Search

Multiple external representations (MERs) are useful for teaching complex content in science education. An open question is whether there is an especially effective way to sequence MERs. On the one hand, the so-called concreteness fading approach suggests starting instruction with more concrete representations and proceeding stepwise to more idealized representations. The effectiveness of this fading approach is, however, supported mainly by studies in mathematics education, while the results in physics are equivocal. On the other hand, presenting different representations simultaneously may support linking, that is, the comparison and contrast of representations, which may benefit learning. In an experimental classroom study (N = 187), we compared concreteness fading and simultaneous presentation of MERs for learning a challenging physics content in high school, namely, Faraday's law. We found no significant differences between conditions in posttest performance, and an equivalence test with bounds d = -0.5 to 0.5 showed that both approaches performed equally. The results align with previous findings questioning the superiority of concreteness fading over other ways of sequencing MERs. Therefore, facilitating students' understanding of a complex physics content may involve more than determining the optimal order of presenting MERs. We discuss limitations of the present study and implications for future research and practice.

On the surface, the number line may seem like a basic tool with obvious applications. However, using a number line is not always intuitive for students. Students may not recognize significant features such as the size of the unit, how units are represented by iterated equal lengths, or that the accumulation of iterated units is a magnitude of length. In addition, transitioning from counting a set of objects to quantifying iterated lengths on a number line can be confusing for students. In the authors' work with students, they draw students' attention to recognizing what units mean and how units are used on a number line. The authors found that after first defining a unit of length (e.g., from 0 to 1) when measuring or creating a length, students are able to make sense of number and quantity on a number line This article describes the authors' experiences with developing students' understanding of concepts underlying the number line within a measurement context. Using carefully sequenced lessons, the students described how the number line showed the iteration of the same unit. This provided a basis for understanding more sophisticated concepts, such as how a smaller unit will need to be iterated more frequently than a larger unit to measure the same quantity. If students are struggling, reflect on how to introduce the number line and take the time to facilitate a discussion that focuses student attention on the units and lengths, rather than on the tick marks. Use measurement vocabulary, such as unit and length, when discussing the number line. This will help students build a robust and flexible understanding of the mathematics concepts underlying this tool.

Graphing is a complex and critical skill for behavior analysts. We evaluated the effects of conceptual training modules and feedback checklists on verbal behavior about graphing conventions and adherence to graphing conventions with graduate students in behavior analysis. In Experiment 1, conceptual training increased the accuracy of verbal behavior, though both participants achieved criterion in the absence of instruction for some verbal behavior. When graphing adherence did not meet criterion, feedback checklists were implemented that resulted in criterion performance. In Experiment 2, checklists were provided as the primary intervention. Two out of four participants reached criterion for graphing adherence and verbal behavior with this intervention alone, while the remaining two participants reached criterion after a combination of checklists and conceptual training. This evaluation highlights the utility of a sequential approach to training the component skills of a complex repertoire while assessing conceptual behavior and extension of skill acquisition of the individual learner.

Recent research on curricular analytics suggests that the structure of a college major may impact major persistence and degree completion. Contributing to this line of research, we propose and test a new measure of the "lived curriculum" that captures the extent to which cohorts within a major take the same exact course-taking path as they advance from matriculation to graduation (or institutional exit). First, we describe variation in path homogeneity across both STEM and non-STEM majors at one public research-intensive institution. Second, we show that a major's level of path homogeneity is correlated with the percentage of "locked" requirements in its stated curriculum, but that the stated curriculum cannot account for all observed differences in path homogeneity. Third, we conduct a correlational analysis of early exposure to path homogeneity and graduation likelihood. Findings show that students with average levels of academic preparation are less likely to graduate if enrolled in path-homogeneous majors compared to more path-heterogeneous (i.e., flexible) majors, and that negative outcomes associated with a path-homogeneous major are exacerbated for students with below-average preparation. Supplemental analyses show that this relationship holds for STEM and non-STEM majors, cannot be explained away by the competitiveness of a major, and that students generally switched from more to less path-homogeneous majors over the course of their college careers. Taken together, these findings urge re-examination of the ways college majors can promote retention.

The use of investigations in science teaching is both common and commonly advocated for in science education literature. We suggest that the use of investigations should differ depending on the complexity of the subject matter. That complexity can vary depending on both the nature of the information and students' expertise levels. The present study used Cognitive Load Theory and tested a hypothesis that the sequential order of having investigations first followed by explicit instruction only is more effective than that of having explicit instruction first when students have acquired sufficiently high levels of knowledge. This hypothesis was tested with 85 middle school students. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two sequences. The results indicated that for sufficiently knowledgeable students, a dis-ordinal knowledge level by sequence interaction was obtained. There was an advantage to the explicit instruction first approach for the less knowledgeable students for whom element interactivity was high but an advantage to the investigation first approach for the more knowledgeable students for whom element interactivity was lower. The results were discussed in light of a recent debate between the authors and De Jong et al. ("Educational Research Review," 39, 1-14, 2023) on the role of investigations and explicit instruction in science education.

