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There is limited research on the role of lifestyle in people living with HIV (PLWH). This study investigated the health-promoting lifestyle among PLWH in Kermanshah-Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 321 PLWH patients referred to the Kermanshah Behavioral Diseases counseling Center between 2017 and 2018. Patients were selected using the convenience sampling method. Data was collected using a standard health promotion lifestyle profile (HPLP-II) questionnaire. Regression and T-tests were used in SPSS 21 and Stata software to analyze the data. The mean age of patients was 41.07 ± 9.14 years. The mean HPLP score of patients in stress management had the lowest mean score (19.44 ± 4.22), and health responsibility had the highest mean score (22.22 ± 4.57). Comparisons between women and men also showed that women had a lower mean score than men in stress management. In addition, significant differences in their HPLP were observed only in the area of physical activity. The final model had significant influence on the PLWH ( P

The k-clique problem is identifying the largest complete subgraph of size k on a network, and it has many applications in Social Network Analysis (SNA), coding theory, geometry, etc. Due to the NP-Complete nature of the problem, the meta-heuristic approaches have raised the interest of the researchers and some algorithms are developed. In this paper, a new algorithm based on the Bat optimization approach is developed for finding the maximum k-clique on a social network to increase the convergence speed and evaluation criteria such as Precision, Recall, and F1-score. The proposed algorithm is simulated in Matlab® software over Dolphin social network and DIMACS dataset for k = 3, 4, 5. The computational results show that the convergence speed on the former dataset is increased in comparison with the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) approaches. Besides, the evaluation criteria are also modified on the latter dataset and the F1-score is obtained as 100% for k = 5.

