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To examine the effects of substratum types on the growth of Caulerpa okamurae, sand surface and sand burial experiments were conducted. Five assimilators (erect fronds) per replicate were cultured for 15 d on the surface of three different treatments: fine sand (200 μm), coarse sand (600 μm), and no sand (control). Also, three stolons and three assimilators were buried by fine grain or coarse grain sands and incubated for 15 d. In both experiments, other culture conditions included 25°C, 30 μmol photons m-2 s-1, and 16 : 8 h L : D (light : dark). In both experiments, stolon + assimilator-, assimilator-, and stolon-weights were measured. Relative growth rates (RGRs) of stolon + assimilator weights ranged from 0.43 to 1.95% d-1 at no sand and fine sand treatment, respectively. RGRs for the weight of stolon + assimilator and new assimilators were significantly greater on the fine- and coarse sand surface than the control. In the burial experiments, RGRs of stolons (4.28% d-1 at coarse sand and 5.57% d-1 at fine sand, respectively) were significantly greater than those of assimilators (1.38% d-1 at fine sand and 1.82% d-1 at coarse sand, respectively). When stolons were buried, RGRs for assimilators were greater at the fine sand than at the coarse sand treatment. On the other hand, RGRs of buried assimilators for total frond weights and for newly produced stolons were significantly greater at the coarse sands than at the fine sands. In conclusion, C. okamurae grew well with all substrates of sands and showed better growth on fine sands than coarse ones. This result suggests that the growth of stolons and assimilators of C. okamurae is stimulated after stable attachment to the sand substrates by rhizophores. In addition, stolons showed higher growth rates than the assimilators in the sand burial states, indicating that stolons are more tolerant to low light than assimilators of C. okamurae.

This study quantified the spatial variation of endophyte infections in wild populations of commercially important Chondrus ocellatus in Korea. We examined the variation of infection across four locations, two tidal heights and life-history stage (gametophyte vs tetrasporophyte). One hundred and fifty fronds were collected from the upper and lower C. ocellatus zones and microscopic examinations were conducted to determine their infection symptoms. Our results showed that the percentage of C. ocellatus populations infected by endophytic algae were very high, ranging from 58 to 99%, in all populations examined. Endophyte infection severity of Hakampo and Manripo populations was significantly greater in the lower Chondrus zones but it was significantly higher in the upper zone of Jungdori population. Tetrasporophytic fronds were more susceptible to infection by endophytic algae than gametophytic fronds. Also, the infection symptoms were more severe in the middle and basal parts of the fronds than in the apical parts. The findings of this study are very informative data for the endophyte abundance in the field population of commercial C. ocellatus.

The red alga Chondria crassicaulis has a wide‐ranging bioactive chemical composition and is used as a local foodstuff, representing a potentially new cultivar in Korea. The cultivation techniques were developed by examining the monthly changes in frond weight in a field population of C. crassicaulis from November 2016 to October 2017. For seedling production, temperature and irradiance effects on the attachment and growth of vegetative propagules of C. crassicaulis were evaluated. In addition, effects of day length and salinity on the propagule growth were examined. C. crassicaulis is a year‐round species with a maximum frond wet weight of 817 mg observed in July 2017, as seawater temperature increases to 20°C. The attachment of vegetative propagules was significantly affected by temperature and irradiance, with maximal values detected at 20–25°C and 60 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹. The relative growth rates of vegetative propagules of C. crassicaulis were the highest at 20–25°C, 60 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹, and a salinity of 25 psu. In conclusion, due to its tremendous tolerance under variable environmental conditions, the vegetative propagules of C. crassicaulis can be used as seedlings for mass cultivation.