Introduction: There are major differences when children with blindness perform construction tasks using haptics, without relying on sight, compared to when children with typical vision perform them through sight. When using sight, in all of the processes, the overall image can be grasped simultaneously while executing the task. When using haptics, the construction must be made by touching each piece sequentially and successively. In this study, framed block puzzle construction tasks that can be implemented by haptic means are developed with the objective of considering the order of difficulty of the task. Methods: In all, six framed block puzzle construction tasks were performed by 39 children with blindness, and the analysis was conducted from the perspective of the task-completion ratio. These six tasks were established on the basis of factors such as wood panel division and dimension, symmetry and asymmetry, and the number of block patterns. Results: A significant difference was observed in the completion ratio between one- and two-dimensional tasks, between two-dimensional symmetrical and asymmetrical tasks, and between two-dimensional asymmetrical tasks with multiple and single correct patterns. Discussion: This study clarified that the task order of difficulty is influenced by the factors of division and dimension, symmetry and asymmetry, and number of block patterns. Thus, we identified a task order wherein difficulty increases in the order of one- and two-dimensional symmetrical tasks and two-dimensional asymmetrical tasks with multiple and single correct patterns. Implications for Practitioners: Based on these hypotheses, providing instructions to children with blindness, in the order of simple to difficult tasks, is vital after ascertaining each child's level of capacity for spatial cognition.

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the process and insights gleaned from developing an implementation matrix to convey a concise, yet detailed representation of the project integration steps in a single diagram. The article is based on an explanatory sequential study conducted with 248 teachers exploring how beliefs shaped their use of technology. This article contributes to mixed methods research (MMR) by providing an example that can be used as guide by other researchers in developing and using the implementation matrix as a tool for communicating procedurally the mixed methods project integration steps for an explanatory sequential study. It also provides analytical insights gleaned and recommendations for how the implementation matrix can be developed and utilized.

In classroom assessments, examinees can often answer test items multiple times, resulting in sequential multiple-attempt data. Sequential diagnostic classification models (DCMs) have been developed for such data. As student learning processes may be aligned with a hierarchy of measured traits, this study aimed to develop a sequential hierarchical DCM (sequential HDCM), which combines a sequential DCM with the HDCM, and investigate classification accuracy of the model in the presence of hierarchies when multiple attempts are allowed in dynamic assessment. We investigated the model's impact on classification accuracy when hierarchical structures are correctly specified, misspecified, or overspecified. The results indicate that (1) a sequential HDCM accurately classified students as masters and nonmasters when the data had a hierarchical structure; (2) a sequential HDCM produced similar or slightly higher classification accuracy than nonhierarchical sequential LCDM when the data had hierarchical structures; and (3) the misspecification of the hierarchical structure of the data resulted in lower classification accuracy when the misspecified model had fewer attribute profiles than the true model. We discuss limitations and make recommendations on using the proposed model in practice. This study provides practitioners with information about the possibilities for psychometric modeling of dynamic classroom assessment data.

In natural science education, experiments often lead to the collection of raw data that need to be processed into results by doing calculations. Teaching students how to approach such calculations can be done using digital learning materials that provide guidance. The goal of this study was to investigate students' behaviour regarding the use of guidance while doing scientific multi-step calculations, and to relate this behaviour to learning. Sequential pattern mining was used to (i) identify students' behaviour patterns while doing calculations in an online learning environment, (ii) study the relation between use of guidance and success on first attempt at submitting a calculated value, (iii) study the relation between students' use of guidance and learning gain, and (iv) study the relation between students' use of guidance and prior knowledge. Data showed that all students frequently used the guidance provided in the learning task. Moreover, students who used the option to check their intermediate calculations and students who studied worked examples were more likely to successfully complete the calculation on their first attempt than students who did not use this guidance. Guidance in the form of hints was used frequently. However, using the hints did not result in more success at the first attempt. We did not find a relation between learning gain and use of guidance, but we did find a trend that students with a low prior knowledge used more guidance compared to students with a high prior knowledge. The results of this study imply that providing hints and intermediate calculations is of utmost importance for students to independently complete scientific multi-step calculations.