Inappropriate distribution of health centres can increase inequities in health care. A geographic information system (GIS) is a useful tool to help plan, monitor and evaluate health systems by analysing and visualizing geospatial data.This study aimed to propose an optimal model for establishing new health centres in the city of Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran using GIS.In this descriptive analytical study, the number and location of health centres and people's access to them across Kermanshah were evaluated using the GIS system, ArcGIS 10.3, for the years 1997, 2007 and 2012. To determine the best locations for establishing health centres, five principles were considered: access, distance, service delivery radius, proximity to areas of compatible and incompatible land-use, and population density.In spite of an increase in the number of health centres in Kermanshah between 1997 and 2012, the population without access to such centres also increased, and this varied by age group. Based on the final map of all the land in Kermanshah, 6% of the land was considered unsuitable or very unsuitable, 16% medium suitability, and 78% good or very good for the location of health centres in Kermanshah city.The spatial distribution of health centres (in terms of the radius of access) and compatibility of the land-use were not properly considered over the 15-year period. To provide health coverage for the current population in the city of Kermanshah, 13 new health centres are needed in suitable locations.استخدام نظام المعلومات الجغرافية لتحديد عدد المراكز الصحية الجديدة وموقعها في مدينة كرمنشاه، جمهورية إيران الإسلامية.سُهيلا رشادات، شهرام سعيدي، علي رضا زنجنه.يمكن أن يؤدي توزيع المراكز الصحية بصورة غير ملائمة إلى زيادة أوجه عدم الإنصاف في الرعاية الصحية. ويُعتبر نظام المعلومات الجغرافية من الأدوات المفيدة التي تساعد في تخطيط النُّظم الصحية، ورصدها، وتقييمها من خلال تحليل البيانات الجغرافية والمكانية وتصويرها بيانياً.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى اقتراح نموذج أمثل لإنشاء المراكز الصحية الجديدة باستخدام نظام المعلومات الجغرافية في مدينة كرمنشاه، جمهورية إيران الإسلامية.في هذه الدراسة التحليلية الوصفية، تم تقييم عدد المراكز الصحية وموقعها وإمكانية وصول الناس إليها في جميع أنحاء كرمنشاه، وذلك باستخدام نظام المعلومات الجغرافية، 10.3 ArcGIS، خلال السنوات 1997، و2007، و2012. وقد أُخذ بعين الاعتبار المبادئ الخمسة التالية لتحديد أفضل المواقع التي يمكن إنشاء المراكز الصحية بها، ألا وهي: إمكانية الوصول إليها، والمسافة، ومحيط تقديم الخدمات، ومدى قربها من مواقع الاستخدام المتوافق أو غير المتوافق للأراضي، والكثافة السكانية.على الرغم من زيادة عدد المراكز الصحية في مدينة كرمنشاه في الفترة بين عامي 1997 و2012، إلا أن عدد السكان الذين لا يستطيعون الوصول إلى هذه المراكز قد زاد أيضاً، ولكن بنسب متباينة حسب الفئة العُمرية. واستناداً إلى الخريطة النهائية لجميع الأراضي في كرمنشاه لتحديد المواقع التي تصلح للمراكز الصحية في المدينة، تبين أن 6٪ من الأراضي تُعتبر غير ملائمة أو غير ملائمة على الإطلاق، و16٪ منها ملائمة بدرجة متوسطة، بينما 78٪ ملائمة بدرجة جيدة أو جيدة جداً.لم يُدرَس جيداً التوزيع المكاني للمراكز الصحية (من حيث محيط الإتاحة، وإمكانية الوصول إليها) ومدى توافق استخدام الأراضي طوال فترة 15 عاماً (فترة الدراسة). ولتوفير التغطية الصحية لسكان مدينة كرمنشاه حالياً، يجب إنشاء 13 مركزاً صحياً جديداً في مواقع ملائمة.Utilisation d’un système d’information géographique pour déterminer le nombre de nouveaux centres de santé nécessaires dans la ville de Kermanshah, ainsi que leur emplacement (République islamique d’Iran).Une répartition inappropriée des centres de santé peut aggraver les inégalités en matière de soins de santé. Un système d’information géographique (SIG) est un outil intéressant qui permet de planifier, de surveiller et d’évaluer les systèmes de santé en analysant et en visualisant des données géospatiales.La présente étude visait à proposer un modèle optimal pour la création de nouveaux centres de santé dans la ville de Kermanshah (République islamique d’Iran) au moyen d’un SIG.Dans cette étude analytique descriptive, le nombre de centres de santé, leur emplacement et l’accès de la population à ces centres dans l’ensemble de la ville de Kermanshah ont été évalués à l’aide du système d’information géographique ArcGIS 10.3, pour les années 1997, 2007 et 2012. Afin de déterminer les meilleurs emplacements pour établir des centres de santé, cinq principes ont été pris en compte : l’accès, la distance, la portée des services fournis, la proximité de zones d’aménagement compatibles et incompatibles et la densité de population.Malgré l’augmentation du nombre de centres de santé à Kermanshah dans la période comprise entre 1997 et 2012, la population n’ayant pas accès à ces centres s’est également accrue, et ce de manière variable selon les groupes d’âge. Sur la version finale du plan de l’ensemble des terrains de Kermanshah, 6 % des terrains ont été jugés inadaptés ou très inadaptés, 16 % moyennement adaptés et 78 % bien adaptés ou très adaptés à l’implantation de centres de santé dans la ville.La distribution spatiale des centres de santé (vue sous l’angle du rayon d’accès) et la compatibilité des terrains n’ont pas été correctement prises en compte sur cette période de 15 ans. Pour assurer la couverture sanitaire de la population actuelle de la ville de Kermanshah, il faudrait créer 13 nouveaux centres de santé à des emplacements appropriés.

The social networks are widely used by millions of people worldwide. The trust concept is one of the most important issues in Social Network Analysis (SNA) which highly affects the quantity and quality of the inter-connections, decisions, and interactions among the users in e-commerce or recommendation systems. Many normative algorithms are developed to calculate the trust which most of them are complicated, depend on the network structure, and need lots of critical information that makes them hard to use. The aim of this paper is proposing a descriptive, simple and effective method for calculating the maximal trust and the trust route between any two users of an Online Social Network (OSN). For this purpose, four new models for estimating the trust mechanism of the users are proposed and analyzed using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Anderson–Darling statistical hypothesis tests to identify and validate the best-fitted model based on 20,613 empirical results gathered from 4552 social network volunteers. Due to the time–complexity of the problem, a meta-heuristic algorithm based on the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization method is also developed for solving the best-fitted model. The proposed algorithm is simulated in Matlab®over six larger test cases adopted from the Facebook dataset. In order to evaluate the performance of the developed algorithm, the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) based meta-heuristics are also simulated on the same test cases. The comparison of the computational results shows that the ABC approach performs better than the ACO and GA as the size of the network increases.

