATG4B, GABARAP, and LC3B in breast cancer

Author: Samuel Leung, Samantha Burugu, Karen A. Gelmon, Jamie Magrill, Torsten O. Nielsen, Stephen Yip, Fatemeh Derakhshan, Svetlana Bortnik, Sharon M. Gorski, Basile Tessier-Cloutier, Karama Asleh, Kendall Greening, Tony Ng, and Jing Xu
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, GABARAP, Autophagy-Related Proteins, Breast Neoplasms, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, Internal medicine, Autophagy, Biomarkers, Tumor, Humans, Medicine, Differential expression, Tissue microarray, business.industry, Prognosis, medicine.disease, Immunohistochemistry, Phenotype, 3. Good health, Cysteine Endopeptidases, 030104 developmental biology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Biomarker (medicine), Female, Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins, business, Microtubule-Associated Proteins
Abstract: Previous studies indicate that breast cancer molecular subtypes differ with respect to their dependency on autophagy, but our knowledge of the differential expression and prognostic significance of autophagy-related biomarkers in breast cancer is limited. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on tissue microarrays from a large population of 3992 breast cancer patients divided into training and validation cohorts. Consensus staining scores were used to evaluate the expression levels of autophagy proteins LC3B, ATG4B, and GABARAP and determine the associations with clinicopathological variables and molecular biomarkers. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier function and Cox proportional hazards regression models. We found subtype-specific expression differences for ATG4B, with its expression lowest in basal-like breast cancer and highest in Luminal A, but there were no significant associations with patient prognosis. LC3B and GABARAP levels were highest in basal-like breast cancers, and high levels were associated with worse outcomes across all subtypes (DSS; GABARAP: HR 1.43, LC3B puncta: HR 1.43). High ATG4B levels were associated with ER, PR, and BCL2 positivity, while high LC3B and GABARAP levels were associated with ER, PR, and BCL2 negativity, as well as EGFR, HER2, HER3, CA-IX, PD-L1 positivity, and high Ki67 index (p
Published: 2020

18. Puncta intended: connecting the dots between autophagy and cell stress networks

Author: Emily Leung, Xiaoyan Jiang, Sharon M. Gorski, Cally J Ho, Gayathri Samarasekera, Michelle Chan, Jing Xu, Kevin C. Yang, and Katharina Rothe
Subjects: Proteomics, 0301 basic medicine, Proteome, Reticulophagy, Autophagy-Related Proteins, Meeting Report, 03 medical and health sciences, Stress granule, Sequestosome 1, Stress, Physiological, Autophagy, Animals, Humans, Disease, Integrin-linked kinase, EIF2AK3, education, Molecular Biology, Mechanistic target of rapamycin, education.field_of_study, 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology, biology, Cell Biology, Cell biology, 030104 developmental biology, biology.protein, EIF2S1
Abstract: Proteome profiling and global protein-interaction approaches have significantly improved our knowledge of the protein interactomes of autophagy and other cellular stress-response pathways. New discoveries regarding protein complexes, interaction partners, interaction domains, and biological roles of players that are part of these pathways are emerging. The fourth Vancouver Autophagy Symposium showcased research that expands our understanding of the protein interaction networks and molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy and other cellular stress responses in the context of distinct stressors. In the keynote presentation, Dr. Wade Harper described his team’s recent discovery of a novel reticulophagy receptor for selective autophagic degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum, and discussed molecular mechanisms involved in ribophagy and non-autophagic ribosomal turnover. In other presentations, both omic and targeted approaches were used to reveal molecular players of other cellular stress responses including amyloid body and stress granule formation, anastasis, and extracellular vesicle biogenesis. Additional topics included the roles of autophagy in disease pathogenesis, autophagy regulatory mechanisms, and crosstalk between autophagy and cellular metabolism in anti-tumor immunity. The relationship between autophagy and other cell stress responses remains a relatively unexplored area in the field, with future investigations required to understand how the various processes are coordinated and connected in cells and tissues. Abbreviations: A-bodies: amyloid bodies; ACM: amyloid-converting motif; AMFR/gp78: autocrine motility factor receptor; ATG: autophagy-related; ATG4B: autophagy related 4B cysteine peptidase; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CAR T: chimeric antigen receptor T; CASP3: caspase 3; CCPG1: cell cycle progression 1; CAR: chimeric antigen receptor; CML: chronic myeloid leukemia; CCOCs: clear cell ovarian cancers; CVB3: coxsackievirus B3; CRISPR-Cas9: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated protein 9; DDXs: DEAD-box helicases; EIF2S1/EIF-2alpha: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha; EIF2AK3: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; EV: extracellular vesicle; FAO: fatty acid oxidation; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; ILK: integrin linked kinase; ISR: integrated stress response; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MPECs: memory precursory effector T cells; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; PI4KB/PI4KIIIβ: phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta; PLEKHM1: pleckstrin homology and RUN domain containing M1; RB1CC1: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RTN3: reticulon 3; rIGSRNAs: ribosomal intergenic noncoding RNAs; RPL29: ribosomal protein L29; RPS3: ribosomal protein S3; S. cerevisiae: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; sEV: small extracellular vesicles; S. pombe: Schizosaccharomyces pombe; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; SF3B1: splicing factor 3b subunit 1; SILAC-MS: stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture-mass spectrometry; SNAP29: synaptosome associated protein 29; TEX264: testis expressed 264, ER-phagy receptor; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VAS: Vancouver Autophagy Symposium
Published: 2020

19. Unlocking the gate to GABARAPL2

Author: Jennifer C Y, Chan and Sharon M, Gorski
Subjects: Protein Transport, Autophagy, Membrane Fusion, Microtubule-Associated Proteins, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
Abstract: GABARAPL2 was initially characterized for its involvement in protein transport and membrane fusion events, but has since gained notoriety for its role in autophagy. GABARAPL2 is frequently studied alongside its GABARAP subfamily members, GABARAP and GABARAPL1. Although functional redundancy exists among the subfamily members, a complex network of molecular interactions, physiological processes and pathologies can be primarily related to GABARAPL2. GABARAPL2 has a multifaceted role, ranging from cellular differentiation to intracellular degradation. Much of what we know about GABARAPL2 is gained through identifying its interacting partners-a list that is constantly growing. In this article, we review both the autophagy-dependent and autophagy-independent roles of GABARAPL2, and emphasize their implications for both health and disease.
Published: 2021

20. Clinical Applications of Autophagy Proteins in Cancer: From Potential Targets to Biomarkers

Author: Svetlana Bortnik and Sharon M. Gorski
Subjects: autophagy, cancer, biomarkers, immunohistochemistry, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Autophagy, a lysosome-mediated intracellular degradation and recycling pathway, plays multiple context-dependent roles in tumorigenesis and treatment resistance. Encouraging results from various preclinical studies have led to the initiation of numerous clinical trials with the intention of targeting autophagy in various cancers. Accumulating knowledge of the particular mechanisms and players involved in different steps of autophagy regulation led to the ongoing discovery of small molecule inhibitors designed to disrupt this highly orchestrated process. However, the development of validated autophagy-related biomarkers, essential for rational selection of patients entering clinical trials involving autophagy inhibitors, is lagging behind. One possible source of biomarkers for this purpose is the autophagy machinery itself. In this review, we address the recent trends, challenges and advances in the assessment of the biomarker potential of clinically relevant autophagy proteins in human cancers.
Published: 2017
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21. Single-cell analysis of autophagy activity in normal and de novo transformed human mammary cells

Author: Sylvain Lefort, Véronique Maguer-Satta, Sneha Balani, Sharon M. Gorski, Davide Pellacani, Boris Guyot, Connie J. Eaves, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency (BCCRC)-British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon], Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre (CMSGSC), BC Cancer Agency (BCCRC), and maguer-satta, veronique
Subjects: Autophagosome, Mammary stem cells, Tumour heterogeneity, Autolysosome, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Cell, lcsh:Medicine, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Basal (phylogenetics), 0302 clinical medicine, Single-cell analysis, Autophagy, medicine, Humans, lcsh:Science, Mammary Glands, Human, Clonogenic assay, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Cell Line, Transformed, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Chemistry, lcsh:R, Cell biology, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], medicine.anatomical_structure, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, lcsh:Q, Single-Cell Analysis, Flux (metabolism)
Abstract: Assessment of autophagy activity has historically been limited to investigations of fixed tissue or bulk cell populations. To address questions of heterogeneity and relate measurements to functional properties of viable cells isolated from primary tissue, we created a lentiviral (RFP-GFP-MAP1LC3B) vector that allows the autophagosome and autolysosome content of transduced cells to be monitored at the single-cell level. Use of this strategy to analyze purified subsets of normal human mammary cells showed that both the luminal progenitor-containing (LP) subset and the basal cells (BCs) display highly variable but overall similar autophagic flux activity despite differences suggested by measurements of the proteins responsible (i.e., LC3B, ATG7 and BECLIN1) in bulk lysates. Autophagosome content was also highly variable in the clonogenic cells within both the LPs and BCs, but the proliferative response of the BCs was more sensitive to autophagy inhibition. In addition, use of this vector showed cells with the lowest autophagosome content elicited the fastest tumor growth in 2 different models of human mammary tumorigenesis. These results illustrate the utility of this vector to define differences in the autophagy properties of individual cells in primary tissue and couple these with their responses to proliferative and oncogenic stimuli.
Published: 2020

22. Induction of autophagy is an early response to gefitinib and a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.

Author: Wieslawa H Dragowska, Sherry A Weppler, Jun Chih Wang, Ling Yan Wong, Anita I Kapanen, Jenna S Rawji, Corinna Warburton, Mohammed A Qadir, Elizabeth Donohue, Michel Roberge, Sharon M Gorski, Karen A Gelmon, and Marcel B Bally
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Gefitinib (Iressa(®), ZD1839) is a small molecule inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. We report on an early cellular response to gefitinib that involves induction of functional autophagic flux in phenotypically diverse breast cancer cells that were sensitive (BT474 and SKBR3) or insensitive (MCF7-GFPLC3 and JIMT-1) to gefitinib. Our data show that elevation of autophagy in gefitinib-treated breast cancer cells correlated with downregulation of AKT and ERK1/2 signaling early in the course of treatment. Inhibition of autophagosome formation by BECLIN-1 or ATG7 siRNA in combination with gefitinib reduced the abundance of autophagic organelles and sensitized SKBR3 but not MCF7-GFPLC3 cells to cell death. However, inhibition of the late stage of gefitinib-induced autophagy with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) or bafilomycin A1 significantly increased (p0.05), when compared to vehicle-treated controls. Our results also show that elevated autophagosome content following short-term treatment with gefitinib is a reversible response that ceases upon removal of the drug. In aggregate, these data demonstrate that elevated autophagic flux is an early response to gefitinib and that targeting EGFR and autophagy should be considered when developing new therapeutic strategies for EGFR expressing breast cancers.
Published: 2013
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23. Loss of Parkinson's susceptibility gene LRRK2 promotes carcinogen-induced lung tumorigenesis

Author: Tia Dash, Katy Milne, Basile Tessier-Cloutier, Elizabeth C. Halvorsen, Nancy Erro Go, Norman S. Chow, Paalini Sathiyaseelan, Svetlana Bortnik, Nancy Dos Santos, Nicole Wretham, Maryam Osooly, Brad H. Nelson, Sharon M. Gorski, Chandra Lebovitz, Marcel B. Bally, Wan L. Lam, Shelby Thornton, Kevin L. Bennewith, and Rachel A. Cederberg
Subjects: Lung Neoplasms, Science, Tumor initiation, Adenocarcinoma, Cell morphology, medicine.disease_cause, Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2, Genomic Instability, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Cancer genomics, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Cancer models, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Lung, Cocarcinogenesis, business.industry, Smoking, Cancer, Cell Differentiation, Parkinson Disease, respiratory system, medicine.disease, LRRK2, 3. Good health, nervous system diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Cancer research, Carcinogens, Immunohistochemistry, Medicine, Lung cancer, Carcinogenesis, business
Abstract: Pathological links between neurodegenerative disease and cancer are emerging. LRRK2 overactivity contributes to Parkinson’s disease, whereas our previous analyses of public cancer patient data revealed that decreased LRRK2 expression is associated with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The clinical and functional relevance of LRRK2 repression in LUAD is unknown. Here, we investigated associations between LRRK2 expression and clinicopathological variables in LUAD patient data and asked whether LRRK2 knockout promotes murine lung tumorigenesis. In patients, reduced LRRK2 was significantly associated with ongoing smoking and worse survival, as well as signatures of less differentiated LUAD, altered surfactant metabolism and immunosuppression. We identified shared transcriptional signals between LRRK2-low LUAD and postnatal alveolarization in mice, suggesting aberrant activation of a developmental program of alveolar growth and differentiation in these tumors. In a carcinogen-induced murine lung cancer model, multiplex IHC confirmed that LRRK2 was expressed in alveolar type II (AT2) cells, a main LUAD cell-of-origin, while its loss perturbed AT2 cell morphology. LRRK2 knockout in this model significantly increased tumor initiation and size, demonstrating that loss of LRRK2, a key Parkinson’s gene, promotes lung tumorigenesis.
Published: 2020

24. Diverse mechanisms of autophagy dysregulation and their therapeutic implications: does the shoe fit?

Author: Courtney Choutka, Cally J Ho, Jing Xu, Svetlana Bortnik, Katharina Rothe, Xiaoyan Jiang, Norman S. Chow, Sharon M. Gorski, Paalini Sathiyaseelan, and Kevin C. Yang
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Huntingtin, Apoptosis, Meeting Report, Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Neoplasms, Mitophagy, Autophagy, medicine, Animals, Humans, Molecular Biology, 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology, Neurodegeneration, Proteins, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, HIF1A, Imatinib mesylate, Cancer research, MAP1LC3B
Abstract: In its third edition, the Vancouver Autophagy Symposium presented a platform for vibrant discussion on the differential roles of macroautophagy/autophagy in disease. This one-day symposium was held at the BC Cancer Research Centre in Vancouver, BC, bringing together experts in cell biology, protein biochemistry and medicinal chemistry across several different disease models and model organisms. The Vancouver Autophagy Symposium featured 2 keynote speakers that are well known for their seminal contributions to autophagy research, Dr. David Rubinsztein (Cambridge Institute for Medical Research) and Dr. Kay F. Macleod (University of Chicago). Key discussions included the context-dependent roles and mechanisms of dysregulation of autophagy in diseases and the corresponding need to consider context-dependent autophagy modulation strategies. Additional highlights included the differential roles of bulk autophagy versus selective autophagy, novel autophagy regulators, and emerging chemical tools to study autophagy inhibition. Interdisciplinary discussions focused on addressing questions such as which stage of disease to target, which type of autophagy to target and which component to target for autophagy modulation. Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer disease; AMFR/Gp78: autocrine motility factor receptor; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; CML: chronic myeloid leukemia; CVB3: coxsackievirus B3; DRPLA: dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ER-associated degradation; FA: focal adhesion; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; HD: Huntingtin disease; HIF1A/Hif1α: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; HTT: huntingtin; IM: imatinib mesylate; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; NBR1: neighbour of BRCA1; OGA: O-GlcNAcase; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PLEKHM1: pleckstrin homology and RUN domain containing M1; polyQ: poly-glutamine; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RP: retinitis pigmentosa; SNAP29: synaptosome associated protein 29; SPCA3: spinocerebellar ataxia type 3; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer.
Published: 2018

25. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Autophagy-Mediated Treatment Resistance in Cancer

Author: Cally J Ho and Sharon M. Gorski
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Cancer Research, autophagy, targeted agents, molecular mechanisms, Context (language use), Review, chemotherapy, lcsh:RC254-282, treatment resistance, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Puma, medicine, cancer, Protein kinase B, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, biology, Autophagy, Cancer, chemoresistance, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Oncology, Tumor progression, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Cancer research, Signal transduction
Abstract: Despite advances in diagnostic tools and therapeutic options, treatment resistance remains a challenge for many cancer patients. Recent studies have found evidence that autophagy, a cellular pathway that delivers cytoplasmic components to lysosomes for degradation and recycling, contributes to treatment resistance in different cancer types. A role for autophagy in resistance to chemotherapies and targeted therapies has been described based largely on associations with various signaling pathways, including MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling. However, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of autophagy in facilitating treatment resistance remains limited. Here we provide a comprehensive summary of the evidence linking autophagy to major signaling pathways in the context of treatment resistance and tumor progression, and then highlight recently emerged molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy and the p62/KEAP1/NRF2 and FOXO3A/PUMA axes in chemoresistance.
Published: 2019

26. Steroid hormone control of cell death and cell survival: molecular insights using RNAi.

Author: Suganthi Chittaranjan, Melissa McConechy, Ying-Chen Claire Hou, J Douglas Freeman, Lindsay Devorkin, and Sharon M Gorski
Subjects: Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract: The insect steroid hormone ecdysone triggers programmed cell death of obsolete larval tissues during metamorphosis and provides a model system for understanding steroid hormone control of cell death and cell survival. Previous genome-wide expression studies of Drosophila larval salivary glands resulted in the identification of many genes associated with ecdysone-induced cell death and cell survival, but functional verification was lacking. In this study, we test functionally 460 of these genes using RNA interference in ecdysone-treated Drosophila l(2)mbn cells. Cell viability, cell morphology, cell proliferation, and apoptosis assays confirmed the effects of known genes and additionally resulted in the identification of six new pro-death related genes, including sorting nexin-like gene SH3PX1 and Sox box protein Sox14, and 18 new pro-survival genes. Identified genes were further characterized to determine their ecdysone dependency and potential function in cell death regulation. We found that the pro-survival function of five genes (Ras85D, Cp1, CG13784, CG32016, and CG33087), was dependent on ecdysone signaling. The TUNEL assay revealed an additional two genes (Kap-alpha3 and Smr) with an ecdysone-dependent cell survival function that was associated with reduced cell death. In vitro, Sox14 RNAi reduced the percentage of TUNEL-positive l(2)mbn cells (p
Published: 2009
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27. Proteotranscriptomic classification and characterization of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Author: Christine Chow, Karen Mungall, Daniel J. Renouf, Marco A. Marra, Ryan D. Morin, Michael K.C. Lee, Jonathan M. Loree, Shane Colborne, Gregg B. Morin, Christopher Rushton, Kevin C. Yang, Steve E. Kalloger, Sharon M. Gorski, Andrew J. Mungall, Steven J.M. Jones, Dongxia Gao, Jing Xu, Joanna M. Karasinska, David F. Schaeffer, John J. Aird, and Jörg Schrader
Subjects: Male, Proteomics, Cell signaling, Stromal cell, Proteome, Alpha (ethology), WWTR1, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Transcriptome, Genetic Heterogeneity, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Databases, Genetic, Biomarkers, Tumor, Humans, Cell Proliferation, YAP1, Hippo signaling pathway, Gene Expression Profiling, Cell Differentiation, YAP-Signaling Proteins, Prognosis, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Neuroendocrine Tumors, Transcriptional Coactivator with PDZ-Binding Motif Proteins, Mutation, Cancer research, Female, Co-Repressor Proteins, Molecular Chaperones, Signal Transduction
Abstract: Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs) are biologically and clinically heterogeneous. Here, we use a multi-omics approach to uncover the molecular factors underlying this heterogeneity. Transcriptomic analysis of 84 PNEN specimens, drawn from two cohorts, is substantiated with proteomic profiling and identifies four subgroups: Proliferative, PDX1-high, Alpha cell-like and Stromal/Mesenchymal. The Proliferative subgroup, consisting of both well- and poorly differentiated specimens, is associated with inferior overall survival probability. The PDX1-high and Alpha cell-like subgroups partially resemble previously described subtypes, and we further uncover distinctive metabolism-related features in the Alpha cell-like subgroup. The Stromal/Mesenchymal subgroup exhibits molecular characteristics of YAP1/WWTR1(TAZ) activation suggestive of Hippo signaling pathway involvement in PNENs. Whole-exome sequencing reveals subgroup-enriched mutational differences, supported by activity inference analysis, and identifies hypermorphic proto-oncogene variants in 14.3% of sequenced PNENs. Our study reveals differences in cellular signaling axes that provide potential directions for PNEN patient stratification and treatment strategies.
Published: 2021

28. Abstract PR-009: Proteotranscriptomic classification and characterization of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Author: Daniel J. Renouf, Marco A. Marra, Sandra E. Spencer Miko, Ryan D. Morin, David F. Schaeffer, Karen Mungall, Jonathan M. Loree, Christopher Rushton, Andrew J. Mungall, Kevin C. Yang, Gregg B. Morin, Steve E. Kalloger, Michael Lee, Sharon M. Gorski, John J. Aird, and Shane Colborne
Subjects: Oncology, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Microarray, Cancer, Biology, medicine.disease, Transcriptome, Internal medicine, Pancreatic cancer, Proteome, Gene expression, medicine, PDX1, Exome
Abstract: Background Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs) are biologically and clinically heterogeneous neoplasms with variable patient outcomes. Our study aims to uncover the molecular factors that underlie the clinical and biological heterogeneity among PNENs for a better understanding and potential classification of this disease. Methods Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary tumour specimens from 92 patients with PNEN were procured for the study and split into two cohorts for discovery and validation purposes. Next-generation sequencing profiled the exome and transcriptome, and quantitative mass-spectrometry profiled the global proteome of specimens. Non-negative matrix factorization was used to identify subgroups, followed by differential analysis to identify subgroup-specific features. To corroborate subgroup-specific RNA- and protein- level distinctions, activities of key cellular regulators were inferred from target gene expression or co-expression signatures. Results Unsupervised clustering analysis of transcriptome data identified four robust molecular subgroups that were substantiated by proteome analysis (p=0.0005) within the discovery cohort and validated with the validation cohort and an external cohort of PNENs from a previous microarray-based gene expression study. A proliferative subgroup was enriched with neuroendocrine carcinomas and specimens with >20% Ki67, concomitant with reduced survival probability (p=0.0024; logrank test) and higher mRNA expression and protein abundance of cell cycle-related genes. Increased mRNA expression of ARX or PDX1 (adjusted p Citation Format: Kevin C. Yang, Steve Kalloger, John Aird, Michael Lee, Christopher Rushton, Sandra E. Spencer Miko, Karen L. Mungall, Andrew J. Mungall, Shane Colborne, Ryan D. Morin, Jonathan M. Loree, Marco A. Marra, Daniel J. Renouf, Gregg B. Morin, David F. Schaeffer, Sharon M. Gorski. Proteotranscriptomic classification and characterization of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2020 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PR-009.
Published: 2020

29. Treatment response in triple-negative breast cancer: a role for eEF2 kinase-mediated autophagy?

Author: Cally J Ho and Sharon M. Gorski
Subjects: Treatment response, Editorial, Kinase, business.industry, Autophagy, Cancer research, Medicine, General Medicine, EEF2, business, Triple-negative breast cancer
Published: 2020

30. The interplay between exosomes and autophagy – partners in crime

Author: Sharon M. Gorski, Robert Camfield, and Jing Xu
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Neurodegeneration, Autophagy, Cell Biology, Extracellular vesicle, Biology, Exosomes, medicine.disease, Exosome, Microvesicles, Cell biology, Extracellular Vesicles, 03 medical and health sciences, Crosstalk (biology), 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Lysosome, medicine, Animals, Humans, Endomembrane system, Lysosomes
Abstract: The eukaryotic endomembrane system is a complex series of interconnected membranous organelles that play important roles in responding to stress and maintaining cell homeostasis during health and disease. Two components of this system, exosome biogenesis and autophagy, are linked by the endolysosomal pathway. Exosomes are cargo-laden extracellular vesicles that arise from endosome-derived multivesicular bodies, and autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent degradation and recycling pathway. Recent studies have revealed shared molecular machinery between exosome biogenesis and autophagy, as well as substantial crosstalk between these two processes. In this Review, we first describe the classic view of exosome biogenesis and autophagy, including their links to the endolysosomal pathway. We then present the evidence for autophagy-related proteins in exosome biogenesis, the emerging roles of amphisomes and the evolving models of exosome-autophagy pathway interactions. Finally, we discuss the implications of exosome and autophagy interplay in the context of neurodegeneration and cancer.
Published: 2018

31. A new quinoline-based chemical probe inhibits the autophagy-related cysteine protease ATG4B

Author: Marcel B. Bally, Fan Zhang, Nancy Erro Go, Steven J.M. Jones, Jing Xu, A. M. Hannigan, Lubomir Vezenkov, Courtney Choutka, Kevin C. Yang, R. N. Guay-Ross, S. Loo, Wieslawa H. Dragowska, Damien Bosc, Sharon M. Gorski, Tom A. Pfeifer, Nicolette S. Honson, Suzana Kovacic, Martin E. Gleave, Guoying Chen, Jianghong An, Robert N. Young, Svetlana Bortnik, Ada W. Y. Leung, P. G. K. Clark, Médicaments et molécules pour agir sur les Systèmes Vivants - U 1177 (M2SV), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille, Simon Fraser University (SFU.ca), Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron [Pôle Chimie Balard] (IBMM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre (CMSGSC), BC Cancer Agency (BCCRC), University of British Columbia (UBC), and Centre for drug research and development, Vancouver
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Models, Molecular, Proteolysis, In silico, Science, Chemical biology, Autophagy-Related Proteins, Context (language use), Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Structure-Activity Relationship, Neoplasms, medicine, Autophagy, Structure–activity relationship, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Humans, Multidisciplinary, medicine.diagnostic_test, Chemistry, Cysteine protease, 3. Good health, Cysteine Endopeptidases, 030104 developmental biology, Biochemistry, Quinolines, Medicine, MAP1LC3B
Abstract: The cysteine protease ATG4B is a key component of the autophagy machinery, acting to proteolytically prime and recycle its substrate MAP1LC3B. The roles of ATG4B in cancer and other diseases appear to be context dependent but are still not well understood. To help further explore ATG4B functions and potential therapeutic applications, we employed a chemical biology approach to identify ATG4B inhibitors. Here, we describe the discovery of 4–28, a styrylquinoline identified by a combined computational modeling, in silico screening, high content cell-based screening and biochemical assay approach. A structure-activity relationship study led to the development of a more stable and potent compound LV-320. We demonstrated that LV-320 inhibits ATG4B enzymatic activity, blocks autophagic flux in cells, and is stable, non-toxic and active in vivo. These findings suggest that LV-320 will serve as a relevant chemical tool to study the various roles of ATG4B in cancer and other contexts.
Published: 2018

32. Pharmacological Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase Enhances Autophagy in Brain through an mTOR-Independent Pathway

Author: Roger A. Ashmus, Xiaoyang Shan, Michael A. Silverman, Yanping Zhu, Matthew C. Deen, David J. Vocadlo, Farzaneh Safarpour, Nancy Erro Go, Nancy Li, Mina C. Huang, Alice Shan, Sharon M. Gorski, Viktor Holicek, and Zarina Madden
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Glycosylation, Physiology, Cognitive Neuroscience, tau Proteins, Biology, Biochemistry, Neuroprotection, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Alzheimer Disease, Neuroblastoma, medicine, Autophagy, Animals, Humans, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, Regulation of gene expression, chemistry.chemical_classification, Neurons, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases, Neurodegeneration, Brain, Cell Biology, General Medicine, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Cell biology, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, Enzyme, chemistry, Tauopathies, Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Abstract: The glycosylation of nucleocytoplasmic proteins with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues (O-GlcNAc) is conserved among metazoans and is particularly abundant within brain. O-GlcNAc is involved in diverse cellular processes ranging from the regulation of gene expression to stress response. Moreover, O-GlcNAc is implicated in various diseases including cancers, diabetes, cardiac dysfunction, and neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacological inhibition of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), the sole enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc, reproducibly slows neurodegeneration in various Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse models manifesting either tau or amyloid pathology. These data have stimulated interest in the possibility of using OGA-selective inhibitors as pharmaceuticals to alter the progression of AD. The mechanisms mediating the neuroprotective effects of OGA inhibitors, however, remain poorly understood. Here we show, using a range of methods in neuroblastoma N2a cells, in primary rat neurons, and in mouse brain, that selective OGA inhibitors stimulate autophagy through an mTOR-independent pathway without obvious toxicity. Additionally, OGA inhibition significantly decreased the levels of toxic protein species associated with AD pathogenesis in the JNPL3 tauopathy mouse model as well as the 3×Tg-AD mouse model. These results strongly suggest that OGA inhibitors act within brain through a mechanism involving enhancement of autophagy, which aids the brain in combatting the accumulation of toxic protein species. Our study supports OGA inhibition being a feasible therapeutic strategy for hindering the progression of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, these data suggest more targeted strategies to stimulate autophagy in an mTOR-independent manner may be found within the O-GlcNAc pathway. These findings should aid the advancement of OGA inhibitors within the clinic.
Published: 2018

33. Precision autophagy: Will the next wave of selective autophagy markers and specific autophagy inhibitors feed clinical pipelines?