A structural/cross-sectional micro-analytic perspective prevails in the Socio-constructivist research of peer knowledge construction. This paper proposes an alternative micro-sequential approach that focuses on the transitions between events during the activity. From this micro-sequential perspective, the study aimed to (a) explore the socio-cognitive interaction of symmetrical dyads of sixth and seventh graders solving a table comprehension task; (b) compare this interaction between symmetrical dyads of basic and advanced levels of competence. Participants were 148 sixth and seventh graders (74 dyads) from public schools in Rosario and nearby areas (Argentina). The dyads were symmetrical because their integrants had similar specific levels of competence (comprehension of a frequencies table) but differed in basic and advanced compositions. The interaction was coded using a system of mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories. An analysis of transition probabilities was performed among all codes, to identify activated/inhibited and inter-subjective/intra-subjective sequences. Transitions between statements aimed at solving the task formed the core of interactivity, as they comprise the codes that play a greater role in the elaboration of the task (shared by both symmetrical conditions). However, only the basic symmetry dyads showed an activating effect of the social feedback units. Transitions between cognitive questions and statements were also registered. Opinion questions were the most activated (inter-subjective) compared to demonstration and evaluation questions. Although these transitions were inter-subjective, they also differed according to the condition of symmetry. The work allows drawing conclusions about the relevance of a micro-sequential approach to interaction, since these results could not have been constructed from a classical structural perspective.

This paper presents a model of recurrent multinomial sequences. Though there exists a quite considerable literature on modeling autocorrelation in numerical data and sequences of categorical outcomes, there is currently no systematic method of modeling patterns of recurrence in categorical sequences. This paper develops a means of discovering recurrent patterns by employing a more restrictive Markov assumption. The resulting model, which I call the recurrent multinomial model, provides a parsimonious representation of recurrent sequences, enabling the investigation of recurrences on longer time scales than existing models. The utility of recurrent multinomial models is demonstrated by applying them to the case of conversational turn-taking in meetings of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). Analyses are effectively able to discover norms around turn-reclaiming, participation, and suppression and to evaluate how these norms vary throughout the course of the meeting.

This is an editorial for a special issue "Innovations in Exploring Sequential Process Data" in the journal Zeitschrift für Psychologie. Process data refer to log files generated by human-computer interactive items. They document the entire process, including keystrokes, mouse clicks as well as the associated time stamps, performed by a test-taker to complete a task. Due to their vast potential for providing in-depth insights into how test-takers approached the administered tasks, process data from educational assessments have gained increasing attention in the psychometric, psychological, and educational science literature. However, data that support detailed documentation of test-takers' cognitive and behavioral processes above and beyond the mere time required for solving the task are commonly complex and versatile, and leveraging their potential is therefore not straightforward. Examples for such data are keystroke data, clickstream data, navigation behaviors, video stream, or eye-tracking, just to name a few. This topical issue highlights the potential and plurality of this still developing field of research. It illustrates the large variety of sequential process data that can be obtained from computerized questionnaire and test administrations, the broad array of research questions and measurement challenges that can be tackled by making use of their rich information and sequential nature, and how these data can be used for theory building and evaluation alike. It further showcases how these complex data types can be synthesized through inherently contrasting viewpoints; drawing on exploratory machine learning and data mining techniques on the one hand and perceiving them through the lens of cognitive theory on the other.

This article reviews conversation analytic research on explanations in pedagogical interaction, particularly in language learning classrooms. In reviewing this literature, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive account of what is interactionally involved when giving pedagogical explanations so that future research investigating the effectiveness of these kinds of explanations can be appropriately measured. The paper first discusses characteristics of explanation as interactional phenomena, namely that they are sequentially organized, either planned or unplanned, and either monologically or dialogically organized. Then, the paper details how explanations in three particular linguistic domains (i.e., pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary) are accomplished interactionally. In doing so, this paper highlights similarities and differences across linguistic domains that are frequently found in language learning classrooms. The paper ends by identifying patterns across pedagogical explanations and by suggesting directions for future research.

In course design, topic outline organization encompasses the structuring and sequencing of topics to be delivered in a learning environment. Recent studies in topic outline optimization revolve around massive open online courses (MOOCs) due to their abundance but not much has been studied on the traditional courses. This study investigates the organization of topic outlines in traditional introductory programming courses across Philippine higher education institutions (HEIs) and evaluates the viability of the synthesized alternative topic outlines. Course syllabi were collected from 16 HEIs. A topic precedence graph (TPG) model that provides a structured overview of the introductory programming was created via a semi-supervised pairwise constrained k-means (PCK-Means) clustering to structure the topics which produced 20 topic clusters with strong topic cohesion within the clusters. The TPG showed that HEIs tend to start the outline similarly, followed by core programming topics with varied sequences, and divergent ways of ending the outline. Two anomaly clusters were identified as having topic titles grouped that do not seem to have a unifying topic. Limitations of the clustering algorithm are identified where it cannot identify semantic meaning between words which may affect its applicability in situations where topic titles are named inconsistently. From the TPG, alternative optimal and comprehensive topic outlines were synthesized via greedy and DFS graph traversal algorithms. However, these alternative outlines performed very poorly when compared with the evaluators' (n=19) arrangement of topic outlines due to some prerequisite topics being discussed in the latter part already. Overall, this study introduces a method to incorporate computer science technologies in structuring topics across HEIs and aiding educators in topic outline design but more research is needed before it can be implemented in a real classroom setting.