For finding the minimum value of differentiable functions over a nonempty closed convex subset of a Hilbert space, the hybrid steepest descent method (HSDM) can be applied. In this work, we study perturbed algorithms in line with a generalized HSDM and discuss how some selections of perturbations enable us to increase the convergence speed. When we specialize these results to constrained minimization then the perturbations become bounded perturbations used in the superiorization methodology (SM). We show usefulness of the SM in studying the constrained convex minimization problem for subdifferentiable functions and proceed with the study of the computational efficiency of the SM compared with the HSDM. In the computational experiment comparing the HSDM with superiorization, the latter seems to be advantageous for the specific experiment.

Quality of life is an important indicator for measuring health status, and information on quality of life of different groups in society can be used to assess the effect of interventions on health.This study aimed to assess the relationship between urban poverty and perception of family socioeconomic status, and health-related quality of life in residents of informal settlements.A cross-sectional study was conducted among 432 residents of two neighbourhoods of informal settlements in Kermanshah in 2015. To measure poverty, the 16 indicators of 2011 Iranian census were used. The neighbourhoods were classified into three groups: high poverty (9.3%), middle poverty (49.2%) and low poverty (41.5%) levels. Health-related quality of life was assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated and regression and ANOVA analyses were done.There were no statistically significant differences between the SF-36 scores for the three poverty levels, and no relationship between poverty and the health-related quality of life subscales (P0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between perception of family socioeconomic status and health-related quality of life (P0.05). In regression analysis, having a chronic illness, perception of family socioeconomic status, age and sex predicted the physical health domain of the SF-36, whereas perception of family socioeconomic status and having a chronic illness predicted the mental health domain.Subjective perception of family socioeconomic status can explain differences in health-related quality of life of low-income people.جودة الحياة الصحية في الأحياء العشوائية في كرمانشاه، بجمهورية إيران الإسلامية: دور الفقر وتصور الحالة الاجتماعية الاقتصادية للأسرة.سيد رامين قاسمي، علي رضا زنجنة، نادر رجبي-جيلان، سهيلة رشادات، شهرام سعيدي، آرش ضيابور.تُعدّ جودة الحياة مؤشراً مهماً لقياس الحالة الصحية، ويمكن استخدام المعلومات الخاصة بجودة حياة شتى فئات المجتمع لتقييم تأثير التدخلات على الصحة.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم العلاقة بين الفقر في المناطق الحضرية وتصور الحالة الاجتماعية الاقتصادية للأسرة من ناحية، وجودة الحياة الصحية لسكان الأحياء العشوائية من ناحية أخرى.أُجريت دراسة مقطعية على 432 شخصاً من سكان اثنين من الأحياء العشوائية في كرمنشاه في عام 2015. ولقياس مستوى الفقر، استُخدمت المؤشرات الستة عشر للتعداد السكاني الإيراني لعام 2011. وصُنِّفت الأحياء إلى ثلاث مجموعات حسب مستوى الفقر: مستوى الفقر المرتفع (9.3٪)، ومستوى الفقر المتوسط (49.2٪)، ومستوى الفقر المنخفض (41.5٪). وخضعت جودة الحياة الصحية للتقييم باستخدام استبيان المسح الصحي القصير المُكوَّن من 36 بنداً (SF–36). وحُسب معامل ارتباط بيرسون، وأُجري تحليلا الانحدار والتباين.لم تكن هناك فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين درجات استبيان المسح الصحي SF–36 الخاصة بمستويات الفقر الثلاثة، ولم تكن هناك علاقة بين الفقر والمقاييس الفرعية لجودة الحياة الصحية (0.05p). ووُجِد ارتباط إيجابي كبير بين تصور الحالة الاجتماعية الاقتصادية للأسرة وجودة الحياة الصحية (0.05p). وفي تحليل الانحدار، تنبأ المرض المزمن، وتصور الحالة الاجتماعية الاقتصادية للأسرة، والسن، والجنس بمجال الصحة البدنية في استبيان المسح الصحي SF–36، بينما تنبأ تصور الحالة الاجتماعية الاقتصادية للأسرة، والمرض المزمن بمجال الصحة النفسية.يمكن أن يقدم التصور الذاتي للحالة الاجتماعية الاقتصادية للأسرة تفسيراً للفروق الموجودة في جودة حياة الفقراء الصحية.Qualité de vie liée à la santé dans les quartiers informels de Kermanshah (République islamique d'Iran) : rôle de la pauvreté et perception du statut socio-économique de la famille.La qualité de vie est un indicateur important pour mesurer l'état de santé et les informations sur la qualité de vie de différents groupes de la société peuvent être utilisées pour évaluer l'effet des interventions sur la santé.La présente étude visait à évaluer la relation entre la pauvreté urbaine et la perception du statut socioéconomique de la famille et la qualité de vie liée à la santé des résidents des quartiers informels.Une étude transversale a été menée auprès de 432 résidents de deux quartiers informels à Kermanshah en 2015. Pour mesurer la pauvreté, les 16 indicateurs du recensement iranien de 2011 ont été utilisés. Les quartiers ont été classés en trois groupes : pauvreté élevée (9,3 %), moyenne (49,2 %) et faible (41,5 %). La qualité de vie liée à la santé a été évaluée à l'aide du questionnaire SF-36. Le coefficient de corrélation de Pearson a été calculé et des analyses de régression et de la variance ont été effectuées.Aucune différence statistiquement significative entre les scores du SF-36 pour les trois niveaux de pauvreté et aucune relation entre la pauvreté et les sous-échelles de qualité de vie liée à la santé n’ont été établies (p0,05). Une corrélation positive significative a été observée entre la perception du statut socio-économique de la famille et la qualité de vie liée à la santé (p0,05). À l'analyse de régression, le fait d'être atteint d’une maladie chronique, la perception du statut socio-économique de la famille, l'âge et le sexe permettent de prédire le score du domaine de la santé physique du SF-36, tandis que la perception du statut socio-économique de la famille et le fait d'être atteint d'une maladie chronique permettent de prédire le score du domaine de la santé mentale.La perception subjective du statut socio-économique de la famille peut expliquer les différences de qualité de vie liées à la santé chez les personnes à faible revenu.