Author: Katharina Rothe, Damien Bosc, Marcel B. Bally, Sharon M. Gorski, Chandra Lebovitz, Jagbir Singh, Xiaoyan Jiang, Robert N. Young, Lindsay DeVorkin, and Julian J. Lum
Subjects: Proteomics, Autophagosome, hydroxychloroquine, pancreatic cancer, Quantitative proteomics, Computational biology, Disease, Meeting Report, Biology, Selective autophagy, TRIM, Neoplasms, LC3, Autophagy, cancer, Animals, Humans, SQSTM1, Biomarker discovery, Molecular Biology, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, selective autophagy, neurodegeneration, Medical school, Cell Biology, autophagy, biomarker, 3. Good health, Cell biology, Carrier Proteins, Biomarkers
Abstract: Research presented at the Vancouver Autophagy Symposium (VAS) 2014 suggests that autophagy's influence on health and disease depends on tight regulation and precision targeting of substrates. Discussions recognized a pressing need for robust biomarkers that accurately assess the clinical utility of modulating autophagy in disease contexts. Biomarker discovery could flow from investigations of context-dependent triggers, sensors, and adaptors that tailor the autophagy machinery to achieve target specificity. In his keynote address, Dr. Vojo Deretic (University of New Mexico) described the discovery of a cargo receptor family that utilizes peptide motif-based cargo recognition, a mechanism that may be more precise than generic substrate tagging. The keynote by Dr. Alec Kimmelman (Harvard Medical School) emphasized that unbiased screens for novel selective autophagy factors may accelerate the development of autophagy-based therapies. Using a quantitative proteomics screen for de novo identification of autophagosome substrates in pancreatic cancer, Kimmelman's group discovered a new type of selective autophagy that regulates bioavailable iron. Additional presentations revealed novel autophagy regulators and receptors in metabolic diseases, proteinopathies, and cancer, and outlined the development of specific autophagy inhibitors and treatment regimens that combine autophagy modulation with anticancer therapies. VAS 2014 stimulated interdisciplinary discussions focused on the development of biomarkers, drugs, and preclinical models to facilitate clinical translation of key autophagy discoveries.
Published: 2015

34. Cross-cancer profiling of molecular alterations within the human autophagy interaction network

Author: Rodrigo Goya, Chandra Lebovitz, Sharon M. Gorski, Marco A. Marra, A. Gordon Robertson, Steven J.M. Jones, and Ryan D. Morin
Subjects: Resource, autophagy, tumor, Transcription, Genetic, Biology, Bioinformatics, medicine.disease_cause, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Breast cancer, LAPTM4B, AML, Mutation Rate, Neoplasms, SNV, medicine, Carcinoma, cancer, Cluster Analysis, Humans, SQSTM1, Gene Regulatory Networks, RNA, Messenger, Molecular Biology, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, Gene Expression Profiling, Autophagy, Cell Biology, TCGA, medicine.disease, Survival Analysis, 3. Good health, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Gene expression profiling, Case-Control Studies, gene expression, Cancer research, mutation, Carcinogenesis, Kidney cancer
Abstract: Aberrant activation or disruption of autophagy promotes tumorigenesis in various preclinical models of cancer, but whether the autophagy pathway is a target for recurrent molecular alteration in human cancer patient samples is unknown. To address this outstanding question, we surveyed 211 human autophagy-associated genes for tumor-related alterations to DNA sequence and RNA expression levels and examined their association with patient survival outcomes in multiple cancer types with sequence data from The Cancer Genome Atlas consortium. We found 3 (RB1CC1/FIP200, ULK4, WDR45/WIPI4) and one (ATG7) core autophagy genes to be under positive selection for somatic mutations in endometrial carcinoma and clear cell renal carcinoma, respectively, while 29 autophagy regulators and pathway interactors, including previously identified KEAP1, NFE2L2, and MTOR, were significantly mutated in 6 of the 11 cancer types examined. Gene expression analyses revealed that GABARAPL1 and MAP1LC3C/LC3C transcripts were less abundant in breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancers than in matched normal tissue controls; ATG4D transcripts were increased in lung squamous cell carcinoma, as were ATG16L2 transcripts in kidney cancer. Unsupervised clustering of autophagy-associated mRNA levels in tumors stratified patient overall survival in 3 of 9 cancer types (acute myeloid leukemia, clear cell renal carcinoma, and head and neck cancer). These analyses provide the first comprehensive resource of recurrently altered autophagy-associated genes in human tumors, and highlight cancer types and subtypes where perturbed autophagy may be relevant to patient overall survival.
Published: 2015

35. The Drosophila TIPE family member Sigmar interacts with the Ste20-like kinase Misshapen and modulates JNK signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and autophagy

Author: Chandra Lebovitz, Lindsay DeVorkin, Gregg B. Morin, Suganthi Chittaranjan, Sharon M. Gorski, Jing Xu, James Wilton, Michael A. Kuzyk, Marco A. Marra, and Harpreet K. Dullat
Subjects: TNFAIP8, QH301-705.5, Science, TIPE, Biology, Eiger, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Gene expression, medicine, Autophagy, Msn, Biology (General), Cytoskeleton, Salivary gland, Kinase, Schneider 2 cells, Histolysis, Cell biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Tubulin, biology.protein, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Research Article
Abstract: TNFAIP8 and other mammalian TIPE family proteins have attracted increased interest due to their associations with disease-related processes including oncogenic transformation, metastasis, and inflammation. The molecular and cellular functions of TIPE family proteins are still not well understood. Here we report the molecular and genetic characterization of the Drosophila TNFAIP8 homolog, CG4091/sigmar. Previous gene expression studies revealed dynamic expression of sigmar in larval salivary glands prior to histolysis. Here we demonstrate that in sigmar loss-of-function mutants, the salivary glands are morphologically abnormal with defects in the tubulin network and decreased autophagic flux. Sigmar localizes subcellularly to microtubule-containing projections in Drosophila S2 cells, and co-immunoprecipitates with the Ste20-like kinase Misshapen, a regulator of the JNK pathway. Further, the Drosophila TNF ligand Eiger can induce sigmar expression, and sigmar loss-of-function leads to altered localization of pDJNK in salivary glands. Together, these findings link Sigmar to the JNK pathway, cytoskeletal remodeling and autophagy activity during salivary gland development, and provide new insights into TIPE family member function.
Published: 2015

36. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Author: Daniel J. Klionsky, Kotb Abdelmohsen, Akihisa Abe, Md Joynal Abedin, Hagai Abeliovich, Abraham Acevedo Arozena, Hiroaki Adachi, Christopher M. Adams, Peter D. Adams, Khosrow Adeli, Peter J. Adhihetty, Sharon G. Adler, Galila Agam, Rajesh Agarwal, Manish K. Aghi, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Patricia V. Aguilar, Julio Aguirre Ghiso, Edoardo M. Airoldi, Slimane Ait Si Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Emmanuel T. Akporiaye, Mohamed Al Rubeai, Guillermo M. Albaiceta, Chris Albanese, Diego Albani, Matthew L. Albert, Jesus Aldudo, Hana Algül, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Iraide Alloza, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte Beceril, Emad S. Alnemri, Covadonga Alonso, Nihal Altan Bonnet, Dario C. Altieri, Silvia Alvarez, Lydia Alvarez Erviti, Sandro Alves, Giuseppina Amadoro, Atsuo Amano, Consuelo Amantini, Santiago Ambrosio, Ivano Amelio, Amal O. Amer, Mohamed Amessou, Angelika Amon, Zhenyi An, Frank A. Anania, Stig U. Andersen, Usha P. Andley, Catherine K. Andreadi, Nathalie Andrieu Abadie, Alberto Anel, David K. Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar Dukie, Manuela Antonioli, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Saveria Aquila, Katia Aquilano, Koichi Araki, Eli Arama, Agustin Aranda, Jun Araya, Alexandre Arcaro, Esperanza Arias, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen R. Ariosa, Jane L. Armstrong, Thierry Arnould, Ivica Arsov, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Valerie Askanas, Eric Asselin, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Sally S. Atherton, Julie D. Atkin, Laura D. Attardi, Patrick Auberger, Georg Auburger, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Maria Laura Avantaggiati, Limor Avrahami, Suresh Awale, Neelam Azad, Tiziana Bachetti, Jonathan M. Backer, Dong Hun Bae, Jae sung Bae, Ok Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H. Baehrecke, Seung Hoon Baek, Stephen Baghdiguian, Agnieszka Bagniewska Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xue Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Rena Balzan, Rajkumar Banerjee, Gábor Bánhegyi, Haijun Bao, Benoit Barbeau, Maria D. Barrachina, Esther Barreiro, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolomé, Diane C. Bassham, Maria Teresa Bassi, Robert C. Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Maria Teresa Batista, Henri Batoko, Maurizio Battino, Kyle Bauckman, Bradley L. Baumgarner, K. Ulrich Bayer, Rupert Beale, Jean François Beaulieu, George R. Beck Jr, Christoph Becker, J. David Beckham, Pierre André Bédard, Patrick J. Bednarski, Thomas J. Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrends, Georg MN Behrens, Kevin E. Behrns, Eloy Bejarano, Amine Belaid, Francesca Belleudi, Giovanni Bénard, Guy Berchem, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Ben Berkhout, Laura Berliocchi, Amélie Bernard, Monique Bernard, Francesca Bernassola, Anne Bertolotti, Amanda S. Bess, Sébastien Besteiro, Saverio Bettuzzi, Savita Bhalla, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Sujit K. Bhutia, Caroline Biagosch, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Martine Biard Piechaczyk, Viktor Billes, Claudia Bincoletto, Baris Bingol, Sara W. Bird, Marc Bitoun, Ivana Bjedov, Craig Blackstone, Lionel Blanc, Guillermo A. Blanco, Heidi Kiil Blomhoff, Emilio Boada Romero, Stefan Böckler, Marianne Boes, Kathleen Boesze Battaglia, Lawrence H. Boise, Alessandra Bolino, Andrea Boman, Paolo Bonaldo, Matteo Bordi, Jürgen Bosch, Luis M. Botana, Joelle Botti, German Bou, Marina Bouché, Marion Bouchecareilh, Marie Josée Boucher, Michael E. Boulton, Sebastien G. Bouret, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer Guittaut, Peter V. Bozhkov, Nathan Brady, Vania MM Braga, Claudio Brancolini, Gerhard H. Braus, José M. Bravo San Pedro, Lisa A. Brennan, Emery H. Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridges, MarieAgnès Bringer, Marisa Brini, Glauber C. Brito, Bertha Brodin, Paul S. Brookes, Eric J. Brown, Karen Brown, Hal E. Broxmeyer, Alain Bruhat, Patricia Chakur Brum, John H. Brumell, Nicola Brunetti Pierri, Robert J. Bryson Richardson, Shilpa Buch, Alastair M. Buchan, Hikmet Budak, Dmitry V. Bulavin, Scott J. Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Vladimir Bumbasirevic, Yan Burelle, Robert E. Burke, Margit Burmeister, Peter Bütikofer, Laura Caberlotto, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahova, Dongsheng Cai, Jingjing Cai, Qian Cai, Sara Calatayud, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Grant R. Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Silvia Campello, Robin Candau, Isabella Caniggia, Lavinia Cantoni, Lizhi Cao, Allan B. Caplan, Michele Caraglia, Claudio Cardinali, Sandra Morais Cardoso, Jennifer S. Carew, Laura A. Carleton, Cathleen R. Carlin, Silvia Carloni, Sven R. Carlsson, Didac Carmona Gutierrez, Leticia AM Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, Caty Casas, Josefina Casas, Giuliana Cassinelli, Perrine Castets, Susana Castro Obregon, Gabriella Cavallini, Isabella Ceccherini, Francesco Cecconi, Arthur I. Cederbaum, Valentín Ceña, Simone Cenci, Claudia Cerella, Davide Cervia, CETRULLO, SILVIA, Hassan Chaachouay, Han Jung Chae, Andrei S. Chagin, Chee Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Georgios Chamilos, Edmond YW Chan, Matthew TV Chan, Dhyan Chandra, Pallavi Chandra, Chih Peng Chang, Raymond Chuen Chung Chang, Ta Yuan Chang, John C. Chatham, Saurabh Chatterjee, Santosh Chauhan, Yongsheng Che, Michael E. Cheetham, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Chun Jung Chen, Gang Chen, Guang Chao Chen, Guoqiang Chen, Hongzhuan Chen, Jeff W. Chen, Jian Kang Chen, Min Chen, Mingzhou Chen, Peiwen Chen, Qi Chen, Quan Chen, Shang Der Chen, Si Chen, Steve S. L. Chen, Wei Chen, Wei Jung Chen, Wen Qiang Chen, Wenli Chen, Xiangmei Chen, Yau Hung Chen, Ye Guang Chen, Yin Chen, Yingyu Chen, Yongshun Chen, Yu Jen Chen, Yue Qin Chen, Yujie Chen, Zhen Chen, Zhong Chen, Alan Cheng, Christopher HK Cheng, Hua Cheng, Heesun Cheong, Sara Cherry, Jason Chesney, Chun Hei Antonio Cheung, Eric Chevet, Hsiang Cheng Chi, Sung Gil Chi, Fulvio Chiacchiera, Hui Ling Chiang, Roberto Chiarelli, Mario Chiariello, Marcello Chieppa, Lih Shen Chin, Mario Chiong, Gigi NC Chiu, Dong Hyung Cho, Ssang Goo Cho, William C. Cho, Yong Yeon Cho, Young Seok Cho, Augustine MK Choi, Eui Ju Choi, Eun Kyoung Choi, Jayoung Choi, Mary E. Choi, Seung Il Choi, Tsui Fen Chou, Salem Chouaib, Divaker Choubey, Vinay Choubey, Kuan Chih Chow, Kamal Chowdhury, Charleen T. Chu, Tsung Hsien Chuang, Taehoon Chun, Hyewon Chung, Taijoon Chung, Yuen Li Chung, Yong Joon Chwae, Valentina Cianfanelli, Roberto Ciarcia, Iwona A. Ciechomska, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Mara Cirone, Sofie Claerhout, Michael J. Clague, Joan Clària, Peter GH Clarke, Robert Clarke, Emilio Clementi, Cédric Cleyrat, Miriam Cnop, Eliana M. Coccia, Tiziana Cocco, Patrice Codogno, Jörn Coers, Ezra EW Cohen, David Colecchia, Luisa Coletto, Núria S. Coll, Emma Colucci Guyon, Sergio Comincini, Maria Condello, Katherine L. Cook, Graham H. Coombs, Cynthia D. Cooper, J. Mark Cooper, Isabelle Coppens, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Marco Corazzari, Ramon Corbalan, Elisabeth Corcelle Termeau, Mario D. Cordero, Cristina Corral Ramos, Olga Corti, Andrea Cossarizza, Paola Costelli, Safia Costes, Susan L. Cotman, Ana Coto Montes, Sandra Cottet, Eduardo Couve, Lori R. Covey, L. Ashley Cowart, Jeffery S. Cox, Fraser P. Coxon, Carolyn B. Coyne, Mark S. Cragg, Rolf J. Craven, Tiziana Crepaldi, Jose L. Crespo, Alfredo Criollo, Valeria Crippa, Maria Teresa Cruz, Ana Maria Cuervo, Jose M. Cuezva, Taixing Cui, Pedro R. Cutillas, Mark J. Czaja, Maria F. Czyzyk Krzeska, Ruben K. Dagda, Uta Dahmen, Chunsun Dai, Wenjie Dai, Yun Dai, Kevin N. Dalby, Luisa Dalla Valle, Guillaume Dalmasso, Marcello D'Amelio, Markus Damme, Arlette Darfeuille Michaud, Catherine Dargemont, Victor M. Darley Usmar, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Biplab Dasgupta, Srikanta Dash, Crispin R. Dass, Hazel Marie Davey, Lester M. Davids, David Dávila, Roger J. Davis, Ted M. Dawson, Valina L. Dawson, Paula Daza, Jackie de Belleroche, Paul de Figueiredo, Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo, José de la Fuente, Luisa De Martino, Antonella De Matteis, Guido RY De Meyer, Angelo De Milito, Mauro De Santi, Wanderley de Souza, Vincenzo De Tata, Daniela De Zio, Jayanta Debnath, Reinhard Dechant, Jean Paul Decuypere, Shane Deegan, Benjamin Dehay, Barbara Del Bello, Dominic P. Del Re, Régis Delage Mourroux, Lea MD Delbridge, Louise Deldicque, Elizabeth Delorme Axford, Yizhen Deng, Joern Dengjel, Melanie Denizot, Paul Dent, Channing J. Der, Vojo Deretic, Benoît Derrien, Eric Deutsch, Timothy P. Devarenne, Rodney J. Devenish, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, Nicola Di Daniele, Fabio Di Domenico, Alessia Di Nardo, Simone Di Paola, Antonio Di Pietro, Livia Di Renzo, Aaron DiAntonio, Guillermo Díaz Araya, Ines Díaz Laviada, Maria T. Diaz Meco, Javier Diaz Nido, Chad A. Dickey, Robert C. Dickson, Marc Diederich, Paul Digard, Ivan Dikic, Savithrama P. Dinesh Kumar, Chan Ding, Wen Xing Ding, Zufeng Ding, Luciana Dini, Jörg HW Distler, Abhinav Diwan, Mojgan Djavaheri Mergny, Kostyantyn Dmytruk, Renwick CJ Dobson, Volker Doetsch, Karol Dokladny, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Massimo Donadelli, X. Charlie Dong, Xiaonan Dong, Zheng Dong, Terrence M. Donohue Jr, Kelly S. Doran, Gabriella D'Orazi, Gerald W. Dorn II, Victor Dosenko, Sami Dridi, Liat Drucker, Jie Du, Li Lin Du, Lihuan Du, André du Toit, Priyamvada Dua, Lei Duan, Pu Duann, Vikash Kumar Dubey, Michael R. Duchen, Michel A. Duchosal, Helene Duez, Isabelle Dugail, Verónica I. Dumit, Mara C. Duncan, Elaine A. Dunlop, William A. Dunn Jr, Nicolas Dupont, Luc Dupuis, Raúl V. Durán, Thomas M. Durcan, Stéphane Duvezin Caubet, Umamaheswar Duvvuri, Vinay Eapen, Darius Ebrahimi Fakhari, Arnaud Echard, Leopold Eckhart, Charles L. Edelstein, Aimee L. Edinger, Ludwig Eichinger, Tobias Eisenberg, Avital Eisenberg Lerner, N. Tony Eissa, Wafik S. El Deiry, Victoria El Khoury, Zvulun Elazar, Hagit Eldar Finkelman, Chris JH Elliott, Enzo Emanuele, Urban Emmenegger, Nikolai Engedal, Anna Mart Engelbrecht, Simone Engelender, Jorrit M. Enserink, Ralf Erdmann, Jekaterina Erenpreisa, Rajaraman Eri, Jason L. Eriksen, Andreja Erman, Ricardo Escalante, Eeva Liisa Eskelinen, Lucile Espert, Lorena Esteban Martínez, Thomas J. Evans, Mario Fabri, Gemma Fabrias, Cinzia Fabrizi, Antonio Facchiano, Nils J. Færgeman, Alberto Faggioni, W. Douglas Fairlie, Chunhai Fan, Daping Fan, Jie Fan, Shengyun Fang, Manolis Fanto, Alessandro Fanzani, Thomas Farkas, Mathias Faure, Francois B. Favier, Howard Fearnhead, Massimo Federici, Erkang Fei, Tania C. Felizardo, Hua Feng, Yibin Feng, Yuchen Feng, Thomas A. Ferguson, Álvaro F. Fernández, Maite G. Fernandez Barrena, Jose C. Fernandez Checa, Arsenio Fernández López, Martin E. Fernandez Zapico, Olivier Feron, Elisabetta Ferraro, Carmen Veríssima Ferreira Halder, Laszlo Fesus, Ralph Feuer, Fabienne C. Fiesel, Eduardo C. Filippi Chiela, Giuseppe Filomeni, Gian Maria Fimia, John H. Fingert, Steven Finkbeiner, Toren Finkel, Filomena Fiorito, Paul B. Fisher, Marc Flajolet, FLAMIGNI, FLAVIO, Oliver Florey, Salvatore Florio, R. Andres Floto, Marco Folini, Carlo Follo, Edward A. Fon, Francesco Fornai, Franco Fortunato, Alessandro Fraldi, Rodrigo Franco, Arnaud Francois, Aurélie François, Lisa B. Frankel, Iain DC Fraser, Norbert Frey, Damien G. Freyssenet, Christian Frezza, Scott L. Friedman, Daniel E. Frigo, Dongxu Fu, José M. Fuentes, Juan Fueyo, Yoshio Fujitani, Yuuki Fujiwara, Mikihiro Fujiya, Mitsunori Fukuda, Simone Fulda, Carmela Fusco, Bozena Gabryel, Matthias Gaestel, Philippe Gailly, Malgorzata Gajewska, Sehamuddin Galadari, Gad Galili, Inmaculada Galindo, Maria F. Galindo, Giovanna Galliciotti, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Luca Galluzzi, Vincent Galy, Noor Gammoh, Sam Gandy, Anand K. Ganesan, Swamynathan Ganesan, Ian G. Ganley, Monique Gannagé, Fen Biao Gao, Feng Gao, Jian Xin Gao, Lorena García Nannig, Eleonora García Véscovi, Marina Garcia Macía, Carmen Garcia Ruiz, Abhishek D. Garg, Pramod Kumar Garg, Ricardo Gargini, Nils Christian Gassen, Damián Gatica, Evelina Gatti, Julie Gavard, Evripidis Gavathiotis, Liang Ge, Pengfei Ge, Shengfang Ge, Po Wu Gean, Vania Gelmetti, Armando A. Genazzani, Jiefei Geng, Pascal Genschik, Lisa Gerner, Jason E. Gestwicki, David A. Gewirtz, Saeid Ghavami, Eric Ghigo, Debabrata Ghosh, Anna Maria Giammarioli, Francesca Giampieri, Claudia Giampietri, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Derrick J. Gibbings, Lara Gibellini, Spencer B. Gibson, Vanessa Ginet, Antonio Giordano, Flaviano Giorgini, Elisa Giovannetti, Stephen E. Girardin, Suzana Gispert, Sandy Giuliano, Candece L. Gladson, Alvaro Glavic, Martin Gleave, Nelly Godefroy, Robert M. Gogal Jr, Kuppan Gokulan, Gustavo H. Goldman, Delia Goletti, Michael S. Goligorsky, Aldrin V. Gomes, Ligia C. Gomes, Hernando Gomez, Candelaria Gomez Manzano, Rubén Gómez Sánchez, Dawit AP Gonçalves, Ebru Goncu, Qingqiu Gong, Céline Gongora, Carlos B. Gonzalez, Pedro Gonzalez Alegre, Pilar Gonzalez Cabo, Rosa Ana González Polo, Ing Swie Goping, Carlos Gorbea, Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Daphne R. Goring, Adrienne M. Gorman, Sharon M. Gorski, Sandro Goruppi, Shino Goto Yamada, Cecilia Gotor, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Illana Gozes, Devrim Gozuacik, Yacine Graba, Martin Graef, Giovanna E. Granato, Gary Dean Grant, Steven Grant, Giovanni Luca Gravina, Douglas R. Green, Alexander Greenhough, Michael T. Greenwood, Benedetto Grimaldi, Frédéric Gros, Charles Grose, Jean Francois Groulx, Florian Gruber, Paolo Grumati, Tilman Grune, Jun Lin Guan, Kun Liang Guan, Barbara Guerra, Carlos Guillen, Kailash Gulshan, Jan Gunst, Chuanyong Guo, Lei Guo, Ming Guo, Wenjie Guo, Xu Guang Guo, Andrea A. Gust, Åsa B. Gustafsson, Elaine Gutierrez, Maximiliano G. Gutierrez, Ho Shin Gwak, Albert Haas, James E. Haber, Shinji Hadano, Monica Hagedorn, David R. Hahn, Andrew J. Halayko, Anne Hamacher Brady, Kozo Hamada, Ahmed Hamai, Andrea Hamann, Maho Hamasaki, Isabelle Hamer, Qutayba Hamid, Ester M. Hammond, Feng Han, Weidong Han, James T. Handa, John A. Hanover, Malene Hansen, Masaru Harada, Ljubica Harhaji Trajkovic, J. Wade Harper, Abdel Halim Harrath, Adrian L. Harris, James Harris, Udo Hasler, Peter Hasselblatt, Kazuhisa Hasui, Robert G. Hawley, Teresa S. Hawley, Congcong He, Cynthia Y. He, Fengtian He, Gu He, Rong Rong He, Xian Hui He, You Wen He, Yu Ying He, Joan K. Heath, Marie Josée Hébert, Robert A. Heinzen, Gudmundur Vignir Helgason, Michael Hensel, Elizabeth P. Henske, Chengtao Her, Paul K. Herman, Agustín Hernández, Carlos Hernandez, Sonia Hernández Tiedra, Claudio Hetz, P. Robin Hiesinger, Katsumi Higaki, Sabine Hilfiker, Bradford G. Hill, Joseph A. Hill, William D. Hill, Keisuke Hino, Daniel Hofius, Paul Hofman, Günter U. Höglinger, Jörg Höhfeld, Marina K. Holz, Yonggeun Hong, David A. Hood, Jeroen JM Hoozemans, Thorsten Hoppe, Chin Hsu, Chin Yuan Hsu, Li Chung Hsu, Dong Hu, Guochang Hu, Hong Ming Hu, Hongbo Hu, Ming Chang Hu, Yu Chen Hu, Zhuo Wei Hu, Fang Hua, Ya Hua, Canhua Huang, Huey Lan Huang, Kuo How Huang, Kuo Yang Huang, Shile Huang, Shiqian Huang, Wei Pang Huang, Yi Ran Huang, Yong Huang, Yunfei Huang, Tobias B. Huber, Patricia Huebbe, Won Ki Huh, Juha J. Hulmi, Gang Min Hur, James H. Hurley, Zvenyslava Husak, Sabah NA Hussain, Salik Hussain, Jung Jin Hwang, Seungmin Hwang, Thomas IS Hwang, Atsuhiro Ichihara, Yuzuru Imai, Carol Imbriano, Megumi Inomata, Takeshi Into, Valentina Iovane, Juan L. Iovanna, Renato V. Iozzo, Nancy Y. Ip, Javier E. Irazoqui, Pablo Iribarren, Yoshitaka Isaka, Aleksandra J. Isakovic, Harry Ischiropoulos, Jeffrey S. Isenberg, Mohammad Ishaq, Hiroyuki Ishida, Isao Ishii, Jane E. Ishmael, Ciro Isidoro, Ken ichi Isobe, Erika Isono, Shohreh Issazadeh Navikas, Koji Itahana, Eisuke Itakura, Andrei I. Ivanov, Anand Krishnan V. Iyer, José M. Izquierdo, Yotaro Izumi, Valentina Izzo, Marja Jäättelä, Nadia Jaber, Daniel John Jackson, William T. Jackson, Tony George Jacob, Thomas S. Jacques, Chinnaswamy Jagannath, Ashish Jain, Nihar Ranjan Jana, Byoung Kuk Jang, Alkesh Jani, Bassam Janji, Paulo Roberto Jannig, Patric J. Jansson, Steve Jean, Marina Jendrach, Ju Hong Jeon, Niels Jessen, Eui Bae Jeung, Kailiang Jia, Lijun Jia, Hong Jiang, Hongchi Jiang, Liwen Jiang, Teng Jiang, Xiaoyan Jiang, Xuejun Jiang, Ying Jiang, Yongjun Jiang, Alberto Jiménez, Cheng Jin, Hongchuan Jin, Lei Jin, Meiyan Jin, Shengkan Jin, Umesh Kumar Jinwal, Eun Kyeong Jo, Terje Johansen, Daniel E. Johnson, Gail VW Johnson, James D. Johnson, Eric Jonasch, Chris Jones, Leo AB Joosten, Joaquin Jordan, Anna Maria Joseph, Bertrand Joseph, Annie M. Joubert, Dianwen Ju, Jingfang Ju, Hsueh Fen Juan, Katrin Juenemann, Gábor Juhász, Hye Seung Jung, Jae U. Jung, Yong Keun Jung, Heinz Jungbluth, Matthew J. Justice, Barry Jutten, Nadeem O. Kaakoush, Kai Kaarniranta, Allen Kaasik, Tomohiro Kabuta, Bertrand Kaeffer, Katarina Kågedal, Alon Kahana, Shingo Kajimura, Or Kakhlon, Manjula Kalia, Dhan V. Kalvakolanu, Yoshiaki Kamada, Konstantinos Kambas, Vitaliy O. Kaminskyy, Harm H. Kampinga, Mustapha Kandouz, Chanhee Kang, Rui Kang, Tae Cheon Kang, Tomotake Kanki, Thirumala Devi Kanneganti, Haruo Kanno, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Marc Kantorow, Maria Kaparakis Liaskos, Orsolya Kapuy, Vassiliki Karantza, Md Razaul Karim, Parimal Karmakar, Arthur Kaser, Susmita Kaushik, Thomas Kawula, A. Murat Kaynar, Po Yuan Ke, Zun Ji Ke, John H. Kehrl, Kate E. Keller, Jongsook Kim Kemper, Anne K. Kenworthy, Oliver Kepp, Andreas Kern, Santosh Kesari, David Kessel, Robin Ketteler, Isis do Carmo Kettelhut, Bilon Khambu, Muzamil Majid Khan, Vinoth KM Khandelwal, Sangeeta Khare, Juliann G. Kiang, Amy A. Kiger, Akio Kihara, Arianna L. Kim, Cheol Hyeon Kim, Deok Ryong Kim, Do Hyung Kim, Eung Kweon Kim, Hye Young Kim, Hyung Ryong Kim, Jae Sung Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Jin Cheon Kim, Jin Hyoung Kim, Kwang Woon Kim, Michael D. Kim, Moon Moo Kim, Peter K. Kim, Seong Who Kim, Soo Youl Kim, Yong Sun Kim, Yonghyun Kim, Adi Kimchi, Alec C. Kimmelman, Tomonori Kimura, Jason S. King, Karla Kirkegaard, Vladimir Kirkin, Lorrie A. Kirshenbaum, Shuji Kishi, Yasuo Kitajima, Katsuhiko Kitamoto, Yasushi Kitaoka, Kaio Kitazato, Rudolf A. Kley, Walter T. Klimecki, Michael Klinkenberg, Jochen Klucken, Helene Knævelsrud, Erwin Knecht, Laura Knuppertz, Jiunn Liang Ko, Satoru Kobayashi, Jan C. Koch, Christelle Koechlin Ramonatxo, Ulrich Koenig, Young Ho Koh, Katja Köhler, Sepp D. Kohlwein, Masato Koike, Masaaki Komatsu, Eiki Kominami, Dexin Kong, Hee Jeong Kong, Eumorphia G. Konstantakou, Benjamin T. Kopp, Tamas Korcsmaros, Laura Korhonen, Viktor I. Korolchuk, Nadya V. Koshkina, Yanjun Kou, Michael I. Koukourakis, Constantinos Koumenis, Attila L. Kovács, Tibor Kovács, Werner J. Kovacs, Daisuke Koya, Claudine Kraft, Dimitri Krainc, Helmut Kramer, Tamara Kravic Stevovic, Wilhelm Krek, Carole Kretz Remy, Roswitha Krick, Malathi Krishnamurthy, Janos Kriston Vizi, Guido Kroemer, Michael C. Kruer, Rejko Kruger, Nicholas T. Ktistakis, Kazuyuki Kuchitsu, Christian Kuhn, Addanki Pratap Kumar, Anuj Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Deepak Kumar, Dhiraj Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Sharad Kumar, Mondira Kundu, Hsing Jien Kung, Atsushi Kuno, Sheng Han Kuo, Jeff Kuret, Tino Kurz, Terry Kwok, Taeg Kyu Kwon, Yong Tae Kwon, Irene Kyrmizi, Albert R. La Spada, Frank Lafont, Tim Lahm, Aparna Lakkaraju, Truong Lam, Trond Lamark, Steve Lancel, Terry H. Landowski, Darius JR Lane, Jon D. Lane, Cinzia Lanzi, Pierre Lapaquette, Louis R. Lapierre, Jocelyn Laporte, Johanna Laukkarinen, Gordon W. Laurie, Sergio Lavandero, Lena Lavie, Matthew J. LaVoie, Betty Yuen Kwan Law, Helen Ka wai Law, Kelsey B. Law, Robert Layfield, Pedro A. Lazo, Laurent Le Cam, Karine G. Le Roch, Hervé Le Stunff, Vijittra Leardkamolkarn, Marc Lecuit, Byung Hoon Lee, Che Hsin Lee, Erinna F. Lee, Gyun Min Lee, He Jin Lee, Hsinyu Lee, Jae Keun Lee, Jongdae Lee, Juhyun Lee, Jun Hee Lee, Michael Lee, Myung Shik Lee, Patty J. Lee, Sam W. Lee, Seung Jae Lee, Shiow Ju Lee, Stella Y. Lee, Sug Hyung Lee, Sung Sik Lee, Sung Joon Lee, Sunhee Lee, Ying Ray Lee, Yong J. Lee, Young H. Lee, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Sylvain Lefort, Renaud Legouis, Jinzhi Lei, Qun Ying Lei, David A. Leib, Gil Leibowitz, Istvan Lekli, Stéphane D. Lemaire, John J. Lemasters, Marius K. Lemberg, Antoinette Lemoine, Shuilong Leng, Guido Lenz, Paola Lenzi, Lilach O. Lerman, Daniele Lettieri Barbato, Julia I. Ju Leu, Hing Y. Leung, Beth Levine, Patrick A. Lewis, Frank Lezoualc'h, Chi Li, Faqiang Li, Feng Jun Li, Jun Li, Ke Li, Lian Li, Min Li, Qiang Li, Rui Li, Sheng Li, Wei Li, Xiaotao Li, Yumin Li, Jiqin Lian, Chengyu Liang, Qiangrong Liang, Yulin Liao, Joana Liberal, Pawel P. Liberski, Pearl Lie, Andrew P. Lieberman, Hyunjung Jade Lim, Kah Leong Lim, Kyu Lim, Raquel T. Lima, Chang Shen Lin, Chiou Feng Lin, Fang Lin, Fangming Lin, Fu Cheng Lin, Kui Lin, Kwang Huei Lin, Pei Hui Lin, Tianwei Lin, Wan Wan Lin, Yee Shin Lin, Yong Lin, Rafael Linden, Dan Lindholm, Lisa M. Lindqvist, Paul Lingor, Andreas Linkermann, Lance A. Liotta, Marta M. Lipinski, Vitor A. Lira, Michael P. Lisanti, Paloma B. Liton, Bo Liu, Chong Liu, Chun Feng Liu, Fei Liu, Hung Jen Liu, Jianxun Liu, Jing Jing Liu, Jing Lan Liu, Ke Liu, Leyuan Liu, Liang Liu, Quentin Liu, Rong Yu Liu, Shiming Liu, Shuwen Liu, Wei Liu, Xian De Liu, Xiangguo Liu, Xiao Hong Liu, Xinfeng Liu, Xu Liu, Xueqin Liu, Yang Liu, Yule Liu, Zexian Liu, Zhe Liu, Juan P. Liuzzi, Gérard Lizard, Mila Ljujic, Irfan J. Lodhi, Susan E. Logue, Bal L. Lokeshwar, Yun Chau Long, Sagar Lonial, Benjamin Loos, Carlos López Otín, Cristina López Vicario, Mar Lorente, Philip L. Lorenzi, Péter Lõrincz, Marek Los, Michael T. Lotze, Penny E. Lovat, Binfeng Lu, Bo Lu, Jiahong Lu, Qing Lu, She Min Lu, Shuyan Lu, Yingying Lu, Frédéric Luciano, Shirley Luckhart, John Milton Lucocq, Paula Ludovico, Aurelia Lugea, Nicholas W. Lukacs, Julian J. Lum, Anders H. Lund, Honglin Luo, Jia Luo, Shouqing Luo, Claudio Luparello, Timothy Lyons, Jianjie Ma, Yi Ma, Yong Ma, Zhenyi Ma, Juliano Machado, Glaucia M. Machado Santelli, Fernando Macian, Gustavo C. MacIntosh, Jeffrey P. MacKeigan, Kay F. Macleod, John D. MacMicking, Lee Ann MacMillan Crow, Frank Madeo, Muniswamy Madesh, Julio Madrigal Matute, Akiko Maeda, Tatsuya Maeda, Gustavo Maegawa, Emilia Maellaro, Hannelore Maes, Marta Magariños, Kenneth Maiese, Tapas K. Maiti, Luigi Maiuri, Maria Chiara Maiuri, Carl G. Maki, Roland Malli, Walter Malorni, Alina Maloyan, Fathia Mami Chouaib, Na Man, Joseph D. Mancias, Eva Maria Mandelkow, Michael A. Mandell, Angelo A. Manfredi, Serge N. Manié, Claudia Manzoni, Kai Mao, Zixu Mao, Zong Wan Mao, Philippe Marambaud, Anna Maria Marconi, Zvonimir Marelja, Gabriella Marfe, Marta Margeta, Eva Margittai, Muriel Mari, Francesca V. Mariani, Concepcio Marin, Sara Marinelli, Guillermo Mariño, Ivanka Markovic, Rebecca Marquez, MARTELLI, ALBERTO MARIA, Sascha Martens, Katie R. Martin, Seamus J. Martin, Shaun Martin, Miguel A. Martin Acebes, Paloma Martín Sanz, Camille Martinand Mari, Wim Martinet, Jennifer Martinez, Nuria Martinez Lopez, Ubaldo Martinez Outschoorn, Moisés Martínez Velázquez, Marta Martinez Vicente, Waleska Kerllen Martins, Hirosato Mashima, James A. Mastrianni, Giuseppe Matarese, Paola Matarrese, Roberto Mateo, Satoaki Matoba, Naomichi Matsumoto, Takehiko Matsushita, Akira Matsuura, Takeshi Matsuzawa, Mark P. Mattson, Soledad Matus, Norma Maugeri, Caroline Mauvezin, Andreas Mayer, Dusica Maysinger, Guillermo D. Mazzolini, Mary Kate McBrayer, Kimberly McCall, Craig McCormick, Gerald M. McInerney, Skye C. McIver, Sharon McKenna, John J. McMahon, Iain A. McNeish, Fatima Mechta Grigoriou, Jan Paul Medema, Diego L. Medina, Klara Megyeri, Maryam Mehrpour, Jawahar L. Mehta, Yide Mei, Ute Christiane Meier, Alfred J. Meijer, Alicia Meléndez, Gerry Melino, Sonia Melino, Edesio Jose Tenorio de Melo, Maria A. Mena, Marc D. Meneghini, Javier A. Menendez, Regina Menezes, Liesu Meng, Ling hua Meng, Songshu Meng, Rossella Menghini, A. Sue Menko, Rubem FS Menna Barreto, Manoj B. Menon, Marco A. Meraz Ríos, Giuseppe Merla, Luciano Merlini, Angelica M. Merlot, Andreas Meryk, Stefania Meschini, Joel N. Meyer, Man tian Mi, Chao Yu Miao, Lucia Micale, Simon Michaeli, Carine Michiels, FRANCO MIGLIACCIO, ANNA RITA, Anastasia Susie Mihailidou, Dalibor Mijaljica, Katsuhiko Mikoshiba, Enrico Milan, Leonor Miller Fleming, Gordon B. Mills, Ian G. Mills, Georgia Minakaki, Berge A. Minassian, Xiu Fen Ming, Farida Minibayeva, Elena A. Minina, Justine D. Mintern, Saverio Minucci, Antonio Miranda Vizuete, Claire H. Mitchell, Shigeki Miyamoto, Keisuke Miyazawa, Noboru Mizushima, Katarzyna Mnich, Baharia Mograbi, Simin Mohseni, Luis Ferreira Moita, Marco Molinari, Maurizio Molinari, Andreas Buch Møller, Bertrand Mollereau, Faustino Mollinedo, Marco Mongillo, Martha M. Monick, Serena Montagnaro, Craig Montell, Darren J. Moore, Michael N. Moore, Rodrigo Mora Rodriguez, Paula I. Moreira, Etienne Morel, Maria Beatrice Morelli, Sandra Moreno, Michael J. Morgan, Arnaud Moris, Yuji Moriyasu, Janna L. Morrison, Lynda A. Morrison, Eugenia Morselli, Jorge Moscat, Pope L. Moseley, Serge Mostowy, Elisa Motori, Denis Mottet, Jeremy C. Mottram, Charbel E. H. Moussa, Vassiliki E. Mpakou, Hasan Mukhtar, Jean M. Mulcahy Levy, Sylviane Muller, Raquel Muñoz Moreno, Cristina Muñoz Pinedo, Christian Münz, Maureen E. Murphy, James T. Murray, Aditya Murthy, Indira U. Mysorekar, Ivan R. Nabi, Massimo Nabissi, Gustavo A. Nader, Yukitoshi Nagahara, Yoshitaka Nagai, Kazuhiro Nagata, Anika Nagelkerke, Péter Nagy, Samisubbu R. Naidu, Sreejayan Nair, Hiroyasu Nakano, Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Meera Nanjundan, Gennaro Napolitano, Naweed I. Naqvi, Roberta Nardacci, Derek P. Narendra, Masashi Narita, Anna Chiara Nascimbeni, Ramesh Natarajan, Luiz C. Navegantes, Steffan T. Nawrocki, Taras Y. Nazarko, Volodymyr Y. Nazarko, Thomas Neill, Luca M. Neri, Mihai G. Netea, Romana T. Netea Maier, Bruno M. Neves, Paul A. Ney, Ioannis P. Nezis, Hang TT Nguyen, Huu Phuc Nguyen, Anne Sophie Nicot, Hilde Nilsen, Per Nilsson, Mikio Nishimura, Ichizo Nishino, Mireia Niso Santano, Hua Niu, Ralph A. Nixon, Vincent CO Njar, Takeshi Noda, Angelika A. Noegel, Elsie Magdalena Nolte, Erik Norberg, Koenraad K. Norga, Sakineh Kazemi Noureini, Shoji Notomi, Lucia Notterpek, Karin Nowikovsky, Nobuyuki Nukina, Thorsten Nürnberger, Valerie B. O'Donnell, Tracey O'Donovan, Peter J. O'Dwyer, Ina Oehme, Clara L. Oeste, Michinaga Ogawa, Besim Ogretmen, Yuji Ogura, Young J. Oh, Masaki Ohmuraya, Takayuki Ohshima, Rani Ojha, Koji Okamoto, Toshiro Okazaki, F. Javier Oliver, Karin Ollinger, Stefan Olsson, Daniel P. Orban, Paulina Ordonez, Idil Orhon, Laszlo Orosz, Eyleen J. O'Rourke, Helena Orozco, Angel L. Ortega, Elena Ortona, Laura D. Osellame, Junko Oshima, Shigeru Oshima, Heinz D. Osiewacz, Takanobu Otomo, Kinya Otsu, Jing hsiung James Ou, Tiago F. Outeiro, Dong yun Ouyang, Hongjiao Ouyang, Michael Overholtzer, Michelle A. Ozbun, P. Hande Ozdinler, Bulent Ozpolat, Consiglia Pacelli, Paolo Paganetti, Guylène Page, Gilles Pages, Ugo Pagnini, Beata Pajak, Stephen C. Pak, Karolina Pakos Zebrucka, Nazzy Pakpour, Zdena Palková, Francesca Palladino, Kathrin Pallauf, Nicolas Pallet, Marta Palmieri, Søren R. Paludan, Camilla Palumbo, Silvia Palumbo, Olatz Pampliega, Hongming Pan, Wei Pan, Theocharis Panaretakis, Aseem Pandey, Areti Pantazopoulou, Zuzana Papackova, Daniela L. 