This study explored the sequential interplay between challenges and regulatory processes in high- and low-performing collaborative groups. 66 students from a Finnish higher education institution participated in a collaborative task in groups of three. Approximately 34 h of video data were coded. The sequential analysis revealed that both groups had higher sequential transitions between cognitive regulation and emotional/motivational regulation, rather than cognitive challenges. The high-performing groups demonstrated a stronger sequential link between emotional/motivational regulation and cognitive regulation than the low-performing groups did when faced with cognitive challenges. The study establishes a theoretical grounding and advances our understanding of regulated learning. Since collaborative learning tasks are highly adopted in the higher education context, especially in the Nordic region, this study has practical implications for higher education in these countries and beyond as they seek to develop pedagogical methodologies and customised support to help collaborative groups resolve challenges by initiating regulatory processes.

This paper is a practical how-to guide to help you start using active learning or to have greater success and more fun with it. We categorize active learning techniques as Think, Pair, Share, Composite, Group, Move, or Lead and discuss how to implement activities in each category, along with advice on creating engaging, effective, and equitable learning experiences. We introduce the Active Learning Pedagogy Sequence (ALPS) which orders these categories by difficulty and time for instructors and students. We believe both instructors' teaching skills and students' learning skills develop along the ALPS.

This article describes an instructional sequence used with inservice secondary mathematics teachers as part of a graduate course. The instructional sequence focused on designing tasks using Interactive Geometry Software (IGS). This study answers a call for replication studies to investigate the use of an established instructional sequence. Results confirm previous findings when implementing the instructional sequence with preservice teachers and demonstrate that the instructional sequence supported inservice teachers in creating high-level tasks that use IGS as a reorganizer to support student thinking. Comparison of previous and current results point to several implications for potential revisions to improve the instructional sequence, as well as revisions to the IGS Framework.

Virtual reality (VR) technology is an advanced modern resource commonly integrated into various forms of training. VR training simulations are customizable in that quality-grading parameter settings, physical environment, and user capacity can be modified to personal or professional preference. In this study, VR technology training practices are utilized to enact meaningful learning. Meaningful learning is achieved by providing visual and audial cues within the virtual training environment, weld performance skill development, and adequate skill practice time over a four-week span. This method of practice will reflect a new training style where beginning welders receive personalized feedback from both the VRTEX 360 virtual reality welding simulator and welding instructor. This training method benefits learners by expediting and enhancing their skill acquisition, adjusting their performance according to the various feedback they receive, and thereby experiencing meaningful learning. Results indicate that with each round of VR welding training participants' test weld scores continuously increased, as well as consistently scoring 80% and higher. This enhanced performance of beginning welders implies VR welding training can effectively aid in developing complex welding skills. We recommend that future research investigate the effectiveness of parameter cues and total cost-savings of integrated VR technology into welding training methods.

Educational leaders face immense challenges each day. Currently, such challenges include, but are not limited to, reckoning with the United States' ongoing legacy of persistent and pervasive racism, supporting students' health and wellness in the aftermath of a global pandemic, and facilitating difficult intercultural dialogs during a time of deep political polarization. The purpose of this article is to share how the authors collaborated with colleagues and used assessment strategies to design a new doctoral program to prepare leaders to foster equity in the US educational system. The authors' aim is to provide a behind-the-scenes view of how the authors developed an innovative equity-based program and allow readers to see a concrete example of how to do this difficult but essential work. Although the context is a new doctoral program, the process the authors used can apply to all curricular and co-curricular program development that aims to create and sustain equity.

International concerns about the educational equity of ethnic minorities have continued to highlight teachers' abilities to be culturally responsive. How do teachers manage cultural diversity through their pedagogical practices in the absence of relevant teacher training? The answer to this question is essential as it may help move our understanding of diversity education forward in societies where ethnic diversity is not necessarily the norm. Drawing from observational data in a Hong Kong multiethnic secondary school, this paper explores two teachers' pedagogies. I interpreted the data using Bernstein's sociology of pedagogy to identify the nature of the class activities and instructional patterns about teacher control and pacing. These pedagogical practices, I suggest, emerged from power relations that reveal teachers' efforts in recognising their students' ethnic diversity while negotiating academic expectations on the students to excel in Hong Kong's competitive examination system.