Nurses, as facilitators in hospitals, should be equipped with communication skills towards the realization of this goal. The present study aimed to investigate the status of communication skills in health care and the role of nurses’ demographic variables at the Educational, Therapeutic, and Research Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran in 2018. In this descriptive–analytic study, the statistical population was 926 nurses working at the Educational, Therapeutic, and Research Center of Imam Reza Hospital affiliated to Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran in 2018. Moreover, the random sampling was used as the sampling method. As for data collection, a two-part questionnaire, containing the demographic questions and the Queendom Communication Skills Test, was used. Furthermore, the independent t-test and one-way ANOVA using SPSS Statistical Software Version 22.0 were used for data analysis. The results of the present study demonstrated that the mean and standard deviation of the total score of communication skills measured 2.70 ± 0.43. The results also indicated that assertiveness and understanding verbal and nonverbal messages had the highest and lowest mean scores (3.20 ± 0.64 and 2.30 ± 0.58 respectively). Further, there was a significant relationship between the mean scores of communication skills and variables such as marital status, employment background, department, work shift, and type of employment (P

Background Mortality is one of the indicators of community health and reflects the social, economic and environmental status of the residence of people. In this regard, countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) have many problems. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting on mortality in the region. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in the 22 EMR countries. Required data on mortality were collected from WHO online database and Weather, Geneva, Switzerland. The data were analyzed by ArcGIS 10.6.1 software, graphic statistical methods, SPSS software version 23.0, descriptive statistical tests, ANOVA, and regression correlation coefficient. Results The results showed that in the 22 EMR countries, mortality in children under five, neonatal mortality rate, mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, mortality rate attributed to exposure to unsafe WASH services and mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning were 52 per 1000 live births, 26.6 per 1000 live births, 58.8 per 100,000 population, 13.1 per 100,000 population and 1.4 per 100,000 population, respectively. The results showed that the countries of Somalia, Yemen, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sudan, and Djibouti were in a very poor situation and there was an inequality in health in the countries of the region. Conclusion Based on the results, the main factors affecting mortality rate included: 1) Average precipitation, 2) Latitude, 3) Above sea level, 4) Food safety, and 5) Births attended by skilled health personnel.