Ocean acidification and warming represent major environmental threats to kelp mariculture. In this study, sporophytic photochemical efficiency and gametophytic growth of Saccharina japonica and Undaria pinnatifida were evaluated under different pCO2 levels (360, 720, and 980 ppmv) and temperatures (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C for sporophytes; 15 and 20 °C for gametophytes). Sporophytic photochemical efficiencies of both kelps were significantly greater at 720 ppmv than at 360 and 980 ppmv. Female gametophytes of both kelps grew significantly better at 360 ppmv than at higher pCO2 levels. The growth of U. pinnatifida gametophytes was significantly greater at 20 °C than at 15 °C, while no significant difference was observed for the growth of S. japonica. These results indicate that increased pCO2 stimulated sporophytic photochemical efficiency while inhibited gametophytic growth of these kelps, which might negatively affect their seedling cultivation. U. pinnatifida exhibited higher productivity in warmer ocean than S. japonica.

Juvenile sporophytes and gametophytes of Ecklonia stolonifera were incubated in combinations of three pCO₂ levels (360, 720 and 980 ppmv) and two temperatures (10 and 15°C for sporophytes; 15 and 20°C for gametophytes) to examine potential effects of climate change on photosynthesis and growth. Sporophytes had significantly higher maximum quantum yields (Fᵥ/Fₘ) and maximum relative electron transport rates (rETRₘₐₓ) at 720 ppmv than 360 and 980 ppmv. Also, these parameters were significantly lower at higher temperature of 15°C than at 10°C. Growth of female gametophytes was maximal at 360 ppmv rather than enriched pCO₂ levels. Female gametophytes had significantly lower growth at higher temperature of 20°C than at 15°C. These results indicate effects of elevated pCO₂ varied between generations: stimulating sporophytic photosynthesis and inhibiting gametophytic growth. Ocean acidification and warming would constitute a grave threat to seedling cultivation of E. stolonifera caused by growth inhibition of gametophytes at high pCO₂ levels and temperatures.

To examine optimal growth conditions of the edible green alga Caulerpa okamurae, thalli of this species were cut into erect frond (3 cm long) and stolon (5 cm long) fragments. They were cultured in combinations of four temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30 °C), three irradiances (20, 40, and 80 μmol photons m−2 s−1), four daylengths (8, 12, 16, and 24 h), and seven salinities (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 psu). After 12 days, maximal relative growth rates (RGRs) for erect fronds (6.78% day−1) and stolons (7.02% day−1) occurred at 25 °C and 40 μmol photons m−2 s−1. At 30 °C, growth differences were found; negative growth for erect fronds and positive growth for stolons, with an average RGR of 1.96% day−1. A daylength of 16 h and salinity of 30 psu were needed for maximal growth of erect fronds and stolons. Stolon exhibited a greater tolerance to high and low temperatures and low salinity than erect fronds. Thalli weight of C. okamurae was increased by increments of stolon length, new erect fronds, and new ramuli. In conclusion, C. okamurae should be cultivated in summer with high seawater temperature (25 °C) and long daylength, in waters of 30 psu, and at a water depth providing 40 μmol photons m−2 s−1. These physiological and growth pattern data are informative for the successful development of commercial cultivation of C. okamurae.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of temperature and light intensity on growth of female gametophytes of Eisenia bicyclis and Ecklonia cava and responses of these female gametophytes to Fe addition and daylength. Female gametophytes of each species were cultured at four temperatures (10, 15, 20, and 25°C) and under a combination of four light intensities (10, 20, 40, and 80 μmol photons/(m 2 ·s)) with two temperatures (15 and 20°C for E i. bicyclis; 20 and 25°C for E c. cava) to clarify their optimal growth conditions. Growth and maturation of female gametophytes of these two species under a combination of five Fe-EDTA concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 μmol/L) and three daylengths (10, 12, and 14 h) were also examined. The growth of E i. bicyclis gametophyte was maximal at approximately 15–20°C, 20 μmol photons/(m 2 ·s), Fe-EDTA concentration of 8 μmol/L and daylengths of 12–14 h. While E c. cava gametophytes showed optimal growth at approximately 20–25°C, 20 μmol photons/(m 2 ·s), Fe- EDTA concentration of 8 μmol/L and daylength of 14 h. Maturation of gametophytes was enhanced at Fe-EDTA concentration of 4 μmol/L for E i. bicyclis and at 2 μmol/L for E c. cava. In conclusion, optimal growth temperatures and Fe-EDTA concentrations for maturation of E i. bicyclis and E c. cava gametophytes were different. Higher optimal growth temperature for E c. cava gametophytes may contribute to its wider geographical distribution compared to E i. bicyclis which has restricted habitats in Korea. This suggests that addition of Fe ion could be used to recover beds of these two species in barren grounds of Korea.