Clinical supervisors play key roles in facilitating trainee learning. Yet combining that role with patient care complicates both roles. So, we need to know how both roles can effectively co-occur. When facilitating their trainees' learning through practice, supervisors draw on their skills - clinical and supervisory - and available opportunities in their practice. This process can be conceptualised as supervisory knowing in practice (or contextual knowing) and offers ways to elaborate on how facilitating trainees' learning can be optimised. The practice-based study presented and discussed here examined clinical supervisors' knowing in practice related to facilitating trainee learning, across three medical specialities. Nineteen clinical supervisors from emergency medicine, internal medicine and surgery, were interviewed about their roles and engagement with trainees. Interview transcripts were analysed in two stages. Firstly, a framework analysis, informed by interdependent learning theory was conducted, focussing on affordances and individual engagement. Secondly, drawing on practice theory, a further layer of analysis was undertaken interrogating supervisors' knowing in practice. We identified two common domains of supervisor practice used to facilitate trainee learning: (1) orientating and assessing trainees' readiness (or capabilities), (2) sequencing and enriching pedagogic practices. Yet across the speciality groups the supervisors' knowing in practice differed and were shaped by a trio of: (i) disciplinary practices, (ii) situational requirements and (iii) clinician preference. Overall, we offer a new reading of clinical supervision as practice differences generated distinct supervisory knowing in practice. These findings emphasise clinical supervision as fundamentally entwined in the speciality's practice; and reinforce alignments with patient care.

This paper focuses on the structure and substance of the Core Content Framework (CCF), a controversial document which stipulates content that providers of teacher education in England must incorporate in their programmes. We identify both a concept of instrumental trainability and a lack of coherence in the CCF which suggests it is unsuitable as a guide to a curriculum for teacher education. Drawing on Bernstein's work and its application by other sociologists of educational knowledge, we identify how the CCF embeds a "generic mode" in teacher education that has roots outside of disciplinary structures of knowledge production and therefore foregrounds a type of official pedagogy that sees teaching as a technical performance and leaves gaps in the knowledge and understanding a new teacher requires to make sound educational judgements. Employing Muller's distinction between conceptual and contextual coherence, we argue that the CCF is based upon an imaginary notion of instructional practice that does not fully grasp the context of teachers' work. We illustrate the argument via an analysis of the language, structure, and three of the eight sections in the CCF.

In 2020, two teachers and seven students participated in an action research project that sought to improve the teaching and learning of fractions in a New Zealand primary school. This research revealed that the collaborative creation of hypothetical learning trajectories was beneficial to the teachers' practice, content knowledge, and confidence, as well as the learning design and student achievement. The participating teachers employed pedagogical strategies through the hypothetical learning trajectories, which then trickled down into their learning design. It supported their students to move from procedural application to conceptual understanding.

Students typically experience a sequence of required courses. These courses are generally taught by different instructors with different pedagogical strategies and in some cases different emphases on what students should know and how they should know it. However, there are few published studies on the impact of the switching course type on learning outcomes. In this report, we use a unique research opportunity that allows us to investigate a two-semester course sequence in organic chemistry where both traditional and transformed courses were taught. We followed students over two semesters in both the transformed and traditional courses to characterize (1) students' use of mechanistic arrows to predict products and (2) how students constructed causal mechanistic explanations for simple S[subscript N]2 reactions. Here, we report how students who switched course type from the first to the second semester accomplished these tasks compared with their peers who took the same approach for both semesters. At the end of the course sequence, we find that students who switched course type performed similarly to their peers in the course type into which they switched. In particular, students' use of arrow pushing and mechanistic reasoning decreases when they switch from a transformed course where mechanistic reasoning is emphasized compared to the more traditional course. It appears that students adapt to the course culture and assessment strategies used in each course type, resulting in an apparent loss of learning gains associated with the transformed course. This suggests that systemic change cannot be accomplished in a fragmentary fashion; a more coordinated and coherent approach is necessary if improved learning outcomes are to be attained and reinforced.

Problem solving is widely regarded as a fundamental feature within the school mathematics curriculum. However, there is considerable disagreement over what exactly problem solving is, and if and how it can be taught. In this article, I define problems as non-routine tasks and propose the explicit teaching of domain-specific problem-solving tactics that are applicable over narrow ranges of mathematical content. This is in contrast to the widespread practice of attempting to teach domain-general strategies that are supposedly applicable across diverse content areas. The proposed approach here systematically introduces students to a well-defined set of high-leverage content-specific tactics, presented in a purposeful order and taught explicitly through the use of carefully chosen problems which those tactics dramatically unlock. I argue that this sequenced approach to teaching problem-solving addresses concerns widely reported about the apparent unteachability of domain-general problem-solving strategies and has the potential to enable all students to benefit from a powerful problem-solving mathematics curriculum.

