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PURPOSEThis study aimed to investigate the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CD44 gene, specifically in the 3'UTR region (rs13347) and intronic region (rs187115), on the cell surface expression of CD44 protein and the risk of development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study involved analysis of 85 samples and 85 healthy controls. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry were used to assess cell surface protein expression using CD44 antibody. DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections was isolated and amplified using targeted primers. Sanger sequencing of the resultant amplified products was performed to determine the genotypes of the CD44 rs13347 and rs187115 SNPs. GTEx and RegulomeDB were queried to evaluate the genotypic effects of these variants on target gene expression and regulation.RESULTSA comparison between patients with HNSCC and healthy controls revealed a significant association between CD44 rs13347 and an increased risk of HNSCC in all the analyzed models, especially the TT genotype showed a significantly higher risk with an odds ratio of 8.69 (95% CI, 2.35 to 32.09; P = .0003). However, no significant association was found between CD44 rs187115 and HNSCC in any of the models analyzed (all P > .05). Other notable findings included significant associations between CD44 rs13347 genotype and age (P = .031), number of CD44-positive tumor cells (P = .049), CD44 staining intensity (SI; P = .039), and CD44 immunoreactivity score (IRS) status (P = .019).CONCLUSIONThe T allele and homozygous TT genotype of CD44 rs13347 SNP were associated with increased susceptibility to HNSCC and decreased proportion of CD44-positive tumor cells, low SI, and reduced IRS.

The objective of this research endeavor is to examine the properties of stagnation point flow in the presence of absorption, viscous dissipation, and internal thermal generation with respect to a shrinking surface. The resulting system of differential equations is notoriously challenging to solve analytically. The equations controlling the boundary layer flow were solved using a finite difference method. The analysis includes the examination of important physical quantities through the presentation of plots and tabulated values. Our findings reveal a strong connection between the presence of solutions for high shrinking parameters and the magnetic field that was applied. Temperatures increase when there is an increase in both Ec and α at the same time. These results also suggest a shallowing of the thermal boundary layer. As a result of these findings, it appears that temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness are sensitive to changes in these factors.

Measles, a highly contagious viral disease, spreads primarily through respiratory droplets and can result in severe complications, often proving fatal, especially in children. In this article, we propose an algorithm to solve a system of fractional nonlinear equations that model the measles disease. We employ a fractional approach by using the Caputo operator and validate the model's by applying the Schauder and Banach fixed-point theory. The fractional derivatives, which constitute an essential part of the model can be treated precisely by using the Broyden and Haar wavelet collocation methods (HWCM). Furthermore, we evaluate the system's stability by implementing the Ulam-Hyers approach. The model takes into account multiple factors that influence virus transmission, and the HWCM offers an effective and precise solution for understanding insights into transmission dynamics through the use of fractional derivatives. We present the graphical results, which offer a comprehensive and invaluable perspective on how various parameters and fractional orders influence the behaviours of these compartments within the model. The study emphasizes the importance of modern techniques in understanding measles outbreaks, suggesting the methodology's applicability to various mathematical models. Simulations conducted by using MATLAB R2022a software demonstrate practical implementation, with the potential for extension to higher degrees with minor modifications. The simulation's findings clearly show the efficiency of the proposed approach and its application to further extend the field of mathematical modelling for infectious illnesses.

Alzheimer's disease stands as one of the most widespread neurodegenerative conditions associated with aging, giving rise to dementia and posing significant public health challenges. Mathematical models are considered as valuable tools to gain insights into the mechanisms underlying the onset, progression, and potential therapeutic approaches for AD. In this paper, we introduce a mathematical model for AD that employs the fractal fractional operator in the Caputo sense to characterize the temporal dynamics of key cell populations. This model encompasses essential elements, including amyloid-β ($\mathbb{ A_\beta }$), neurons, astroglia and microglia. Using the fractal fractional operator, we have established the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the model under consideration, employing Leray-Schaefer's theorem and the Banach fixed-point methods. Utilizing functional techniques, we have analyzed the proposed model stability under the Ulam-Hyers condition. The suggested model has been numerically simulated by using a fractional Adams-Bashforth approach, which involves a two-step Lagrange polynomial. For numerical simulations, different ranges of fractional order values and fractal dimensions are considered. This new fractal fractional operator in the form of the Caputo derivative was determined to yield better results than an ordinary integer order. Various outcomes are shown graphically by for different fractal dimensions and arbitrary orders.

Water and fertilizer losses have often affected wheat yield per unit area in China and Pakistan. The 2-year field experiments were conducted at six research stations. The experimental sites in China were Tongzhou, Qiliying and Yuanyang. In Pakistan were Faialsaabad, TandoJam and Dokri. Fertilizer treatments were: N275, N207 and N135 kg ha−1 in Tongzhou and N125, N105 and N90 kg ha−1 in Faisalabad. While the irrigation treatments were: W210–230, W160–190 and W110–140 mm ha−1 in Qiyliying, W350, W305 and W250 mm ha−1 in Yuanyang, W435, W400 and W365 mm ha−1 in TandoJam and W380, W340 and W300 mm ha−1 in Dokri. The grain yields, water and N losses were simulated using the WHCNS model. The model showed a good ability to capture the effects of management practices and read the environmental diversity. The study revealed that major contributors to water and N losses were N leaching (r=0.98), evaporation and drainage (r=0.77–0.96) rates. In Tongzhou, the N207 treatment maintained yield, NUE and decreased N loss. In Faisalabad, the N125 increased yield but led to higher N loss and reduced NUE. Furthermore, the decline in surface soil water content was a common issue in Pakistani sites and wheat yields were 27.48–41.60 % lower than in China. In Qiliying, the W160–190 and W110–140 and in Yuanyang, the W300 and W250 treatments decreased the annual average water loss by 33.49–12.38 mm and 66.06–55.01 mm, respectively. In TandoJam, the W400 and W365 and in Dokri, the W380 and W340 treatments decreased water loss by 72.34–45.87 mm and 56.84–37.82 mm compared to the full irrigation amount. Overall, results showed that 17.39–23.81 % of water use could be decreased without yield penalty in Qiliying and 14.29 % in Yuanyang. In Pakistani sites of TandoJam and Dokri, a decreased irrigation amount of 10.5 % is recommended.

This study introduces an innovative approach combining Taylor wavelet with quasilinearization, aiming to enhance the fractional-order tumor growth model. To explore the prediction of tumor growth, the fractional order Taylor wavelet (FOTW) technique is employed. Block pulse functions (BPFs) are used for constructing a fractional order operational matrix of integration. Next, the quasilinearization method is employed to transform the given equations into a linear algebraic system of equations. To show the performance of the FOTW based approach, the numerical results are obtained and discussed geometrically. The outcomes show that fractional models work more effectively, and can be further explored.