Silvetia siliquosa is an ecologically and commercially important brown alga that is harvested from its natural habitats, but its population has recently been diminishing along the Korean coast. To develop new techniques for algal population restoration, we tested two newly developed transplantation methods (using polyethylene ropes and natural rock pieces) at two study sites, Gwanmaedo and Yeongsando, on the southwest coast of Korea, from May to November 2014. The transplants on polyethylene ropes showed significantly greater survival, maturity, and growth than those on natural rocks at both study sites. Newly recruited juveniles (

Porous carbons derived from polysaccharides (cellulose, chitosan, and alginic acid) have been prepared by heat treatment under N2 atmosphere and activated at high temperature under ammonia gas atmosphere. The CO2 adsorption capacities of prepared porous carbon materials and their dependence on the surface area and pore volume were investigated. The surface area of pristine carbon from cellulose, chitosan, and alginic acid at 800 °C was measured as 406.5, 206.8, and 258.2 m2/g with the pore volume of 0.27, 0.14, and 0.15 cm3/g, respectively. The surface area and pore volume of carbons derived from cellulose, chitosan, and alginic acid further increased up to 976.6, 883.4, and 1031.9 m2/g and 0.54, 0.45, and 0.65 cm3/g, respectively, after the activation at high temperature under ammonia gas environment. The CO2 adsorption capacities of pristine carbons were measured as high as 1.85 mmol/g and further increased up to 2.44 mmol/g by ammonia activation.

Microporous and mesoporous carbons have been prepared by a soft template method using 2,2′-biphenol as a precursor. The porosity of carbons could be controlled by varying the amount of block copolymer used as a soft template and the specific surface areas measured were as high as 648 m2/g with a pore volume of 0.43 cm3/g. The surface areas of prepared carbons were further increased up to 1778 m2/g with a pore volume of 0.75 cm3/g after heat treatment under ammonia gas environment. Although the prepared pristine carbons had lower surface areas than commercial activated carbon, they exhibited higher carbon dioxide (CO2 ) adsorption capacity. The CO2 adsorption capacity of ammonia-activated carbons further increased up to 2.98 mmol/g at ambient temperature and pressure.

2 of Ulva frond, hole areas ranged from 0.37 to 5.94 cm 2 , and between 4.9 and 36.2 holes were observed. Fourteen residential animal species were observed at the three evaluated sites, 75.0 (Haseom) to 408.7 individuals 100 g -1 Ulva (Pohang) per site. The dominant residential species at each site differed with Amphithoe sp. at Haseom, Monodonta spp. at Pohang, and Pagurus sp. at Woedo. The growth (frond area, wet weight) and hole number of Ulva fronds, and the number of residential animals were significantly greater in samples collected from the sheltered shore than the wave-exposed shore of Seongsan. The present results showed U. australis grew well at sheltered shores and had more holes on the fronds due to abundance of residen- tial animals. The dominant residential animals (crabs, gammaridea, and snails) were similar in the Ulva populations of sheltered and wave-exposed shores, but greater species diversity was observed at the exposed shore (18 species ver. 11 species). In conclusion, U. australis is a keystone species providing habitat to various invertebrates and frond holes are positively correlated to the number of residential animals.