Educational technology is shifting toward facilitating personalized learning. Such personalization, however, requires a detailed understanding of students' problem-solving processes. Sequence analysis (SA) is a promising approach to gaining granular insights into student problem solving; however, existing techniques are difficult to interpret because they offer little room for human input in the analysis process. Ultimately, in a learning context, a human stakeholder makes the decisions, so they should be able to drive the analysis process. In this paper, we present a human-in-the-loop approach to SA that uses visualization to allow a stakeholder to better understand both the data and the algorithm. We illustrate the method with a case study in the context of a learning game called Parallel. Results reveal six groups of students organized based on their problem-solving patterns and highlight individual differences within each group. We compare the results to a state-of-the-art method run with the same data and discuss the benefits of our method and the implications of this work.

In civil and construction engineering education research, a focus has been on using 3D models to support students' design comprehension. Despite this trend, the predominant mode of design communication in the industry relies on 2D plans and specifications, which typically supersede other modes of communication. Rather than focusing on the presentation of less common 3D content as an input to support students' understanding of a design, this paper explores more common 2D inputs, but compares different visualization formats of student output in two educational interventions. In the first intervention, students document a construction sequence for wood-framed elements in a 2D worksheet format. In the second, students work with the same wood-framed design, but document their sequence through an augmented reality (AR) format where their physical interactions move full-scale virtual elements as if they were physically constructing the wood frame. Student approaches and performance were analyzed using qualitative attribute coding of video, audio, and written documentation of the student experience. Overall, results showed that the 2D worksheet format was simple to implement and was not mentally demanding to complete, but often corresponded with a lack of critical checks and a lack of mistake recognition from the students. The AR approach challenged students more in terms of cognitive load and completion rates but showed the potential for facilitating mistake recognition and self-remediation through visualization. These results suggest that when students are tasked with conceptualizing construction sequences from 2D documentation, the cognitive challenges associated with documenting a sequence in AR may support their recognition of their own mistakes in ways that may not be effectively supported through 2D documentation as an output for documenting and planning a construction sequence. The results presented in this paper provide insights on student tendencies, behaviors, and perceptions related to defining construction sequences from 2D documentation in order for educators to make informed decisions regarding the use of similar learning activities to prepare their students for understanding the 2D design documents used in industry.

We describe an innovative preorientation curriculum (POC) for a Master of Biostatistics (MB) program. The goal of the POC is to fill critical skills gaps for students entering the MB program from heterogeneous backgrounds so they are prepared to engage in the program's rigorous, fast-paced training upon arrival. To achieve this goal, we introduce a structured approach to thinking that forms the foundation of a sound mental map of Biostatistics, which will assist students in their subsequent efforts to master the discipline. Based on constructivist principles, the POC covers mathematical and statistical theory, data analysis methods, programming, and statistical practice through a sequence of instruction that encourages reflection, extension, and connection between topics. The POC is modular, self-paced, and offered online via a cloud-hosted interactive learning management system (LMS). Students are required to complete the curriculum prior to the MB program orientation. We describe the rationale, design, features, and initial evaluation of the POC. Finally, to help programs interested in designing similar curricula, we provide a detailed instruction sequence description of one topic.

The integer is a basic concept in studying arithmetic and algebra. However, students still frequently experience misconceptions, especially in negative integer, count operations. Traditional games are activities that are often carried out by students in coastal areas so that they are relevant to be used as a tool to construct learning trajectories in solving integer word problems. The aim of this study is to produce a learning trajectory that can be used to solve integer word problems using traditional games. This study used a design-based research. Participants in this study were five grade sixth elementary school students. There are 6 sub-topics studied, i.e., the concept of negative integers, sequence integers, addition and subtraction operations, division and multiplication operations, mixed count operations, and solving problems related to integers. The results of this study obtained student learning trajectories for each sub-topic including the free play, collecting data from the game results, making mathematical relationships, building concepts, and applying them to various problems. Students are able to do problem-solving based on the sequence of tasks but require intervention so they can apply it to other situations without engaging in activities. Further research is required for more in-depth exploration on thinking process, instruction types, and behaviours that students might display independently without using traditional games in solving integer word problems.

This exploratory study investigated Vietnamese secondary students' engagement in a sequence of detecting, correcting, and rewriting tasks, and examined the factors affecting their engagement and/or disengagement in the process. The study draws on the principles of task-based instruction, involving eight mixed-ability groups (n = 31), and was designed to address student engagement with feedback-correction practices that has rarely been discussed in previous research and has therefore remained largely underexplored, especially in the context of Vietnam. Theoretical concepts of behavioral, cognitive, and social engagement were used to analyze data from audio recordings of students' interactions and their written responses to open-ended questions. The analysis of data showed that the eight groups engaged behaviorally, socially, and cognitively in the process, although their engagement varied according to the learning tasks, the teacher's intervention, peer support, English ability, and types of gaps. Findings from the eight-week intervention suggest teachers should consider factors which determine student engagement with feedback-correction practices. By offering students opportunities to act on specific language issues in their writing through detecting and correcting gaps and rewriting the corrected texts, engagement with feedback-correction practices can be useful in fostering accuracy development. This qualitative multiple-case study contributes new insights to the field by operationalizing the sequence of feedback-correction through collaborative learning to deeply understand students' multidimensional engagement in the process from which implications for L2 writing and further research are discussed.

