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[EN] The Iberian Peninsula comprises one of the largest boundaries between Mediterranean and Eurosiberian vegetation, known as sub-Mediterranean zone. This ecotone hosts many unique plant species and communities and constitutes the low-latitude (warm) margin of numerous central European species which co-occur with Mediterranean vegetation. Two of the main species found in this region are the Eurosiberian European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and the Mediterranean Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.). It remains unclear how the different physiological and adaptive strategies of these two species reflect their niche partitioning within a sub-Mediterranean community and to what extent phenotypic variation (intraspecific variability) is driving niche partitioning across Eurosiberian and Mediterranean species SI

In this work, Curcuma longa L. extract has been used in the synthesis and direct coating of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles ~12 nm, providing a surface layer of polyphenol groups (–OH and –COOH). This contributes to the development of nanocarriers and triggers different bio-applications. Curcuma longa L. is part of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae); the extracts of this plant contain a polyphenol structure compound, and it has an affinity to be linked to Fe ions. The nanoparticles’ magnetization obtained corresponded to close hysteresis loop Ms = 8.81 emu/g, coercive field Hc = 26.67 Oe, and low remanence energy as iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs). Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles (G-M@T) showed tunable single magnetic domain interactions with uniaxial anisotropy as addressable cores at 90–180°. Surface analysis revealed characteristic peaks of Fe 2p, O 1s, and C 1s. From the last one, it was possible to obtain the C–O, C=O, –OH bonds, achieving an acceptable connection with the HepG2 cell line. The G-M@T nanoparticles do not induce cell toxicity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or HepG2 cells in vitro, but they can increase the mitochondrial and lysosomal activity in HepG2 cells, probably related to an apoptotic cell death induction or to a stress response due to the high concentration of iron within the cell.

Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UAB The project that gave rise to these results received the support of a fellowship from the 'La Caixa' Foundation (ID 100010434). Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-M Despite renewed efforts to combat climate change, it remains uncertain how economies will achieve emission reduction by 2050. Among different decarbonisation strategies, knowledge about the potential role and contributions of social movements to curbing carbon emissions has been limited. This study aims to shed light on the diverse contributions of social movements to staying within the global carbon budget, as well as on the specific outcomes and strategies employed in protests against hydrocarbon activities. For this purpose, we conduct a systematic literature review of 57 empirical cases of social movements contesting fossil fuel projects in 29 countries. Based on an exploratory approach, we identify a series of different movement strategies and a range of qualitative contributions that support staying within the carbon budget. These include raising awareness of risks and strategies, enhancing corporate responsibility, being informed about policy changes, laws and regulations, fostering just energy transitions, energy democracy, divestment, alternative market solutions, and forcing the postponement or cancellation of targeted hydrocarbon activities. While the institutional means are widely used and seem to support policy change and regulation, these strategies are not used to deliver awareness or postponement outcomes. Similarly, while movements tend to rely on civil disobedience to stop hydrocarbon projects in the short term, they rely on multiple strategies to cancel them in the longer term. Our study also indicates significant knowledge gaps in the literature, particularly, cases in Africa and Central Asia, women's participation in these movements, in addition to more quantitative assessments of the actual emissions reduced by social movements.

10 páginas.- 3 figuras.- 1 tabla.- referencias.- The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.773118/full#supplementary-material, Extensive research efforts are devoted to understand fine root trait variation and to confirm the existence of a belowground root economics spectrum (RES) from acquisitive to conservative root strategies that is analogous to the leaf economics spectrum (LES). The economics spectrum implies a trade-off between maximizing resource acquisition and productivity or maximizing resource conservation and longevity; however, this theoretical framework still remains controversial for roots. We compiled a database of 320 Mediterranean woody and herbaceous species to critically assess if the classic economics spectrum theory can be broadly extended to roots. Fine roots displayed a wide diversity of forms and properties in Mediterranean vegetation, resulting in a multidimensional trait space. The main trend of variation in this multidimensional root space is analogous to the main axis of LES, while the second trend of variation is partially determined by an anatomical trade-off between tissue density and diameter. Specific root area (SRA) is the main trait explaining species distribution along the RES, regardless of the selected traits. We advocate for the need to unify and standardize the criteria and approaches used within the economics framework between leaves and roots, for the sake of theoretical consistency., This work was financially supported by the German Research Foundation (ECOFUMER, GZ: GA 2899/3-1), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant no. CGL2017-82254-R-INTARSU), ECO-MEDIT (CGL2014-53236-R), the projects “Ecología Funcional de los Bosques Andaluces y Predicciones Sobre sus Cambios Futuros (For-Change; UCO-FEDER 18 REF 27943 MOD B; Spain) and Funcionalidad y Servicios Ecosistémicos de los Bosques Andaluces y Normarroquíes: Relaciones con la Diversidad Vegetal y Edáfica Ante el Cambio Climático” (P18-RT-3455) by Junta de Andalucía (Spain), and the Seneca Foundation (project 20654/JLI/18), all cofinanced by European FEDER funds.