To examine the relationship between competition and environmental factors, the germlings of Ascophyllum nodosum (L) Le Jolis and Fucus vesiculosus L. were cultured in monocultures and mixtures of the two species under two different exposure and nutrient levels. Both intra- and inter-specific competition were examined in comparison of the mortality and growth of germlings in monocultures and mixtures of the two species. The mortality of germlings increased with increasing density and emergence periods both in the monoculture and mixtures of the two species, and the mortality of Ascophyllum was significantly higher than that of Fucus both in submerged and emerged treatments. The growth of germlings of both species reduced with increasing density but F. vesiculosus always grew faster than Ascophyllum. The values of log output ratio were more than 0.1, indicating that Fucus ‘won’ in the competitive battles with Ascophyllum under two nutrient- and air-exposure levels. Log output ratio was greater in high than in low nutrients, indicating that the growth of Fucus is more enhanced than that of Ascophyllum in high nutrients. In the present study, the outcome of inter specific competition between germlings of Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum was slightly altered by duration of emergence and nutrient concentration, but not to such an extent as to change the outcome.

Spatial biomass variation and community structure of epilithic biofilms were examined using cell counts, chlorophyll a extraction, and remote-sensing techniques. Samples were collected at two levels of wave exposure along the Yellow and East Coasts of Korea in December 2010. Cyanobacteria were dominant, occupying about 88% of biofilm, irrespective of wave exposure levels. The cyanobacteria species, Aphanotece spp. was abundant in the Yellow Coast location and Lyngbya spp. was abundant in the East coast location. The representative diatoms were Navicula spp. and Achnanthes spp. on the rocky shores of all study sites. Average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was significantly greater in the Yellow Coast (mean 0.46) than that in the East Coast (mean 0.21); a similar pattern was observed in Vegetation Index (VI). Chlorophyll a content was three times greater on the Yellow Coast (20.50 μg/cm2) than that on the East Coast (8.21 μg/cm2), and it was greater at the Gosapo and Bangpo shore sites than that at the Gyeokpo site, on the Yellow Coast. However, chlorophyll a contents were not different between 23.33 and 17.66 μg/cm2 at exposed- and sheltered-shores of Yellow Coast, and were 9.62 μg/cm2 and 6.80 μg/cm2 on the East Coast. Vegetation indices were positively correlated with chlorophyll a contents. In conclusion, biofilm of Korean upper rocky shore was mainly composed of cyanobacteria and biofilm biomass that differed between the Yellow and East Coast.

해양생태계에서 일차생산자의 중요한 구성원의 하나인 해조 류는 무척추동물과 척추동물의 산란장과 섭이장 그리고 포식 자에 대한 은신처뿐만 아니라, 부착 동·식물에게는 착생기질로 이용되므로 해양생물의 종다양성과 생산성을 증대에 일조한다 (Lindstrom, 2009). 온대해역의 해조류 군집구조는 계절적으로 변화하는 수온, 염분 및 광주기 등 무생물적 환경요인(Lobban and Harrison, 1997)과 경쟁과 섭식압 등의 생물학적요인, 그리 고 인간의 직·간접적 활동(부영양화, 퇴적물의 증가 등)에 따라 변화한다(Tribollet and Vroom, 2007). 특히, 인간활동에 기인 한 환경오염이나 부영양화가 발생한 해역에서는 해조류의 종 다양성이 낮고 단순화된 군집구조를 가지는 것으로 알려져 있 어 해조상과 군집구조로 생태계의 환경변화를 예측 혹은 진단 할 수 있어 생물학적 지시자(biological indicator)로 사용된다 (Diez et al., 1999; Wells et al., 2007). 우리나라 전라남도 연안은 해안선의 굴곡이 심하고 다양한 크 기의 많은 섬들로 구성되어 있을 뿐만 아니라, 해류, 수온, 수심 과 탁도의 변화가 매우 심한 해황적 특성을 보인다(Kang, 1966; Choi, 1992). 전라남도 해역에서 해조류 연구의 시초는 정약전 이 1814년에 집필한 자산어보에서 흑산도에 35종이 출현한 것 으로 기록되어 있는 것이며, 해조학자인 Kang (1966)은 한국 산 해조류의 지리적 분포를 구분하면서 대흑산도와 소흑산도에 서 89종이 생육하는 것을 보고하였다. 이후 Lee et al. (1986a) 은 대흑산도와 소흑산도를 포함한 6개 섬의 하계 조사에서 129 종을 기재하였고 Kang (1966)의 연구 결과와 비교하여 이곳 에 서식하는 해조류는 총 160종으로 기록하였다. 이외에도 홍 도와 흑산도가 포함된 행정구역인 신안군의 우이도의 계절별