Background/Purpose: To develop a prediction model for emergency medical technicians (EMTs) to identify trauma patients at high risk of deterioration to emergency medical service (EMS)-witnessed traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) on the scene or en route. Methods: We developed a prediction model using the classical cross-validation method from the Pan-Asia Trauma Outcomes Study (PATOS) database from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2020. Eligible patients aged ≥18 years were transported to the hospital by the EMS. The primary outcome (EMS-witnessed TCA) was defined based on changes in vital signs measured on the scene or en route. We included variables that were immediately measurable as potential predictors when EMTs arrived. An integer point value system was built using multivariable logistic regression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) test were used to examine discrimination and calibration in the derivation and validation cohorts. Results: In total, 74,844 patients were eligible for database review. The model comprised five prehospital predictors: age 20/minute, pulse oximetry

This article aims to introduce and analyze a diabetes mellitus model of fractional order, utilizing the ABC derivative. Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent and significant disease worldwide, ranking among the top causes of mortality. It is characterized by chronic metabolic dysfunction, leading to elevated blood glucose levels and subsequent damage to vital organs including the nerves, kidneys, eyes, blood vessels, and heart. The fractional ABC derivative is used in this study to describe and analyze diabetes mellitus mathematically while removing hereditary influences. The investigation begins by exploring the initial points of the diabetes mellitus model. Under the fractional ABC operator, Picard's theorem is used to prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions. For the numerical approximation of solutions in the fractional-order diabetes mellitus model, this study used a specialized technique that combines the principles of fractional calculus and a two-step Lagrange polynomial interpolation. Finally, the obtained results are visually presented through graphical representations, serving as empirical evidence to support our theoretical findings. The numerical experiments showed that the proportion of patients with diabetes mellitus increased as the fractional dimension (θ) reduced. The combination of mathematical modelling, analysis, and numerical simulations provides insights into the dynamics of diabetes mellitus, offering valuable contributions to the understanding and management of this prevalent disease. Additionally, the proposed scheme can be enhanced by incorporating the ABC operator, allowing for the simulation of real-world dynamics and behavior in the coexistence of diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis.

In this paper, we present a wavelet collocation method for efficiently solving singularly perturbed differential–difference equations (SPDDEs) and one-parameter singularly perturbed differential equations (SPDEs) taking into account the singular perturbations inherent in control systems. These equations represent a class of mathematical models that exhibit a combination of differential and difference equations, making their analysis and solution challenging. The terms that include negative and positive shifts were approximated using Taylor series expansion. The main aim of this technique is to convert the problems by using operational matrices of integration of Haar wavelets into a system of algebraic equations that can be solved using Newton’s method. The adaptability and multi-resolution properties of wavelet functions offer the ability to capture system behavior across various scales, effectively handling singular perturbations present in the equations. Numerical experiments were conducted to showcase the effectiveness and accuracy of the wavelet collocation method, demonstrating its potential as a reliable tool for analyzing and solving SPDDEs in control system.

This study introduces a new fractional order Fibonacci wavelet technique proposed for solving the fractional Bagley-Torvik equation (BTE), along with the block pulse functions. To convert the specified initial and boundary value problems into algebraic equations, the Riemann–Liouville (R-L) fractional integral operator is defined, and the operational matrices of fractional integrals (OMFI) are built. This numerical scheme’s performance is evaluated and examined on particular problems to show its proficiency and effectiveness, and other methods that are accessible in the current literature are compared. The numerical results demonstrate that the approach produces extremely precise results and is computationally more decisive than previous methods.

The aim of this paper is to analyze a fractional model of the Ebola virus. This study is important because it contributes to our understanding of the Ebola virus transmission dynamics using the notion of non-local differential operators. We aim to apply the recently implemented Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo (ABC) fractional derivative with the Mittag-Leffler kernel to study the Ebola virus model closely. The Picard–Lindelof approach is used to do a comprehensive study of the existence and uniqueness of the model’s solutions. The approximate solutions of the fractional order Ebola virus model were obtained using a numerical technique with the ABC operator, a combination of the fundamental theorem of fractional calculus and the two-step Lagrange polynomial interpolation. This innovative approach may offer new insights into the Ebola virus model that were not previously explored. Finally, the numerical simulations illustrate how the control parameters impact specific compartments within the model. The geometrical representation gives significant information about the model’s complexity and reliable information about the model. We simulate each model compartment at various fractional orders and compare them with integer-order simulations, highlighting the effectiveness of modern derivatives. The fractional analysis underscores the enhanced accuracy of non-integer order derivatives in capturing the Ebola virus model’s dynamics.

In this paper, we have discussed the Fibonacci wavelet (FW) framework for numerical simulations of the fractional relaxation–oscillation model (FROM). Firstly, the fractional order operational matrices of integration associated with the FW are constructed via the block pulse functions. The operational matrices merged with the collocation method are used to convert the given problem into a system of algebraic equations that is solved by the Newton method. We conduct error analysis, perform numerical simulations, and present the corresponding results to establish the credibility and practical applicability of the proposed technique. Numerical examples are provided to show the efficiency of our approach. To show the accuracy of the FW-based numerical technique, the approximate solutions of FROM are compared with the exact solution and other existing methods. This research opens up new possibilities for using FW as a powerful tool for addressing complex mathematical problems in real-world systems.

This study introduces a novel numerical approach based on shifted fractional-order Gegenbauer wavelets. The technique aims to provide approximate solutions for a certain class of extremely significant fractional models of electrical Image 1, Image 2, Image 3, and Image 4 circuits. We use a collocated approach to generate numerical solutions for these circuits model by making use of the beneficial characteristics of shifted fractional-order Gegenbauer polynomials (SFGBP). We include a parameter that characterizes the presence of fractional structures inside the models in order to retain the dimensional properties of the physical parameters in the electrical circuits. Several particular instances of the various source terms have also been examined. The main findings include the close resemblance of current fractional-order models to classical cases, variations in current with resistance values, and error reduction through additional series terms. Numerical simulations are shown through geometrical interpretation to illustrate the exactness and reliability of our technique.