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Voth, Valérie Vouret Craviari, Kristina Vuori, Jatin M. Vyas, Christian Waeber, Cheryl Lyn Walker, Mark J. Walker, Jochen Walter, Lei Wan, Xiangbo Wan, Bo Wang, Caihong Wang, Chao Yung Wang, Chengshu Wang, Chenran Wang, Chuangui Wang, Dong Wang, Fen Wang, Fuxin Wang, Guanghui Wang, Hai jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Hong Gang Wang, Hongmin Wang, Horng Dar Wang, Jing Wang, Junjun Wang, Mei Wang, Mei Qing Wang, Pei Yu Wang, Peng Wang, Richard C. Wang, Shuo Wang, Ting Fang Wang, Xian Wang, Xiao jia Wang, Xiao Wei Wang, Xin Wang, Xuejun Wang, Yan Wang, Yanming Wang, Ying Wang, Ying Jan Wang, Yipeng Wang, Yu Wang, Yu Tian Wang, Yuqing Wang, Zhi Nong Wang, Pablo Wappner, Carl Ward, Diane McVey Ward, Gary Warnes, Hirotaka Watada, Yoshihisa Watanabe, Kei Watase, Timothy E. Full Terms, Conditions of access, use can be found at h.t.t.p.:././.w.w.w. t.a.n.d.f.o.n.l.i.n.e. com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kaup20 Download by: [Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna] Date: 23 September 2016, At: 06:43 Weaver, Colin D. Weekes, Jiwu Wei, Thomas Weide, Conrad C. Weihl, Günther Weindl, Simone Nardin Weis, Longping Wen, Xin Wen, Yunfei Wen, Benedikt Westermann, Cornelia M. Weyand, Anthony R. White, Eileen White, J. Lindsay Whitton, Alexander J. Whitworth, Joëlle Wiels, Franziska Wild, Manon E. Wildenberg, Tom Wileman, Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson, Simon Wilkinson, Dieter Willbold, Chris Williams, Katherine Williams, Peter R. Williamson, Konstanze F. Winklhofer, Steven S. Witkin, Stephanie E. Wohlgemuth, Thomas Wollert, Ernst J. Wolvetang, Esther Wong, G. William Wong, Richard W. Wong, Vincent Kam Wai Wong, Elizabeth A. Woodcock, Karen L. Wright, Chunlai Wu, Defeng Wu, Gen Sheng Wu, Jian Wu, Junfang Wu, Mian Wu, Min Wu, Shengzhou Wu, William KK Wu, Yaohua Wu, Zhenlong Wu, Cristina PR Xavier, Ramnik J. Xavier, Gui Xian Xia, Tian Xia, Weiliang Xia, Yong Xia, Hengyi Xiao, Jian Xiao, Shi Xiao, Wuhan Xiao, Chuan Ming Xie, Zhiping Xie, Zhonglin Xie, Maria Xilouri, Yuyan Xiong, Chuanshan Xu, Congfeng Xu, Feng Xu, Haoxing Xu, Hongwei Xu, Jian Xu, Jianzhen Xu, Jinxian Xu, Liang Xu, Xiaolei Xu, Yangqing Xu, Ye Xu, Zhi Xiang Xu, Ziheng Xu, Yu Xue, Takahiro Yamada, Ai Yamamoto, Koji Yamanaka, Shunhei Yamashina, Shigeko Yamashiro, Bing Yan, Bo Yan, Xianghua Yan, Zhen Yan, Yasuo Yanagi, Dun Sheng Yang, Jin Ming Yang, Liu Yang, Minghua Yang, Pei Ming Yang, Peixin Yang, Qian Yang, Wannian Yang, Wei Yuan Yang, Xuesong Yang, Yi Yang, Ying Yang, Zhifen Yang, Zhihong Yang, Meng Chao Yao, Pamela J. Yao, Xiaofeng Yao, Zhenyu Yao, Zhiyuan Yao, Linda S. Yasui, Mingxiang Ye, Barry Yedvobnick, Behzad Yeganeh, Elizabeth S. Yeh, Patricia L. Yeyati, Fan Yi, Long Yi, Xiao Ming Yin, Calvin K. Yip, Yeong Min Yoo, Young Hyun Yoo, Seung Yong Yoon, Ken Ichi Yoshida, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Ken H. Young, Huixin Yu, Jane J. Yu, Jin Tai Yu, Jun Yu, Li Yu, W. Haung Yu, Xiao Fang Yu, Zhengping Yu, Junying Yuan, Zhi Min Yuan, Beatrice YJT Yue, Jianbo Yue, Zhenyu Yue, David N. Zacks, Eldad Zacksenhaus, Nadia Zaffaroni, Tania Zaglia, Zahra Zakeri, Vincent Zecchini, Jinsheng Zeng, Min Zeng, Qi Zeng, Antonis S. Zervos, Donna D. Zhang, Fan Zhang, Guo Zhang, Guo Chang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Zhang, Hongbing Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jiangwei Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, Jing pu Zhang, Li Zhang, Lin Zhang, Long Zhang, Ming Yong Zhang, Xiangnan Zhang, Xu Dong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yanjin Zhang, Yingmei Zhang, Yunjiao Zhang, Mei Zhao, Wei Li Zhao, Xiaonan Zhao, Yan G. Zhao, Ying Zhao, Yongchao Zhao, Yu xia Zhao, Zhendong Zhao, Zhizhuang J. Zhao, Dexian Zheng, Xi Long Zheng, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Boris Zhivotovsky, Qing Zhong, Guang Zhou Zhou, Guofei Zhou, Huiping Zhou, Shu Feng Zhou, Xu jie Zhou, Hongxin Zhu, Hua Zhu, Wei Guo Zhu, Wenhua Zhu, Xiao Feng Zhu, Yuhua Zhu, Shi Mei Zhuang, Xiaohong Zhuang, Elio Ziparo, Christos E. Zois, Teresa Zoladek, Wei Xing Zong, Antonio Zorzano, Susu M. Zughaier, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Tokyo Medical University, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Partenaires INRAE, University of Toronto, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), University of Colorado [Boulder], Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), University of Vienna [Vienna], Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Georgetown University, Candiolo Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Madrid] (ISC), Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Cleveland Clinic, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College of London [London] (UCL)-Institute of Neurology, Thérapie génique, Génomique et Epigénomique (U 1169), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Osaka University, Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, University of Barcelona, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie (IUH), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides (U1162), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Università della Calabria [Arcavacata di Rende] (Unical), Fondation Universitaire Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California (USC), Physiopathologie de la survie et de la mort cellulaire et infection virale, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Giannina Gaslini Institute, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (IMAU), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Department of Molecular Medicine, Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Physiopathologie du système nerveux central - Institut François Magendie, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-IFR8-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratory of Experimental Virology - Department of Medical Microbiology [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam] (AMC), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam - CINIMA [Amsterdam, The Netherlands], Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Celullar and Molecular Medicine, Infection bactérienne, inflammation, et carcinogenèse digestive, University of Edinburgh, Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA)-Clermont Université, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University [Istanbul], University of Science and Technology Beijing [Beijing] (USTB), Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme (DMEM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Polytechnic University of Marche, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Fondation de Recherche Cancer et Sang - Hôpital Kirchberg, China University of Petroleum, Unilever R&D, University of Queensland [Brisbane], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Institute for Advanced Study [Tsinghua], Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Nanayang Technological University (NTU), Nanayang Technological University, Institute of Microelectronics [Beijing] (IMETU), Laboratoire de photonique et de nanostructures (LPN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Northwestern Polytechnical University [Xi'an] (NPU), University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], City University of Hong Kong (CityU), Department of Mathematics [Berkeley], University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, ZJU-ENS Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Zhejiang University, University of Cincinnati (UC), Réponses immunes : régulation et développement, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (CRICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNV, University of Valparaiso, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Arts plastiques et sciences de l'art (UP1 UFR04), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery [Jena], Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète - U 1011 (RNMCD), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Macrophages et Développement de l’Immunité, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur [CHU Necker], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire - Membrane Traffic and Cell Division, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Cibles thérapeutiques, formulation et expertise pré-clinique du médicament (CITHEFOR), Université de Lorraine (UL), This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health, including Public Health Service grant GM053396 to D.J.K. Due to space and other limitations, it is not possible to include all other sources of financial support., In a rapidly expanding and highly dynamic field such as autophagy, it is possible that some authors who should have been included on this article have been missed. D.J.K. extends his apologies to researchers in the field of autophagy who, due to oversight or any other reason, could not be included on this article. I also note that two of our colleagues on this manuscript have passed away: Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud and Wouter van Doorn., Life Sciences Institute [Ann Arbor, MI, USA], Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS UMR 5200, Université de Bordeaux, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon, France., Amelio, Ivano [0000-0002-9126-5391], Beale, Rupert [0000-0002-6705-8560], Floto, Andres [0000-0002-2188-5659], Frezza, Christian [0000-0002-3293-7397], Ktistakis, Nicholas [0000-0001-9397-2914], Melino, Gerry [0000-0001-9428-5972], Narita, Masashi [0000-0001-7764-577X], Rubinsztein, David [0000-0001-5002-5263], Underwood, Benjamin [0000-0003-3427-9487], Whitworth, Alex [0000-0002-1154-6629], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Université Catholique de Louvain, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR50-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité de Nutrition Humaine - Clermont Auvergne (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Tsinghua University [Beijing], Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Arts plastiques et sciences de l'art (UP1 UFR04), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète (EGID), Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Klionsky, D., Abdelmohsen, K., Abe, A., Abedin, M., Abeliovich, H., Acevedo Arozena, A., Adachi, H., Adams, C., Adams, P., Adeli, K., Adhihetty, P., Adler, S., Agam, G., Agarwal, R., Aghi, M., Agnello, M., Agostinis, P., Aguilar, P., Aguirre-Ghiso, J., Airoldi, E., Ait-Si-Ali, S., Akematsu, T., Akporiaye, E., Al-Rubeai, M., Albaiceta, G., Albanese, C., Albani, D., Albert, M., Aldudo, J., Algül, H., Alirezaei, M., Alloza, I., Almasan, A., Almonte-Beceril, M., Alnemri, E., Alonso, C., Altan-Bonnet, N., Altieri, D., Alvarez, S., Alvarez-Erviti, L., Alves, S., Amadoro, G., Amano, A., Amantini, C., Ambrosio, S., Amelio, I., Amer, A., Amessou, M., Amon, A., An, Z., Anania, F., Andersen, S., Andley, U., Andreadi, C., Andrieu-Abadie, N., Anel, A., Ann, D., Anoopkumar-Dukie, S., Antonioli, M., Aoki, H., Apostolova, N., Aquila, S., Aquilano, K., Araki, K., Arama, E., Aranda, A., Araya, J., Arcaro, A., Arias, E., Arimoto, H., Ariosa, A., Armstrong, J., Arnould, T., Arsov, I., Asanuma, K., Askanas, V., Asselin, E., Atarashi, R., Atherton, S., Atkin, J., Attardi, L., Auberger, P., Auburger, G., Aurelian, L., Autelli, R., Avagliano, L., Avantaggiati, M., Avrahami, L., Awale, S., Azad, N., Bachetti, T., Backer, J., Bae, D., Bae, J., Bae, O., Bae, S., Baehrecke, E., Baek, S., Baghdiguian, S., Bagniewska-Zadworna, A., Bai, H., Bai, J., Bai, X., Bailly, Y., Balaji, K., Balduini, W., Ballabio, A., Balzan, R., Banerjee, R., Bánhegyi, G., Bao, H., Barbeau, B., Barrachina, M., Barreiro, E., Bartel, B., Bartolomé, A., Bassham, D., Bassi, M., Bast, R., Basu, A., Batista, M., Batoko, H., Battino, M., Bauckman, K., Baumgarner, B., Bayer, K., Beale, R., Beaulieu, J., Beck, G., Becker, C., Beckham, J., Bédard, P., Bednarski, P., Begley, T., Behl, C., Behrends, C., Behrens, G., Behrns, K., Bejarano, E., Belaid, A., Belleudi, F., Bénard, G., Berchem, G., Bergamaschi, D., Bergami, M., Berkhout, B., Berliocchi, L., Bernard, A., Bernard, M., Bernassola, F., Bertolotti, A., Bess, A., Besteiro, S., Bettuzzi, S., Bhalla, S., Bhattacharyya, S., Bhutia, S., Biagosch, C., Bianchi, M., Biard-Piechaczyk, M., Billes, V., Bincoletto, C., Bingol, B., Bird, S., Bitoun, M., Bjedov, I., Blackstone, C., Blanc, L., Blanco, G., Blomhoff, H., Boada-Romero, E., Böckler, S., Boes, M., Boesze-Battaglia, K., Boise, L., Bolino, A., Boman, A., Bonaldo, P., Bordi, M., Bosch, J., Botana, L., Botti, J., Bou, G., Bouché, M., Bouchecareilh, M., Boucher, M., Boulton, M., Bouret, S., Boya, P., Boyer-Guittaut, M., Bozhkov, P., Brady, N., Braga, V., Brancolini, C., Braus, G., Bravo-San Pedro, J., Brennan, L., Bresnick, E., Brest, P., Bridges, D., Bringer, M., Brini, M., Brito, G., Brodin, B., Brookes, P., Brown, E., Brown, K., Broxmeyer, H., Bruhat, A., Brum, P., Brumell, J., Brunetti-Pierri, N., Bryson-Richardson, R., Buch, S., Buchan, A., Budak, H., Bulavin, D., Bultman, S., Bultynck, G., Bumbasirevic, V., Burelle, Y., Burke, R., Burmeister, M., Bütikofer, P., Caberlotto, L., Cadwell, K., Cahova, M., Cai, D., Cai, J., Cai, Q., Calatayud, S., Camougrand, N., Campanella, M., Campbell, G., Campbell, M., Campello, S., Candau, R., Caniggia, I., Cantoni, L., Cao, L., Caplan, A., Caraglia, M., Cardinali, C., Cardoso, S., Carew, J., Carleton, L., Carlin, C., Carloni, S., Carlsson, S., Carmona-Gutierrez, D., Carneiro, L., Carnevali, O., Carra, S., Carrier, A., Carroll, B., Casas, C., Casas, J., Cassinelli, G., Castets, P., Castro-Obregon, S., Cavallini, G., Ceccherini, I., Cecconi, F., Cederbaum, A., Ceña, V., Cenci, S., Cerella, C., Cervia, D., Cetrullo, S., Chaachouay, H., Chae, H., Chagin, A., Chai, C., Chakrabarti, G., Chamilos, G., Chan, E., Chan, M., 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Shieh, Jj, Shih, Cm, Shimada, Y, Shimizu, S, Shin, Dw, Shinohara, Ml, Shintani, M, Shintani, T, Shioi, T, Shirabe, K, Shiri Sverdlov, R, Shirihai, O, Shore, Gc, Shu, Cw, Shukla, D, Sibirny, Aa, Sica, V, Sigurdson, Cj, Sigurdsson, Em, Sijwali, P, Sikorska, B, Silveira, Wa, Silvente Poirot, S, Silverman, Ga, Simak, J, Simmet, T, Simon, Ak, Simon, Hu, Simone, C, Simons, M, Simonsen, A, Singh, R, Singh, Sv, Singh, Sk, Sinha, D, Sinha, S, Sinicrope, Fa, Sirko, A, Sirohi, K, Sishi, Bj, Sittler, A, Siu, Pm, Sivridis, E, Skwarska, A, Slack, R, Slaninová, I, Slavov, N, Smaili, S, Smalley, K, Smith, Dr, Soenen, Sj, Soleimanpour, Sa, Solhaug, A, Somasundaram, K, Son, Jh, Sonawane, A, Song, C, Song, F, Song, Hk, Song, Jx, Song, W, Soo, Ky, Sood, Ak, Soong, Tw, Soontornniyomkij, V, Sorice, M, Sotgia, F, Soto Pantoja, Dr, Sotthibundhu, A, Sousa, Mj, Spaink, Hp, Span, Pn, Spang, A, Sparks, Jd, Speck, Pg, Spector, Sa, Spies, Cd, Springer, W, Clair, D, Stacchiotti, A, Staels, B, Stang, Mt, 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Taylor, Ga, Taylor, Jp, Taylor, Mj, Tchetina, Ev, Tee, Ar, Teixeira Clerc, F, Telang, S, Tencomnao, T, Teng, Bb, Teng, Rj, Terro, F, Tettamanti, G, Theiss, Al, Theron, Ae, Thomas, Kj, Thomé, Mp, Thomes, Pg, Thorburn, A, Thorner, J, Thum, T, Thumm, M, Thurston, Tl, Tian, L, Till, A, Ting, Jp, Titorenko, Vi, Toker, L, Toldo, S, Tooze, Sa, Topisirovic, I, Torgersen, Ml, Torosantucci, L, Torriglia, A, Torrisi, Mr, Tournier, C, Towns, R, Trajkovic, V, Travassos, Lh, Triola, G, Tripathi, Dn, Trisciuoglio, D, Troncoso, R, Trougakos, Ip, Truttmann, Ac, Tsai, Kj, Tschan, Mp, Tseng, Yh, Tsukuba, T, Tsung, A, Tsvetkov, A, Tu, S, Tuan, Hy, Tucci, M, Tumbarello, Da, Turk, B, Turk, V, Turner, Rf, Tveita, Aa, Tyagi, Sc, Ubukata, M, Uchiyama, Y, Udelnow, A, Ueno, T, Umekawa, M, Umemiya Shirafuji, R, Underwood, Br, Ungermann, C, Ureshino, Rp, Ushioda, R, Uversky, Vn, Uzcátegui, Nl, Vaccari, T, Vaccaro, Mi, Váchová, L, Vakifahmetoglu Norberg, H, Valdor, R, Valente, Em, Vallette, F, Valverde, Am, Van den Berghe, G, Van Den Bosch, L, van den Brink, Gr, van der Goot, Fg, van der Klei, Ij, van der Laan, Lj, van Doorn, Wg, van Egmond, M, van Golen, Kl, Van Kaer, L, van Lookeren Campagne, M, Vandenabeele, P, Vandenberghe, W, Vanhorebeek, I, Varela Nieto, I, Vasconcelos, Mh, Vasko, R, Vavvas, Dg, Vega Naredo, I, Velasco, G, Velentzas, Ad, Velentzas, Pd, Vellai, T, Vellenga, E, Vendelbo, Mh, Venkatachalam, K, Ventura, N, Ventura, S, Veras, P, Verdier, M, Vertessy, Bg, Viale, A, Vidal, M, Vieira, H, Vierstra, Rd, Vigneswaran, N, Vij, N, Vila, M, Villar, M, Villar, Vh, Villarroya, J, Vindis, C, Viola, G, Viscomi, Mt, Vitale, G, Vogl, Dt, Voitsekhovskaja, Ov, von Haefen, C, von Schwarzenberg, K, Voth, De, Vouret Craviari, V, Vuori, K, Vyas, Jm, Waeber, C, Walker, Cl, Walker, Mj, Walter, J, Wan, L, Wan, X, Wang, B, Wang, C, Wang, Cy, Wang, D, Wang, F, Wang, G, Wang, Hj, Wang, H, Wang, Hg, Wang, Hd, Wang, J, Wang, M, Wang, Mq, Wang, Py, Wang, P, Wang, Rc, Wang, S, Wang, Tf, Wang, X, Wang, Xj, Wang, Xw, Wang, Y, Wang, Yj, Wang, Yt, Wang, Zn, Wappner, P, Ward, C, Ward, Dm, Warnes, G, Watada, H, Watanabe, Y, Watase, K, Weaver, Te, Weekes, Cd, Wei, J, Weide, T, Weihl, Cc, Weindl, G, Weis, Sn, Wen, L, Wen, X, Wen, Y, Westermann, B, Weyand, Cm, White, Ar, White, E, Whitton, Jl, Whitworth, Aj, Wiels, J, Wild, F, Wildenberg, Me, Wileman, T, Wilkinson, D, Wilkinson, S, Willbold, D, Williams, C, Williams, K, Williamson, Pr, Winklhofer, Kf, Witkin, S, Wohlgemuth, Se, Wollert, T, Wolvetang, Ej, Wong, E, Wong, Gw, Wong, Rw, Wong, Vk, Woodcock, Ea, Wright, Kl, Wu, C, Wu, D, Wu, G, Wu, J, Wu, M, Wu, S, Wu, Wk, Wu, Y, Wu, Z, Xavier, Cp, Xavier, Rj, Xia, Gx, Xia, T, Xia, W, Xia, Y, Xiao, H, Xiao, J, Xiao, S, Xiao, W, Xie, Cm, Xie, Z, Xilouri, M, Xiong, Y, Xu, C, Xu, F, Xu, H, Xu, J, Xu, L, Xu, X, Xu, Y, Xu, Zx, Xu, Z, Xue, Y, Yamada, T, Yamamoto, A, Yamanaka, K, Yamashina, S, Yamashiro, S, Yan, B, Yan, X, Yan, Z, Yanagi, Y, Yang, D, Yang, Jm, Yang, L, Yang, M, Yang, Pm, Yang, P, Yang, Q, Yang, W, Yang, Wy, Yang, X, Yang, Y, Yang, Z, Yao, Mc, Yao, Pj, Yao, X, Yao, Z, Yasui, L, Ye, M, Yedvobnick, B, Yeganeh, B, Yeh, E, Yeyati, Pl, Yi, F, Yi, L, Yin, Xm, Yip, Ck, Yoo, Ym, Yoo, Yh, Yoon, Sy, Yoshida, Ki, Yoshimori, T, Young, Kh, Yu, H, Yu, Jj, Yu, Jt, Yu, J, Yu, L, Yu, Wh, Yu, Xf, Yu, Z, Yuan, J, Yuan, Zm, Yue, By, Yue, J, Yue, Z, Zacks, Dn, Zacksenhaus, E, Zaffaroni, N, Zaglia, T, Zakeri, Z, Zecchini, V, Zeng, J, Zeng, M, Zeng, Q, Zervos, A, Zhang, Dd, Zhang, F, Zhang, G, Zhang, Gc, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, Jp, Zhang, L, Zhang, My, Zhang, X, Zhang, Xd, Zhang, Y, Zhao, M, Zhao, Wl, Zhao, X, Zhao, Yg, Zhao, Y, Zhao, Yx, Zhao, Z, Zhao, Zj, Zheng, D, Zheng, Xl, Zheng, X, Zhivotovsky, B, Zhong, Q, Zhou, Gz, Zhou, G, Zhou, H, Zhou, Sf, Zhou, Xj, Zhu, H, Zhu, Wg, Zhu, W, Zhu, Xf, Zhu, Y, Zhuang, Sm, Zhuang, X, Ziparo, E, Zois, Ce, Zoladek, T, Zong, Wx, Zorzano, A, Zughaier, Sm, AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Other departments, CCA -Cancer Center Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Radiotherapy, AGEM - Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Medical Biochemistry, ANS - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Cell Biology and Histology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Daniel J Klionsky, Kotb Abdelmohsen, Akihisa Abe, Md Joynal Abedin, Hagai Abeliovich, Abraham Acevedo Arozena, Hiroaki Adachi, Christopher M Adam, Peter D Adam, Khosrow Adeli, Peter J Adhihetty, Sharon G Adler, Galila Agam, Rajesh Agarwal, Manish K Aghi, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostini, Patricia V Aguilar, Julio Aguirre-Ghiso, Edoardo M Airoldi, Slimane Ait-Si-Ali, Takahiko Akematsu, Emmanuel T Akporiaye, Mohamed Al-Rubeai, Guillermo M Albaiceta, Chris Albanese, Diego Albani, Matthew L Albert, Jesus Aldudo, Hana Algül, Mehrdad Alirezaei, Iraide Alloza, Alexandru Almasan, Maylin Almonte-Beceril, Emad S Alnemri, Covadonga Alonso, Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Dario C Altieri, Silvia Alvarez, Lydia Alvarez- Erviti, Sandro Alve, Giuseppina Amadoro, Atsuo Amano, Consuelo Amantini, Santiago Ambrosio, Ivano Amelio, Amal O Amer, Mohamed Amessou, Angelika Amon, Zhenyi An, Frank A Anania, Stig U Andersen, Usha P Andley, Catherine K Andreadi, Nathalie Andrieu- Abadie, Alberto Anel, David K Ann, Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie, Manuela Antonioli, Hiroshi Aoki, Nadezda Apostolova, Saveria Aquila, Katia Aquilano, Koichi Araki, Eli Arama, Agustin Aranda, Jun Araya, Alexandre Arcaro, Esperanza Aria, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen R Ariosa, Jane L Armstrong, Thierry Arnould, Ivica Arsov, Katsuhiko Asanuma, Valerie Askana, Eric Asselin, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Sally S Atherton, Julie D Atkin, Laura D Attardi, Patrick Auberger, Georg Auburger, Laure Aurelian, Riccardo Autelli, Laura Avagliano, Maria Laura Avantaggiati, Limor Avrahami, Suresh Awale, Neelam Azad, Tiziana Bachetti, Jonathan M Backer, Dong- Hun Bae, Jae-sung Bae, Ok-Nam Bae, Soo Han Bae, Eric H Baehrecke, Seung-Hoon Baek, Stephen Baghdiguian, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Hua Bai, Jie Bai, Xue-Yuan Bai, Yannick Bailly, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, Walter Balduini, Andrea Ballabio, Rena Balzan, Rajkumar Banerjee, Gábor Bánhegyi, Haijun Bao, Benoit Barbeau, Maria D Barrachina, Esther Barreiro, Bonnie Bartel, Alberto Bartolomé, Diane C Bassham, Maria Teresa Bassi, Robert C Bast Jr, Alakananda Basu, Maria Teresa Batista, Henri Batoko, Maurizio Battino, Kyle Bauckman, Bradley L Baumgarner, K Ulrich Bayer, Rupert Beale, Jean-François Beaulieu, George R. Beck Jr, Christoph Becker, J David Beckham, Pierre-André Bédard, Patrick J Bednarski, Thomas J Begley, Christian Behl, Christian Behrend, Georg MN Behren, Kevin E Behrn, Eloy Bejarano, Amine Belaid, Francesca Belleudi, Giovanni Bénard, Guy Berchem, Daniele Bergamaschi, Matteo Bergami, Ben Berkhout, Laura Berliocchi, Amélie Bernard, Monique Bernard, Francesca Bernassola, Anne Bertolotti, Amanda S Be, Sébastien Besteiro, Saverio Bettuzzi, Savita Bhalla, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Sujit K Bhutia, Caroline Biagosch, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk, Viktor Bille, Claudia Bincoletto, Baris Bingol, Sara W Bird, Marc Bitoun, Ivana Bjedov, Craig Blackstone, Lionel Blanc, Guillermo A Blanco, Heidi Kiil Blomhoff, Emilio Boada-Romero, Stefan Böckler, Marianne Boe, Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia, Lawrence H Boise, Alessandra Bolino, Andrea Boman, Paolo Bonaldo, Matteo Bordi, Jürgen Bosch, Luis M Botana, Joelle Botti, German Bou, Marina Bouché, Marion Bouchecareilh, Marie- Josée Boucher, Michael E Boulton, Sebastien G Bouret, Patricia Boya, Michaël Boyer-Guittaut, Peter V Bozhkov, Nathan Brady, Vania MM Braga, Claudio Brancolini, Gerhard H Brau, José M Bravo-San Pedro, Lisa A Brennan, Emery H Bresnick, Patrick Brest, Dave Bridge, MarieAgnès Bringer, Marisa Brini, Glauber C Brito, Bertha Brodin, Paul S Brooke, Eric J Brown, Karen Brown, Hal E Broxmeyer, Alain Bruhat, Patricia Chakur Brum, John H Brumell, Nicola Brunetti-Pierri, Robert J Bryson-Richardson, Shilpa Buch, Alastair M Buchan, Hikmet Budak, Dmitry V Bulavin, Scott J Bultman, Geert Bultynck, Vladimir Bumbasirevic, Yan Burelle, Robert E Burke, Margit Burmeister, Peter Bütikofer, Laura Caberlotto, Ken Cadwell, Monika Cahova, Dongsheng Cai, Jingjing Cai, Qian Cai, Sara Calatayud, Nadine Camougrand, Michelangelo Campanella, Grant R Campbell, Matthew Campbell, Silvia Campello, Robin Candau, Isabella Caniggia, Lavinia Cantoni, Lizhi Cao, Allan B Caplan, Michele Caraglia, Claudio Cardinali, Sandra Morais Cardoso, Jennifer S Carew, Laura A Carleton, Cathleen R Carlin, Silvia Carloni, Sven R Carlsson, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez, Leticia AM Carneiro, Oliana Carnevali, Serena Carra, Alice Carrier, Bernadette Carroll, Caty Casa, Josefina Casa, Giuliana Cassinelli, Perrine Castet, Susana Castro-Obregon, Gabriella Cavallini, Isabella Ceccherini, Francesco Cecconi, Arthur I Cederbaum, Valentín Ceña, Simone Cenci, Claudia Cerella, Davide Cervia, Silvia Cetrullo, Hassan Chaachouay, Han-Jung Chae, Andrei S Chagin, Chee-Yin Chai, Gopal Chakrabarti, Georgios Chamilo, Edmond YW Chan, Matthew TV Chan, Dhyan Chandra, Pallavi Chandra, Chih-Peng Chang, Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang, Ta Yuan Chang, John C Chatham, Saurabh Chatterjee, Santosh Chauhan, Yongsheng Che, Michael E Cheetham, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Chun-Jung Chen, Gang Chen, Guang-Chao Chen, Guoqiang Chen, Hongzhuan Chen, Jeff W Chen, Jian-Kang Chen, Min Chen, Mingzhou Chen, Peiwen Chen, Qi Chen, Quan Chen, Shang- Der Chen, Si Chen, Steve S-L Chen, Wei Chen, 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Vincent CO Njar, Takeshi Noda, Angelika A Noegel, Elsie Magdalena Nolte, Erik Norberg, Koenraad K Norga, Sakineh Kazemi Noureini, Shoji Notomi, Lucia Notterpek, Karin Nowikovsky, Nobuyuki Nukina, Thorsten Nürnberger, Valerie B O'Donnell, Tracey O'Donovan, Peter J O'Dwyer, Ina Oehme, Clara L Oeste, Michinaga Ogawa, Besim Ogretmen, Yuji Ogura, Young J Oh, Masaki Ohmuraya, Takayuki Ohshima, Rani Ojha, Koji Okamoto, Toshiro Okazaki, F Javier Oliver, Karin Ollinger, Stefan Olsson, Daniel P Orban, Paulina Ordonez, Idil Orhon, Laszlo Orosz, Eyleen J O'Rourke, Helena Orozco, Angel L Ortega, Elena Ortona, Laura D Osellame, Junko Oshima, Shigeru Oshima, Heinz D Osiewacz, Takanobu Otomo, Kinya Otsu, Jing-hsiung James Ou, Tiago F Outeiro, Dong-yun Ouyang, Hongjiao Ouyang, Michael Overholtzer, Michelle A Ozbun, P Hande Ozdinler, Bulent Ozpolat, Consiglia Pacelli, Paolo Paganetti, Guylène Page, Gilles Page, Ugo Pagnini, Beata Pajak, Stephen C Pak, Karolina Pakos-Zebrucka, Nazzy Pakpour, Zdena Palková, Francesca Palladino, Kathrin Pallauf, Nicolas Pallet, Marta Palmieri, Søren R Paludan, Camilla Palumbo, Silvia Palumbo, Olatz Pampliega, Hongming Pan, Wei Pan, Theocharis Panaretaki, Aseem Pandey, Areti Pantazopoulou, Zuzana Papackova, Daniela L Papademetrio, Issidora Papassideri, Alessio Papini, Nirmala Parajuli, Julian Pardo, Vrajesh V Parekh, Giancarlo Parenti, Jong-In Park, Junsoo Park, Ohkmae K Park, Roy Parker, Rosanna Parlato, Jan B Pary, Katherine R Parzych, Jean-Max Pasquet, Benoit Pasquier, Kishore BS Pasumarthi, Daniel Patschan, Cam Patterson, Sophie Pattingre, Scott Pattison, Arnim Pause, Hermann Pavenstädt, Flaminia Pavone, Zully Pedrozo, Fernando J Peña, Miguel A Peñalva, Mario Pende, Jianxin Peng, Fabio Penna, Josef M Penninger, Anna Pensalfini, Salvatore Pepe, Gustavo JS Pereira, Paulo C Pereira, Verónica Pérez-de la Cruz, María Esther Pérez-Pérez, Diego Pérez-Rodríguez, Dolores Pérez-Sala, Celine Perier, Andras Perl, David H Perlmutter, Ida Perrotta, Shazib 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Rohrer, Davide Romanelli, Luigina Romani, Patricia Silvia Romano, M Isabel G Roncero, Jose Luis Rosa, Alicia Rosello, Kirill V Rosen, Philip Rosenstiel, Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska, Kevin A Roth, Gael Roué, Mustapha Roui, Kasper M Rouschop, Daniel T Ruan, Diego Ruano, David C Rubinsztein, Edmund B Rucker III, Assaf Rudich, Emil Rudolf, Ruediger Rudolf, Markus A Ruegg, Carmen Ruiz-Roldan, Avnika Ashok Ruparelia, Paola Rusmini, David W Ru, Gian Luigi Russo, Giuseppe Russo, Rossella Russo, Tor Erik Rusten, Victoria Ryabovol, Kevin M Ryan, Stefan W Ryter, David M Sabatini, Michael Sacher, Carsten Sachse, Michael N Sack, Junichi Sadoshima, Paul Saftig, Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg, Sumit Sahni, Pothana Saikumar, Tsunenori Saito, Tatsuya Saitoh, Koichi Sakakura, Machiko Sakoh-Nakatogawa, Yasuhito Sakuraba, María Salazar-Roa, Paolo Salomoni, Ashok K Saluja, Paul M Salvaterra, Rosa Salvioli, Afshin Samali, Anthony MJ Sanchez, José A Sánchez-Alcázar, Ricardo Sanchez-Prieto, Marco Sandri, Miguel A 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Shrawan K Singh, Debasish Sinha, Sangita Sinha, Frank A Sinicrope, Agnieszka Sirko, Kapil Sirohi, Balindiwe JN Sishi, Annie Sittler, Parco M Siu, Efthimios Sivridi, Anna Skwarska, Ruth Slack, Iva Slaninová, Nikolai Slavov, Soraya S Smaili, Keiran SM Smalley, Duncan R Smith, Stefaan J Soenen, Scott A Soleimanpour, Anita Solhaug, Kumaravel Somasundaram, Jin H Son, Avinash Sonawane, Chunjuan Song, Fuyong Song, Hyun Kyu Song, Ju-Xian Song, Wei Song, Kai Y Soo, Anil K Sood, Tuck Wah Soong, Virawudh Soontornniyomkij, Maurizio Sorice, Federica Sotgia, David R Soto-Pantoja, Areechun Sotthibundhu, Maria João Sousa, Herman P Spaink, Paul N Span, Anne Spang, Janet D Spark, Peter G Speck, Stephen A Spector, Claudia D Spie, Wolfdieter Springer, Daret St Clair, Alessandra Stacchiotti, Bart Stael, Michael T Stang, Daniel T Starczynowski, Petro Starokadomskyy, Clemens Steegborn, John W Steele, Leonidas Stefani, Joan Steffan, Christine M Stellrecht, Harald Stenmark, Tomasz M Stepkowski, Stęphan T 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Tanaka, Masaki Tanaka, Daolin Tang, Dingzhong Tang, Guomei Tang, Isei Tanida, Kunikazu Tanji, Bakhos A Tannou, Jose A Tapia, Inmaculada Tasset-Cueva, Marc Tatar, Iman Tavassoly, Nektarios Tavernaraki, Allen Taylor, Graham S Taylor, Gregory A Taylor, J Paul Taylor, Mark J Taylor, Elena V Tchetina, Andrew R Tee, Fatima Teixeira-Clerc, Sucheta Telang, Tewin Tencomnao, Ba-Bie Teng, Ru-Jeng Teng, Faraj Terro, Gianluca Tettamanti, Arianne L Thei, Anne E Theron, Kelly Jean Thoma, Marcos P Thomé, Paul G Thome, Andrew Thorburn, Jeremy Thorner, Thomas Thum, Michael Thumm, Teresa LM Thurston, Ling Tian, Andreas Till, Jenny Pan-yun Ting, Vladimir I Titorenko, Lilach Toker, Stefano Toldo, Sharon A Tooze, Ivan Topisirovic, Maria Lyngaas Torgersen, Liliana Torosantucci, Alicia Torriglia, Maria Rosaria Torrisi, Cathy Tournier, Roberto Town, Vladimir Trajkovic, Leonardo H Travasso, Gemma Triola, Durga Nand Tripathi, Daniela Trisciuoglio, Rodrigo Troncoso, Ioannis P Trougako, Anita C Truttmann, Kuen-Jer Tsai, Mario P Tschan, Yi-Hsin Tseng, Takayuki Tsukuba, Allan Tsung, Andrey S Tsvetkov, Shuiping Tu, Hsing-Yu Tuan, Marco Tucci, David A Tumbarello, Boris Turk, Vito Turk, Robin FB Turner, Anders A Tveita, Suresh C Tyagi, Makoto Ubukata, Yasuo Uchiyama, Andrej Udelnow, Takashi Ueno, Midori Umekawa, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Benjamin R Underwood, Christian Ungermann, Rodrigo P. Ureshino, Ryo Ushioda, Vladimir N Uversky, Néstor L Uzcátegui, Thomas Vaccari, Maria I Vaccaro, Libuše Váchová, Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Rut Valdor, Enza Maria Valente, Francois Vallette, Angela M Valverde, Greet Van den Berghe, Ludo Van Den Bosch, Gijs R van den Brink, F Gisou van der Goot, Ida J van der Klei, Luc JW van der Laan, Wouter G van Doorn, Marjolein van Egmond, Kenneth L van Golen, Luc Van Kaer, Menno van Lookeren Campagne, Peter Vandenabeele, Wim Vandenberghe, Ilse Vanhorebeek, Isabel Varela-Nieto, M Helena Vasconcelo, Radovan Vasko, Demetrios G Vavva, Ignacio Vega- Naredo, Guillermo Velasco, Athanassios D Velentza, Panagiotis D Velentza, Tibor Vellai, Edo Vellenga, Mikkel Holm Vendelbo, Kartik Venkatachalam, Natascia Ventura, Salvador Ventura, Patrícia ST Vera, Mireille Verdier, Beata G Vertessy, Andrea Viale, Michel Vidal, Helena LA Vieira, Richard D Vierstra, Nadarajah Vigneswaran, Neeraj Vij, Miquel Vila, Margarita Villar, Victor H Villar, Joan Villarroya, Cécile Vindi, Giampietro Viola, Maria Teresa Viscomi, Giovanni Vitale, Dan T Vogl, Olga V Voitsekhovskaja, Clarissa von Haefen, Karin von Schwarzenberg, Daniel E Voth, Valérie Vouret-Craviari, Kristina Vuori, Jatin M Vya, Christian Waeber, Cheryl Lyn Walker, Mark J Walker, Jochen Walter, Lei Wan, Xiangbo Wan, Bo Wang, Caihong Wang, Chao-Yung Wang, Chengshu Wang, Chenran Wang, Chuangui Wang, Dong Wang, Fen Wang, Fuxin Wang, Guanghui Wang, Hai-jie Wang, Haichao Wang, Hong-Gang Wang, Hongmin Wang, Horng-Dar Wang, Jing Wang, Junjun Wang, Mei Wang, Mei-Qing Wang, Pei-Yu Wang, Peng Wang, Richard C Wang, Shuo Wang, Ting-Fang Wang, Xian Wang, Xiao-jia Wang, Xiao-Wei Wang, Xin Wang, Xuejun Wang, Yan Wang, Yanming Wang, Ying Wang, Ying-Jan Wang, Yipeng Wang, Yu Wang, Yu Tian Wang, Yuqing Wang, Zhi-Nong Wang, Pablo Wappner, Carl Ward, Diane McVey Ward, Gary Warne, Hirotaka Watada, Yoshihisa Watanabe, Kei Watase, Timothy E Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kaup20 Download by: [Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna] Date: 23 September 2016, At: 06:43 Weaver, Colin D Weeke, Jiwu Wei, Thomas Weide, Conrad C Weihl, Günther Weindl, Simone Nardin Wei, Longping Wen, Xin Wen, Yunfei Wen, Benedikt Westermann, Cornelia M Weyand, Anthony R White, Eileen White, J Lindsay Whitton, Alexander J Whitworth, Joëlle Wiel, Franziska Wild, Manon E Wildenberg, Tom Wileman, Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson, Simon Wilkinson, Dieter Willbold, Chris William, Katherine William, Peter R Williamson, Konstanze F Winklhofer, Steven S Witkin, Stephanie E Wohlgemuth, Thomas Wollert, Ernst J Wolvetang, Esther Wong, G William Wong, Richard W Wong, Vincent Kam Wai Wong, Elizabeth A Woodcock, Karen L Wright, Chunlai Wu, Defeng Wu, Gen Sheng Wu, Jian Wu, Junfang Wu, Mian Wu, Min Wu, Shengzhou Wu, William KK Wu, Yaohua Wu, Zhenlong Wu, Cristina PR Xavier, Ramnik J Xavier, Gui-Xian Xia, Tian Xia, Weiliang Xia, Yong Xia, Hengyi Xiao, Jian Xiao, Shi Xiao, Wuhan Xiao, Chuan-Ming Xie, Zhiping Xie, Zhonglin Xie, Maria Xilouri, Yuyan Xiong, Chuanshan Xu, Congfeng Xu, Feng Xu, Haoxing Xu, Hongwei Xu, Jian Xu, Jianzhen Xu, Jinxian Xu, Liang Xu, Xiaolei Xu, Yangqing Xu, Ye Xu, Zhi-Xiang Xu, Ziheng Xu, Yu Xue, Takahiro Yamada, Ai Yamamoto, Koji Yamanaka, Shunhei Yamashina, Shigeko Yamashiro, Bing Yan, Bo Yan, Xianghua Yan, Zhen Yan, Yasuo Yanagi, Dun-Sheng Yang, Jin-Ming Yang, Liu Yang, Minghua Yang, Pei-Ming Yang, Peixin Yang, Qian Yang, Wannian Yang, Wei Yuan Yang, Xuesong Yang, Yi Yang, Ying Yang, Zhifen Yang, Zhihong Yang, Meng-Chao Yao, Pamela J Yao, Xiaofeng Yao, Zhenyu Yao, Zhiyuan Yao, Linda S Yasui, Mingxiang Ye, Barry Yedvobnick, Behzad Yeganeh, Elizabeth S Yeh, Patricia L Yeyati, Fan Yi, Long Yi, Xiao-Ming Yin, Calvin K Yip, Yeong-Min Yoo, Young Hyun Yoo, Seung-Yong Yoon, Ken-Ichi Yoshida, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Ken H Young, Huixin Yu, Jane J Yu, Jin-Tai Yu, Jun Yu, Li Yu, W Haung Yu, Xiao-Fang Yu, Zhengping Yu, Junying Yuan, Zhi-Min Yuan, Beatrice YJT Yue, Jianbo Yue, Zhenyu Yue, David N Zack, Eldad Zacksenhau, Nadia Zaffaroni, Tania Zaglia, Zahra Zakeri, Vincent Zecchini, Jinsheng Zeng, Min Zeng, Qi Zeng, Antonis S Zervo, Donna D Zhang, Fan Zhang, Guo Zhang, Guo-Chang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Hong Zhang, Hongbing Zhang, Jian Zhang, Jiangwei Zhang, Jianhua Zhang, Jing-pu Zhang, Li Zhang, Lin Zhang, Long Zhang, Ming-Yong Zhang, Xiangnan Zhang, Xu Dong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yang Zhang, Yanjin Zhang, Yingmei Zhang, Yunjiao Zhang, Mei Zhao, Wei-Li Zhao, Xiaonan Zhao, Yan G Zhao, Ying Zhao, Yongchao Zhao, Yu-xia Zhao, Zhendong Zhao, Zhizhuang J Zhao, Dexian Zheng, Xi-Long Zheng, Xiaoxiang Zheng, Boris Zhivotovsky, Qing Zhong, Guang-Zhou Zhou, Guofei Zhou, Huiping Zhou, Shu-Feng Zhou, Xu-jie Zhou, Hongxin Zhu, Hua Zhu, Wei- Guo Zhu, Wenhua Zhu, Xiao-Feng Zhu, Yuhua Zhu, Shi-Mei Zhuang, Xiaohong Zhuang, Elio Ziparo, Christos E Zoi, Teresa Zoladek, Wei-Xing Zong, and Antonio Zorzano & Susu M Zughaier
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], autophagosome, Review Article, ddc:616.07, stress, stre, LC3, MESH: Animals, Settore MED/49 - Scienze Tecniche Dietetiche Applicate, Settore BIO/06 - Anatomia Comparata E Citologia, chaperone-mediated autophagy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Settore BIO/11, Pharmacology. Therapy, Settore BIO/13, standards [Biological Assay], autolysosome, MESH: Autophagy*/physiology, lysosome, methods [Biological Assay], Biological Assay, Settore BIO/17 - ISTOLOGIA, Erratum, Human, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Settore BIO/06, physiology [Autophagy], Chaperonemediated autophagy, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, NO, autophagy, guidelines, molecular biology, ultrastructure, flux, macroautophagy, phagophore, vacuole, MESH: Biological Assay/methods, MESH: Computer Simulation, ddc:570, Autolysosome, Autophagosome, Chaperonemediated autophagy, Flux, LC3, Lysosome, Macroautophagy, Phagophore, Stress, Vacuole, Autophagy, Animals, Humans, Computer Simulation, Settore BIO/10, ddc:612, Biology, MESH: Humans, Animal, 0601 Biochemistry And Cell Biology, MESH: Biological Assay/standards, Human medicine
Abstract: Seuls les 100 premiers auteurs dont les auteurs INRA ont été entrés dans la notice. La liste complète des auteurs et de leurs affiliations est accessible sur la publication.; International audience; In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes.For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy.Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagy-related protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Published: 2016

