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Background: Motorcyclist’s behavior plays an important role in increasing the mortality rate caused by traffic crash. Identifying the risky behaviors of motorcycle riders is essential to maintain and improve the health of motorcycle riders and other community members. The aim of this study was to determine the riding patterns and risky riding behaviors of motorcycle riders in Bukan as a marginal small-sized Kurdish populated district in North-West of Iran and investigating some predictors of it. Methods: In this cross-sectional, 340 motorcycle riders of Bukan were studied. By referring to city health center and preparing the city map, the entire city was divided into 14 clusters based on the areas covered by the health centers. Then, 7 clusters were randomly selected out of these 14 clusters. Motorcycle riding behavior questionnaire (MRBQ) was used to study the risky behaviors of motorcycle riders while riding. Both bivariate and multivariate regression analysis methods were used to study the associations. Results: All participants were male. Their mean age was 30.2 (SD=9.1). The most common risky behaviors possessed by at least 23% of motorcycle riders included 1) inappropriate control of motorcycle when turning, 2) taking another person without helmet by motorcycle, 3) riding without helmet, 4) taking more than one person by motorcycle, 5) exceeding the permissible speed outer city, 6) exceeding the permissible speed inside the city and 7) carrying heavy load by motorcycle. Mean normalized MRBQ score was 30.5 (SD=11.2). Based on multivariate analysis, age, lacking a riding license, riding experience and average amount of riding were the independent predictors of risky riding score. Conclusions: Among the predictive factors that led to high risk behaviors in the studied motorcyclists were low age, marital status, low driving experience, low education, non-use of safety equipment lack of certification. This can be done by increasing drivers' awareness of laws and regulations and promoting the culture of traffic safety to prevent high-risk behaviors in motorcyclists in order to prevent possible injuries.

Background and Objective: Adherence to antihypertension medications is an important factor in the control of hypertension. In this regard, the present study aimed to estimate the extent of medication adherence in hypertensive patients and its determinants in the special clinic of Seyed-al Shohada Cardiovascular Tertiary Hospital in Urmia, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 650 hypertensive patients were investigated during October to December 2016. In this study, two questionnaires were used to collect the data. The first questionnaire included the demographic and clinical characteristics, smoking status, family history of hypertension, and blood pressure measurements. The eight-item Morisky medication adherence scale was used to measure the extent of medication adherence of the participants. Moreover, the Chi-square test and logistic regression model were employed to identify the determinants of medication adherence. Results: Mean value of the participant age was reported as 59.5±10.4 years, and 63.5% of the subjects were female. Overall, 48%, 30.8%, and 21.2% of the subjects were reported with complete, moderate, and poor adherence, respectively. Among the investigated determinants, age (OR=1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.05), occupational status (OR=1.83, 95% CI: 1.19-2.83), absence of adverse effects of the drugs (OR=1.83, 95% CI: 1.02-2.71), use of two drugs (OR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.12-2.74), use of three drugs and more (OR=2.25, 95% CI: 1.30-3.88), and history of angioplasty (OR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.19-2.71) were associated with good adherence (i.e., complete and moderate) in this study. Only 39.4% of all participants had controlled level of hypertension. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the patients with hypertension had good medication adherence. The determinants effective in medication adherence outlined in this study can help identify patients with low extent of adherence.

Introduction: Humans manifest a behavioral inclination towards more utility of one side of the body, in relation with the dominant hemisphere of the brain. The current investigation assessed handedness together with chewing preference which have not been evaluated in various food textures before. Methods: Nineteen young and healthy volunteers chewed hard (walnut) and soft (cake) foods, during surface electromyography recording from masseter muscles. The side of the first and all chews in the two food types were determined and compared with the side of the dominant hand. Results: Results indicated the two lateralities in the same side considerably (60%-70%), implying the solidarity in the control of the dominant hemisphere of the brain. The unilaterality was more prominent in the assessment of all chews in hard food, with higher statistical agreement and correlation. Conclusion: Thereupon masticatory preference is found with probable origins in the dominant hemisphere of the brain.

sBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between adult ADHD screening scores and hospitalization due to pedestrian injuries in a sample of Iranian pedestrians.MethodsThrough a case-control study, a case population of 177 pedestrians injured by the vehicles in road traffic crashes were compared with 177 controls who lacked a record of intentional or unintentional injuries enrolled from various wards of Imam Reza University Hospital which is a specialty teaching hospital located in the same city with similar referral level. The cases and controls had an age range of 18–65 years and were matched on gender and age. ADHD symptom profile was assessed using the Persian Self-report Screening Version of the Conner’s Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS-S:SV). The association of ADHD screening score and pedestrian injuries was investigated using multiple binary logistic regression to investigate the independent effect of ADHD index score on belonging to case group. Both crude and adjusted odds ratios were reported.ResultsMen comprised 86.4% of the study subjects. The crude odds ratios for all the four ADHD subscales to be associated with pedestrian injuries were 1.05, 1.08, and 1.04 for the subscales A (attention deficit), B (hyperactivity/impulsiveness) and ADHD index respectively. However, the association for subscale A was not statistically significant with a borderlinep-value. The final multivariate analysis showed that variables associated with pedestrian injuries in the road traffic crashes were ADHD Index score (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.12); economic status (including household income and expenditure capacity); educational level and total walking time per 24 h.ConclusionsAdult ADHD screening score can predict pedestrian injuries leading to hospitalization independently from sex, age, economic status, educational level and pedestrian exposure to traffic environment (average walking time).

Introduction: End-stage renal disease (ESRD( is an increasing problem in the world. Kidney transplant is considered as preferred therapeutic method for ESRD. Options for organ transplantation include living related donor (LRD), living unrelated donor (LURD) and cadaveric donor. Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of type of donor on graft and survival rate of patients. Patients and Methods: This study was cross-sectional, which used Meier method to calculate the patient survival rate. Additionally log-rank test was applied to compare the survival curves; analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare continuous variables and χ2 test was used to compare the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19 and P values less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean duration of follow-up in LRD, LURD and cadaveric recipients were 60.37±34.2, 79.17±33 and 61.17±34 months respectively. Five-year survival, in LRD was 100 months, in LURD recipients was 87±0.01 months, and in cadaveric recipients was 91±0.03 months. The mean survival of graft in LRD, LURD and cadaveric recipients were 115.5±3.1, 103.27±1.2 and 102.15±4.5 months, respectively. Log-rank test showed a significant difference between graft survival in recipients (P=0.038). Conclusion: The results showed that LRD is one of the factors affecting graft survival. Hence, graft survival rate showed high length among patients who their graft was from LRD compared to LURD and cadaveric.

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infection following kidney transplant surgery. Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of UTI after transplant on patients and graft survival rate. Patients and Methods: This study was cross-sectional and the data collected retrospectively. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival rate of patients and log-rank test was applied to compare the survival curves. Cox regression model was applied for modeling the factors affecting survival rate. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 19. The level of significance considered less than 0.05. Results: The mean duration of follow-up in infected and non-infected patients following kidney transplantation surgery were 53.78±24.5 months and 67±40.8 months, respectively. Ten-year survival rate in infected by UTI and in non-infected by UTI were 78±0.03% and 89±0.02%, respectively. Also, 10-year graft survival rate in infected patients and in noninfected patients were 71±0.03% and 88±0.02%, respectively. Log-rank test showed a significant difference between infected and non-infected patients regarding graft survival rate (P

Background: Motorcycling is one of the main causes of injury, and motorcyclists are vulnerable to road traffic injuries. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults is presumably one of the determinants of road traffic injuries and motorcyclists’ risky behavior. Despite the few studies on the relationship between motorcycle injuries and adult ADHD, their association has not been investigated using standardized instruments. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between motorcyclists’ adult ADHD and risky riding behaviors. Methods: This community-based, cross-sectional study was performed on 340 motorcyclists in Bukan city, west Azerbaijan province, Iran in 2015 and 2016 using a cluster-random sampling in seven areas of the city. According to the city map used by Bukan’s Health Centers, the city was divided into 14 clusters. Then, seven clusters (out of 14) were selected randomly. To reach the anticipated sample size, the data were collected from these seven clusters. In this study, the data collection instruments were: standard Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ), Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) questionnaire and a checklist designed by the researchers. The Stata 13 software package was used to analyze the collected data. Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression were performed to study the linear relationship between ADHD screening and MRBQ scores. Results: All 340 participants were male and the mean age was 30.2 years (SD=9.1). In addition, 22.1% of motor cyclists had a history of motorcycle crash. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between risky riding behaviors and age, motorcycling records, and mean of riding hours per day (P-valueless than 0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed the correlation between ADHD and risky riding behaviors in all subscales (A, B, D) (pless than 0.05). Conclusions: Those with a high ADHD screening score are more likely to have risky riding behaviors.