대형 해조류(macroalgae)와 식물성플랑크톤을 포함하는 해 양 조류(marine algae)는 지구 산소의 50-70%를 생산하고 CO2 의 약 25%를 흡수하고 침적하여 탄소순환에 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 홍조류인 무절산호조류는 북극에서 남극까지, 환 경이 열악한 조간대 상부에서부터 차갑고 매우 약한 광이 도 달하는 한계 수심(최대 268 m)까지, 광범위한 분포를 보이며 (Littler and Littler, 1985; Bjork et al., 1995), “Maerl beds” (or rhodoliths)를 형성하는 Phymatolithon calcareum과 같이 부 착하지 않는 그룹과 생물과 무생물의 표면을 피복하여 서식하 는 각상형(crustose form) 그룹으로 구분된다. 무절산호조류인 Maerl은 해양 저서군집의 피복된 면적에서 “Big Four” (켈프 대, 해조숲, 해초대, 무절산호초대)에 포함되며(Foster, 2001), 유럽에서는 정원의 비료로 경제적 가치가 높아 프랑스의 Brittany해안에서는 1987년에 450,000톤이 채취되는 등(Potin et al., 1990), 과다 수확으로 개체군이 감소되고 있는 실정이다. 전 세계적으로 조하대에 주로 서식하는 각상형 무절산호조류는 산호초의 석회화율에 기여하고 다양한 저서생물 유생들의 착 생을 유도하는 생태적 기능을 하고 있다(Fabricius and De’ath, 2001). 일본에서는 1950년대 초에 갯녹음 해역이 급격하게 증 가되는 것을 관찰하고 다시마 숲(Laminaria beds)의 복원을 시

The growth, reproduction, gametophyte(G)/tetrasporophyte(T) ratio, and diseases of Chondrus ocellatus populations were examined at 3 sites (Samcheok, Youngduk, Pohang) of East coast and at 2 sites (Hakampo, Manripo) of West coast in between July and August, 2013. Average plant lengths were 6.10~9.69 cm and it was minimum at Manripo and maximum at Pohang population. In general, average plant length and weight of C. ocellatus were greater on East coast than West coast populations. The proportion of vegetative plant was between 26.7~66.7 %, and G/T ratio of total plants including vegetative plants after testing resorcinol method was 3:2 on the East coast where is gametophyte dominant area. However, G/T ratio was 1:1 at Hakampo and 1:2.3 at Manripo representing tetrasporophyte dominance. In the present study, Korean C. ocellatus have various diseases (white colour and green colour), an endophytic alga(Ulvella sp.), and many epiphytic macroalgae and diatoms. Healthy C. ocellatus plants were about 20~40 % in summer population and most of plants had disease. Chondrus ocellatus had a filamentous green alga, endophytic Ulvella sp. which was not identified. The endophyte is easily observed in C. crispus growing in Europe and Canada and it is recognised as a pathogen destroying population and reducing yield of C. crispus. Thus more interest and research on the endophytic algae and disease of C. ocellatus are required.

The effects of temperature on spore release, growth and photosynthetic efficiency of Lithophyllum yessoense and Hildenbrandia rubra were examined. L. yessoense was collected at Galnam and H. rubra was collected at Gyeokpo, Korea. The experimental temperatures were different for spore release (10, 15, ), sporeling growth (10, 15, 20, 25, ) and photosynthetic efficiency (10, 15, 20, ). All other culture conditions were the same: 34 psu, 12:12 LD and photon . Spore liberation was maximal at for L. yessoense and at for H. rubra. After 14 days, the surface area of L. yessoense was 0.031 at and for H. rubra was 0.032 at . Sporelings of L. yessoense were a dark-red color and grew in a round shape. In contrast, H. rubra was bright pink and changed from a round shape in the early growth stage to later become flabelliform. Photosynthetic efficiency was highest between in both species. In conclusion, L. yessoense and H. rubra display different physiological features based on the optimal temperatures for spore release and sporling growth.