Photoelectrochemical water splitting using solar energy is a highly promising technology to produce hydrogen as an environmentally friendly and renewable fuel with high-energy density. This approach requires the development of appropriate photoelectrode materials and substrates, which are low-cost and applicable for the fabrication of large area electrodes. In this work, hematite photoelectrodes are grown by aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AA-CVD) onto highly-conductive and bulk porous SnO2 (Sb-doped) ceramic substrates. For such photoelectrodes, the photocurrent density of 2.8 mA cm-2 is achieved in aqueous 0.1 M NaOH under blue LED illumination (λ = 455 nm; 198 mW cm-2) at 1.23 V vs. RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode). This relatively good photoelectrochemical performance of the photoelectrode is achieved despite the simple fabrication process. Good performance is suggested to be related to the three-dimensional morphology of the porous ceramic substrate resulting in excellent light-driven charge carrier harvesting. The porosity of the ceramic substrate allows growth of the photoactive layer (SnO2-grains covered by hematite) to a depth of some micrometers, whereas the thickness of Fe2O3-coating on individual grains is only about 100–150 nm. This architecture of the photoactive layer assures a good light absorption and it creates favourable conditions for charge separation and transport.

It remains unclear how COVID-19 has affected public engagement with the climate crisis. According to the finite-pool-of-worry hypothesis, concern about climate change should have decreased after the pandemic, in turn reducing climate-policy acceptance. Here we test these and several other conjectures by using survey data from 1172 Spanish participants who responded before and after the first wave of COVID-19, allowing for both aggregate and within-person analyses. We find that on average climate concern has decreased, while acceptance of most climate policies has increased. At the individual-level, adverse health experiences are unrelated to these changes. The same holds for negative economic experiences, with the exception that unemployment is associated with reduced acceptance of some policies. Complementary to the finite-pool-of-worry test, we examine three additional pandemic-related issues. As we find, (1) higher climate concern and policy acceptance are associated with a belief that climate change contributed to the COVID-19 outbreak; (2) higher policy acceptance is associated with a positive opinion about how the government addressed the COVID-19 crisis; (3) citizens show favorable attitudes to a carbon tax with revenues used to compensate COVID-19-related expenditures. Overall, we conclude there is support for addressing the global climate crisis even during a global health crisis. © 2022 Elsevier B.V. 253/2020, 660089, RyC-2017-22782; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, MCIU: CEX2019-000940-MEU; European Research Council, ERC; Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 19-18-00262; Horizon 2020: 741087 This work was funded by an ERC Advanced Grant from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme [grant agreement n° 741087 ]. Ivan Savin acknowledges financial support from the Russian Science Foundation [RSF grant number 19-18-00262 ]. Sergio Villamayor-Tomas' work was supported by a Marie Curie IF grant (nr. 660089 ), Ramon y Cajal Fellowship (RyC-2017-22782), financial support from the Federal University of Minas Gerais´ Visiting Professor program (Contrato n° 253/2020 ), and the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities , through the “ María de Maeztu ” programme for Units of Excellence ( CEX2019-000940-MEU ).