Background: The number of patients with overweight and obesity requiring renal transplant in the past 2 decades increased considerably. Objectives: The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of body mass index (BMI) on graft and patients survival rate. Design: In the current retrospective, cross sectional study, transplant recipients were divided into 3 groups based on their BMI: group 1 (BMI 25 kg/m2). Kaplan-Meier formula was used to calculate the patient survival rate, log-rank test to compare the survival curves, analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare continuous variables, and the Chi-square test to compare the classified data. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 19. P values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The 5-year follow-up on patients’ survival rate in groups 1, 2, and 3 was 91% ± 0.03%, 91% ± 0.01%, and 80 ± 0.03%, respectively. Also, the 5-year graft survival rate in groups 1, 2, and 3 was 90% ± 0.02%, 85% ± 0.02%, and 76 ± 0.03%, respectively. There were significant differences between BMI status and gender of the recipients (P value = 0.003) and those of the donors (P value = 0.003), type of kidney in donors (P value = 0.001), type of dialysis in recipient (P value = 0.001), history of type 2 diabetes mellitus in recipient (P value = 0.001), recipient age (P value = 0.001), duration of hospitalization (P = 0.026), cholesterol levels after 1 year (P value = 0.001), and BMI status of the recipient. Conclusions: The results also indicated that the graft survival rate of the recipients was not statistically different in terms of BMI; thus, the results suggested that to allow of counting in patients included overweight and obesity kidney transplantation as appropriate action treatment.

Studies of risk factors for acute leukaemia are inconclusive. This case-control study was done in West Azerbaijan province, Islamic Republic of Iran, to determine the relationship between birth weight and acute leukaemia in children aged under 15 years. For every patient 2 age- and sex-matched controls were selected from hospital and community populations. Of 130 cases diagnosed over the period 2003-2009, 108 (83.1%) had lymphoblastic and 22 (16.9%) myloblastic type. Significantly more of them were male than female (55.4% versus 44.6%). In a multivariate logistic regression model variables significantly associated with acute leukaemia were: birth weight (OR = 2.25), birth order (OR = 2.25), birth place (OR = 7.93), history of chickenpox (OR = 0.46) and mothers' education (OR = 3.23). The risk of acute leukaemia increased significantly with increasing birth weight in the total group and among girls, but not among boys.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to curtail the full version of instrument by 50% (short version) and 25% (ultra-short version) of its original size (22 items) and evaluate the reliability and validity of both versions. Methods: The experts’ comments were used to make short and ultra-short versions. The two versions were evaluated by use of indicators related to reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) and diagnostic validity, diagnosis of marginal areas from central areas using ROC curve analysis, among 1600 households. Also, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot were used in order to assess agreement between full and shortened versions. Results: The short and ultra-short versions were included 10 items and 6 items, respectively. Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.83 and 0.65 for short version and ultra-short version respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient and the coefficient of agreement were desirable and acceptable for both versions (p

Introduction: To determine the health-related strengths, resources, and needs of a given community, it is necessary to obtain complete and correct information about its healthcare system and the people’s health problems. In this study, we identified and prioritized the health-related problems of the highly disadvantaged Dizaj-e Siavosh community of Urmia, Iran.Materials and Methods: This study was based on the so-called North Carolina Model. In this eight-step model, a community’s health-related problems are identified in the first seven stages. In the eighth stage, an operational plan is developed with the goal of addressing, prioritizing, and solving the identified problems.Results: In this study, 10 different problems were identified, including improper removal of sewage and garbage; involuntary marriage of girls, especially at an early age; the large number of poor households; the lack of continuing education for girls after elementary school; keeping pets without observing principles of health; lack of respect for a 3-year child-bearing interval; a generally poor socioeconomic situation; unemployment; widespread substance abuse; and low level of education for men. These problems were prioritized respectively.Conclusion: Most problems identified in this study were associated with people’s lack of knowledge about health-related issues, which is rooted in low social, cultural, and economic status.