Background: Stunting and wasting, as two key health indexes in any society, are two major factors in children’s physical and mental growth in the future, especially in developing countries. We aimed to investigate some factors affecting stunting and wasting among the under-five children in Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR).Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of the under-five children suffering from stunting and wasting in the EMR and natural factors from the website of World Meteorological Organization (WMO), based on the secondary data in the period 2005-2016. After that, the maps were extracted using the Geographical Information System (GIS). Finally, for data analysis, the regression, path analysis and cluster analysis techniques were employed in the SPSS Statistical Software (version 23.0). Results: The highest rates of stunting were in Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Sudan, whereas Djibouti, Yemen, Somalia and Sudan had the highest rates of wasting. Accordingly, the children’s stunting was affected by their wasting (Beta=0.918), and reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health interventions economic status (Direct Impact= -0.323, R= 0.865, R2= 0.748, ADJR2=0.720, P

Aim: Iran is facing the consequences of the hubristic period and the level of mortalities is affected by lifestyles. Residents of underprivileged neighborhoods of the Iranian Kermanshah Metropolis encounter numerous socioeconomic, physical, and cultural challenges. Hence, this study aims to investigate the ecocultural and physical conditions of underprivileged neighborhoods and their effects on the residents’ health promotion lifestyles in the neighborhoods in Kermanshah Metropolis, Western Iran Subjects and methods: In this cross-sectional study, the statistical population included the underprivileged neighborhoods of the Kermanshah Metropolis. The ecocultural and physical conditions of these neighborhoods were assessed using the population and housing census data, and lifestyle was measured using the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II). As for data analysis, the descriptive statistics analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Pearson correlation coefficient were employed in SPSS v.21 Results: The results of the present study revealed that the total mean score of lifestyles in underprivileged neighborhoods was low (111.67 ± 23.59). It was shown that females had a better quality of life than males, and the highest and lowest mean scores belonged to interpersonal relations and physical activity, respectively. Comparison of the findings also indicated that the underprivileged neighborhoods were significantly different in terms of health promotion lifestyles. As for the economic, physical, and cultural indexes, it was demonstrated that only cultural indices were significantly correlated with health promotion lifestyles, with a correlation coefficient of 0.716. The negative correlation coefficient of the young population was indicative of the inverse relationship between the growth of the young population and health promotion lifestyles. A negative relationship was also observed between nutrition and the young population. It was also shown that interpersonal relations negatively and positively correlated with the young population and migration rate, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed the urgent need for attention and emphasis to be given to the planning of activities to improve residents’ conditions of health promotion lifestyle in underprivileged neighborhoods by the urban managers and policymakers in the health and associated fields Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Nowadays, the significance of applying Geographic information system (GIS) to