The aim of this study was to determine the traits that define the optical properties of the needles of four coniferous species: Picea abies, Picea omorika, Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris. The analysis included measurements of the needles for their morphological and anatomical aspects, reflectances at the upper and lower needle surfaces through their 280–880-nm spectra, and biochemical traits. The needles of these species differed significantly in the majority of morphological and anatomical traits, with the most pronounced differences seen for the thickness of the cuticle and epidermis, the needle width and thickness, the width of the central cylinder, and the position and density of the stomata. The reflectance spectra of the upper needle surface were very similar, while for the reflectance of the lower needle surface, P. omorika reflected light the most efficiently, followed by A. alba. The biochemical properties indicated significant differences in the amounts of UV-absorbing compounds, which...

Objective: To learn the profile and activities carried out by the Hospital Nurse Liaison for the continuity of care in Primary Health Care in Spain. Method: An exploratory study with a qualitative approach developed in five University Hospitals in Madrid and three in Barcelona, with Hospital Nurse Liaisons who work in Hospitals in Madrid (8) and Barcelona (11). An online questionnaire was applied with open and closed questions for data collection. The data were analyzed by the content analysis technique in the thematic modality. Results: Nineteen (19) Hospital Nurse Liaisons participated in the study. The liaisons’ ages ranged from 26 to 64 years old, the majority were women (94.73%) with experience between 21 and 30 years (52.63%), and had worked in this job between 6 months and 26 years. The Nurse Liasion is required to perform a clinical assessment of the patient prior to discharge and to contact the Nurse in the patient’s area of origin by telephone or e-mail. It is necessary to have experience as an educator, to work in a team and have motivation. Conclusion: Nurses in Spain perform care continuity for Primary Health Care, in which their activities encompass the availability of resources and experience in managing the care of complex patients and their families. RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer el perfil y las actividades realizadas por la Enfermera Hospitalaria de Enlace para la continuidad del cuidado en la atención primaria de salud en España. Método: Investigación del tipo exploratoria, de abordaje cualitativo, desarrollada en cinco Hospitales Universitarios en Madrid y tres en Barcelona, con Enfermeras Hospitalarias de Enlace que actúan en los Hospitales en Madrid (ocho) y Barcelona (11). Para la recolección de datos se aplicó un cuestionario en línea, con preguntas abiertas y cerradas. Los datos fueron analizados por la técnica de análisis de contenido, en la modalidad temática. Resultados: Participaron 19 Enfermeras Hospitalarias de Enlace. El rango de edad varió de 26 a 64 años, la mayoría eran mujeres (94,73%) con experiencia entre 21 y 30 años (52,63%), trabajando en esa función entre 6 meses y 26 años. Antes del alta hospitalaria, se solicita que la Enfermera lleve a cabo la evaluación clínica del paciente y el contacto con el Enfermero del área de origen del paciente por teléfono o email. Es necesario tener capacidad como educador, trabajar en equipo y motivación. Conclusión: En España, la Enfermera realiza la continuidad de cuidado para la atención primaria de salud, cuyas actividades abarcan disponibilidad de recursos y experiencia en el manejo del cuidado de pacientes complejos y su familia. RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer o perfil e as atividades realizadas pela Enfermeira Hospitalar de Enlace para a continuidade do cuidado na Atenção Primária à Saúde na Espanha. Método: Pesquisa do tipo exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida em cinco Hospitais Universitários em Madri e três em Barcelona, com Enfermeiras Hospitalares de Enlace que atuam nos Hospitais em Madri (oito) e Barcelona (11). Para a coleta de dados foi aplicado um questionário on-line, com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Os dados foram analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo, na modalidade temática. Resultados: Participaram 19 Enfermeiras Hospitalares de Enlace. A faixa etária variou de 26 a 64 anos, a maioria era mulheres (94,73%) com experiência entre 21 e 30 anos (52,63%), trabalhando nesta função entre 6 meses e 26 anos. Antes da alta hospitalar, a Enfermeira é solicitada a realizar a avaliação clínica do paciente e contato com o Enfermeiro da área de origem do paciente por telefone ou e-mail. É necessário ter capacidade como educador, trabalhar em equipe e motivação. Conclusão: Na Espanha, a Enfermeira realiza a continuidade de cuidado para a Atenção Primária à Saúde, cujas atividades englobam disponibilidade de recursos e experiência no manejo do cuidado de pacientes complexos e sua família.