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability caused by a neurological problem. It is a worldwide problem with a prevalence of 5-10% of the population. It is described mainly by difficulties in reading, spelling, accuracy, fluency, and decoding abilities. This article is chiefly concerned to provide an overview of dyslexia, some key issues based on identification, intervention, and support for dyslexic learners, and its effects on learning mathematics. The common characteristics of dyslexic learners vary from person to person. The context of the learner, availability of the resources, and teaching strategy also impact an individual to develop dyslexia. The dyslexic learner can be identified in various ways however the four levels of the sequential model are discussed to identify the dyslexic learner. Only two intervention methods as a response to intervention and the Orton-Gillingham method are discussed. Similarly, different ways of supporting dyslexic learners and the effects of dyslexia in learning mathematics are also discussed.

This paper argues for effective sequencing of mathematics content to aid transition from junior (Year 7 to Year 10) to senior mathematics (Year 11 to Year 12) curriculum in Queensland, Australia and provides a tool for sequencing the mathematics content. Planning templates and samples are available to schools; however, it is imperative for teachers to understand the processes that underpin planning. This paper provides a step-by-step systematic sequencing of mathematics concepts. The premise is that depending on the level of assumed prior knowledge and skills students recall and apply, teachers can start teaching from any level. The study draws from constructivism to develop a planning tool that can be adapted to all mathematics subjects and levels, help identify conceptual relationships and skills from lower to upper levels and provide students with the opportunity to build their mathematical knowledge.

Written argumentation is a complex skill to master. It can be assumed that students can transfer oral argumentation skills into a written format. Still, students from disadvantaged backgrounds for whom this task is highly novel require greater scaffolding to formulate persuasive arguments in writing. Therefore, there is a need for developing sound methodologies to introduce argumentative writing to these students. This study's objective was to address this need to develop evidence-based methodologies for teaching genre novice students at the end of primary school in Mexico (5th and 6th grades). Based on a socio-discursive interactionist approach, an introductory instructional sequence using the opinion article was designed for disadvantaged students. A quantitative pre-test-post-test design evaluated its efficacy in fifth and sixth graders (n= 50) from a rural community in northern-central Mexico by prompting an initial and final opinion article and measuring intervention changes with inferential statistics. Findings from a mixed 2x2 analysis of variance with Grade as the between-participants variable and Time as the within-participants variable suggested there was a significant instruction effect for both 5th and 6th -grade groups (main effect of Time: (F(1,48) = 28.52, p = = 0.0001, n[superscript 2 subscript p] =0.37). Students did not significantly differ by grade level (main effect of Grade: F(1,48) = 1.82, p = 0.18, n[superscript 2 subscript p] =0.03), nor did they benefit differently from the intervention (interaction of Time X Grade: (F(1,48) = 1.24, p = 0.27, n[superscript 2 subscript p] =0.02). When examining the opinion article's dimensions, the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests revealed students could improve the structure and linguistic devices, but not the communication of their texts' purpose. Results suggest a brief, socially relevant opinion article instructional sequence can facilitate the learning of argumentative writing elements in genre novice rural students.

An evaluation of the national curriculum by practitioners suggests that learning materials across school levels still overlap, are irrelevant to student development phases and competencies required, too challenging for students to learn, too broad in terms of topics, and lacking in depth. This evaluation encourages the needs for special studies regarding the sequence of the materials -- known as a learning continuum -- to be taught to students to fit students' learning development, so that learning becomes more effective. The study aims to develop a biology learning continuum on the biodiversity topic for elementary school (ES) students. In this developmental research, the learning continuum was developed based on (1) the survey results regarding the cognitive ability of the 240 participating teachers, (2) group discussion results considering the stages of student cognitive development, cognitive levels and dimensions of materials, and (3) Biological science curriculum study (BSCS) as the standardized biology learning materials. The study has successfully developed 32 sub-topics in the learning continuum which were transformed into only 31 sub-topics at the cognitive level of C1 and C2, and the cognitive dimensions of fact and concept knowledge. This learning continuum is expected to help the development of a spiral curriculum in ES for more effective learning.

Although special education teachers are expected to implement evidence-based practices, teachers of students with extensive support needs have reported challenges in identifying and implementing effective practices to meet the unique needs of their students. Systematic instruction has been identified as an evidence-based practice for students with extensive support needs and can be used to support students across a wide range of skill domains. We used an experimental pretest-posttest design to examine the effectiveness of two training approaches, video performance feedback and video self-monitoring, on the implementation of systematic instruction among pre-service special education teachers. Overall, both approaches resulted in improved implementation of systematic instruction by pre-service special education teachers and were viewed as socially valid. We present directions for future research and implications for practice in special education teacher preparation.