Long-term application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer adversely degrades soil and decreases crop yield. Biochar amendment with N fertilizer not only can increase yield but also can improve the soil. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of biochar doses with N fertilizer on maize yield and soil N and water dynamics under border irrigation (BI) and drip irrigation (DI) methods. Treatments were 260 kg N ha−1 without biochar addition and combined with low, medium, and high doses of biochar, namely, 15.5 t ha−1, 30.7 t ha−1, and 45.3 t ha−1 (NB0, NB1, NB2, and NB3), respectively. The biochar doses and irrigation methods significantly (p < 0.05) increased maize growth and yield characteristics, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and fertilizer N use efficiency (FNUE) and enhanced the soil properties. In the BI and DI method, the NB1, NB2, and NB3 treatments increased yield by 4.96%–6.10%, 8.36%–9.85%, and 9.65%–11.41%, respectively, compared to NB0. In terms of IWUE and FNUE, the non-biochar treatment had lower IWUE and FNUE compared to biochar combined with N fertilizer treatments under both BI and DI methods. In the BI method, the IWUE in NB2 and NB3 ranged from 3.36 to 3.43 kg kg−1, and in DI, it was maximum, ranging from 5.70 to 5.94 kg kg−1. Similarly, these medium and high doses of biochar increased the FNUE of maize. The FNUEs in NB2 and NB3 under BI ranged from 38.72 to 38.95 kg kg−1 and from 38.89 to 39.58 kg kg−1, while FNUEs of these same treatments under DI ranged from 48.26 to 49.58 kg kg−1 and from 48.92 to 50.28 kg kg−1. The effect of biochar was more obvious in DI as compared to the BI method because soil water content (SWC) and soil N concentrations (SNCs) were higher at rhizosphere soil layers under DI. Biochar improved SWC and SNC at 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers and decreased below 60-cm soil layers. In contrast, despite biochar-controlled SWC and SNCs, still, values of these parameters were higher in deeper soil layers. In the BI method, the SNCs were higher at 60–80 cm and 80–100 cm compared to the top and middle soil layers. Depth-wise results of SNC demonstrated that the biochar’s ability to store SNC was further enhanced in the DI method. Moreover, biochar increased soil organic matter (OM) and soil aggregate stability and maintained pH. The NB0 treatment increased soil OM by 11.11%–14.60%, NB2 by 14.29%–19.42%, and NB3 by 21.98%–23.78% in both irrigation methods. This increased OM resulted in improved average soil aggregates stability by 2.45%–11.71% and 4.52%–14.66% in the BI and DI method, respectively. The results of our study revealed that combined application of N fertilizer with a medium dose of biochar under the DI method would be the best management practice, which will significantly increase crop yield, improve SWC, enrich SNC and OM, improve soil structure, and maintain pH.

In this article, we provide effective computational algorithms based on Fibonacci wavelet (FW) to approximate the solution of fractional order electrical circuits (ECs). The proposed computational algorithm is novel and has not been previously utilized for solving ECs problems. Firstly, we have constructed the operational matrices of fractional integration (OMFI). Secondly, we transform the given initial value problems into algebraic equations, we used the Riemann–Liouville (R–L) fractional integral operator. The proposed approach is capable of handling a wide range of fractional order dynamics in ECs. To validate the effectiveness of the method, four models of electrical circuits with fractional order parameter are considered. The numerical results are compared with exact solutions and absolute errors are calculated to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the approach. The proposed method provides a valuable tool for analyzing and designing fractional order systems in electrical engineering, offering improved accuracy and capturing the intricate behavior of complex systems.

Noscapine hydrochloride (benzyl-isoquinoline antitussive alkaloid) is an opium derivative and generally used as a cough suppressant. Numerous studies on noscapine hydrochloride have reported that it has potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, the mechanisms by which it exerts an anti-inflammatory function is not well understood. Protein denaturation is the primary step that leads to the organ destruction and permanent arthritic disability. The above-mentioned facts provided the ground to plan this study using different in-vitro and in-vivo approaches. RT-qPCR and ELISA assays were used to assess the inflammatory markers related to protein denaturation in complete adjuvant persuaded rheumatism in Sprague - Dawley rats. The results were collected as paw volume and body weight changes, arthritic scoring and serum antioxidant enzymes assays. These findings demonstrated that all doses of noscapine hydrochloride (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) studied in this study, significantly (p

Groundwater is an important natural resource in the North China Plain (NCP) with high economic benefits and social significance. It fulfills 60% of drinking and 70% of irrigation water requirements. In this review, the information is retrieved from high-quality articles published in MEDLINE and other sources. We saw that groundwater is declining faster (>1 m yr−1) and polluting with NO3− (>30 mg L−1) due to excessive water pumping and application of a nitrogen (N) fertilizer, respectively. The water pumping (>600 mm ha−1 yr−1) for agricultural purposes in the region is higher than the recharge amount (−1). The low recharge is the result of low rainfall (−1), and high evapotranspiration (>800 mm yr−1) under the impact of dominant vegetative characteristics of winter wheat–summer maize (WW-SM) rotations, covering >80% of the land. Furthermore, N application exceeds the crop assimilation capacity (>250 kg ha−1 yr−1) and leach deep down (>50 kg ha−1) as well as loss in the atmosphere. Presently, Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei are ecologically the most affected areas. We suggest that excessive water and N fertilizer use for intensive cropping systems should be controlled by paying high attention to groundwater-friendly farming practices. In addition, artificial groundwater recharge options and their safe utilization would be explored across the region to replenish aquifers. This literature review contributes valuable insights to the knowledge bank and offers a foundation for further research and policy development.

Casson–Williamson (CW) nanofluid flows and mass transfer characteristics are explored in this study. Furthermore, the velocity slip condition and viscous dissipation affect or are taken to examine the changes in mass and heat transfer caused by a stretching surface integrated into permeable media with heat conversion beneath the effect of a magnetic field and consistent thermal radiation. All the physicochemical characteristics of the non-linear fluids are regarded massive. Whether or not the concentration of nanofluids remains stable is investigated. When particles of a nanofluid are in motion, chemical reactions can occur, and this motion can be used to study the concentration of the nanofluid. One must first examine a set of non-linear partial differential equations with boundary conditions as a base equation to obtain the necessary BVP mathematical model. The approximate solution for differential equations was found using the finite difference method, which also considered the necessary boundary conditions. The numerical analysis results are then represented visually to demonstrate how different governing parameters affect velocity, temperature, and concentration. Although the heat transmission exhibits a reverse manner, the non-Newtonian nanofluid moves more quickly in the non-appearance of a magnetic domain than it does in one. Additionally, as the porosity parameter increased, the heat transmission rate decreased, whereas the skin friction coefficient increased. The novel parts of this study come from the simulation findings of a non-Newtonian CW nanofluid model in porous media subjected to a magnetic field, heat radiation, and slip velocity phenomena.