This study was conducted to investigate the biogeographic characteristics of the insect faunas of the seven islands of the west coast of Incheon, Korea, using a quantitative analysis method. The faunal similarity was examined using the Bray & Curtis similarity. The obtained similarity value matrix was examined with cluster analysis using the UPGMA method. The recorded number of each species in the areas was 1,001 from 12 orders and they were distributed on the seven islands surveyed. Among the surveyed islands, Seokmodo had the highest number of species with 497, while Yeonpyeongdo had the lowest with 136 species. The species composition of insects reported in Ganghwado was 309 species belonging to seven orders. The similarity values between the seven localities investigated ranged from 24.907 (Gyodongdo to Yeonpyeongdo) to 49.899 (Baengnyeongdo to Ganghwado). That is, the species composition of Baengnyeongdo (47.90%) was similar to that of Ganghwado, while it was different from that of Yeonpyeongdo (25.28%). The cluster analysis using a similarity index shows that all the islands in these areas can be divided into 3 groups at the level of 30.97%.

Seasonal species composition and biomass of microphytobenthos were examined at the intertidal flats of Jinsanri, Taean, Korea, from April to December 2011. In total, 121 species were identified, including 109 diatoms, 5 blue-green algae, and 5 dinoflagellates. Seasonal variation in species number ranged from 49 to 56 species (minimum in October and maximal in April), while vertical variation across three different shore levels ranged from 64 to 77 species with maximum at high and minimum at low shore. Species diversity ranged from 3.22 to 3.42 seasonally and from 3.50 to 3.17 across vertical shore levels. Seasonal average values of the normalized difference vegetation index and the vegetation index were 0.06 and 1.14, respectively. Chlorophyll a concentrations were , with a seasonal minimum and maximum in July and October, respectively, and a vertical shore maximum of at mid shore. Phaeopigment concentrations peaked in October () and at high shore () and were lowest in December () and at low shore (). The number of microphytobenthos ranged from 78,556 to 287,898 cells/, reaching a maximum in April and a minimum in July. The diatoms Paralia sulcata, Navicula sp., and Delphines surirella were dominant at all tidal levels over the study period. Dinoflagellates were dominant in July at low shore, and blue-green algae were abundant between July and October at mid shore. In conclusion, species composition and primary production of microphytobenthos exhibited clear seasonal and vertical patterns.

We report a method to tailor chemically converted graphenes (CCGs) using a water-soluble pyrene derivative (1) with a zwitterionic arm, and the feasibility of the tailored CCGs to sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based analyses. The compound 1 serves the dual purpose of improving the dispersion of the CCGs in aqueous solutions and further tailoring the catalytic activity of the CCGs with dendrimer-encapsulated catalytic nanoparticles. As a model system, we conjugated dendrimer-encapsulated Pt nanoparticles to the 1-functionalized CCGs on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. The resulting ITOs exhibited significantly increased ECL emission of the luminol/H2O2 ECL system; i.e. two orders-of-magnitude enhancement in the ECL compared to that obtained from bare ITOs, which allowed a ca. 154 times more sensitive ECL-based analysis of cholesterol using the modified ITOs compared with the use of bare ITOs.

Twelve morphological characters and the biochemical composition of Undaria pinnatifida f. distans sporophytes growing on the rocky shores of Jindo and Wando and on cultivation ropes in Kijang were measured to determine whether each population could be characterized by morphological features and biochemical composition. The goal of this study was to compare phenotypic variations between populations as they relate to environmental conditions. The sporophytes of the Kijang population were two times longer and 19 times heavier than those at Jindo. Sporophylls of the Jindo U. pinnatifida population were significantly smaller in length, width, frill number, and weight than those at Wando and Kijang. Kijang Undaria plants showed the highest contents of total protein, crude fiber, total amino acids, the amount of essential amino acids, the proportion of total unsaturated fatty acids, and eicosapentaenoic acid. However, the Jindo population showed the greatest content of carbohydrates, lipids, and minerals (Zn and Ca) of the three U. pinnatifida populations. In particular, Zn content of Jindo plants was 30 times greater than that of Kijang plants. Thus, the proximate composition, mineral composition, amino acids, and fatty acids of Undaria pinnatifida plants were distinguishable among the three representative Undaria populations evaluated. These results suggest that morphological and biochemical differences of the three U. pinnatifida populations can be attributed to differences in environmental conditions of their habitats.