37. Cross-cancer profiling of molecular alterations within the human autophagy interaction network

Author: Chandra B Lebovitz, Ryan D. Morin, A Gordon Robertson, Rodrigo Goya, Marco A. Marra, Sharon M. Gorski, Steven J Jones, Chandra B. Lebovitz, Ryan D Morin, A. Gordon Robertson, Marco A Marra, Sharon M Gorski, Steven J. Jones, Chandra B Lebovitz, Ryan D. Morin, A Gordon Robertson, Rodrigo Goya, Marco A. Marra, Sharon M. Gorski, Steven J Jones, Chandra B. Lebovitz, Ryan D Morin, A. Gordon Robertson, Marco A Marra, Sharon M Gorski, and Steven J. Jones
Published: 2015
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38. Evolution of tools and methods for monitoring autophagic flux in mammalian cells

Author: Paalini Sathiyaseelan, Kevin C. Yang, Sharon M. Gorski, and Cally J Ho
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Autophagosome, Immunoassay, Mammals, Autophagy, Cell, Autophagosomes, Cellular homeostasis, Biological Transport, Biology, Biochemistry, Stress adaptation, Cell biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Kinetics, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Animals, Lysosomes, MAP1LC3B, Flux (metabolism), Biomarkers
Abstract: Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosome-mediated degradation and recycling process, which functions in cellular homeostasis and stress adaptation. The process is highly dynamic and involves autophagosome synthesis, cargo recognition and transport, autophagosome–lysosome fusion, and cargo degradation. The multistep nature of autophagy makes it challenging to quantify, and it is important to consider not only the number of autophagosomes within a cell but also the autophagic degradative activity. The rate at which cargos are recognized, segregated, and degraded through the autophagy pathway is defined as autophagic flux. In practice, methods to measure autophagic flux typically evaluate the lysosome-mediated cargo degradation step by leveraging known autophagy markers such as MAP1LC3B (microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 beta) or lysosome-dependent fluorescent agents. In this review, we summarize the tools and methods used in mammalian cultured cells pertaining to these two approaches, and highlight innovations that have led to their evolution in recent years. We also discuss the potential limitations of these approaches and recommend using a combination of strategies and multiple different autophagy markers to reliably evaluate autophagic flux in mammalian cells.
Published: 2017

39. Hsp83 loss suppresses proteasomal activity resulting in an upregulation of caspase-dependent compensatory autophagy

Author: Gregg B. Morin, Sharon M. Gorski, Lindsay DeVorkin, Ying-Chen Claire Hou, Courtney Choutka, Nancy Erro Go, and Annie Moradian
Subjects: Proteomics, 0301 basic medicine, Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex, Programmed cell death, caspase, Mass Spectrometry, 03 medical and health sciences, Downregulation and upregulation, compensatory autophagy, Heat shock protein, Autophagy, In Situ Nick-End Labeling, Animals, Drosophila Proteins, Molecular Biology, Heat-Shock Proteins, Caspase, Ovum, biology, Effector, apoptosis, Cell Biology, heat-shock protein, Hsp83, Basic Research Paper, Up-Regulation, Cell biology, Protein Subunits, Drosophila melanogaster, Fertility, 030104 developmental biology, Proteostasis, Proteasome, Caspases, Larva, Mutation, Dcp-1, Cancer research, biology.protein, Drosophila, Female, Mutant Proteins, RNA Interference, ubiquitin-proteasome system, Protein Binding
Abstract: The 2 main degradative pathways that contribute to proteostasis are the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy but how they are molecularly coordinated is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate an essential role for an effector caspase in the activation of compensatory autophagy when proteasomal activity is compromised. Functional loss of Hsp83, the Drosophila ortholog of human HSP90 (heat shock protein 90), resulted in reduced proteasomal activity and elevated levels of the effector caspase Dcp-1. Surprisingly, genetic analyses showed that the caspase was not required for cell death in this context, but instead was essential for the ensuing compensatory autophagy, female fertility, and organism viability. The zymogen pro-Dcp-1 was found to interact with Hsp83 and undergo proteasomal regulation in an Hsp83-dependent manner. Our work not only reveals unappreciated roles for Hsp83 in proteasomal activity and regulation of Dcp-1, but identifies an effector caspase as a key regulatory factor for sustaining adaptation to cell stress in vivo.
Published: 2017

40. Mutations in CIC and IDH1 cooperatively regulate 2-hydroxyglutarate levels and cell clonogenicity

Author: Cindy Yang, Nancy Erro Go, Marlo Firme, Stephen Yip, Kevin C. Yang, Jennifer A. Chan, Gregory Cairncross, Vincent C. Chen, Annie Moradian, Michael D. Blough, Suganthi Chittaranjan, Susanna Chan, Marco A. Marra, Gregg B. Morin, Sharon M. Gorski, and Jungeun Song
Subjects: Somatic cell, Cell, Mutant, Oligodendroglioma, Blotting, Western, ACLY, Biology, Mass Spectrometry, CIC, Glutarates, Cell Line, Tumor, medicine, Humans, Immunoprecipitation, citrate, Brain Neoplasms, HEK 293 cells, Wild type, 2HG, Molecular biology, Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, Repressor Proteins, medicine.anatomical_structure, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Oncology, Cytoplasm, Cell culture, Mutation, IDH1, Research Paper
Abstract: The majority of oligodendrogliomas (ODGs) exhibit combined losses of chromosomes 1p and 19q and mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1-R132H or IDH2-R172K). Approximately 70% of ODGs with 1p19q co-deletions harbor somatic mutations in the Capicua Transcriptional Repressor (CIC) gene on chromosome 19q13.2. Here we show that endogenous long (CIC-L) and short (CIC-S) CIC proteins are predominantly localized to the nucleus or cytoplasm, respectively. Cytoplasmic CIC-S is found in close proximity to the mitochondria. To study wild type and mutant CIC function and motivated by the paucity of 1p19q co-deleted ODG lines, we created HEK293 and HOG stable cell lines ectopically co-expressing CIC and IDH1. Non-mutant lines displayed increased clonogenicity, but cells co-expressing the mutant IDH1-R132H with either CIC-S-R201W or -R1515H showed reduced clonogenicity in an additive manner, demonstrating cooperative effects in our assays. Expression of mutant CIC-R1515H increased cellular 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2HG) levels compared to wild type CIC in IDH1-R132H background. Levels of phosphorylated ATP-citrate Lyase (ACLY) were lower in cell lines expressing mutant CIC-S proteins compared to cells expressing wild type CIC-S, supporting a cytosolic citrate metabolism-related mechanism bof reduced clonogenicity in our in vitro model systems. ACLY or phospho-ACLY were similarly reduced in CIC-mutant 1p19q co-deleted oligodendroglioma patient samples.
Published: 2014

41. Autophagy Inhibition Augments the Anticancer Effects of Epirubicin Treatment in Anthracycline-Sensitive and -Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Author: Namal Abeysundara, Suganthi Chittaranjan, Donald T. T. Yapp, Marcel B. Bally, Nancy Erro Go, Sharon M. Gorski, Amy Leung, Karen A. Gelmon, Sherry A. Weppler, Svetlana Bortnik, Jing Xu, Wieslawa H. Dragowska, and Lindsay DeVorkin
Subjects: Cancer Research, Anthracycline, medicine.medical_treatment, Blotting, Western, Estrogen receptor, Apoptosis, Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms, Pharmacology, Biology, Mice, In vivo, Autophagy, Tumor Cells, Cultured, medicine, Animals, Humans, Anthracyclines, Viability assay, Triple-negative breast cancer, Cell Proliferation, Epirubicin, Chemotherapy, Antibiotics, Antineoplastic, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Oncology, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Female, medicine.drug
Abstract: Purpose: Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are defined by a lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2/HER2). Although initially responsive to chemotherapy, most recurrent TNBCs develop resistance, resulting in disease progression. Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated degradation and recycling process that can function as an adaptive survival response during chemotherapy and contribute to chemoresistance. Our goal was to determine whether autophagy inhibition improves treatment efficacy in TNBC cells in tumors either sensitive or refractory to anthracyclines. Experimental Design: We used in vitro and in vivo models of TNBC using cell lines sensitive to epirubicin and other anthracyclines, as well as derivative lines, resistant to the same drugs. We assessed basal autophagy levels and the effects of chemotherapy on autophagy in parental and resistant cells. Applying various approaches to inhibit autophagy alone and in combination with chemotherapy, we assessed the effects on cell viability in vitro and tumor growth rates in vivo. Results: We demonstrated that epirubicin induced autophagic flux in TNBC cells. Epirubicin-resistant lines exhibited at least 1.5-fold increased basal autophagy levels and, when treated with autophagy inhibitors, showed a significant loss in viability, indicating dependence of resistant cells on autophagy for survival. Combination of epirubicin with the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine resulted in a significant reduction in tumor growth compared with monotherapy with epirubicin. Conclusion: Autophagy inhibition enhances therapeutic response in both anthracycline-sensitive and -resistant TNBC and may be an effective new treatment strategy for this disease. Clin Cancer Res; 20(12); 3159–73. ©2014 AACR.
Published: 2014

42. The core autophagy protein ATG4B is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in CML stem/progenitor cells

Author: Katharina Rothe, Hanyang Lin, Hui Mi Wang, Mehrnoush Malekesmaeili, Amy Leung, Xiaoyan Jiang, Kevin B. L. Lin, Ryan R. Brinkman, Donna L. Forrest, and Sharon M. Gorski
Subjects: Adult, Immunology, ATG5, CD34, Autophagy-Related Proteins, Antigens, CD34, Biology, Biochemistry, Biomarkers, Pharmacological, Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Autophagy, Biomarkers, Tumor, medicine, Humans, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Progenitor cell, Cells, Cultured, Cell Biology, Hematology, Prognosis, medicine.disease, Cysteine Endopeptidases, Leukemia, Haematopoiesis, Treatment Outcome, Imatinib mesylate, Neoplastic Stem Cells, Cancer research, K562 Cells, K562 cells
Abstract: Previous studies demonstrated that imatinib mesylate (IM) induces autophagy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and that this process is critical to cell survival upon therapy. However, it is not known if the autophagic process differs at basal levels between CML patients and healthy individuals and if pretreatment CML cells harbor unique autophagy characteristics that could predict patients' clinical outcomes. We now demonstrate that several key autophagy genes are differentially expressed in CD34(+) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, with the highest transcript levels detected for ATG4B, and that the transcript and protein expression levels of ATG4 family members, ATG5 and BECLIN-1 are significantly increased in CD34(+) cells from chronic-phase CML patients (P < .05). Importantly, ATG4B is differentially expressed in pretreatment CML stem/progenitor cells from subsequent IM responders vs IM nonresponders (P < .05). Knockdown of ATG4B suppresses autophagy, impairs the survival of CML stem/progenitor cells and sensitizes them to IM treatment. Moreover, deregulated expression of ATG4B in CD34(+) CML cells inversely correlates with transcript levels of miR-34a, and ATG4B is shown to be a direct target of miR-34a. This study identifies ATG4B as a potential biomarker for predicting therapeutic response in treatment-naive CML stem/progenitor cells and uncovers ATG4B as a possible drug target in these cells.
Published: 2014