The current study was designed to determine pulegone’s antihypertensive and vasoprotective activity in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. Firstly, the hypotensive dose-response relationship of pulegone was evaluated in normotensive anesthetized rats using the invasive method. Secondly, the mechanism involved in hypotensive activity was determined in the presence of pharmacological drugs such as atropine/muscarinic receptor blocker (1 mg/kg), L-NAME/NOS inhibitor (20 mg/kg), and indomethacin/COX inhibitor (5 mg/kg) in anesthetized rats. Furthermore, studies were carried out to assess the preventive effect of pulegone in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. Hypertension was induced in rats by administering L-NAME (40 mg/kg) orally for 28 days. Rats were divided into six groups which were treated orally with tween 80 (placebo), captopril (10 mg/kg), and different doses of pulegone (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg). Blood pressure, urine volume, sodium, and body weight were monitored weekly. After 28 days, the effect of pulegone on lipid profile, hepatic markers, antioxidant enzymes, and nitric oxide was estimated from the serum of treated rats. Moreover, plasma mRNA expression of eNOS, ACE, ICAM1, and EDN1 was measured using real-time PCR. Results show that pulegone dose-dependently decreased blood pressure and heart rate in normotensive rats, with the highest effect at 30 mg/kg/i.v. The hypotensive effect of pulegone was reduced in the presence of atropine and indomethacin, whereas L-NAME did not change its hypotensive effect. Concurrent treatment with pulegone for four weeks in L-NAME-treated rats caused a reduction in both systolic blood pressure and heart rate, reversed the reduced levels of serum nitric oxide (NO), and ameliorated lipid profile and oxidative stress markers. Treatment with pulegone also improved the vascular response to acetylcholine. Plasma mRNA expression of eNOS was reduced, whereas ACE, ICAM1, and EDN1 levels were high in the L-NAME group, which was facilitated by pulegone treatment. To conclude, pulegone prevented L-NAME-induced hypertension by demonstrating a hypotensive effect through muscarinic receptors and cyclooxygenase pathway, indicating its use as a potential candidate in managing hypertension.

Abstract Big Data Analytics (BDA) usage in the industry has been increased markedly in recent years. As a data-driven tool to facilitate informed decision-making, the need for BDA capability in organizations is recognized, but few studies have communicated an understanding of BDA capabilities in a way that can enhance our theoretical knowledge of using BDA in the organizational domain. Big Data has been defined in various ways and, the past literature about the classification of BDA and its capabilities is explored in this research. We conducted a literature review using PRISMA methodology and integrated a thematic analysis using NVIVO12. By adopting five steps of the PRISMA framework—70 sample articles, we generate five themes, which are informed through organization development theory, and develop a novel empirical research model, which we submit for validity assessment. Our findings improve effectiveness and enhance the usage of BDA applications in various Organizations.

This research investigates the suction/blowing influence on mixed convective MHD Williamson fluid flow over-stretching porous wedge where viscous dissipation and internal heat absorption/generation are present. Similarity variables are employed to transform the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) to nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which are then solved numerically using the bvp4c package in MATLAB. The boundary layers lateral to the stretching wedge are examined and discussed with the help of diagrams and tables. It is observed that an increase in the non-dimensional parameter, ξ, improves the velocity and temperature, whereas the intensification in the mixed convection parameter λ, porosity (R), and magnetic parameter (M) lowers the temperature profile. The increased values of M cause the velocity to increase at R = 0.2 whereas the decline in the velocity value is noted at R = 2.2. However, the temperature decreases at both the values of R. Increasing heat generation/absorption (Q) leads to an increase in the Nusselt number with the decline in the skin friction coefficient. When Q is raised at R = 1.5, the magnitude of skin friction rises with a decreEase in the temperature gradient. Increasing ξ at R ≷ 1 results in the decline of the skin friction coefficient and an increase in the Nusselt number. At R = 1.5, the quantitative values of (We = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) temperature gradient decreases but velocity gradient increases but at R = 0.4, |−θ′(0)| enhances, also |f″(0)| upsurges. At quantitative values of (ξ=0.1,0.2,0.3) , |−θ′(0)| increases for both R = 1.5 or 0.4 but |f″(0)| declines at both the values of R. The quantitative values of (Q = 0.1, −1.1 at R = 1.5) decreases |−θ′(0)| but increases |f″(0)|. However, at R = 0.4 we noticed opposite behaviour of both velocity and temperature gradient as detected from Table2. Similarly the effects of quantitative values of (Ec = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, Pr = 0.3, 0.4, Nr = 0.3, 0.4) on |−θ′(0)| are given in Table 3.

Abstract In this research various concepts from network theory and topic modelling are combined, to provision a temporal network of associated topics. This solution is presented as a step-by-step process to facilitate the evaluation of latent topics from unstructured text, as well as the domain area that textual documents are sourced from. In addition to ensuring shifts and changes in the structural properties of a given corpus are visible, non-stationary classes of cooccurring topics are determined, and trends in topic prevalence, positioning, and association patterns are evaluated over time. The aforementioned capabilities extend the insights fostered from stand-alone topic modelling outputs, by ensuring latent topics are not only identified and summarized, but more systematically interpreted, analysed, and explained, in a transparent and reliable way.

Introduction: In haemodialysis patients, mortality from cardiovascular disease is much greater than in the general population. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of two different types of heparin, low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and high molecular weight heparin (HMWH), on lipid profile in patients undergoing haemodialysis. Material & Methods: A total of 60 patients on haemodialysis were selected from two main hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan and were divided into two major groups based on the type of heparin used. A 5 ml blood sample was taken from the dialysis machine to get the serum and was kept frozen at -20ºC for analysis of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein. Comparison of lipoprotein lipase activity between groups were evaluated by using the student t-test. A P-value of ? 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Gender wise distribution of study population (n=60) was 67% (n=40) males and 33% (n=20) females. The age distribution of individuals varied from 39-43 years. Moreover, use of HMWH was high in males (73%) as compared to female (27%) with an average age of 39 ± 12 years where duration of haemodialysis was 4.44 ± 2.83. A significant difference in LPL activity related to different times in all patients was observed. A clearer difference observed in case of LDL where LPL activity was markedly different in both groups. Our data showed that individuals using LMWH had less chances of dyslipidaemia as compared to those using HMWH. Conclusion: LMWH is a useful and safe anticoagulant during haemodialysis as compared to HMWH.

Abstract Background HIV and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infections are responsible for a significant burden of mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries. This study sought to determine the prevalence of HIV and Hepatitis C among injecting drug users in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. Methods This review conforms to the Preferred Reporting Guidelines for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science/Knowledge, SID.ir, and MAGIRAN were searched. Studies that were published from 2003 up to 2018 were considered for analysis. Studies were screened for inclusion in duplicate, and also, that data were narratively synthesized. Results We report on data from 79 articles. The total number of participants in studies that assessed the prevalence of HIV among injecting drug users included 68,926 participants, while those from studies that assessed HCV prevalence were 23,016 participants. Overall HIV and HCV prevalence among injecting drug users in the three selected countries were 9.1% (95% CI 6.9–12.0%) and 48.3% (95% CI 43.9–52.7%), respectively. Iran had the highest HIV prevalence of 11.0% among injectable drug users (95% CI 8.4–14.2%), while Afghanistan had the lowest HIV prevalence of 3.1% (95% CI 1.5–6.3%) among three selected countries. In Pakistan, the prevalence of HIV was 8.6% (95% CI 4.8–15.0%). Regarding HCV prevalence, Pakistan had the highest while Afghanistan had the lowest, 54.4% (95% CI 33.5–73.9%) and 37.3% (95% CI 35.2–39.4%), respectively. HCV prevalence in Iran was 47.7% (95% CI 43.4–52.0%). Conclusion Injecting drug users form a special cohort of persons at risk of HIV and Hepatitis C infections. The prevalence of HIV and Hepatitis noted from our findings is significantly high. Awareness of the grave risk of spreading HIV and Hepatitis C associated with sharing needles is recommended among this sub-group of drug users.