survey accessibility to hospitals and understanding disparities in this regard has increased.The main aim of this descriptive-analytical research was to study the spatial accessibility of the population of Kermanshah for 3 years 1997 (n=693157), 2007 (n=794863), and 2012 (n=851 405) to hospitals based on age and gender groups through GIS.The study was conducted based on network analysis models, mean centre, and standard distance in the environment of Arc/GIS. A standard radius of 1500 metres was set for the medical centres, and a 25-minute walking span was set for the distance of each person from home to the nearest hospital.The results of the network analysis demonstrated that the hospitals were inaccessible to the populations according to our criteria, and their geographical access to hospitals measured 68.80%, 64.23% and 66.20% in 1997, 2007, and 2012, respectively. Women aged 65 years and above were more at risk in this regard.Over the total period under study, the results revealed that hospitals were concentrated in the central and southern areas of Kermanshah.أوجه عدم المساواة في الوصول إلى المستشفيات: دراسة حالة في جمهورية إيران الإسلامية للفترة ما بين 1997 - 2012.سهيلا رشادت، علي رضا زنجانه، شهرام سعيدي، السيد رامين قاسمي، نادر رجبي جيلان، علي زكائى.تتزايد حاليًا أهمية تطبيق نظام المعلومات الجغرافية لاستطلاع إمكانية الوصول إلى المستشفيات وفهم التفاوت بهذا الصدد.لقد كان الهدف الرئيسي من هذا البحث الوصفي-التحليلي هو دراسة إمكانية الوصول المكاني لسكان مدينة كرمانشاه إلى المستشفيات، على مدار 3 سنوات: عام 1997 (693157 = n) ، وعام 2007 (794863 = n) ، وعام 2012 (851405 = n) ، وذلك بناءً على الفئات العمرية والنوع، وباستخدام نظام المعلومات الجغرافية.أُجريت الدراسة بناءً على نماذج التحليل الشبكي، ومركز المتوسط، والمسافة القياسية في بيئة نظام Arc/GIS. وتم تحديد نصف القُطْر المعياري 1500 متر للمراكز الطبية، ونطاق 25 دقيقة للمسافة التي يمشيها كل شخص من منزله إلى أقرب مستشفى.أوضحت نتائج التحليل الشبكي صعوبة وصول السكان إلى المستشفيات وفقًا للمعايير الخاصة بنا، وأن قدرتهم على الوصول جغرافيًا للمستشفيات بلغت 68.80% و 64.23% و 66.20% في الأعوام 1997 و 2007 و 2012 على التوالي. وأن النساء اللاتي كانت أعمارهن 65 عامًا فأكثر أكثر تعرضاً للخطر بسبب ذلك.على مدار المدة قيد الدراسة، أوضحت النتائج أن المستشفيات متركزة في المناطق المركزية والجنوبية في مدينة كرمانشاه.Inégalités en matière d’accès aux hôpitaux : étude de cas en République islamique d’Iran.De nos jours, il devient de plus en plus important d’appliquer le système d’information géographique (GIS) aux études d’accessibilité aux hôpitaux et de comprendre les disparités associées.La présente étude analytique et descriptive avait pour objectif principal d’examiner, au cours de trois années différentes (1997 [n = 693157] ; 2007 [n = 794863] et 2012 [n = 851405]), l’accessibilité spatiale de la population de Kermanshah aux hôpitaux, sur la base de groupes d’âge et de sexe et au moyen du système (GIS).L’étude a été menée en utilisant des modèles d’analyse du réseau et des méthodes de mesure des distances moyenne et standard jusqu’aux centres, à l’aide du logiciel d’information géographique ArcGIS. Un rayon standard de 1500 mètres a été déterminé autour des centres médicaux, de même qu’une distance de 25 minutes entre le domicile de chaque individu et l’hôpital le plus proche.Les résultats de l’analyse du réseau ont montré que les hôpitaux étaient inaccessibles pour la population, selon les critères que nous avions définis, et que l’accès géographique des personnes aux hôpitaux était de 68,80 %, 64,23 % et 66,20 % en 1997, 2007 et 2012 respectivement. Les femmes âgées de 65 ans et plus étaient sujettes à un risque plus important à cet égard.Sur la période couverte par l’étude, les résultats ont révélé que les hôpitaux étaient concentrés dans les zones situées dans le centre et le sud de la ville de Kermanshah.