The benthic algal community structures of the seaweed biomass, vertical distribution of dominant seaweeds, and species composition were examined on the rocky shores of Ongdo, Jusamdo, and Woejodo Islands, Korea, in August 2006. A total of 68 seaweeds were identified, comprising 5 green, 11 brown, and 52 red algae from the three study sites. The number of species at Ongdo (32 species) was less than that at Jusamdo (45 species) and Woejodo (44 species). Jusamdo exhibited the maximum seaweed biomass (73.99 g dry wt/m 2 ), while the minimum value was found at Woejodo (36.90 g dry wt/m 2 ). On the three islands, coarsely branched forms were the most dominant functional group in terms of species number and biomass among benthic algal species. The dominant species were Gelidium amansii, Chondrus ocellatus, and Chrysymenia wrightii at Ongdo, Sargasum thunbergii, Ulva pertusa, and Sargassum fusiformis at Jusamdo, and U. pertusa, Undaria pinnatifida , and Corallina pilulifera at Woejodo. Perennial seaweeds were abundant at Ongdo (G. amansii and C. ocellatus) and Jusamdo (S. thunbergii and S. fusiformis), whereas the sheet form of U. pertusa was relatively abundant at Woejodo Island.

The intertidal benthic macroalgal floras of 19 uninhabited islands were investigated in the Goheung area, South Sea, Korea, in June 2008. Seaweed community structures on the rocky shores of four (Naemaemuldo, Ceoldo, Araedombaeseom, and Jinjioedo) of the 19 islands were also examined. Eighty macroalgal species were identified, including 13 green, 19 brown, and 48 red algae. The maximum number of species was found at Naemaemuldo, with 35 species, and the minimum was at Aredombaeseom, with 21 species. Seaweed biomass ranged from 21.39-76.22 g dry 2wt/m , with a maximum at Naemaemuldo, and minimum at Jinjioedo. Sargassum thunbergii was a representative species, distributed widely in the intertidal zone of the four islands. Subdominant seaweeds were Corallina pilulifera and Ulva pertusa at Naemaemuldo and Jinjioedo, respectively. Also, Ishige okamurae was dominant at Ceoldo and Araedombaeseom. Six functional seaweed forms were found at each study site, except for Araedombaeseom, which had four functional groups. On the rocky shores of the four sites, a coarsely-branched form was the most dominant functional group ranging from 44.44-61.90% in species number and 72.42-91. 09% in biomass. In conclusion, among the four study sites, the shore of Naemaemuldo Island had the best ecological status, with the highest number of species, and greatest biomass (mainly brown and red algae) and functional form diversity of seaweeds. Furthermore, on the rocky shore of Naemaemuldo, coarsely branched- and joint calcareous-form seaweeds, which grow in clean and undisturbed environmental conditions, were the representative functional forms.Key words: Algal flora, Biomass, Community, Dominant species, Functional form