Apigenin is a phytochemical obtained from Chamomilla recutita. Its role in interstitial cystitis is not yet known. The present study is aimed at understanding the uroprotective and spasmolytic effects of apigenin in cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis. The uroprotective role of apigenin was analyzed by qRT-PCR, macroscopic analysis, Evans blue dye leakage, histological evaluation, and molecular docking. The spasmolytic response was measured by adding cumulative concentrations of apigenin to isolated bladder tissue pre-contracted with KCl (80 mM) and carbachol (10−9–10−4) on non-incubated and pre-incubated tissues with atropine, 4DAMP, methoctramine, glibenclamide, barium chloride, nifedipine, indomethacin, and propranolol. Apigenin inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and TGF 1-β) and oxidant enzymes (iNOS) while increasing antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH) in CYP-treated groups compared to the control. Apigenin restored normal tissue of the bladder by decreasing pain, edema, and hemorrhage. Molecular docking further confirmed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of apigenin. Apigenin produced relaxation against carbachol-mediated contractions, probably via blockade of M3 receptors, KATP channels, L-type calcium channels, and prostaglandin inhibition. While the blockade of M2 receptors, KIR channels, and β-adrenergic receptors did not contribute to an apigenin-induced spasmolytic effect, apigenin presented as a possible spasmolytic and uroprotective agent with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects by attenuating TGF-β/iNOS-related tissue damage and bladder muscle overactivity. Thus, it is a potential agent likely to be used in treatment of interstitial cystitis.

Carbapenem resistance has become major concern in healthcare settings globally; therefore, its monitoring is crucial for intervention efforts to halt resistance spread. During May 2019–April 2022, 2170 clinical strains were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes, replicon and sequence types. Overall, 42.1% isolates were carbapenem-resistant, and significantly associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (p = 0.008) and Proteus species (p = 0.043). Carbapenemases were detected in 82.2% of isolates, with blaNDM-1 (41.1%) associated with the ICU (p < 0.001), cardiology (p = 0.042), pediatric medicine (p = 0.013) and wound samples (p = 0.041); blaOXA-48 (32.6%) was associated with the ICU (p < 0.001), cardiology (p = 0.008), pediatric medicine (p < 0.001), general surgery (p = 0.001), general medicine (p = 0.005) and nephrology (p = 0.020); blaKPC-2 (5.5%) was associated with general surgery (p = 0.029); blaNDM-1/blaOXA-48 (11.4%) was associated with general surgery (p < 0.001), and wound (p = 0.002), urine (p = 0.003) and blood (p = 0.012) samples; blaOXA-48/blaVIM (3.1%) was associated with nephrology (p < 0.001) and urine samples (p < 0.001). Other detected carbapenemases were blaVIM (3.0%), blaIMP (2.7%), blaOXA-48/blaIMP (0.1%) and blaVIM/blaIMP (0.3%). Sequence type (ST)147 (39.7%) represented the most common sequence type identified among K. pneumoniae, along with ST11 (23.0%), ST14 (15.4%), ST258 (10.9%) and ST340 (9.6%) while ST405 comprised 34.5% of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates followed by ST131 (21.2%), ST101 (19.7%), ST10 (16.0%) and ST69 (7.4%). Plasmid replicon types IncFII, IncA/C, IncN, IncL/M, IncFIIA and IncFIIK were observed. This is first report describing the carbapenem-resistance burden and emergence of blaKPC-2-ST147, blaNDM-1-ST340 and blaNDM-1-ST14 in K. pneumoniae isolates and blaNDM-1-ST69 and blaNDM-1/blaOXA-48-ST69 in E. coli isolates coharboring extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) from Pakistan.

SARS-CoV-2 is a causative agent for COVID-19 disease, initially reported from Wuhan, China. The infected patients experienced mild to severe symptoms, resulting in several fatalities due to a weak understanding of its pathogenesis, which is the same even to date. This cross-sectional study has been designed on 452 symptomatic mild-to-moderate and severe/critical patients to understand the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with their comorbidities and response to treatment. The mean age of the studied patients was 58 ± 14.42 years, and the overall male to female ratio was 61.7 to 38.2%, respectively. In total, 27.3% of the patients had a history of exposure, and 11.9% had a travel history, while for 60% of patients, the source of infection was unknown. The most prevalent signs and symptoms in ICU patients were dry cough, myalgia, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal discomfort, and abnormal chest X-ray (p < 0.001), along with a high percentage of hypertension (p = 0.007) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.029) as leading comorbidities. The complete blood count indicators were significantly disturbed in severe patients, while the coagulation profile and D-dimer values were significantly higher in mild-to-moderate (non-ICU) patients (p < 0.001). The serum creatinine (1.22 μmol L-1; p = 0.016) and lactate dehydrogenase (619 μmol L-1; p < 0.001) indicators were significantly high in non-ICU patients, while raised values of total bilirubin (0.91 μmol L-1; p = 0.054), C-reactive protein (84.68 mg L-1; p = 0.001), and ferritin (996.81 mg L-1; p < 0.001) were found in ICU patients. The drug dexamethasone was the leading prescribed and administrated medicine to COVID-19 patients, followed by remdesivir, meropenem, heparin, and tocilizumab, respectively. A characteristic pattern of ground glass opacities, consolidation, and interlobular septal thickening was prominent in severely infected patients. These findings could be used for future research, control, and prevention of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.

Objective: To determine the susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus to different antibiotics. Method: The descriptive study was conducted at the Microbiology Department of the University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, from August 2016 to July 2019, and comprised staphylococcus aureus samples that were processed and identified using colony morphology on blood agar, gram stain, catalase, coagulase and deoxyribonuclease testing. Screening for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus was done using cefoxitin disc 30µg and oxacillin disc 1?g. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method in line with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines 2019. Data was analysed using SPSS 24. Results: Of the 2704 strains processed, 402(14.86%) were found to be methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Of them, 204(50.74%) were recovered from pus, while 10(2.48%) were recovered from urine. All 402(100%) isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid, and resistant to penicillin, followed by erythromycin 306(76.11%) and sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim 295(73.38%). Overall, lower resistance was seen with doxycycline 145(36.06%) and clindamycin 160(39.80%). Inducible clindamycin resistance was seen in 142(35.23%) isolates. Conclusion: An efficacious susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus was seen with vancomycin and linezolid, moderate susceptibility with doxycycline and clindamycin, while high resistance was observed for penicillin, erythromycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Key Words: Antimicrobial resistance, Antibiotic susceptibility, Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, MRSA. Continuous...