Strengthening Learning Progression (LP) for students' reasoning abilities is important, especially learning about diseases in Indonesia. This study aimed to map the learning progression of disease in Indonesia, compare and analyze its similarities and differences with the LP designed by National Research Council (NRC). This qualitative research to map LP, using the analysis document method by comparing the content analysis of Basic Competencies of Curriculum 13 with benchmark analysis from the NRC 2007 on Science and Biology textbooks published in 2016, 2017, and 2018 at the elementary, junior high, and high school levels published by the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. The findings are the LP on disease in the curriculum and life science textbooks in Indonesia has not met the benchmarks, especially in three categories, namely; pathogens, the immune system, and infection spanning learning from K-2 (elementary) to K-12 (high school). Therefore, it is necessary to categorize LP topics in diseases based on conceptual abilities from the simplest to the most complex.

The University of Maryland First-Year Innovation & Research Experience (FIRE) was launched in 2014 and initially developed to provide a broad range of undergraduate students with research experience. As the program has grown and matured during six years of operation, the student outcomes targeted have evolved to include a broader range of professional development impacts, including critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and professionalism. Students participate in FIRE through the completion of a sequential three-semester course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE). The sequential nature enables students to cumulatively build personal and professional outcomes through a three-semester process of research preparation (FIRE Semester 1), training (FIRE Semester 2), and accomplishment (FIRE Semester 3). Optional mid-program (FIRE Summer Fellowships) and post-completion (FIRE Next Steps) opportunities allow students to develop leadership capacities in addition to their research training.

Blended learning (BL) is regarded as an effective strategy for combining traditional face-to-face classroom activities with various types of online learning tools (e.g., e-books). An effective feature of e-books is the ability to use digital notes. When e-books are used in BL, the strategic adoption of note-taking provides benefits that influence the learners' progress for self-regulated learning (SRL) and course achievements. However, learners tend to be unsure about how note-taking is performed using online learning materials and lack knowledge of effective strategies for SRL. Furthermore, few studies have investigated blended learners' sequential patterns of e-book note-taking for SRL. Thus, in this paper, an exploratory study was conducted in an undergraduate course that implemented the BL design. The learning task for the blended learners in the present study was to study the learning material using BookRoll, an e-book system, during in-class and out-of-class learning sessions. Lag sequential analysis of the e-book learning behavior data was conducted to identify the blended learners' sequential behaviors of e-book note-taking for the cognitive strategy use of SRL. Moreover, the difference between higher- and lower-achievement blended learners in terms of their sequential behaviors of e-book note-taking for SRL was revealed. This study can help educators provide evidence-based educational feedback to learners regarding the identified sequential patterns of e-book note-taking that can be applied as effective strategies for promoting the cognitive strategy use of SRL and improvement of course achievement in BL.

Researchers frequently evaluate rater judgments in performance assessments for evidence of differential rater functioning (DRF), which occurs when rater severity is systematically related to construct-irrelevant student characteristics after controlling for student achievement levels. However, researchers have observed that methods for detecting DRF may be limited in sparse rating designs, where it is not possible for every rater to score every student. In these designs, there is limited information with which to detect DRF. Sparse designs can also exacerbate the impact of artificial DRF, which occurs when raters are inaccurately flagged for DRF due to statistical artifacts. In this study, a sequential method is adapted from previous research on differential item functioning (DIF) that allows researchers to detect DRF more accurately and distinguish between true and artificial DRF. Analyses of data from a rater-mediated writing assessment and a simulation study demonstrate that the sequential approach results in different conclusions about which raters exhibit DRF. Moreover, the simulation study results suggest that the sequential procedure results in improved accuracy in DRF detection across a variety of rating design conditions. Practical implications for language testing research are discussed.

Understanding scientific phenomena requires learners to construct mental models of causal systems. Simulation-based discovery learning offers learners the opportunity to construct mental models and test them against the behavior of a simulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate sequential patterns of learner actions and utterances associated with outcomes of simulation-based guided discovery learning. We conducted a "sequence analysis" of data gathered from 11 undergraduate students engaged in discovery learning. Three related methods were used for the sequence analysis: Levenshtein edit distance, k-means clustering of the Levenshtein distance, and the Kohonen generalized median sequence. The median sequences of high-gaining and low-gaining participants showed qualitative differences in how they gathered evidence, stated claims, and drew explanatory inferences. Differences between the sequences of actions and utterances of high-gaining and low-gaining participants suggested ways that students might be guided to enhance discovery learning. By tracking the learning patterns of learners, researchers can determine the conditions under which prompts should be provided and offer recommendations for transforming less effective learning strategies to more effective ones.