43. The Drosophila effector caspase Dcp-1 regulates mitochondrial dynamics and autophagic flux via SesB

Author: Nancy Erro Go, Annie Moradian, Lindsay DeVorkin, Gregg B. Morin, Sharon M. Gorski, and Ying-Chen Claire Hou
Subjects: Oligomycin, Mitochondrion, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adenosine Triphosphate, Oogenesis, Autophagy, Animals, Drosophila Proteins, Caspase, Research Articles, Cells, Cultured, biology, Effector, Caspases, Effector, Ovary, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Cell Biology, 3. Good health, Cell biology, Mitochondria, Drosophila melanogaster, chemistry, Starvation, Caspases, biology.protein, Female, Oligomycins, Adenosine triphosphate, Flux (metabolism), Mitochondrial ADP, ATP Translocases, Drosophila Protein
Abstract: A nonapoptotic function of the Dcp-1 caspase regulates mitochondrial morphology and promotes autophagy in Drosophila by negatively regulating SesB and ATP levels., Increasing evidence reveals that a subset of proteins participates in both the autophagy and apoptosis pathways, and this intersection is important in normal physiological contexts and in pathological settings. In this paper, we show that the Drosophila effector caspase, Drosophila caspase 1 (Dcp-1), localizes within mitochondria and regulates mitochondrial morphology and autophagic flux. Loss of Dcp-1 led to mitochondrial elongation, increased levels of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase stress-sensitive B (SesB), increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and a reduction in autophagic flux. Moreover, we find that SesB suppresses autophagic flux during midoogenesis, identifying a novel negative regulator of autophagy. Reduced SesB activity or depletion of ATP by oligomycin A could rescue the autophagic defect in Dcp-1 loss-of-function flies, demonstrating that Dcp-1 promotes autophagy by negatively regulating SesB and ATP levels. Furthermore, we find that pro–Dcp-1 interacts with SesB in a nonproteolytic manner to regulate its stability. These data reveal a new mitochondrial-associated molecular link between nonapoptotic caspase function and autophagy regulation in vivo.
Published: 2014

44. Genomic characterization of a well-differentiated grade 3 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor

Author: Daniel J. Renouf, Marco A. Marra, Andrew J. Mungall, Kevin C. Yang, My Lihn Thibodeau, Eric Y. Zhao, Sharon M. Gorski, Laura Williamson, Jasleen K. Grewal, David F. Schaeffer, Jonathan M. Loree, Karen Mungall, Steven J.M. Jones, Janessa Laskin, Richard A. Moore, and Michael Steel
Subjects: Adult, Male, DNA Copy Number Variations, Biology, Neuroendocrine tumors, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein, Chromatin remodeling, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Death-associated protein 6, Exome Sequencing, neoplasm of the pancreas, medicine, Humans, PTEN, MEN1, Neoplasm Metastasis, Pancreas, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, ATRX, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, neuroendocrine neoplasm, Gene Expression Profiling, DNA Helicases, Genomics, General Medicine, Prognosis, medicine.disease, DNA-Binding Proteins, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Neuroendocrine Tumors, Liver, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, biology.protein, Cancer research, Biopsy, Large-Core Needle, Gene Fusion, TSC2, Research Article
Abstract: Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) represent a minority of pancreatic neoplasms that exhibit variability in prognosis. Ongoing mutational analyses of PanNENs have found recurrent abnormalities in chromatin remodeling genes (e.g., DAXX and ATRX), and mTOR pathway genes (e.g., TSC2, PTEN PIK3CA, and MEN1), some of which have relevance to patients with related familial syndromes. Most recently, grade 3 PanNENs have been divided into two groups based on differentiation, creating a new group of well-differentiated grade 3 neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) that have had a limited whole-genome level characterization to date. In a patient with a metastatic well-differentiated grade 3 PanNET, our study utilized whole-genome sequencing of liver metastases for the comparative analysis and detection of single-nucleotide variants, insertions and deletions, structural variants, and copy-number variants, with their biologic relevance confirmed by RNA sequencing. We found that this tumor most notably exhibited a TSC1-disrupting fusion, showed a novel CHD7–BEND2 fusion, and lacked any somatic variants in ATRX, DAXX, and MEN1.
Published: 2019

45. Inhibiting the Core Autophagy Enzyme ATG4B with Novel Drugs Sensitizes Resistant Leukemic Stem/Progenitor Cells to Standard Targeted Therapy

Author: Sharon M. Gorski, Katharina Rothe, Donna L. Forrest, Xiaoyan Jiang, Robert N. Young, and Akie Watanabe
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Immunology, Autophagy, Cell Biology, Hematology, medicine.disease, Biochemistry, Targeted therapy, 03 medical and health sciences, Leukemia, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Imatinib mesylate, Cell culture, medicine, Cancer research, Bone marrow, Stem cell, Progenitor cell, business
Abstract: Leukemic stem cell (LSC) persistence is a major cause of therapy failure and relapse in patients, thus warranting further investigations into the cells' molecular properties to aid in meaningful clinical decisions. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clear example and excellent study model with rare, propagating LSCs that are not eradicated by BCR-ABL1-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) monotherapy such as Imatinib Mesylate (IM), since the LSCs do not exclusively rely on BCR-ABL1 for their survival. We and others have shown that the persistence of primitive leukemic cells is mediated by macroautophagy (autophagy), a catabolic cellular recycling process. In particular, we discovered that transcript and protein expressions of all ATG4 family members, including ATG4A, B, C, and D, are significantly increased in CD34+ CML cells compared to CD34+ normal bone marrow (BM) cells. ATG4B expression is also significantly higher in pre-treatment CD34+ CML cells from IM-nonresponders vs. IM-responders, including LSCs. Moreover, we revealed that stable suppression of ATG4B significantly suppressed autophagy, impaired survival of IM-nonresponder stem/progenitor cells and sensitized leukemic cells to TKI treatment. Thus, we identified ATG4B as a critical therapeutic target in CML (Rothe et al., Blood, 2014). To further explore whether targeting of ATG4B would be a viable strategy in the successful treatment of various leukemia, two lead ATG4B inhibitors were recently developed for pre-clinical proof-of-concept studies. Compound 4-28, a styrylquinoline, was identified by in silico screening and high content cell-based screening. Its structure-activity relationship (SAR)-based optimization led to a more stable and potent compound, LV-320. LV-320 was further evaluated by Microscale Thermophoresis and showed consistent Kd values for binding to the ATG4B enzyme (Kd=16±1 μM). LV-320 can inhibit autophagic flux, shows excellent tolerability and a good PK profile. It is also characterised as a non-competitive inhibitor of ATG4B and displays similar potency against ATG4A. Interestingly, inhibition of ATG4B with compound 4-28 decreased viability by 40-60% and increased apoptosis by 30-40% in different BCR-ABL1+ leukemic cell lines upon serum-deprivation as compared to the same cells without treatment of 4-28 (p We then tested the more stable and potent compound LV-320 with superior results. Treatment of several drug-resistant and mutated CML and aggressive BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL cell lines with LV-320 increased apoptosis up to 90% compared to controls and reached almost 100% when combined with various TKIs (p Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Published: 2018

46. COMPREHENSIVE MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF CLEAR CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

Author: Kelinda Tucker, Raju Kucherlapati, Ng Sam, John N. Weinstein, Lori Boice, Satish K. Tickoo, Saianand Balu, John C. Cheville, B. Arman Aksoy, Chip Stewart, Preethi H. Gunaratne, Martin L. Ferguson, Bogdan Czerniak, Christie Kovar, Theodore C. Goldstein, Mark E. Sherman, Juan M. Mosquera, Chris Sander, Yaron S.N. Butterfield, Leigh Anne Zach, Yiling Lu, Chandra Lebovitz, Gary Witkin, David Pot, Gordon Robertson, Richard A. Gibbs, James J. Hsieh, Benjamin P. Berman, Doug Voet, Kyle Chang, W. Marston Linehan, Margaret Morgan, Joan Pontius, Jodi Harr, Lihua Zhou, Joel S. Parker, David Van Den Berg, Michael B. Atkins, Sheila Reynolds, Petar Stojanov, Joel B. Nelson, Gordon B. Mills, Toni K. Choueiri, Weimin Xiao, Hye Jung E. Chun, Ronglai Shen, Rebecca Carlsen, Jennifer Brown, Tod D. Casasent, Sabina Signoretti, Jo Ellen Weaver, Phillip H. Lai, Dominique L. Berton, Patrick Plettner, Irina Ostrovnaya, Lisle E. Mose, Leslie Cope, Nils Gehlenborg, Heidi J. Sofia, Peter J. Park, Scott Morris, Hsin-Ta Wu, Fabio Vandin, Ranabir Guin, Daniel E. Carlin, Jacqueline E. Schein, Xi Liu, Nils Weinhold, Wandaliz Torres-Garcia, Cureline Olga Potapova, Daniel DiCara, Juok Cho, Steve Schumacher, Chris Wakefield, A. Rose Brannon, Susan M. Benton, Tom Bodenheimer, J. Todd Auman, Brenda Rabeno, Sharon M. Gorski, Eric E. Snyder, Divya Kalra, Brenda Ayala, Jiashan Zhang, Zhang Wei, Kyle Ellrott, Zhining Wang, Stacey Gabriel, Dominik Stoll, Daniel L. Rubin, W. Kimryn Rathmell, Eric Chuah, David Mallery, Tanja Davidsen, David Cogdell, Anders Jacobsen, John A. Demchok, Robert C. Onofrio, Anna Chu, Piotr A. Mieczkowski, Zhiyong Ding, Erin Curley, Johanna Gardner, Robert Worrell, Hailei Zhang, Jennifer C. Fisher, Donna M. Muzny, Rajiv Dhir, Walker Hale, Ari B. Kahn, Sheila Fisher, Giovanni Ciriello, Ken Burnett, Marco A. Marra, Wiam Bshara, Anil V. Parwani, Joshua M. Stuart, Richard Varhol, Kristin G. Ardlie, Han Yi, Lisa R. Trevino, Roy Tarnuzzer, Michael S. Noble, Erin Pleasance, Jesse Walsh, Leigh B. Thorne, Andy Chu, Peter W. Laird, Andrew J. Mungall, Rashmi N. Sanbhadti, Mark Backus, David A. Wheeler, Bradley A. Ozenberger, Jodi K. Maranchie, William Mallard, Jared R. Slobodan, Christine Czerwinski, Jireh Santibanez, Andrew J. Stout, Donghui Tan, Laura S. Schmidt, Junyuan Wu, Jianjiong Gao, Daniel J. Weisenberger, D. Neil Hayes, Scott Frazer, Alan P. Hoyle, Konstantin V. Fedosenko, Rehan Akbani, Todd Pihl, Rahul Vegesna, Lynda Chin, Shelley Alonso, Jeffrey G. Reid, Donna Morton, Cathy D. Vocke, R. Houston Thompson, Christopher C. Benz, Kenna R. Mills Shaw, Liming Yang, Carmelo Gaudioso, Nianxiang Zhang, Caleb F. Davis, Carrie Hirst, Shi Yan, Michael L. Blute, Barry S. Taylor, Mathew G. Soloway, Nina Thiessen, Paul T. Spellman, Deepak Srinivasan, Yongjun Zhao, Boris Reva, Wang Min, Stuart R. Jefferys, Benjamin J. Raphael, Nicholas J. Petrelli, Arash Shafiei, Lora Lewis, Eric Jonasch, David I. Heiman, Scot Waring, Richard A. Moore, Eric S. Lander, Evan O. Paull, Hoon Kim, Janae V. Simons, Stephen B. Baylin, Gad Getz, Stanley Girshik, Victor E. Reuter, Benjamin Gross, Ethan Cerami, Andrew D. Cherniack, Christine I. Smith, Christina Yau, Michael D. Topal, Peter Waltman, Jeff Boyd, Rameen Beroukhim, Angela Tam, Yingchun Liu, Peter A. Kigonya, Miruna Balasundaram, Maria J. Merino, David Haussler, Dinh Huyen, Elizabeth Buda, Michael S. Lawrence, Lin Pei, Charles M. Perou, Timothy J. Triche, Jessica Walton, Greg Eley, Tiffany Ting Liu, Joseph Paulauskis, Matthew Meyerson, Marc Ladanyi, Jaegil Kim, Katherine A. Hoadley, Huang Mei, Ilya Shmulevich, Robin J.N. Coope, Mary Iacocca, Natasja Wye, Adrian Ally, Mark A. Rubin, A. Ari Hakimi, Lori Huelsenbeck-Dill, Steven J.M. Jones, James Peterson, Mark A. Jensen, Barbara Tabak, Andrey Sivachenko, Julie Bergsten, John Eckman, Inanc Birol, Rohini Raman, Nipun Kakkar, Christina Liquori, Rileen Sinha, Dennis T. Maglinte, Lichtenstein Lee, Haiyan I. Li, William G. Kaelin, Anna K. Unruh, Noreen Dhalla, Candace Shelton, Roel G.W. Verhaak, Christopher J. Ricketts, Carrie Sougnez, Harsha Doddapaneni, Mark S. Guyer, Robert Penny, Michael F. Berger, Margi Sheth, Darlene Lee, Dimitra Tsavachidou, Chad J. Creighton, Prachi Kothiyal, Scott L. Carter, Michael Mayo, Zhu Jing, Kenneth Aldape, Corbin D. Jones, Moiz S. Bootwalla, Payal Sipahimalani, Martin Hirst, Sean P. Barletta, Kristian Cibulskis, Jerome Myers, Matthew C. Nicholls, Yidi J. Turman, Julien Baboud, Jeff Gentry, Carl Morrison, Gordon Saksena, Troy Shelton, Swapna Mahurkar, Robert A. Holt, Robert Sfeir, Shen Hui, Suzanne S. Fei, Christopher G. Wood, Candace Carter, S. Onur Sumer, Pheroze Tamboli, Yiming Zhu, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Getz, Gad Asher, Voet, Douglas, Lin, Pei, Chin, Lynda, and Lander, Eric Steven
Subjects: DNA Mutational Analysis, GRB10 Adaptor Protein, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases, Epigenesis, Genetic, PBRM1, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, RNA, Neoplasm, BAP1, Genome, Multidisciplinary, Genomics, Chromatin, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, DNA methylation, Signal transduction, Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase, Carcinoma, Renal Cell, Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly, Citric Acid Cycle, DNA Methylation, Gene Expression Profiling, Genome, Human, Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase, Humans, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, MicroRNAs, Mutation, PTEN Phosphohydrolase, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Signal Transduction, Survival Analysis, Human, Biology, Article, Genetic, SETD2, microRNA, medicine, Neoplastic, Carcinoma, Renal Cell, medicine.disease, Clear cell renal cell carcinoma, Gene Expression Regulation, Cancer research, RNA, Neoplasm, Epigenesis
Abstract: Genetic changes underlying clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) include alterations in genes controlling cellular oxygen sensing (for example, VHL) and the maintenance of chromatin states (for example, PBRM1). We surveyed more than 400 tumours using different genomic platforms and identified 19 significantly mutated genes. The PI(3)K/AKT pathway was recurrently mutated, suggesting this pathway as a potential therapeutic target. Widespread DNA hypomethylation was associated with mutation of the H3K36 methyltransferase SETD2, and integrative analysis suggested that mutations involving the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex (PBRM1, ARID1A, SMARCA4) could have far-reaching effects on other pathways. Aggressive cancers demonstrated evidence of a metabolic shift, involving downregulation of genes involved in the TCA cycle, decreased AMPK and PTEN protein levels, upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway and the glutamine transporter genes, increased acetyl-CoA carboxylase protein, and altered promoter methylation of miR-21 (also known as MIR21) and GRB10. Remodelling cellular metabolism thus constitutes a recurrent pattern in ccRCC that correlates with tumour stage and severity and offers new views on the opportunities for disease treatment.
Published: 2013

47. The autophagy protein LC3A correlates with hypoxia and is a prognostic marker of patient survival in clear cell ovarian cancer

Author: Michael S. Anglesio, Sharon M. Gorski, Julian J. Lum, Jaeline E. Spowart, Katelin N. Townsend, Nathan R. West, Sima Eshragh, C. Blake Gilks, David G. Huntsman, Peter H. Watson, Jenna N Ries, Hassan Huwait, and Steve E. Kalloger
Subjects: Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Programmed cell death, Autophagy, Biology, Hypoxia (medical), medicine.disease, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Serous fluid, Internal medicine, Clear cell carcinoma, medicine, Clear-cell ovarian carcinoma, medicine.symptom, Ovarian cancer, Clear cell
Abstract: Clear cell ovarian cancer histotypes exhibit metabolic features associated with resistance to hypoxia and glucose deprivation-induced cell death. This metabolic characteristic suggests that clear cell ovarian cancers activate survival mechanisms not typical of other epithelial ovarian cancers. Here we demonstrate that microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3A (LC3A), a marker of autophagy, is related to hypoxia and poor prognosis in clear cell ovarian cancer. In 485 ovarian tumours, we found that LC3A was significantly associated with poor progression-free (p = 0.0232), disease-specific (p = 0.0011) and overall patient survival (p = 0.0013) in clear cell ovarian cancer patients, but not in other subtypes examined. LC3A was an independent prognostic marker of reduced disease-specific [hazard ratio (HR): 2.55 (95% CI 1.21-5.37); p = 0.014] and overall survival [HR: 1.95 (95% CI 1.00-3.77); p = 0.049] in patients with clear cell ovarian carcinoma. We also found a strong link between autophagy and hypoxia as LC3A staining revealed a significant positive association with the hypoxia-related proteins carbonic anhydrase-IX and HIF-1α. The functional link between hypoxia and autophagy was demonstrated using clear cell and high-grade serous cell lines that were subjected to hypoxia or hypoxia + glucose deprivation. Clear cell carcinoma lines displayed greater autophagy induction and were subsequently more sensitive to inhibition of autophagy under hypoxia compared to the high-grade serous lines. Together, our findings indicate that hypoxia-induced autophagy may be crucial to the clinical pathology of clear cell ovarian cancer and is a potential explanation for histological subtype differences in patient disease progression and outcomes.
Published: 2012

48. Identification of breast cancer cell subtypes sensitive to ATG4B inhibition

Author: Hugo M. Horlings, Sharon M. Gorski, Jennifer H.E. Baker, Chandra Lebovitz, Andrew I. Minchinton, Karen A. Gelmon, Samuel Leung, Wieslawa H. Dragowska, Marcel B. Bally, Courtney Choutka, Nancy Erro Go, and Svetlana Bortnik
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Gerontology, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, autophagy, Receptor, ErbB-2, Autophagy-Related Proteins, Breast Neoplasms, Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Breast cancer, breast cancer, Trastuzumab, Internal medicine, HER2, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, medicine, Animals, Humans, General hospital, skin and connective tissue diseases, neoplasms, Aged, Integrative Oncology, business.industry, Cancer, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, 3. Good health, ATG4B, Cysteine Endopeptidases, 030104 developmental biology, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Cancer cell, Heterografts, Female, Breast cancer cells, business, medicine.drug, Research Paper
Abstract: // Svetlana Bortnik 1, 2 , Courtney Choutka 1, 3 , Hugo M. Horlings 4, 5, 6 , Samuel Leung 4, 5 , Jennifer H. Baker 7 , Chandra Lebovitz 1, 3 , Wieslawa H. Dragowska 8 , Nancy E. Go 1 , Marcel B. Bally 8, 9, 10, 11 , Andrew I. Minchinton 7 , Karen A. Gelmon 12, 13 , Sharon M. Gorski 1, 2, 3, 14 1 The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada 2 Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 3 Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada 4 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 5 Vancouver General Hospital, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada 6 Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 7 Radiation Biology Unit - Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada 8 Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada 9 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 10 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 11 Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada 12 Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada 13 Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada 14 Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Correspondence to: Svetlana Bortnik, email: sbortnik@bcgsc.ca Keywords: breast cancer, autophagy, ATG4B, HER2, trastuzumab Received: March 20, 2016 Accepted: August 09, 2016 Published: August 19, 2016 ABSTRACT Autophagy, a lysosome-mediated degradation and recycling process, functions in advanced malignancies to promote cancer cell survival and contribute to cancer progression and drug resistance. While various autophagy inhibition strategies are under investigation for cancer treatment, corresponding patient selection criteria for these autophagy inhibitors need to be developed. Due to its central roles in the autophagy process, the cysteine protease ATG4B is one of the autophagy proteins being pursued as a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we investigated the expression of ATG4B in breast cancer, a heterogeneous disease comprised of several molecular subtypes. We examined a panel of breast cancer cell lines, xenograft tumors, and breast cancer patient specimens for the protein expression of ATG4B, and found a positive association between HER2 and ATG4B protein expression. We showed that HER2-positive cells, but not HER2-negative breast cancer cells, require ATG4B to survive under stress. In HER2-positive cells, cytoprotective autophagy was dependent on ATG4B under both starvation and HER2 inhibition conditions. Combined knockdown of ATG4B and HER2 by siRNA resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability, and the combination of ATG4B knockdown with trastuzumab resulted in a greater reduction in cell viability compared to trastuzumab treatment alone, in both trastuzumab-sensitive and -resistant HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells. Together these results demonstrate a novel association of ATG4B positive expression with HER2 positive breast cancers and indicate that this subtype is suitable for emerging ATG4B inhibition strategies.
Published: 2016