Abstract Background The global emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (Col-R) conferred by mcr genes in gram-negative rods (GNRs) has jeopardized the last treatment option for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in humans. This study aimed to assess the emergence of mcr gene-mediated Col-R in GNRs isolated from humans and animals in Pakistan. Methods Animal and clinical specimens collected from various sources were prospectively analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Pathogens were identified using the API 20E and API 20NE systems (bioMerieux). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against colistin was determined using the MIC detection methods, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes. Results We isolated 126 (88.1%) animal and 17 (11.9%) human Col-R phenotypes, among which there was a significant association (P 6 µg/mL and > 12 µg/mL for human and animal isolates, respectively. mcr genes were detected in 110 (76.9%) bacterial strains, of which 108 (98.2%) were mcr-1 and 2 (1.8%) were mcr-2. Conclusions The detection of a considerable number of mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in animals is worrisome, as they are now being detected in clinical pathogens. The acquisition of mcr genes by colistin-susceptible bacteria could leave us in a post-antibiotic era.

L. Gǎvruţa (2012) introduced a special kind of frames, named K-frames, where K is an operator, in Hilbert spaces, which is significant in frame theory and has many applications. In this paper, first of all, we have introduced the notion of approximative K-atomic decomposition in Banach spaces. We gave two characterizations regarding the existence of approximative K-atomic decompositions in Banach spaces. Also some results on the existence of approximative K-atomic decompositions are obtained. We discuss several methods to construct approximative K-atomic decomposition for Banach Spaces. Further, approximative d-frame and approximative d-Bessel sequence are introduced and studied. Two necessary conditions are given under which an approximative d-Bessel sequence and approximative d-frame give rise to a bounded operator with respect to which there is an approximative K-atomic decomposition. Example and counter example are provided to support our concept. Finally, a possible application is given.

Currently major challenge for scientists is to cope with Coronavirus infection that alters host immune response in different ways. There is variability in immune response in diverse populations against this infection and particularly immunity of a certain population against SARS-CoV-2is not clear. Many factors such as viral and host genetics that play crucial in this infection but immunological aspects are more important in infection and disease progression. Its different patterns of spread and severity needs timely focus to design strategies against this disease. This review sums up the concepts related to host immune response to SARS-CoV-2, cellular and humoral immunity, cytokines storm and immunization against COVID-19.

A smart grid is a new ecosystem, which is made by combining a number of smart Internet of Things (IoT) devices that manage wide energy sources by increasing the efficiency and reliability of the smart energy systems. As the IoT devices in the smart grid ecosystem generate a gigantic amount of data that needs to be stored and managed in the cloud server. On the other hand, the stored data in the cloud server can be accessible to a number of data users, therefore the data need authenticity and secrecy. Here, to fulfill the security requirements of such type of communication, signcryption with proxy re-encryption technique is the most suitable option where a semi-trusted third party can alter a ciphertext that has been encrypted for one user into another ciphertext without seeing the original content of the message. However, the existing signcryption with proxy re-encryption schemes for the smart grid environment is suffering from more bandwidth space and greater computational time requirements. Thus, in this paper, we propose a lightweight certificate-based signcryption with a proxy re-encryption (CBSRE) scheme for smart grid based-IoT devices with the intention of reducing the computational and communicational costs. For the security and efficiency of the proposed CBSRE scheme, we used a hyperelliptic curve cryptosystem that uses small parameters with a key size of 80-bits. Furthermore, the proposed scheme provides the security requirements of confidentiality (IND-CBSRE-CCA2-I and IND-CBSRE-CCA2-II), unforgeability (EUF-CBSRE-CMA-I and EUF-CBSRE-CMA-II) and forward secrecy. Additionally, we compared our proposed CBSRE scheme with the existing proxy signcryption with re-encryption schemes and the final results show that the new scheme provides strong security with the expanse of minimal computational and communications resources.

Soil compaction easily causes root hypoxia stress, resulting in poor root growth and the absorption of soil water and nutrients. We hypothesized that aerated irrigation (AI) could enhance nutrient uptake and utilization, thus unlocking the high yield potential by increasing soil aeration and root morphology indicators compared with that in the non-aeration treatment. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil aeration and root morphology on the yield of greenhouse cucumbers. The dissolved oxygen (DO) in irrigation water at 10 mg L−1 (A1), 20 mg L−1 (A2), and non-aeration treatment (A0) were applied via a subsurface drip irrigation system. The soil respiration rates, DO in soil water, root morphology, and crop yield were measured. The results showed that AI could significantly improve the soil respiration rate, DO in soil water, and root morphology compared with non-aeration treatment. The A2 significantly increased soil respiration rate by 11.63% and 11.93%, respectively, compared with the A1 and A0 treatments. Under A1 and A2, the DO in soil water increased by 20.01% and 18.02%, respectively, compared with the A0. Moreover, during the flowering and fruit set, the mature, and the late stages, the root surface area, root volume, root tip number, root forks, and root dry weight in the A2 treatment significantly increased than that in the A0 treatment. The soil respiration rate, DO in soil water, root length, and root forks were the main indexes correlated to the yield, respectively. The DO in soil water and root forks number significantly influenced the yield. The cucumber yield and economic benefits in A2 peaked at 53.04 t ha−1 and 3.95 × 104 USD ha−1, increased by 7.86% and 7.30% compared with that in the A0 treatment, respectively (p < 0.05). The results could provide technical support and scientific knowledge for regulating greenhouse cucumbers under AI.

Studying the response of winter wheat to post-drought rehydration is conducive to understanding the efficient utilization of water-saving technology, such as regulating deficit irrigation and increasing water use efficiency. The controlled condition experiment in the rain shelter was conducted in 2020. The two water stress treatments, including post-drought rehydration at the jointing and heading stages, were combined with high nitrogen (N) (250 kg/hm2), low N (125 kg/hm2), and no N (0 kg/hm2, control). The effects of post-drought rehydration on the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), major fluorescence parameters, and photosynthetic indexes of winter wheat were determined. The results showed that post-drought rehydration increased the SPAD value, the efficiency of light energy conversion, maximum potential photo-electron transport, and the photosynthetic indices and decreased the photochemical quenching coefficient. Among them, the compensatory effect of rehydration at the heading stage on SPAD, fluorescence parameters, and photosynthetic indexes was more significant (p < 0.05), and the winter wheat needed a recovery process after rehydration. Increased application of N fertilizer can alleviate the effects of water stress on the fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic properties of flag leaf and promote the degree of the response of fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic properties to rehydration. The specific effects were as follows: high N > low N > no N application. As a result, winter wheat had a certain compensatory effect of rehydration after timely drought stress; the compensatory effect of rehydration could be enhanced under the condition of increasing N application.