The stress tolerance ability of Pelvetia canaliculata (L.) Dcne. Et Thur. and Fucus spiralis L. to temporary and periodic emersion stress was examined in order to test the following hypotheses: The upper shore alga, P. canaliculata is more tolerant to desiccation than F. spiralis in the germling stage and the former outgrows the latter under desiccation stress; Germling stress tolerance of the two species is age-specific; Crowding of germlings protects them from desiccation, ir respective of the species involved. Germling growth of the two species was retarded with increasing exposure period and was age-specific, as they were air-exposed at an earlier stage. After 16 days, the length of Pelvetia germlings was similar between 2-day-old germlings (125-140 µm) and 7-day-old germlings (134-140 µm), which were air-exposed during the same period (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h) at the two different ages. However, Fucus germlings were significantly larger at 7-day-old germlings (211-277 µm) than at 2-day-old germlings (184-278 µm), especially in the treatments of 48 and 72 h. These results indicate that Fuscus grow faster than Pelvetia and that the growth response of germlings to temporary emersion stress is more sensitive in Fucus than that in Pelvetia. Growth of germlings of both species was reduced with increasing density under favorable growth conditions (submerged control and 6 h / 12 h exposure treatments) in the periodic air-exposed experiments using tidal tanks, but was enhanced under severe emersion stress conditions. P. canaliculata showed better growth at 6 h exposure treatment than that of the control, under continuous submergence, indicating that Pelvetia germlings require a periodic exposure period. Fucus germlings always grew faster than those of Pelvetia and did best in mixed cultures, whereas Pelvetia did least well when mixed with Fucus germlings. The adverse effects of F. spiralis on P. canaliculata were greater than those of Pelvetia cohorts. The outcome of interspecific competi tion between F. spiralis and P. canaliculata gemlings was slightly altered by exposure period but not to such an extent as to change the outcome.

【The effects of temperature, light, and salinity on the growth of Costaria costata and Undaria pinnatifida juveniles were examined in laboratory cultures. In a cultivation farm, the monthly yield and density were also investigated between December and April for C. costata and between December and March in 2007 and 2008 for U. pinnatifida. The relative growth rates (RGRs) were greater at $20{\sim}60\;{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$ than at low ( $0{\sim}10\;{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$ ) and high ( $100{\sim}180\;{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$ ) irradiance levels. The optimal growth conditions for the two species were $17^{\circ}C$ , 35 psu, $60\;{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$ , and a daylength of 12 h, indicating that C. costata and U. pinnatifida have very similar growth responses to temperature, light, and salinity. However, the growth responses of the two species to various environmental factors were different; C. costata grew faster than U. pinnatifida but the latter species grew well at low salinity. The monthly yield of C. costata and U. pinnatifida increased steadily over the study period, and it was maximal in March for both species, but the yield of U. pinnatifida was greater than that of C. costata.】

The protective effects of Neorhodomela aculeata methanolic extract (N. aculeata) on IL-1β and IFN-γ induced β-cell cytotoxicity were examined in a rat insulinoma (RIN) cell line and islets. In the cytokine-treated RIN cells, nitric oxide (NO) production was reduced about 94% at 50 μg/ml of N. aculeata and its suppressive effect was ten times greater as compared to other effective oriental herbs, such as C. cinnamoni and A. capillaries. The inhibitory effects of NO production occurred through the suppression of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) gene expression which has been confirmed with the changes of iNOS mRNA and protein levels. N. aculeata attenuated the cytokine-induced increase in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) binding activity, p50 and p65 subunit levels in their nuclei, and at inhibitory kappa B alpha degradation in the cytosol. N. aculeata also attenuated the levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1 and -3 in whole RIN cells as well as the nuclear translocation of the STAT proteins. Therefore, the cytoprotective effects of N. aculeata were possibly mediated through the suppression of NF-κB and STAT pathways. These findings suggest the beneficial effects of N. aculeata when used for the prevention or attenuation of inflammatory and Type 1 diabetogenic processes.

We investigated insect fauna of Is. Boleum-do from April to October, 2009. As a result of all the collections examined, 162 species of 59 family under 11 order were identified. Therefore, the species composition of insect diversity from Is. Boleum-do was a total of 228 species of 77 families under 11 orders including 3 endangerd species (level, Fabriciana nerippe, Lethocerus deyrollei and Copris tripartitus), 22 endermic species, 3 management of exotic species, 1 species of IUCN Red List and 42 designated species; 103 species of 18 families Lepidoptera (35.76%) which was the highest, 51 species of 18 families Coleoptera (17.72%), 44 species of 15 families Hemiptera (15.28%) and 37 species of 6 families Hymenoptera (12.85%).