In this study, it was determined whether the IL-10 -1082, IFN-gamma +874, and TNF-alpha -308 polymorphisms were associated with suicidal behavior. One hundred forty five patients with suicidal behavior and 160 normal individuals were genotyped for IL-10 -1082, IFN-gamma +874, and TNF-alpha -308 polymorphisms using ASO-PCR method. TNF-alpha -308 G/G genotype has been increased in males with completed suicide behavior versus control group (p value = 0.017). IL-10 -1082 A/A genotype is higher in both male and female suicide completed groups (p value = 0.017). IFN-gamma (+874) A/A genotype was significantly higher in males with completed suicide behavior versus normal male control (p value = 0.027). It can be concluded that IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha polymorphisms may play a role in suicidal behavior.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of endogenous opioids in local sublethal hyperthermia-induced protection against burn injury. Second-degree burn wounds were induced on the back of Balb/c mice. Progression of burn injury and expression of heat shock protein (HSP)-70 were evaluated after 24 h. Both inhibition of HSP synthesis and blocking opioid receptors before applying local sublethal hyperthermia decreased the protective effects of sublethal hyperthermia against the progression of burn injury. Blocking opioid receptors attenuated induction of HSP-70 by sublethal hyperthermia.

Introduction: Genetic polymorphisms in codons 10 of the transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) gene TGFB1 have been shown to be associated with the production of high or low TGF-β1 levels. The role of this polymorphism in the development of prostate cancer and hyperplasia was investigated. Subjects and Methods: Using the allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction method, the association between the polymorphism at codon 10 of the TGFB1 gene and the risk of prostate cancer (PCa) or benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) was determined. Results: Significant differences in the CC versus TT genotype distribution between PCa patients and male controls (p = 0.009), and between BPH patients and male controls (p = 0.005) were noted. Males with the TT genotype had a 1.67-fold increased risk of PCa and those with the TC/TT genotype had a 1.14-fold increased risk of PCa; males with the TT genotype had a 1.54-fold increased risk of BPH and those a with the TT/TC genotype had a 1.06-fold increased risk of BPH compared with those with the CC genotype. Conclusions: Based on our findings, it was possible to conclude that the codon 10 polymorphism in TGFB1 may have a significant influence on the development of PCa and BPH and that the T allele of the TGFB1 gene has a dominant effect on the development of PCa and BPH.

Background: Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder that has a great impact on people’s lives. Patients with epilepsy are at increased risk for poor Quality of Life (QoL). The objective of this study was to evaluate the QoL of epileptic patients in comparison to healthy persons. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 52 epileptic patients from Golbu region in Neyshabur (a city in northeast of Iran). Using Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scale, the data were collected between April and Jun 2012. Every patient were compared with two healthy persons. Epileptic and healthy persons were similar for age, sex and local residence. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and t-independent test applied for data analysis through SPSS v. 16 software. Results: Of 52 epileptic patients, 24 were female (46.2%) and 28 were male (53.8%). The mean±SD age of epileptic patients was 40.92±20.33yr (Rang: 15-86yr). The total mean score of SF- 36 in patient group was 55.88 and in healthy group 68.52and this difference was statistically significant (p

Purpose: To begin to manage a serious health problem like AIDS, it is crucial that we know the size of the subpopulation related to the problem. In this study we used Network scale-up method (NSUM), an indirect method of size estimation of hard-to-reach subpopulation, to estimate most at risk population (MARPs) of Tabriz. Methods: Having adapted a purposive sampling, we interviewed 500 people of target population. To estimate the size of social network (C), we used known population method through collecting data of 29 known sub-groups. To estimate most at-risk populations, we applied frequency approach of NSUM. Adjustments were done to correct common errors of this method. Results: Among groups at risk due to sexual contact, the greatest frequency was related to clients of female sex workers (CFSWs) with 831 out of 100000 of men’s population (95% CI: 649, 1055), then female sex workers (FSWs) with 709 out of 100000 of women’s population (95% CI: 512, 930). Among groups at risk due to drug use, the biggest frequency belonged to alcoholic substance users with 1136 out of 100000 of total population (95% CI: 955, 1332). After that, it included opium users, crystal users and injecting drug users (IDUs), respectively. Conclusion: Although the estimated number of MARPs in Tabriz is less than other areas, it is necessary to perform preventive programs like harm reduction programs to reduce transmission of AIDS.