Background Quality of life (QOL) is one of the major factors to assessing the health and wellbeing of People living with HIV (PLWH). Likewise, improved QOL is among the prominent goals of patient treatment. This study was conducted to investigate the QOL of PLWH in Kermanshah, Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 364 PLWH of Kermanshah between 2016 and 2017. Outpatients were selected as the sample through the convenience sampling method from HIV Positive Clients of Kermanshah Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center. The reasons for the selection of outpatients include: (a) some patients were substance users, homeless or did not have a fixed address to follow-up; (b) addresses and personal details that were registered on the first admission were incorrect or incomplete; (c) due to financial issues, some were forced to relocate frequently and were difficult to track; (d) some patients were convicts or prisoners, making it hard to find them after their release; (e) some of them were from other provinces, where managing access was not easy/possible. Data was collected using WHOQOL-HIV BREF questionnaire (Persian Version). Data also analyzed with STATA 14, and SPSS 23 using T-test and multiple regression. Results This study showed that mean (SD) age of PLWH was 40.21 (10.45) years. Females had better QOL than males except for spirituality, religion and personal beliefs. The gender differences disappeared in multivariate results. A significant association was observed between education and the independence, environment, and spirituality domains of QOL. In addition, being married was correlated with overall QOL, psychological and social relationships domains of QOL of PLWH. Drug use was a behavioral factor with negative influence on the QOL. Conclusion This study found that marital status and drug use were the main predictors of various domains of QOL. Drug use was a behavioral factor with a negative influence on the QOL. Hence, it is recommended that health professionals, planners, and policymakers take effective measures to improve the status quo.

Background: Over the past few decades, various goals have been defined to reduce the mortality of children caused by acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) worldwide. However, few spatial studies to date have reported on ALRI deaths.Purpose: We aimed to assess the spatial modeling of mortality from ALRI in children under 5 years of age during 2000–2017 using a global data.Methods: The data on the mortality of children under 5 years old caused by ALRI were initially obtained from the official website of the World Health Organization. The income status of their home countries was also gathered from the Country Income Groups (World Bank Classification) website and divided into 5 categories. After that, in the ArcGIS 10.6 environment, a database was created and the statistical tests and related maps were extracted. The Global Moran’s I statistic, Getis-Ord Gi statistic, and geographically weighted regression were used for the analyses. In this study, higher z scores indicated the hot spots, while lower z scores indicated the cold spots.Results: In 2000–2017, child mortality showed a downward trend from 17.6 per 100,000 children to 8.1 and had a clustered pattern. Hot spots were concentrated in Asia in 2000 but shifted toward African countries by 2017. A cold spot that formed in Europe in 2007 showed an ascending trend by 2017. Based on the results of geographically weighted regression test, the regions identified as the hot spots of mortality from ALRI in children under 5 years old were among the middle-income countries (R2=0.01, adjusted R2=8.77).Conclusion: While the total number of child deaths in 2000– 2017 has decreased, the number of hot spots has increased among countries. This study also concluded that, during the study period, Central and Western Africa countries became the main new hot spots of deaths from ALRI.

A new mite species of the genus Gaeolaelaps, G. scarites Joharchi and Saeidi sp. nov., collected from under the elytra and on the abdomen of Scarites (Parallelomorphus) terricola Bonelli (Coleopter...

BACKGROUND: One-third of each woman’s life is naturally during her menopause. This study was conducted to determine the factors related to the quality of life in postmenopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out using cluster sampling method on 218 postmenopausal women aged 40–60 years old in Kermanshah in 2014. The data were collected through interview and with the standard questionnaire of Menopausal Quality (MENQOL) of Life and analyzed using SPSS software version 19. RESULTS: The mean age of menopause was 50.03 ± 4.48 years. Mean scores of quality of life and four domains, vasomotor, psychosocial, physical and sexual were 3.15±0.970, 3.71 ± 1.81, 3.32±0.959, 2.91 ± 1.06, 3.74 ±1.59, respectively. CONCLUSION: Chronic conditions such as hypertension in postmenopausal women can lead to lower quality of life. Therefore, provision of coherent support programs for controlling chronic diseases requires serious intervention from health care providers.

In the architecture of Networks-on-Chip (NoCs), wired structure and multi-hop communications can lead to high power consumption and latency. Wireless NoC (WiNoC) architecture is a new alternative to solve these challenges. In this architecture, long-range wireless links are used instead of multi-hop wired paths. In this paper, a combination of several topologies are investigated to develop an efficient hierarchical structure for the architecture of WiNoC. The performances of considered hierarchical structures are compared under different traffic patterns. Finally, by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, a new hierarchical wireless NoC is proposed. In the proposed architecture, hierarchical structure and wireless links with high bandwidth are regarded as two significant factors for reducing the number of hops between distant nodes. Based on the results of simulations, the proposed hierarchical structure has better efficiency than other WiNoC architectures.