49. Erratum

Author: Sascha Martens, Masashi Narita, Rajkumar Cheluvappa, Kevin A. Roth, Ta Yuan Chang, Kartik Venkatachalam, Chang-Shen Lin, Sharon G. Adler, Flaminia Pavone, Dianwen Ju, Michelle A. Ozbun, Michael R. Duchen, Shu Feng Zhou, Wei-Guo Zhu, Aaron Di Antonio, Defeng Wu, Taixing Cui, Xu Guang Guo, Zhiping Xie, Lorena García Nannig, Eloy Bejarano, Stéphane D. Lemaire, Petro Starokadomskyy, Hyung Ryong Kim, Mario Pinar, Rebecca T. Marquez, Zvenyslava Husak, Anthony R. White, Joanna Poulton, Antonis S. Zervos, Shweta Sharma, Jochen Walter, Nicholas T. Ktistakis, Christopher H.K. Cheng, Sunhee Lee, Yuen Li Chung, Howard O. Fearnhead, Young J. Oh, Ivano Amelio, Guillermo A. Blanco, Jan Simak, Junfang Wu, Yingying Lu, Mary Kate McBrayer, Soo Han Bae, Ichizo Nishino, Hong-Ming Hu, Benjamin R. Underwood, Tomonori Kimura, Zexian Liu, Savithrama P. Dinesh-Kumar, Qian Yang, Andreas Kern, Hsing Jien Kung, Jan B. Parys, Cam Patterson, Celine Perier, Toshiro Okazaki, Daisuke Koya, Avinash Sonawane, Cédric Cleyrat, Robert I. Richards, Kai Y. Soo, Rodrigo Mora-Rodriguez, Gigi N.C. Chiu, Moon Moo Kim, Vladimir N. Uversky, Shengfang Ge, Matthew T. V. Chan, Irene Kyrmizi, Lara Gibellini, Ángela M. Valverde, Erik Norberg, Fan Zhang, Jan C. Koch, Alec C. Kimmelman, Jingfang Ju, Jie Bai, Lei Duan, Paulina Ordonez, Shuwen Liu, Wolfdieter Springer, Eric Deutsch, Elena Ortona, Jose M. Seguí-Simarro, Vinay Choubey, Leonidas Stefanis, Robert G. Hawley, Claudia Bincoletto, Xian-Hui He, Zhifen Yang, Thomas M. Durcan, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk, Kui Lin, Hongming Pan, Konstantinos Kambas, Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo, Marta Magariños, Yoshinori Takahashi, Adrienne M. Gorman, Philippe Gailly, Takahiko Akematsu, Justine D. Mintern, Liang Xu, Tetsuo Shioi, Luis M. Botana, Yule Liu, Yong Yeon Cho, Jinzhi Lei, Eung Kweon Kim, Alakananda Basu, Vikash Kumar Dubey, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano, Avital Eisenberg-Lerner, Chuan-Ming Xie, Wenjie Dai, Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre, Maria Condello, Zheng-Hong Qin, Zhi-Min Yuan, Catherine Andreadi, Anna Rita Migliaccio, Chong Liu, Michaël Boyer-Guittaut, Melanie Denizot, Esperanza Arias, Greet Van den Berghe, Guomei Tang, Timothy P. Devarenne, Xianyong Sheng, Louis R. Lapierre, J. Wade Harper, Zuzana Storchova, Aileen R. Ariosa, Sug Hyung Lee, Qi Zeng, Godefridus J. Peters, Daniela L. Papademetrio, Alexandre Arcaro, Zhiyuan Yao, Pablo Iribarren, Mario Chiariello, Maria Rosaria Torrisi, Parimal Karmakar, Yong Huang, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie, László Fésüs, Patricia Boya, Ruediger Rudolf, Leonor Miller-Fleming, Vasilis J. Promponas, Juan Segura-Aguilar, Paula Daza, Shiow Ju Lee, Songshu Meng, Paul K. Herman, Ludwig Eichinger, Ye-Guang Chen, Kay F. Macleod, Thomas Simmet, Cristina Corral-Ramos, Claudio Brancolini, Jun Ren, Ying Jiang, Benoît Derrien, Xiao Fang Yu, Qing Zhong, Zong Wan Mao, Xingcong Ren, Armando A. Genazzani, Marina Pierdominici, Sanbing Shen, Sandra Moreno, Hana Algül, Maurizio Renna, Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto, Ashok K. Saluja, Yasuo Uchiyama, Pope L. Moseley, Victor E. Dosenko, Chun-Feng Liu, Bakhos A. Tannous, Efthimios Sivridis, Baharia Mograbi, Michiko Shintani, Amanda S. Bess, Rodrigo Portes Ureshino, Avnika A. Ruparelia, Paul Hofman, Eric Chevet, Martha M. Monick, Hong Gang Wang, Daping Fan, Jorge Moscat, Giuseppe Matarese, Consiglia Pacelli, Young Seok Cho, Miriam Cnop, Stefan Böckler, Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Christina J. Sigurdson, Hang T.T. Nguyen, Aurélie François, Katarina Kågedal, Sam Gandy, Silvia Campello, Alain Bruhat, Filomena Fiorito, Hua Feng, Man Tian Mi, Gian Maria Fimia, Masaki Tanaka, Guofei Zhou, José L. Crespo, Heinz Jungbluth, Anna Chiara Nascimbeni, Arianne L. Theiss, Svetlana Dokudovskaya, Mar Lorente, Sergio Lavandero, Yu Xia Zhao, Fangming Lin, Yuchen Feng, Gad Galili, Silvia Cetrullo, Paula I. Moreira, Dhyan Chandra, Dimitrios J. Stravopodis, Roberta A. Gottlieb, Gregory A. Taylor, Longping Wen, Faqiang Li, Marco Sardiello, Umesh K. Jinwal, Francesca Belleudi, Lan Tan, Livia Di Renzo, Tamas Korcsmaros, Xinbing Sui, Douglas R. Green, Guillermo Mazzolini, Hervé Le Stunff, Kelly S. Doran, Mary E. Choi, Carlos S. Subauste, Natalia Rodriguez-Muela, Nicholas J. Talbot, Marta Palmieri, Sonia Hernández-Tiedra, Ligia C. Gomes, Irving M. Shapiro, Makoto Ubukata, Mario P. Tschan, Baris Bingol, Benjamin Loos, Terry Kwok, Luca M. Neri, Sreejayan Nair, Michele Wolfe Bianchi, Ralf Erdmann, Alexander Greenhough, Neeraj Vij, Jeong Hun Kim, Satoaki Matoba, Bo Liu, George R. Beck, Michael Moore, Vrajesh V. Parekh, Kyle A. Bauckman, Li-Lin Du, Mikihiro Fujiya, Yan G. Zhao, Renaud Legouis, Jiangwei Zhang, Kailiang Jia, Nadezda Apostolova, Sehamuddin Galadari, Khosrow Adeli, Ming Yong Zhang, Carmela Fusco, Angel Ortega, Anna Pensalfini, Zsuzsanna Szatmári, Marco Tafani, Isabella Ceccherini, Anne Hamacher-Brady, Kuen Jer Tsai, Anita C. Truttmann, Franco Fortunato, Keisuke Miyazawa, Chunhai Fan, Berge A. Minassian, Jian Zhang, Frank A. Anania, Heesun Cheong, Amal O. Amer, Ing Swie Goping, Won-Ki Huh, Anita Solhaug, Joan Cl ria, Laurent Le Cam, Seungmin Hwang, Karen L. Wright, Antonella De Matteis, Troy T. Rohn, Ivana Bjedov, Subbiah Pugazhenthi, Hal E. Broxmeyer, Xue Yuan Bai, Koenraad Norga, Minnie M. Sarwal, Daniel F. Schorderet, Ioannis P. Nezis, Mei Qing Wang, Jun Hee Lee, Yong J. Lee, David A. Tumbarello, Fernando Macian, Joern Dengjel, Dmitry V. Bulavin, Andrew J. Halayko, Ben Berkhout, Aseem Pandey, Santosh Kesari, Karin Przyklenk, Elena V. Tchetina, Matthew L. Albert, Laura Segatori, Joel N. Meyer, Mustapha Rouis, Éva Margittai, Ashish Jain, David Hahn, Thomas Vaccari, Lori R. Covey, Ghanshyam Swarup, Kuo Yang Huang, Gennaro Napolitano, Sam W. Lee, Seong Who Kim, Alberto Anel, Vladimir V. Rogov, Laura A. Carleton, Amine Belaid, Byoung Kuk Jang, Sheng-Han Kuo, Patricia L. Yeyati, Jae U. Jung, Teresa Zoladek, Sabrina Di Bartolomeo, Clémence Richetta, Peixin Yang, Daniela Trisciuoglio, Hye Seung Jung, Katsumi Higaki, Eui-Bae Jeung, Ivan Topisirovic, Isabella Caniggia, Susan E. Logue, Issidora S. Papassideri, Lynda A. Morrison, Caihong Wang, Graeme Sargent, Beth Levine, Mingxiang Ye, David M. Sabatini, Consuelo Amantini, Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso, Lawrence H. Boise, Patricia Silvia Romano, Sean T. Sweeney, Takayuki Tsukuba, Reinhard Dechant, Benoit Barbeau, Marta Martinez-Vicente, Kuo How Huang, Edésio José Tenório de Melo, Faustino Mollinedo, José M. Fuentes, Joaquín Jordán, Dong-Hyung Cho, Dexian Zheng, Jeroen J.M. Hoozemans, Zhong Chen, Waleska Kerllen Martins, Abraham Acevedo Arozena, Marcos P. Thomé, Gordon C. Shore, Fabienne C. Fiesel, Teng Jiang, Feng Han, Marc Poirot, Anne Sophie Nicot, Eileen White, Olivier Feron, Arthur I. Cederbaum, Wen Bin Qian, Yingjie Sun, Rejko Krüger, Shingo Kajimura, Jianzhen Xu, Shang Der Chen, Maximiliano G. Gutierrez, Zhengping Yu, Jiaren Sun, Utpal Sen, Giovanna Galliciotti, Hilde Nilsen, Benjamin T. Kopp, Benedikt Westermann, Inmaculada Galindo, Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen, Rubem F. S. Menna-Barreto, Guillermo Mariño, Andrea Ballabio, Izabela Poprawa, Yanjin Zhang, Clay F. Semenkovich, Martin E. Fernandez-Zapico, Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, Hongchi Jiang, Eugenia Morselli, Angelo A. Manfredi, Marianne Boes, Han-Jung Chae, Covadonga Alonso, Min Chen, Safia Costes, David Kessel, Rakesh Kumar, Yang Zhang, Reinhild Prange, Vassiliki E. Mpakou, Laura Santambrogio, Javier E. Irazoqui, Anna Skwarska, Junichi Sadoshima, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Michael I. Koukourakis, Norma Maugeri, Yuqing Wang, Pedro R. Cutillas, Jiqin Lian, Jiri Stulik, Takashi Ueno, Craig Montell, Rena Balzan, Meiyan Jin, Mara C. Duncan, Cathleen R. Carlin, Yasuo Yanagi, Maite G. Fernandez-Barrena, Yuyan Xiong, Martin Graef, Wei Yuan Yang, Renato V. Iozzo, Mark Screen, Patrick Brest, Haichao Wang, Ming Tan, Werner J. Kovacs, Weili Shen, Alessandro Fraldi, Paul Saftig, Alberto Faggioni, Krisna Prak, Christos E. Zois, Timothy E. Weaver, Marc Lecuit, Yu-Ying He, Michele Caraglia, Walter Balduini, M. Isabel G. Roncero, B. Schneider, Monika Cahova, Mathias Faure, Chihiro Sasakawa, Simon Michaeli, Sandy Giuliano, Dario C. Altieri, Eun-Kyeong Jo, Myung-Shik Lee, Carol Imbriano, John H. Brumell, Gustavo H. Goldman, Yan Wang, Junyan Shi, Quan Chen, Jayanta Debnath, Yonggeun Hong, Mohamed Amessou, Richard W. Wong, Robert E. Burke, Mauro De Santi, Trevor G. Shepherd, Anna Maria Joseph, Wouter G. van Doorn, Erkang Fei, Huey Lan Huang, F. Gisou van der Goot, Xinfeng Liu, Alexandru Almasan, Akiko Maeda, Yu Qiu, Yaohua Wu, Annie Sittler, Wen-Xing Ding, Wenhua Zhu, Hung-Jen Liu, Moisés Martínez-Velázquez, Jeffery S. Cox, Seung Yong Yoon, Concepcio Marin, Wilian A. Silveira, Fulvio Chiacchiera, W. Douglas Fairlie, Jian Xin Gao, Shuilong Leng, Nathan R. Brady, Josef M. Penninger, Puran Singh Sijwali, Florian Gruber, Tibor Vellai, Jiunn-Liang Ko, Laura Korhonen, Slimane Ait-Si-Ali, Hirokazu Arimoto, Alberto M. Martelli, Teresa L. M. Thurston, Chuanshan Xu, Kathrin Pallauf, Eduardo Couve, Shweta Saran, Lionel Blanc, Maylin Almonte-Beceril, Yong-Keun Jung, Lena Lavie, Junsoo Park, Camilla Palumbo, Claire H. Mitchell, Sophie Pattingre, Guillermo Velasco, Steve S.-L. Chen, Xiu-Fen Ming, Xin Qi, Vania Gelmetti, Nicolas Dupont, Soraya S. Smaili, Chinnaswamy Jagannath, Uta Dahmen, Daolin Tang, Rodrigo Franco, John H. Kehrl, Xiaonan Dong, Carsten Sachse, Jeff Kuret, Genzou Takemura, Supawadee Sukseree, Joëlle Botti, W. Haung Yu, Aurelia Lugea, Scott J. Bultman, Divaker Choubey, Frank A. Sinicrope, You-Wen He, Jian Wu, Yoshitaka Isaka, Geert Bultynck, Giuseppe Merla, Luigi Maiuri, Sonia Melino, Hannelore Maes, Daniele Lettieri Barbato, Ian G. Ganley, Zhihong Yang, Daniel Hofius, Kimberly McCall, Peiwen Chen, Istvan Lekli, Alicia Rosello, Eric Ghigo, Atsushi Kuno, Iman Tavassoly, Chris Albanese, Agustín Aranda, Salvatore Pepe, Hong Jiang, Henri Batoko, Giovanna Elvira Granato, Vincent Zecchini, Stephen E. Girardin, Maria T. Diaz-Meco, Philippe Marambaud, G. Amadoro, Sangeeta Khare, Christelle Koechlin-Ramonatxo, Emery H. Bresnick, Christian Behl, Mikio Nishimura, Julien Puyal, Wenjie Guo, Hsinyu Lee, Carolyn M. Sue, Derrick Gibbings, Alina Maloyan, Philippe Pierre, Serge N. Manié, Gerry Melino, Elizabeth A. Woodcock, Roberto Ciarcia, Liwen Jiang, Michael C. Kruer, Vladimir Trajkovic, Yunjiao Zhang, Nina Raben, Beata Pajak, Michael J. Ragusa, Riccardo Autelli, Kelly Jean Thomas, Suzana Gispert, Wei Li Zhao, Cheol Hyeon Kim, Pothana Saikumar, Arsenio Fernández-López, Juliano Machado, Valentina Iovane, Cai Ping Tan, Carmine Settembre, Neelam Azad, Yohta Shimada, Shivendra V. Singh, Hai Rao, Hirosato Mashima, Michael T. Stang, Yasuhito Sakuraba, Gemma Fabriàs, Tuck Wah Soong, Didac Carmona-Gutierrez, Ilse Vanhorebeek, F. Javier Oliver, Mondira Kundu, Alfonso Schiavi, Dan Lindholm, José L. Revuelta, Jason S. King, Susana Castro-Obregón, Paul Digard, Hua Zhu, Komal Raina, Yun Dai, Ruben K. Dagda, Nuria Martinez-Lopez, Andrea A. Gust, Lucia Notterpek, Robert Clarke, Manon E. Wildenberg, Mingzhou Chen, Leticia Reyes, Laura Berliocchi, John J. McMahon, Hongzhuan Chen, E.M. Nolte, Stefan W. Ryter, Fulvio Reggiori, Jiefei Geng, Michael A. Mandell, John H. Fingert, Holger Prokisch, Marina Jendrach, Søren R. Paludan, Elizabeth P. Henske, Ricardo Gargini, Wei-Xing Zong, Susmita Kaushik, Michael Overholtzer, Paul W. Sylvester, Daniel E. Voth, Canhua Huang, Andrea Boman, Gérard Lizard, Rut Valdor, Marc Flajolet, Graham S. Taylor, Nicola Di Daniele, Leonardo H. Travassos, Ying Yang, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Hasan Mukhtar, Yuhua Zhu, Noor Gammoh, Ignacio Vega-Naredo, Victoria Ryabovol, Sara W. Bird, Gang Min Hur, Qun-Ying Lei, Fan Yi, Laura Caberlotto, Maria F. Galindo, Bilal Piperdi, Leonidas C. Platanias, P. Hande Özdinler, Régis Delage-Mourroux, Julio Madrigal-Matute, Xu Liu, Nagio Takigawa, Aurora Pujol, Marta Margeta, Hee Jeong Kong, Christian Behrends, Michael Thumm, Shirley Luckhart, Emilio Clementi, John W. Steele, Liliana Schaefer, Philip L. Lorenzi, Chao-Yu Miao, She Min Lu, Jane E. Ishmael, Jin Hyoung Kim, V. Izzo, Yanming Wang, Balindiwe J.N. Sishi, Vincent Galy, Andras Perl, Shouqing Luo, Giovanni Vitale, Yongsheng Che, Rodrigo Troncoso, Liu Yang, Thomas J. Begley, Sebastien G. Bouret, Elizete Rizzo, James M. Piret, Junjun Wang, Herman P. Spaink, Thomas S. Jacques, Robin F. B. Turner, Young H. Lee, Eva Szegezdi, Daphne R. Goring, Manish K. Aghi, Rui Kang, Bart Staels, Midori Umekawa, Delia Goletti, Robert J. Bryson-Richardson, Ubaldo E. Martinez-Outschoorn, Luisa Dalla Valle, Giovanni Luca Gravina, Emad S. Alnemri, Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos, Konstantinos Ritis, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya, Alessandra Bolino, Xiaonan Zhao, Yoshihisa Watanabe, Christian Ungermann, Juan L. Iovanna, Katherine Williams, Ken Shirabe, Teresa S. Hawley, Sara Cherry, Ryuichiro Atarashi, Kozo Hamada, Seamus J. Martin, Shigeru Oshima, Mario Pende, Illana Gozes, Michel A. Duchosal, John J. Shacka, Shunhei Yamashina, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji, Richard L. Proia, Besim Ogretmen, Fang Hua, Koichi Araki, Charles Grose, Jia Luo, Helen K. W. Law, Charles Swanton, Liat Drucker, Guo Zhang, Zhizhuang J. Zhao, Anne K. Kenworthy, Javier A. Menendez, Gary Grant, Stig U. Andersen, Frank Lafont, Aparna Lakkaraju, Taijoon Chung, Leticia A.M. Carneiro, Monique Bernard, Gang Chen, Stephen W.G. Tait, Aimee L. Edinger, Jeffrey P. MacKeigan, Paul A. Ney, Mireia Niso-Santano, Valeria Crippa, Andreas S. Reichert, Isabelle Dugail, Jon D. Lane, Farida V. Minibayeva, Gianluca Tettamanti, Scott Pattison, Péter Lõrincz, Kamal Chowdhury, Ulrich E. Schaible, Maria Agnello, Paolo Pinton, Niels Jessen, Lei Guo, Kwang-Huei Lin, David N. Zacks, Ying Jan Wang, Simone Fulda, John J. Lemasters, Andrea Viale, Anna Maria Marconi, Valerie Askanas, Yoshitaka Nagai, François M. Vallette, Joan K. Heath, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Soo-Youl Kim, Günter U. Höglinger, Tamara Kravic-Stevovic, Iraide Alloza, Tiago F. Outeiro, Ana Serrano-Puebla, Elena A. Minina, Terrence M. Donohue, Ming Guo, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Abdel Halim Harrath, Ken Sato, Anne Elisabeth Theron, Usha P. Andley, Claudio Cardinali, Maija Pesonen, Penny E. Lovat, Chanhee Kang, Sabah N. A. Hussain, Lisa A. Brennan, Jose A. Tapia, Christoph Becker, Huixin Yu, Pei-Yu Wang, Bertrand Joseph, Zhen Yan, Georgia Minakaki, Ricardo Escalante, Ralph A. Nixon, Katsuhiko Asanuma, M. Helena Vasconcelos, David J. Reiner, Shengkan Jin, David Dávila, Theo Rein, Balakrishna L. Lokeshwar, Antonio Miranda-Vizuete, Carl Ward, Vito Turk, Frederick D. Quinn, Katja Köhler, Masaru Harada, Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia, Fraser P. Coxon, Paulo R. Jannig, Miguel A. Peñalva, Manjula Kalia, Marco Corazzari, Chunjuan Song, Xianghua Yan, Lilach Toker, Benjamin Pineda, Vanessa Ginet, Ye Xu, Chun Jung Chen, Roberto Towns, Amy A. Kiger, Rajagopal Ramesh, Maria Rita Rippo, Joseph A. Hill, Boris Zhivotovsky, Peter Speck, Ya Hua, Peter J. Roach, Fabio Penna, Kasper M.A. Rouschop, Jeng-Jer Shieh, Maria Angeles Mena, Mei Zhao, Sonia Rocha, Xin Wen, Sylvain Lefort, Michael Scharl, Ramnik J. Xavier, Alan Cheng, Marion Bouchecareilh, Stella Y. Lee, Maria Xilouri, Qi Chen, Claudia Spies, Pengfei Ge, Natascia Ventura, Luca Galluzzi, Yau Hung Chen, Jing Pu Zhang, Diego Albani, Dingzhong Tang, Nikolai Engedal, Stefania Meschini, Maria Lyngaas Torgersen, Shibu M. Poulose, Jean-Paul Decuypere, Ziheng Xu, Jocelyn Laporte, Thierry Arnould, Albert Haas, Ida J. van der Klei, Agustín Hernández, Dong Wook Shin, Per E. Stromhaug, Valentín Ceña, Ugo Pagnini, Karolina Pakos-Zebrucka, Blagovesta Popova, Lisa M Lindqvist, Sangita C. Sinha, Yuguang Shi, Zvonimir Marelja, Robin Candau, Xin Wang, Evelina Gatti, Olatz Pampliega, Michael P. Lisanti, Elena Tamagno, Mei Lan Tan, Gary Warnes, Zdena Palková, Shigeomi Shimizu, Ingo Schmitz, Tino Kurz, Soledad Matus, Gopal Chakrabarti, Joseph J.Y. Sung, Beáta G. Vértessy, Giuliana Cassinelli, Giovanni Benard, Yin Chen, Emma Colucci-Guyon, Craig Blackstone, Lizhi Cao, Sebastian Schuck, Qingqiu Gong, Theocharis Panaretakis, Jayoung Choi, Sven R. Carlsson, Libuše Váchová, Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang, Yang Liu, Zheng Dong, Qinghua Shi, Hélène Duez, Tiziana Bachetti, Axel H. Schönthal, Sumit Sahni, Bo Wang, Naomichi Matsumoto, Markus Rehm, Liliana Torosantucci, Toren Finkel, Yi Hsin Tseng, Hsiang Cheng Chi, Fang Lin, Tony George Jacob, Ju-Xian Song, Alessandro Fanzani, Marc Tatar, Paola Costelli, Rubén Gómez-Sánchez, Yunfei Wen, Juha J. Hulmi, Francesca V. Mariani, Min Zeng, Chiung Chyi Shen, Carine Michiels, Yan Burelle, Andreas L. Serra, Goran Petrovski, Kwang Woon Kim, Paula Ludovico, Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Yee Joo Tan, Luisa De Martino, Alvaro Glavic, Pierre Lapaquette, Edmund B. Rucker, Andreas Mayer, Shigeko Yamashiro, Scott K. Powers, Robert M. Gogal, Ebru Goncu, Yuichiro J. Suzuki, Anna Maria Giammarioli, Claudio Hetz, Eric H. Baehrecke, Cheryl L. Walker, Cinzia Lanzi, Deepti S. Wilkinson, Ralph Feuer, Long Yi, Virawudh Soontornniyomkij, Nektarios Tavernarakis, Nobuyuki Nukina, Elisabetta Ferraro, Thomas Wollert, Vassiliki Karantza, Simon Wilkinson, Yong Tae Kwon, Panagiotis D. Velentzas, Jong-In Park, Huu Phuc Nguyen, Miriam J. Schönenberger, Marcello Chieppa, Thomas A. Ferguson, Behzad Yeganeh, Saurabh Chatterjee, Anika Nagelkerke, Ju Hong Jeon, David W. Russ, Jeff W. Chen, Verónica I. Dumit, Chuangui Wang, Stephen C. Pak, Georgios Chamilos, Vijittra Leardkamolkarn, L. Ashley Cowart, Miguel A. Martín-Acebes, Andrea Cossarizza, László Orosz, X. Charlie Dong, Kei Watase, Yasuko Rikihisa, Santiago Rodríguez de Córdoba, Yu Jen Chen, Andrew P. Lieberman, Peter G.H. Clarke, Guylène Page, Babak Razani, Franziska Wild, Guang Zhou Zhou, Tsui-Fen Chou, Gen Sheng Wu, Daniel Johnson, Jiwu Wei, Rani Ojha, Marco Molinari, Manolis Fanto, Yongjun Jiang, Nadine Camougrand, Rong-Rong He, Ivan Dikic, Candece L. Gladson, Naoki Suzuki, Shiming Liu, Felipe X. Pimentel-Muiños, Alicia Meléndez, José Antonio Sánchez-Alcázar, Maho Hamasaki, Carmen Ruiz-Roldán, Hana Schmeisser, Margarita Villar, Vinod Sundaramoorthy, Maria Beatrice Morelli, Naweed I. Naqvi, Jochen Klucken, Nirmala Parajuli, Rodney J. Devenish, Mari L. Shinohara, J. Lindsay Whitton, Marie-Josée Boucher, Jeroen Roelofs, Xiao Hong Liu, Saverio Minucci, Germán Bou, Katie R. Martin, Hermann M. Schätzl, Suresh C. Tyagi, Shengzhou Wu, Michael T. Lotze, Albert R. La Spada, Channing J. Der, Gabriela Roca, Lucile Espert, Elisabeth Corcelle-Termeau, Zhenyu Yue, Sabine Hilfiker, Evripidis Gavathiotis, Truong Lam, Tobias M. Rasse, Kumaravel Somasundaram, Chih-Wen Shu, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Daniel T. Starczynowski, Oliver Florey, Vladimir Kirkin, Dan T. Vogl, Peter Vandenabeele, Allan Tsung, Renwick C. J. Dobson, Serge Mostowy, Nelly Godefroy, Maria Teresa Viscomi, Young Ho Koh, Caroline Mauvezin, Keiji Tanaka, Juan Fueyo, Lih-Shen Chin, Jingjing Cai, Laura D. Osellame, Maurizio Battino, Małgorzata Gajewska, Maria I. Vaccaro, Darius J.R. Lane, Yuji Ogura, Ian G. Mills, Gil Leibowitz, Joan Villarroya, Yu-Chen Hu, Maria Teresa Batista, Vojo Deretic, Manoj B. Menon, Zhenyi Ma, Dawit A. P. Gonçalves, Iban Seiliez, Enzo Emanuele, Ho Shin Gwak, Arnim Pause, Francesca Palladino, Cristiano Simone, Angelica M. Merlot, Peng Wang, Liang Ge, Kenneth Maiese, Ken Cadwell, Sally S. Atherton, Deepak Shukla, Thomas Neill, Jean-François Beaulieu, Barry Jutten, Cristina P.R. Xavier, James Murray, Tatsuya Saitoh, Roberto Chiarelli, Benedetto Grimaldi, Antonio Giordano, Yanjun Kou, Cathy Tournier, Romana T. Netea-Maier, Rui Li, Jason L. Eriksen, Colin D. Weekes, Esther Barreiro, Denis Mottet, Derek P. Narendra, Karl Swärd, Stephanie E. Wohlgemuth, Gary A. Silverman, Yukitoshi Nagahara, Mark J. Walker, Roland Malli, Diane M. Ward, Ling Hua Meng, John D. MacMicking, Cinzia Fabrizi, Marco Tucci, Tomasz M. Stepkowski, Wannian Yang, Yi Zhen Deng, Daret K. St. Clair, Darren J. Moore, Michael Lee, Katia Aquilano, Norbert Frey, Tibor Kovács, Ru Jeng Teng, Federico Pietrocola, Alfredo Criollo, Nadia Jaber, Walter T. Klimecki, Xiaohong Zhuang, Beata Sikorska, Inmaculada Tasset-Cuevas, Iwona A. Ciechomska, Robert C. Dickson, Haruo Kanno, Hua She, Xiaolei Xu, Maria Laura Avantaggiati, Isei Tanida, Jun Li, Diego Pérez-Rodríguez, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Viktor I. Korolchuk, Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti, Simone Nardin Weis, Thorsten Nürnberger, Guanghui Wang, Luigi Puglielli, Valina L. Dawson, Santosh Chauhan, Carole Kretz-Remy, Po-Yuan Ke, Haijun Bao, Patrícia Sampaio Tavares Veras, Sharad Kumar, Guo-Qiang Chen, Congfeng Xu, Annie M. Joubert, Diego L. Medina, Andrea Hamann, Christian Münz, Hongchuan Jin, Zhen Chen, Cristina López-Vicario, Seung Il Choi, Ivanka Markovic, Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski, Lei Jin, Yonghyun Kim, Michael J. Clague, James D. Johnson, Areti Pantazopoulou, Mohamed Al-Rubeai, Si Chen, Anne Spang, Matteo Bordi, Xiaowei Wang, Stefanie Pöggeler, Terrence M. Donohue-Jr, Aldrin V. Gomes, Jawahar L. Mehta, Yuuki Fujiwara, Mihai G. Netea, Ezra E.W. Cohen, Yunfei Huang, Do Hyung Kim, Guido Lenz, Qian Cai, Chenran Wang, Anna Katharina Simon, Barbara Del Bello, Robert Layfield, Taehoon Chun, Margit Burmeister, Wei Liu, Peter D. Adams, C. K.James Shen, Iva Slaninová, Kathleen W. Scotto, Erinna F. Lee, Mireille Verdier, Fernando J. Peña, Nicola Brunetti-Pierri, Eun-Kyoung Choi, Aleksandra Isakovic, Ju-Hyun Lee, Swapan K. Ray, Ming Chang Hu, Stephen Baghdiguian, Davide Cervia, Brent R. Stockwell, Maurizio Sorice, Andreas Till, Victor M. Darley-Usmar, Horng-Dar Wang, Ken H. Young, Yibin Feng, Néstor L. Uzcátegui, Andreja Erman, Manuela Antonioli, Alicia Torriglia, Michael D. Kim, Kazuyuki Kuchitsu, Fabio Di Domenico, Claudia Giampietri, Fuyong Song, Kevin E. Behrns, Craig Stevens, A. 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Kumar, Deok Ryong Kim, Jianjie Ma, Sang Won Suh, Guido Kroemer, Klára Megyeri, Michael N. Sack, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Gilles Pagès, Gabriella Marfe, Gregg L. Semenza, Karine G. Le Roch, Marisa Brini, Marina Bouché, Oliver Kepp, Vinay V. Eapen, J. David Beckham, Stephan T. Stern, Xudong Zhang, Marcello Pinti, Xiangnan Zhang, Jae Keun Lee, Ana Coto-Montes, Assaf Rudich, Laura D. Attardi, Debabrata Ghosh, Philip Rosenstiel, Sébastien Besteiro, Maria Rosa Sarrias, R. Andres Floto, Xiao Ming Yin, Nicholas W. Lukacs, Hermann Pavenstädt, Matias Simons, Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Sandro Alves, Krisztina Takács-Vellai, Masato Koike, Debasish Sinha, Shoji Notomi, Faraj Terro, Maria Carmela Roccheri, Santiago Ambrosio, K. Ulrich Bayer, Yumin Li, Terje Johansen, Christian Kuhn, Yee Shin Lin, David C. Rubinsztein, Ziwei Qu, Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov, Emmanuel T. Akporiaye, Galila Agam, Hui Ling Chiang, Seung-Jae Lee, Yu Xue, Francesca Giampieri, Markus Damme, Tassula Proikas-Cezanne, Tianwei Lin, Marc Kantorow, Guang-Chao Chen, Qiangrong Liang, Claudia Manzoni, Joan S. Steffan, Emilio Boada-Romero, Damien Freyssenet, Sepp D. Kohlwein, Maria D. Barrachina, Yulin Liao, Jiankang Chen, Erika Isono, Hugo Seca, Mei Wang, Taras Y. Nazarko, Yannick Bailly, Nadya V. Koshkina, Tapas K. Maiti, Bärbel Rohrer, Karin Nowikovsky, James H. Hurley, Gerald W. Dorn, Nils C. Gassen, Kazuhiro Nagata, Eiki Kominami, A. Ivana Scovassi, Ana Maria Cuervo, Adi Kimchi, Minghua Yang, Sylviane Muller, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions [Nagoya, Japan], Nagoya University-Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences [Nagoya, Japan], Facultad de Quimica [Santiago], Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Institute of Cancer Sciences [Glasgow, UK] (CR-UK Beatson Institute), University of Glasgow, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Université Catholique de Louvain, Harvard University Statistics Department, Harvard University [Cambridge], Centre épigénétique et destin cellulaire (EDC (UMR_7216)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Immunobiologie des Cellules dendritiques, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University-Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University)-Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University), Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos [Buenos Aires] (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Medicina [Buenos Aires], Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA), Thérapie génique, Génomique et Epigénomique (U 1169), Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Department of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, University of Camerino, MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides (U1162), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de médecine moléculaire de Rangueil (I2MR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-IFR150-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Università della Calabria [Arcavacata di Rende] (Unical), Department of Molecular Genetics [Rehovot, Israël], Weizmann Institute of Science, Fondation Universitaire Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Département Advanced Research And Techniques For Multidimensional Imaging Systems (ARTEMIS), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom SudParis (TSP), USC Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California (USC), Centre méditérannéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Giannina Gaslini Institute, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School [Worcester] (UMASS), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (IMAU), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Indian Institute of Science [Bangalore] (IISc Bangalore), Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Département des Sciences Biologiques [Montréal], Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute E. Medea, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Univ Ancona, Politecn Marche, University of Toronto, Munich Cluster for systems neurology [Munich] (SyNergy), Technische Universität München [München] (TUM)-Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (IRCAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome]-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Physiopathologie du système nerveux central - Institut François Magendie, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-IFR8-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire d'Hémato-Cancérologie Expérimentale, CRP-Santé, Dpt of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies [Genova], NeuroEngineering & bio-arTificial Synergic SystemS Laboratory [Genova] (NetS3 Lab), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)-Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Laboratoire de biogenèse membranaire (LBM), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de résonance magnétique biologique et médicale (CRMBM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Régulation de l'expression génétique (REG), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamique des interactions membranaires normales et pathologiques (DIMNP), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine [CA, USA], Institut de Myologie, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Association française contre les myopathies (AFM-Téléthon)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston], San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy, Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergeta'-Clinical and Behavioral Neurology - Neuroscienze e riabilitazione, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia [Roma]-Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Glycobiologie et signalisation cellulaire, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, Mécanismes moléculaires de l'angiogénèse, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Florida [Gainesville], Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer (JPArc - U1172 Inserm), Université Lille Nord de France (COMUE)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Université Lille 2 - Faculté de Médecine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Interactions hôte-greffon-tumeur, ingénierie cellulaire et génique - UFC (UMR INSERM 1098) (HOTE GREFFON), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-France-Comté] (EFS [Bourgogne-France-Comté])-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Infection bactérienne, inflammation, et carcinogenèse digestive, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universita degli Studi di Padova, University of British Columbia (UBC), University of Edinburgh, Unité de Nutrition Humaine - Clermont Auvergne (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University [Istanbul], Department of Biological Sciences [Stanford], Stanford University [Stanford], Université de Montréal (UdeM), Department of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System-Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI), Department of Computer Science [Tsukuba], Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering [Tsukuba], University of Tsukuba-University of Tsukuba, Institut de biochimie et génétique cellulaires (IBGC), University of Western Ontario (UWO), Genetics, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme (DMEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Naples Federico II, Lund University [Lund], Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University Graz, (IMB), Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Polytechnic University of Marche, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Quimicas y Ambientales de Barcelona, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Physiopathologie et thérapie du muscle strié, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IFR14-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The Buck Institute for Age Research, University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Gaslini, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology [Birmingham], Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Modélisation et Simulation Numérique en Mécanique et Génie des Procédés (MSNMGP), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Queensland [Brisbane], Dept of Mathematics, Purdue University, Purdue University [West Lafayette], Virologie et Pathologie Humaine (VirPath), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Zhejiang University, Équipe Micro et nanosystèmes HyperFréquences Fluidiques (LAAS-MH2F), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Southern University of Science and Technology of China (SUSTech), OASE, National University of Tainan, Taiwan (OASE), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), Weifang Bureau of Land Resources [Weifang], Department of cardiology [Guy's and St. Thomas ' hospitals] [London], Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London]-Guy's Hospital [London], University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], CRLCC Eugène Marquis (CRLCC), Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University [Atlanta, GA], Korea University, Cytokines et Immunologie des Tumeurs Humaines (U753), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Pharmacology [Tartu, Estonie], Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine [Tartu, Estonie], University of Tartu-University of Tartu, Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie - Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry [Göttingen], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Pittsburgh (PITT), Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), University of Cincinnati (UC), Réponses immunes : régulation et développement, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Experimental Medicine, Oxford University, University of Oxford [Oxford], Division of regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health [Baltimore], Johns Hopkins University (JHU)-Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP]-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE), Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNV, University of Valparaiso, Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Cell Signalling & Proteomics Group [Londres, Royayme-Uni], Barts Cancer Institute [Londres, Royayme-Uni], Queen Mary University of London (QMUL)-Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery [Jena], Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas at Austin, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte - Clermont Auvergne (M2iSH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne (CRNH d'Auvergne), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Neurogenetics Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro [Rio de Janeiro] (UFRJ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Molecular and Cellular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives [Bordeaux] (IMN), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies-LifeNet, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Groupe de Recherche en Immunopathologies et maladies infectueuses (GRI), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre hospitalier Félix-Guyon [Saint-Denis, La Réunion], Brunel University London [Uxbridge], Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Institution de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Radiothérapie moléculaire (UMR 1030), Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Universidad de Córdoba [Cordoba], Institut Pasteur, Fondation Cenci Bolognetti - Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Institut Bergonié - Département de médecine, Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Centre régional de lutte contre le cancer [CRLCC], Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL), Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète (EGID), Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, du Métabolisme et de la Nutrition = Institute of cardiometabolism and nutrition (ICAN), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP]-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de signalisation moléculaire et neurodégénerescence, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-IFR37-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie (IECB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire, Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, Hematology-Oncology Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia]-University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], University of Pavia, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas [San Martín] (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), University of Helsinki, School of Physics and Astronomy [Exeter], University of Exeter, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry (CSIC), Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, Laboratory of Vascular Pathology (IDI-IRCCS), Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Peking University [Beijing], MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, University of Brescia, Immunobiologie fondamentale et clinique, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-IFR128-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CIC régional épidémiologie clinique/essais cliniques - Ile de la Réunion (CIC-EC), University of Rome 'Tor Vergeta', Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo], Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dulbecco Telethon Institute/Department of Biology, Istituto Nazionale di Malattie Infettive 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' (INMI), Rockefeller University [New York], The Babraham Institute, Kansas State University, McGill University, Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique [Rouen], CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité (LIBM ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Department of Medicine [New York], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), ATOS Origin, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences-Tohoku University [Sendai], Goethe-University, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Institute of physiological chemistry, Hannover Medical School [Hannover] (MHH), Department of Physiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Apoptose, cancer et immunité (U848), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (LBD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Institute of Experimental Immunology - IEI [Zürich, Switzerland], Université de Zurich [Switzerland], Digital Enterprise Research Institute (DERI-NUIG), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Cell Death Research and Therapy Unit [Leuven, Belgium] ( Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Signaling in Oncogenesis, Angiogenesis and Permeability - SOAP (CRCINA - Département ONCO - Equipe 15), Centre de recherche de Cancérologie et d'Immunologie / Nantes - Angers (CRCINA), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Department of Medicine [San Francisco], University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California-University of California, Fondazione Santa Lucia [IRCCS], Clinical and Behavioral Neurology [IRCCS Santa Lucia], Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, N.A., Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, University of Chile [Santiago], Université de Montpellier (UM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto [São Paulo], Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM - U896 Inserm - UM1), CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology [Okazaki], Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Universidad de Sevilla-Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, The Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Pharmacology and biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Lettres, Idées, Savoir (LIS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, China Seismological Bureau, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center [Waltham], Brandeis University, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM - UM 111 (UMR 8253 / U1151)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), ORIENT ET MÉDITERRANÉE : Textes, Archéologie, Histoire (OM), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), David Geffen School of Medicine [Los Angeles], University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, aDepartment of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Philipps University of Marburg, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Renal Division, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, Rural Health Academic Centre, University of Melbourne-Rural Clinical School, Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita [Modena, Italy], Stress Cellulaire, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology [Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA], Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Departamento de Bioquimica Clinica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina, Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Mathematics and Computing in Automatic Control and Optimization for the User (MIAOU), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Biology, UCL-Institute of Child Health (ICH), Institute of Child Health-Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children [London] (GOSH), Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado [Boulder], Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Joslin Diabetes Center, Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Metabolic Engineering Group, Departamento de Microbiologia y Genetica, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Summit Analytical, CALRG, Institute of Educational Technology, Institute for Neurologic Disabilities Research, Faculty of Health Sciences-University of Pretoria [South Africa], Department of Paediatric Neurology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital [London]-Evelina Children's Hospital, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles [UMR_A1280] (PhAN), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Nantes (UN), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harward Medical School, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute [Faridabad] (THSTI), Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, School of Reliability and Systems Engineering [Beijing], Beihang University, Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology [Charlottesville, VA, USA] (School of Medicine), University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Apoptose, cancer et immunité (Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le cancer - CRC - Inserm U1138), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC (UMR_S_1138 / U1138)), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), School of Electrical Engineering [Seoul] (Korea University), Department of Mathematics and Statistics [Guelph], University of Guelph, Department of Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics [Stanford, CA, États-Unis], Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arizona Respiratory Center, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, ToxAlim (ToxAlim), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Newcastle University [Newcastle], JRC Institute for Transuranium Elements [Karlsruhe] (ITU ), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Karlsruhe] (JRC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center [Dallas], Centre de génétique et de physiologie moléculaire et cellulaire (CGPhiMC), Laboratory of Functional Neurogenomics [Tuebingen, Germany], University of Tuebingen-Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research [Tuebingen, Germany], Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Indian School of Mines, Department of Computer Science [UIUC] (UIUC), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL) - U1019 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse, Institut de génétique et biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FONDAP Center CEMC Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA (UMR_8251 / U1133)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur [CHU Necker], CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Chungnam National Univesity School of Medicine, Taejon, Korea, Chungnam National Univesity School of Medicine, Micro & Nanobiotechnologies, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de génétique moléculaire (CGM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Applied Mathematics, Tsinghua University [Beijing], University of Connecticut School of Medicine, University of Connecticut (UCONN), Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes (LBMCE), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Microenvironnement et Physiopathologie de la Differenciation, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Beatson institute for cancer research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institute of Computing Technology [Beijing] (ICT), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), School of Electronics and Computer Science (ECS), University of Southampton, Third Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Cognitive Interaction Technology [Bielefeld] (CITEC), Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University, Procédés, Matériaux et Energie Solaire (PROMES), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Pharmacy- University of Coimbra, National Neuroscience Institute, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology (LMVI), Institut Pasteur de Shanghai, Académie des Sciences de Chine - Chinese Academy of Sciences (IPS-CAS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Coll Life Sci, Beijing Normal University, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Department of Molecular Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine-George Mason University [Fairfax], Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburg, Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST), Hunan University of Science and Technology [Xiangtan], Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Génie Mécanique (LGCGM), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), China Agricultural University (CAU), Acad Disaster Reduct and Emergency Management, Minist Civil Affairs, Minist Educ, Beijing, Peoples R China, affiliation inconnue, Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites & Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM), École des Mines de Douai (Mines Douai EMD), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Laboratoire d'Informatique Gaspard-Monge (ligm), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-ESIEE Paris-Fédération de Recherche Bézout-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LBMC), Université de Bourgogne (UB), Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR), Emory University [Atlanta, GA]-Medical College of Wisconsin, Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Illman Cancer Center, Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE)-Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho [Braga], Équipe Calcul Distribué et Asynchronisme (LAAS-CDA), University of California [Riverside] (UCR), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Laboratory of Systems Biology, Van Andel Institute [Grand Rapids], Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, National Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Oregon Health and Science University [Portland] (OHSU), Dendrite Differenciation Group [DZNE - Bonn], German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Equipe 12, Génétique moléculaire, signalisation et cancer (GMSC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Medical Center [Utrecht], Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer [Barcelona, Spain] (Hospital Clinic ), Department of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Fisiopatologia de los procesos inflamatorios, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University, Transduction du signal et oncogénèse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Curie, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam] (AMC), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA)-University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Department of medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), IDI-IRCCS Biochemistry Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance/Metabolism & Cancer Group [Catalonia, Spain] (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona), Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NOVA), Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, CNR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids), Universidad de Sevilla, Immunité muqueuse et vaccination, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR50-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), DIMS, University of Trento [Trento], Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine [Madrid, Spain], Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy [Madrid, Spain], Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) -Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3HD, UK, Centre d'Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dpt. of Cancer & Cell Biology, Interactions Bactéries-Cellules (UIBC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Max planck Institute for Biology of Ageing [Cologne], Euromov (EuroMov), Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology [Glasgow, UK], University of Glasgow- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation [Glasgow, UK], Immunologie et chimie thérapeutiques (ICT), Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 1599, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EA 4100, Histoire culturelle et sociale de l'art (HiCSA), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing (Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing), Swinburne University of Technology [Melbourne], Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences [Vancouver, BC, Canada] (Life Sciences Institute), University of British Columbia (UBC)-Life Sciences Institute [Vancouver, BC, Canada], School of Pharmacy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Dept. Neurosciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Radiation Physics, School of Life Science, Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Doshisha University, National Cancer Research Center [Tokyo, Japan], University of Washington [Seattle], Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration [Göttingen, Germany], University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Cibles moléculaires et thérapeutiques de la maladie d'Alzheimer (CIMoTHeMA), Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires (LPMA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), BioCeV-Institute of Microbiology, Médecine Personnalisée, Pharmacogénomique, Optimisation Thérapeutique (MEPPOT - U1147), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Istituto di chimica biologica, Università degli Studi di Verona, Département Image et Traitement Information (ITI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Università degli Studi di Firenze [Firenze], Cell Immunity in Cancer, Inflammation and infection Group [Zaragoza, Spain] (Biomedical Research Center), Nanoscience Institute of Aragon - INA [Zaragoza, Spain]-Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo - ARAID [Zaragoza, Spain]-University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Department of Pediatrics, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Transfert de Genes a Visee Therapeutique Dans les Cellules Souches, Developpement Normal et Pathologique du Système Immunitaire, Signalisation et physiopathologie des cellules épithéliales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH), Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-Sede Sur, Centre de recherche Croissance et signalisation (UMR_S 845), College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Laboratory of Cardiac Surgical Research, Monash University [Clayton], Universidade do Minho, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group (CIBERNED), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Barcelona, Department of medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA, State University of New York (SUNY), National University of Singapore (NUS)-Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine-Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, McGill University Health Center [Montreal] (MUHC), National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Transporteurs en Imagerie et Radiothérapie en Oncologie (TIRO - UMR E4320), Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot (SHFJ), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-UMR E4320 (TIRO-MATOs), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms, Georg-August-University [Göttingen]-Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Sterol metabolism and therapeutic innovations in oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, CRLCC Institut Claudius Regaud-CRLCC Institut Claudius Regaud-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Señalización Celular 4, Institute of integrative biology (Liverpool), University of Liverpool, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [Bethesda], Department of Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Biophysics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Shenyang Institute of Automation, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIA), Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Dipartimento di Biologia, Mechanics laboratory , UniversityAmar Telidji, 3000 Laghouat, Algéria., Mechanics laboratory , University Amar Telidji, sans affiliation, Service d'hépatologie [Hôpital Beaujon], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Chaperones Research Group, Institute of Biosciences and Technology [Houston, TX, États-Unis] (IBT), Texas A&M Health Science Center [Houston, TX, États-Unis] (TAMHSC), Texas A&M University Health Science Center-Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Cibles thérapeutiques, formulation et expertise pré-clinique du médicament (CITHEFOR), Université de Lorraine (UL), Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche [Ancona] (UNIVPM), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology [Indianapolis, IN, USA], Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University System-Indiana University System, Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, CESAM & Biology Department, Universidade de Aveiro, Celullar and Molecular Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Apoptose et Système Immunitaire (ASI), Vieillissement Cellulaire Intégré et Inflammation (VCII), Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement = Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mathematical Sciences [Aalborg], Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Biozentrum, University of Basel (Unibas), Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory [Grenoble] (EMBL), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide [Sevilla] (UPO), Department of Neurosciences, Agronomes et Vétérinaires Sans Frontières (AVSF), AVSF, Department of Mathematics [Gakushuin], Gakushuin University, Department of Internal Medicine [Münster, Germany], University of Münster, Neurogenetics laboratory, University Medicine Goettingen, Institut de biologie structurale (IBS - UMR 5075), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Uruguay, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération (LBCMCP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institute for Conservation & Improvement of Valentian Agrodiversity (COMAV), Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), ICBM, University of Chile [Santiago]-Faculty of Medicine, Nutrition, Métabolisme, Aquaculture (NuMéA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Department of Cell Biology, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Baylor University, University of Minnesota Medical School, Beijing Candid soft Technology Co. Ltd, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery [Maebashi, Japan], Gunma University Graduate Schoolof Medicine [Maebashi, Japan], Department of Molecular Genetics [Maastricht, The Netherlands], Maastricht University [The Netherlands], Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IMAGINE - U1163), Wilmer Eye Institute, Mayo Clinic and Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polska Akademia Nauk (PAN)-Sciences, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering [Waterloo] (ECE), University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center [Houston], University of Minho, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory (FML), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin / Charite - University Medicine Berlin, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Brescia University, Department of Physiological Chemistry [Bochum], Ruhr-Universität Bochum [Bochum], University of Oslo (UiO), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix (FUNDP), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Association française contre les myopathies (AFM-Téléthon)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université Lille 2 - Faculté de Médecine -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Lille Nord de France (COMUE)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang [Bourgogne-France-Comté] (EFS [Bourgogne-France-Comté])-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-IFR50-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institut Bergonié [Bordeaux], UNICANCER, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Trafic membranaire et Division cellulaire - Membrane Traffic and Cell Division, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique [CHU Rouen], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Signaling in Oncogenesis, Angiogenesis and Permeability (CRCINA-ÉQUIPE 15), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes-Angers (CRCINA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Angers (UA), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Centro de Investigacion Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISC), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-CRLCC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution)), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children [London] (GOSH)-Institute of Child Health, Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan (INPT - EI Purpan), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL) - INSERM U1019 - UMR 9017 (CIIL), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse - Nuclear Organization and Oncogenesis, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de biologie physico-chimique (IBPC (FR_550)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing Normal University (BNU), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Bézout-ESIEE Paris-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon], Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University of Lisboa (NOVA), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Doshisha University [Kyoto], Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze], University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza]-Nanoscience Institute of Aragon - INA [Zaragoza, Spain]-Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo - ARAID [Zaragoza, Spain], Central China Normal University [Wuhan, China], Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-UMR E4320 (TIRO-MATOs), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Claudius Regaud, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut de biologie structurale [1992-2019] (IBS - UMR 5075 [1992-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Facultad de Medicina [Buenos Aires], Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille, George Mason University [Fairfax]-Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation [Glasgow, UK]-University of Glasgow, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-CHU Rouen, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Settore BIO/06, biology, Cell Biology, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, biology.organism_classification, Cell biology, Interpretation (model theory), 03 medical and health sciences, Arama, 030104 developmental biology, Molecular Biology, Humanities, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Author(s): Klionsky, DJ; Abdelmohsen, K; Abe, A; Abedin, MJ; Abeliovich, H; Arozena, AA; Adachi, H; Adams, CM; Adams, PD; Adeli, K; Adhihetty, PJ; Adler, SG; Agam, G; Agarwal, R; Aghi, MK; Agnello, M; Agostinis, P; Aguilar, PV; Aguirre-Ghiso, J; Airoldi, EM; Ait-Si-Ali, S; Akematsu, T; Akporiaye, ET; Al-Rubeai, M; Albaiceta, GM; Albanese, C; Albani, D; Albert, ML; Aldudo, J; Algul, H; Alirezaei, M; Alloza, I; Almasan, A; Almonte-Beceril, M; Alnemri, ES; Alonso, C; Altan-Bonnet, N; Altieri, DC; Alvarez, S; Alvarez-Erviti, L; Alves, S; Amadoro, G; Amano, A; Amantini, C; Ambrosio, S; Amelio, I; Amer, AO; Amessou, M; Amon, A; An, Z; Anania, FA; Andersen, SU; Andley, UP; Andreadi, CK; Andrieu-Abadie, N; Anel, A; Ann, DK; Anoopkumar-Dukie, S; Antonioli, M; Aoki, H; Apostolova, N; Aquila, S; Aquilano, K; Araki, K; Arama, E; Aranda, A; Araya, J; Arcaro, A; Arias, E; Arimoto, H; Ariosa, AR; Armstrong, JL; Arnould, T; Arsov, I; Asanuma, K; Askanas, V; Asselin, E; Atarashi, R; Atherton, SS; Atkin, JD; Attardi, LD; Auberger, P; Auburger, G; Aurelian, L; Autelli, R
Published: 2016