Preferred chewing side is a still controversial matter and various methods used have yielded some inconsistencies. The aim of this study is to compare the preference determined in different conditions. Nineteen healthy subjects were offered hard (walnut) and soft (cake) foods, while the electromyography was recorded from their masseter muscles, in 2009 in the Research Center of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Four occurrences were determined as the side of the first chews/all chews in the two food types, and then analyzed for correlations and agreements. For hard food 73.68% and for soft food 57.89% of the subjects showed preference. The comparison of all chews showed a highly significant preference towards the right side in both food types (p=0.000 & 0.003). There was both correlation and agreement between the first chew preferences in both food types, and an agreement between the first and all chew preferences in the hard food. Therefore, there seems to exist some laterality in mastication, which is more explicit when using hard food and assessing all chews.

Leukemia is the most common cancer in children, accounting for near to half of all childhood cancers. Different risk factors might be effective in the occurrence of this cancer such as parental characteristics. This study was done in West Azarbaijan Province in order to determine the relation between parental characteristics and acute leukemia in children.This matched case-control study was conducted on children less than 15 years affected by acute leukemia from March 20, 2003 to March 20, 2009. Two control groups were selected, one from hospital and the other from the study population. Cases and controls were matched on age and sex. Logistic regression model was used for data analysis.This study was done on 130 patients, 108 (83.1%) were affected by Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and 22 (16.9%) by Acute Myeloblastic Leuke-mia. Seventy two of the patients were male (55.4%) and 58 were female (44.6%). There was a statistically significant correlation between acute leuke-mia and variables such as mother's education [OR=4.2, 95% CI: 2.42, 7.34], mother's history of using Oral Contraceptive Pills [OR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.82] and parental relationship [OR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.30, 3.23].It seems that some parental characteristics have an important role in etiology of childhood leukemia.

Introduction Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of the quality of care and service delivery in the emergency department (ED). The objective of this study was to evaluate patient satisfaction with the Emergency Department of Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Methods This study was carried out for 1 week during all shifts. Trained researchers used the standard Press Ganey questionnaire. Patients were asked to complete the questionnaire prior to discharge. The study questionnaire included 30 questions based on a Likert scale. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used throughout data analysis in a number of ways using SPSS version 13. Results Five hundred patients who attended our ED were included in this study. The highest satisfaction rates were observed in the terms of physicians' communication with patients (82.5%), security guards' courtesy (78.3%) and nurses' communication with patients (78%). The average waiting time for the first visit to a physician was 24 min 15 s. The overall satisfaction rate was dependent on the mean waiting time. The mean waiting time for a low rate of satisfaction was 47 min 11 s with a confidence interval of (19.31, 74.51), and for very good level of satisfaction it was 14 min 57 s with a (10.58, 18.57) confidence interval. Approximately 63% of the patients rated their general satisfaction with the emergency setting as good or very good. On the whole, the patient satisfaction rate at the lowest level was 7.7 with a confidence interval of (5.1, 10.4), and at the low level it was 5.8% with a confidence interval of (3.7, 7.9). The rate of satisfaction for the mediocre level was 23.3 with a confidence interval of (19.1, 27.5); for the high level of satisfaction it was 28.3 with a confidence interval of (22.9, 32.8), and for the very high level of satisfaction, this rate was 32.9% with a confidence interval of (28.4, 37.4). Conclusion The study findings indicated the need for evidence-based interventions in emergency care services in areas such as medical care, nursing care, courtesy of staff, physical comfort and waiting time. Efforts should focus on shortening waiting intervals and improving patients' perceptions about waiting in the ED, and also improving the overall cleanliness of the emergency room.