The trend of cancers has witnessed a twofold rise in the last three decades, which is expected to be fivefold by 2030. On the other hand, gastrointestinal cancers have turned into one of the health issues in many societies. Given the presence of gastrointestinal cancer hot spots and evidence of health inequalities across Kermanshah Metropolis and the results of studies signaling the association between gastrointestinal cancers and socioeconomic status of individuals as well as evidence of unequal socioeconomic opportunities in this metropolis, the present study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of gastrointestinal cancers in the poverty and affluent strata of Kermanshah Metropolis, Iran. In this descriptive-analytical study, the recorded data of patients, suffering from gastrointestinal cancers, in Kermanshah-based Pathology Centers and Vice Chancellery of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (2007–2012) were used. Moreover, to examine the status of gastrointestinal cancers in socioeconomic classes based on the census data collected during 2007–2012, 33 social, cultural, and structural indexes were extracted from the statistical blocks. Additionally, for data analysis and factor analysis, Kruskal–Wallis Test in the environment of SPSS and kernel density estimation (KDE) and Moran’s I tests in the GIS environment were employed. The results of the present study revealed that the distribution of poverty (Z score = 48.916518, p value = 0.000000) and affluent strata (Z score = 14.345028, p value = 0.000000) followed clustered patterns (p

Background Adequate access to health services has tremendous effects on the usefulness and efficiency of health care. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the access of girls under the age of 14 years old to pharmacies in Kermanshah, Iran. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, the access of Results In terms of access to 25 pharmacies through walking, the findings revealed that lacked access as much as 48.83%. In terms of access to daytime pharmacies through walking, 88.05% had improper access. Furthermore, in terms of access to 25 pharmacies through driving, the results were as follows: with five minutes of driving (24.75% no access), with 10 minutes of driving (9.07% no access), and with 15 minutes of driving (1.97% no access). As for access to daytime pharmacies through driving, the results were as follows: with five minutes of driving (5.42% no access), with 10 minutes of driving (2.15% no access). Conclusion The results of the present study demonstrated that the access for girls under the age of 14 years to pharmacies through walking was in poor condition. However, it was found out that access through driving was much better than access through walking.

In this paper we establish a von Neumann–Fan type intersection theorem and present several applications to the existence and structure of solutions to a Nash equilibrium problem and a von Neumann–Sion–Fan type theorem under assumptions that are less restrictive than the classical ones. This is done through analysis of the trajectories of an upper semicontinuous convex set-valued map with nonempty closed values defined on a nonempty bounded closed convex subset of a (not necessarily Hausdorff) locally convex space. We also answer Open Problem 5.10 of A.T.-M. Lau and L. Yao (2017) [16] in affirmative.

Background: The enjoyment of different walks of life of health care is one of the top priorities. To this end, access is a precondition for the establishment of justice in human societies. Given that keeping the health of some groups in societies is of special importance due to their special age-physical conditions, the present study aimed to investigate the access of children and adolescents under 19 years old to hospitals and emergency centers in Kermanshah, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study, the statistical population comprised the children and adolescents under 19 residing in Kermanshah, Iran. Moreover, all public and private hospitals and emergency centers located in Kermanshah were studied. To evaluate the spatial deployment pattern of hospitals and emergency centers as well as correct and true access to them, all data and information were evaluated using the Network Analyst and Arc-GIS Software. Results: The results of the present study demonstrated that about 37% of the children and adolescents under 19 had appropriate access to hospitals and emergency centers. In terms of the status of access during 5, 10, and 15 minutes of driving, 42.90%, 80.27% and 89.28% had proper access to hospitals, respectively. Moreover, in terms of access through walking and driving, the 15-19 age group had the most access, as opposed to the 0-4 age group without access. Conclusion: In Kermanshah, the access of children and adolescents under 19 to hospitals and emergency centers using vehicles was in a desirable condition, an indication of the success of implementing some post-revolutionary health plans and reducing deprivation and eliminating inequalities across various regions. However, it should be noted that there were problems in terms of access to hospitals and emergency centers through walking, which requires taking actions by authorities in Kermanshah.