Currently, the method mostly used by practitioners of environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the "crisp numbers" method. Nevertheless, this arithmetic method is far away of giving correct values due to its rigidity and the lack of consideration of important aspects as the imprecision and incompleteness of data and the uncertainty that usually pervade our knowledge of environment. A more flexible model that considers uncertainty of knowledge and imprecision of data is necessary. Among the different approaches for the assessment of environmental impacts, the fuzzy logic-based one takes account of the aspects said before; this was our primal assumption. On this paper, we explain the structure and performance of the fuzzy rule-based inference model we built, how it works, and what can be obtained when used to assess environmental impacts. Our fuzzy expert system for the assessment of environmental impacts (FESAEI) is built as the combination of five subsystems, using a total of 120 fuzzy rules, and being the output and input for the next subsystem. We assessed the parameters of rarity, robustness, quality, recoverability, intrinsic value, extension, intensity, persistence, impact_character, cumulativeness, transmissivity, and impact prevalue in four subsystems. The fifth subsystem gives the definitive impact value corresponding to the impact type of "compatible," "moderate," "severe," and "critical." The model is verified and statistically validated. Weighted Cohen's kappa shows an almost perfect concordance among experts and FESAEI's evaluations.

This study aims to understand the effectiveness of farmer responses to droughts as mediated by water governance factors and performance. For that purpose, the study relies on an analysis of drought impact and responses in seven Mexican irrigation systems. Data was collected and analyzed at both the community and household level through in-depth interviews and surveys, respectively. The analysis first contextualizes droughts and other climate-related events with regard to the broader spectrum of disturbances that farmers face. Next, an inventory of organization-level and individual level responses is followed by an exploratory assessment of the effectiveness of the latter, depending on system-level, individual-level and disturbance-level variables. The results show that farmers face multiple types of social and ecological disturbances, of which drought is the most salient but not necessarily the most important. They also underscore that farmers feel vulnerable to droughts, particularly in organizations where compliance with water allocation rules is lower. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find an association between decentralization and perceived effectiveness of farmer responses. Similarly, we found only a negative association between the dominance of communal land in the systems and effectiveness. On a related note, farmers’ economic resources and the severity of the drought was also more frequently associated with effectiveness than not.

"Ethylene emissions are characteristic of primary exhalations of vehicular combustion processes. Their reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the presence of solar UV radiation promotes the production of ozone. Previously, our research group reported the measurement of real-time profiles of ethylene concentration (EC) in the atmosphere of the Metropolitan Zone of México City (MZMC) by means of laser photoacoustic system, based on 12C16O2. In this work, we applied the Euler box photochemical model to fit the time-dependent experimental ethylene concentration profiles recorded in the working week February 19-23, 2001. Those profiles allowed us to calculate the continuous variation of the atmospheric boundary layer (HABL) between 5:00 and 21:00 h, under stable atmospheric conditions. From the fitting function C(t), we identified the corresponding HABL temporal curves for the entire week of the campaign. Also, the emission ethylene rate general profile q(t) was determined, presenting three maximum peaks. The values of the HABL height ranged between 169 and 357 m in the morning and between 2700 and 3869 m in the afternoon. The Euler model, applied under atmospheric stable conditions, predicts the shifts of the three q(t) maximum center peaks depending on rush hours, Euler box volume, and -OH and ethene reactions."

We study some of the consequences of the SU(6){sub {ital L}}{direct_product}U(1){sub {ital Y}} model of unification of electroweak interactions and families with a horizontal gauge group SU(2){sub {ital H}}, paying special attention to processes with flavor-changing neutral currents. We compute at the tree level the decays {ital K}{sup +}{r_arrow}{pi}{sup +}{mu}{sup +}{ital e}{sup {minus}}, {ital K}{sub {ital L}}{sup 0}{r_arrow}{mu}{sup +}{ital e}{sup {minus}}, and {mu}{sup {minus}}{r_arrow}{ital e}{sup {minus}}{bar {nu}}{sub {ital e}}{nu}{sub {mu}} from which we obtain lower bounds for the mass of the horizontal gauge boson associated with FCNC`s. Finally we obtain limits on the mixing between ordinary and exotic charged leptons.