The problems of high nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rate and low N utilization efficiency are common worldwide in vegetable plantations. Application of brown coal (BC, also known as lignite) can increase crop yield and fertilizer N recovery efficiency (NRE). However, the effect of BC application on the utilization and distribution of exogenous N in the soil–plant system under different fertilization strategies is unclear. The pot experiment was set up in three factors of randomized design, including 15N-labeled urea fertilizer, BC, and organic manure, and pakchoi was used as the test crop. There were five rates of 15N-labeled urea, including 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg N ha−1, two rates of BC with 5 and 0 t ha−1, and the organic manure with 0 t ha−1 which constitutes ten treatments. The other four treatments were the combination of one 15N-labeled urea rate of 100 kg N ha−1, two rates of BC with 5 and 0 t ha−1, and two rates of organic manure with 100 and 0 kg N ha−1. In conclusion, the interaction of all N fertilizer rates combined with BC improved soil 15N retention efficiency by 10.14% compared without BC amendment. Between 200 and 300 kg N ha−1, the average potential loss rate of 15N decreased by 10.41%. The application of BC could reduce N loss by enhancing plant N uptake and increasing soil retention. The combined use of 200 kg N ha−1 fertilizer and 5 t ha−1 of BC would maintain a high fertilizer NRE and ensure pakchoi yield.

Abstract Rapid industrialization, urbanization and population growth have resulted in air, water and land pollution. Water pollution is a major concern across the globe. Discharge of huge amount of industrial wastewater adversely affects the human and environment. Heavy metal pollution is considered to be one of the serious environmental problems today. Due to strict environmental regulations in the country, it is required to bring down the pollution level to a permissible limit. The present study assessed the capability of Azadirachta indica (neem leaf) powder as a natural adsorbent in the removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions. The characterization of the adsorbent was performed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Series of batch experimental studies were carried out by changing the solution pH, stirring time, adsorbent dosage and stirring speed in the removal of copper from aqueous solution using A. indica as biosorbent. The experimental result shows that the percentage removal of copper was highest at the following optimized conditions: pH 7.0, stirring time 60 min and biosorbent dosage of 1.0 g and at 125 RPM speed. The studies indicate that A. indica is considered to be a promising type of biomass for the removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions.

HPP (Hydropower Projects) are very complex and risky in nature. For HPP, it is extremely important not only to identify risks but also to adopt proper mitigation measure to complete the project with in defined schedule and budget. Attempt has been made in this paper to identify critical risks associated with Dasu HPP and their mitigation measure to complete the project within predefined time and budget. The research methodology involved the questionnaire survey for identification of potential risks with their probabilities and impact. Pert-Master (Oracle Risk) software was used for simulation purposes. After feeding all data in the software, Monte Carlo simulation was run at 1,000 iterations to generate most probable duration of project, most probable cost of the project, critical risks sensitive to duration, critical risk sensitive to cost and statistically analyzed critical tasks/activities, which need due consideration for successful completion of project. Simulated schedule and budget was compared with planned one to find possible deviations, which may be eliminated by using mitigation measures proposed in the last section of the paper.

Abstract Aim Despite remarkable theoretical evidence of positive outcomes of patient and family‐centred care, it is rarely performed in the intensive care setting. The aim of this review was to assess the barriers to patient and family‐centred care among healthcare providers, patients and family members in adult intensive care units. Design A systematic review of both qualitative and quantitative studies. Methods The search strategy sought for published peer‐reviewed research papers limited to English language from conception to 2018. The review protocol was registered in the CRD Prospero database (CRD42018086838). Literature search was carried out in four databases: EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PubMed and Scopus where keywords “barriers,” “patient and family centered care,” “patient‐centered care” and “intensive care unit” appeared in any part of the reference. Hand search of reference lists of identified papers was also done to capture all pertinent materials. Each study was assessed by three independent reviewers against the inclusion criteria. Evidence was graded according to sampling quality, quantity and measurement of intended outcomes. Screening of studies and citations resulted in seven studies that were included in the analysis. Results Barriers to patient and family‐centred care broadly fall under four categories; lack of understanding of what is needed to achieve patient and family‐centred care, organizational barriers, individual barriers and interdisciplinary barriers.

Background Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis can become dormant, resist the hostile environment of the phagosome, and trigger a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction leading to chronic infection and granuloma formation. In granulomas, destruction of tissues results in the release of intracellular self-antigens that may provoke the development of autoantibodies. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study was conducted to detect anti-dsDNA antibodies in local TB patients. Patients and methods In all, 160 patients were recruited for this comparative study. Anti-dsDNA antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Independent Student’s t test was used to compare mean anti-dsDNA values between TB patients and healthy individuals. A p value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results Anti-dsDNA antibodies were high in TB patients as compared with healthy controls and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P

This study addressed the complexity involved in integrating the causative risk factors influencing construction profitability. Most of the existing studies cover the individual effects of profitability influencing factors. Very few focus on the systematic impact without incorporating the complexity and associated dynamics, presenting a gap targeted by the current study. The current study aimed to assess causative interrelations and interdependencies between profitability influencing risk factors (PIRF), through systems thinking (ST) and system dynamics (SD) modeling. The SD approach was used to evaluate the integrated impacts on profitability-influencing risk categories (PIRC) in construction projects. The causative influencing factors affecting construction profitability were identified through a comprehensive literature review. These were ranked using content analysis, and categorized into significant issues. Through 250 structured surveys and 15 expert opinion meetings, the path for quantitative and qualitative evaluations was prepared. Following these investigations, a causal loop diagram (CLD) was established using the ST technique, and the integrated effect was quantified using SD modeling. The study finds the rising cost of material, supply chain process, payment issues, planning and scheduling problems, financial difficulties, and effective control of manpower and equipment resources as the most critical PIRFs. The integrated effects of PIRFs on PIRC were quantified using SD modeling. This study helps field professionals with profitability-influencing factors, diagnosing issues, and integrating impacts regarding decision-making and policy formulation. For researchers, it presents a list of factors that can be investigated in detail, and the holistic interrelationships established.