50. Autophagy

Author: Robert N. Young, Svetlana Bortnik, Mario A. Jardon, Xiaoyan Jiang, Lubomir Vezenkov, Sharon M. Gorski, Julian J. Lum, and Katharina Rothe
Subjects: Selective autophagy, Chaperone-mediated autophagy, Drug discovery, Multiple forms, Immunology, Autophagy, Molecular targets, Context (language use), Cell Biology, Biology, Molecular Biology, Neuroscience, Cancer treatment
Abstract: Multidisciplinary approaches are increasingly being used to elucidate the role of autophagy in health and disease and to harness it for therapeutic purposes. The broad range of topics included in the program of the Vancouver Autophagy Symposium (VAS) 2013 illustrated this multidisciplinarity: structural biology of Atg proteins, mechanisms of selective autophagy, in silico drug design targeting ATG proteins, strategies for drug screening, autophagy-metabolism interplay, and therapeutic approaches to modulate autophagy. VAS 2013 took place at the British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, and was hosted by the CIHR Team in Investigating Autophagy Proteins as Molecular Targets for Cancer Treatment. The program was designed as a day of research exchanges, featuring two invited keynote speakers, internationally recognized for their groundbreaking contributions in autophagy, Dr Ana Maria Cuervo (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY) and Dr Jayanta Debnath (University of California, San Francisco). By bringing together international and local experts in cell biology, drug discovery, and clinical translation, the symposium facilitated rich interdisciplinary discussions focused on multiple forms of autophagy and their regulation and modulation in the context of cancer.
Published: 2013

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