This retrospective study aimed to address whether or to what extent spatial and non-spatial factors with a focus on a healthcare delivery system would influence successful tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes in Urmia, Iran. In this cross-sectional study, data of 452 new TB cases were extracted from Urmia TB Management Center during a 5-year period. Using the Geographical Information System (GIS), health centers and study subjects’ locations were geocoded on digital maps. To identify the statistically significant geographical clusters, Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) index was used. Logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the association of spatial and non-spatial variables on the occurrence of adverse treatment outcomes. The spatial clusters of TB cases were concentrated in older, impoverished and outskirts areas. Although there was a tendency toward higher odds of adverse treatment outcomes among urban TB cases, this finding after adjusting for distance from a given TB healthcare center did not reach statistically significant. This article highlights effects of spatial and non-spatial determinants on the TB adverse treatment outcomes, particularly in what way the policies of healthcare services are made. Accordingly, non-spatial determinants in terms of low socio-economic factors need more attention by public health policy makers, and then more focus should be placed on the health delivery system, in particular men’s health.

OBJECTIVES Antibiotic exposure in children is a possible contributor to the increasing asthma prevalence in several countries. The present study aimed to investigate the association between antibiotic exposure and the risk of developing childhood asthma at 2-8 years of age. METHODS A case-control study was undertaken among children aged 2-8 years old between March and September 2010 in the Urmia district in the northwest of Iran. The cases were doctor-diagnosed asthmatic children based on Global Initiative for Asthma criteria (n=207), and the controls were children without respiratory symptoms (n=400) selected by frequency matching by age and gender. Clinical data including antibiotic exposure was collected by a validated and reliable questionnaire, which was completed by interviewing parents/guardians. RESULTS Antibiotic consumption during the first year of life increased the odds ratio [OR] of asthma symptoms at 2-8 years of age (crude OR, 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-3.35; p

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in the world that is mostly due to vascular disease. Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most lethal form of coronary heart disease Which is increasing in developing countries. This study was done to calculate and compare lost years of life due to death and disability for the most important cause of death (myocardial infarction) in the studied population. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Urmia university of Medical Sciences in Western Azerbaijan Province, Iran during 2012 to 2013. Confirmation of the occurrence of myocardial Infarction in hospitalized patients was based on clinical symptoms, changes in electrocardiogram and increases of cardiac enzymes (CK-M Band Troponin). The burden of health from Myocardial Infarction was calculated- using the disability adjusted life years index (DALY). The morbidity data of MI was collected from myocardial infarction Registration System Department of Health, and mortality data were extracted based on death registration ICD10 (I 20-25). Results: The total occurrence of MI was 7235 patients (60.6% men and 39.4% women) with the mean ages of 69±15 years. Number of disability adjusted life years (DALY) caused by MI was 53804 years (17.7 per thousand people) and the portion of early death Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to premature death was 52170 years (17.1 per thousand people), and Years of Life Lost (YLD) due to disability resulting from the disease was 1634 years (0.54 per thousand people). The disease burden in men was more than in women, and the greatest burden was in the age group of 80 and above in both sexes. Prevalence rate of the MI was estimated 376 (Per hundred thousand people) and the MI accounted for 18.8% of all causes of death. Conclusion: The high burden of myocardial infarction, especially in men, raises the incidence of Myocardial Infarction a health priority and the need for proper planning in order to take effective measures for the prevention and treatment.

Background The occurrence of occupational lung diseases is decreasing due to improvements in occupational health in recent years; however, silicosis and its complications remain important occupational health problems. We have studied the role of emphysema and bullae as predictive factors of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax in acute and accelerated silicosis. Methods This study was carried out using questionnaire items on occupational history and conventional computed tomography of lungs. Differences between two groups (silicosis with and without secondary spontaneous pneumothorax) in terms of age, interval of exposure-diagnosis and therefore silica exposure duration were assessed by independent t-test. Fisher's exact test was used to determine the association between secondary spontaneous pneumothorax and both emphysema and bullae. Results We found a significant association between secondary spontaneous pneumothorax and bullae in acute and accelerated silicosis. Conclusion Pneumothorax in silicosis could be attributed to previous bullae.