Understanding the temporal and spatial patterns of soil water extraction and their impacts on growth response of winter wheat to deficit subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) conditions is critical for managing water scarcity and stabilizing yield. A field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2018 involving five SDI amounts: 0.25, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 ETc, representing 25, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), respectively. The results showed that the 0.6 ETc treatment significantly increased soil water extraction from 40–80 and 80–140-cm from jointing to maturity as compared to the 1.0 ETc treatment. Whereas the 0.8 ETc treatment significantly increased soil water extraction from 80–140-cm deep soil from flowering to maturity in the first growing season. The crop was most water-stressed under the 0.25 and 0.4 ETc treatments, thus extracted more soil water from 0–140-cm soil profile. However, both treatments exhibited minimum plant tillers, lowest leaf water content, leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic rate (Pn), and transpiration rate (Tr) as well as grain yield. All these parameters, except for leaf water content, Pn after the flowering stage, and grain productivity, were also reduced in the 0.6 ETc treatment than the 1.0 ETc treatment. The differences between the 0.8 and 1.0 ETc treatments were minor in terms of plant height, LAI, spike number, Pn and Tr, but infertile tillers were fewer in the 0.8 ETc treatment. We obtained high yield from the 0.8 ETc treatment, and the 0.6ETc treatment resulted in the highest harvest index with improved WUE than other treatments. Integrating deficit irrigation into SDI can save water in winter wheat production in water-limited regions, which can not only enhance soil water extraction from deep soil layers, but also sustained yield by stimulating crop growth. Therefore, a deficit SDI system would be used to conserve water in water-limited regions.

The limiting of water resource and traditional farming practices are threatening the sustainability of important minor crops in Pakistan, including berseem, which is a key source of fodder for dairy farms. Each year, 2% reduction of cultivated area, low yield and grower’s non-preference (to rotate or replace wheat-cotton pattern) factors are adversely affecting the livestock sector. Consequently, animal rearing business is suffering badly due to lack of fresh forage in the country. Therefore, a three-replicated randomized complete block design (RCBD) field experiment was conducted during rabi season to evaluate berseem crop in term of yield and profit under existing farming practice (85:115:00 NPK kg ha−1 + 12 irrigations with 15 days intervals) and optimized treatments (70:100:30 NPK kg ha−1, 55:85:15 NPK kg ha−1 + 12, 08, 04 irrigations + 15, 18, 21 days intervals). The net plot size was 12 m2 with a pH range of 8.1 silty clay loam soil type. In addition, the climate was monitored as well, there was no rainfall observed during the entire crop period. The analysis of statistical data showed a significant (p < 0.05) vegetative, reproductive and economic performance of berseem in optimized farming practices compared to traditional practice. Thus, maximum plant height, leaves plant−1, branches plant−1, plant weight, fodder and seed yield, net profit, and profit on $−1 (81.8 cm, 100.8, 36.0, 19.3 (g), 72.0 t, 829.30 kg ha−1, $1910.8 ha−1, $2.03 respectably) were measured from treatment 70:100:30 NPK kg ha−1 + 12 irrigations at 15 days intervals, which is recommended to the farmers of synonymic agro-environmental conditions. Furthermore, the treatment 70:100:30 NPK kg ha−1 + 8 irrigations was also better with the aspect of satisfactory outcome and 33% less use of water.

In this article, we study the revised model of boundary-layer flow past a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet over the heated surface in a nanofluid with stability and regression analyses. The revised model refers to a physically more realistic approach, where the nanoparticle fraction can be controlled on the boundary in a similar way as for temperature on the boundary. The system of nonlinear similarity ordinary differential equations is solved numerically and dual solutions are found for both stretching and shrinking sheets up to a certain range of the stretching/shrinking parameter. Effect of pertinent parameters on the skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number, the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are deliberated. Stability analysis is executed to know about the stability of dual solutions when sheet is being stretched or shrunk under the suction effect. The local Nusselt number is estimated through regressions for both stretching and shrinking sheets. It is observed through regressions and graphical results that the Brownian motion has no more effect on the heat transfer rate. The Schmidt number gives a very minimal effect on the heat transfer rate, while with an increase in Biot number, the heat transfer rate increases but at a higher value of Biot number accomplishes a constant wall temperature condition. The Brownian and thermophoresis parameters should be kept small as mainly the transfer of heat is due to fluid motion. From the stability analysis, it is found through numeric values and graphical results that the first solution is stable and thus physically realizable. Finally, the flow pattern is analyzed, and it is observed that streamline contracts with the increase of the suction parameter. Keywords: Convectively heated stretching/shrinking sheet, Passive control of nanoparticles, Numerical approach, Regression and stability analyses

Objective: To determine the frequency of vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) among clinical isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore from Jul 2014 to Dec 2014. Material and Methods: A total of 240 (n=240) clinical isolates of MRSA were collected by consecutive sampling from different tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. Re-confirmation of MRSA was done by the standard microbiological methods using disc diffusion technique according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines 2014. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the vancomycin was done by agar dilution method. Results: It was found that vancomycin inhibited MRSA strains in the range of 1.0–2.0 µg/ml. Ninety percent (90%) of the strains inhibited at 1 µg/ml while 25 (10.41%) strains showed growth at 1 µg/ml which indicates that their MIC was 2 µg/ml. No vancomycin resistant (VRSA) or intermediate strains (VISA) of MRSA were found during the study but there were significant numbers of isolates having ≥1 µg/ml MIC of vancomycin. Conclusion: Vancomycin has until now excellent activity against clinical isolates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

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The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

This study was aimed to find histological changes in the extrahepatic organs, hepatic iron deposition, and gene expression of some iron regulatory proteins in rats after sterile muscle abscess during the acute intoxication of Nerium oleander leaves decoction. 10 ml/kg of the leaves extract was injected intramuscularly in Wistar rats (200–225 g, n=4). Control animals received saline injection of matched volume. Animals were anesthetized and sacrificed after 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after administration of decoction. Lungs, kidney, spleen, and liver were extracted and processed for histopathological examination while portion of liver tissue was proceeded for iron regulatory gene expression quantification. Sections of all studied organs were found with signs of cellular dysfunction with infiltration of variety of leucocytes. In the lungs section at 3 h time point mononuclear cell infiltrates were observed while in alveolar tissue at 24 h time point dilation and even collapse in some of the alveoli were evident. In kidney sections distortion of renal tubules and epithelial cells with shrinkage of glomeruli was noted at all studied time points. In the splenic section of 12 h time point, degeneration, depopulation, and shrinkage of white pulp have been noted. Distension of the red pulp along with activation of splenic follicles was evident after 24 h onset of APR. Significant changes in the expression of acute phase cytokine and iron regulatory genes were noted. IL-6 and Hepc gene expression were strongly upregulated up to 12 h whereby Tf gene expression showed an early upregulation at 3 h time point followed by downregulation on later points while Hjv gene expression showed an overall downregulation at all study time points compared to control. It is concluded that inherent toxins present in the N. oleander can induce acute phase response and cause severe histological changes in the organs and marked changes in the regulation of iron regulatory proteins thus cannot be practiced routinely.