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Sarcasm detection in text poses significant challenges for traditional sentiment analysis, as it often requires an understanding of context, word meanings, and emotional undertones. For example, in the sentence "I totally love working on Christmas holiday", detecting sarcasm depends on capturing the contrast between affective words and their context. Existing methods often focus on single-embedding levels, such as word-level or affective-level, neglecting the importance of multi-level context. In this paper, we propose SAWE (Sentence, Affect, and Word Embeddings), a framework that combines sentence-level, affect-level, and context-dependent word embeddings to improve sarcasm detection. We use pre-trained transformer models SBERT and RoBERTa, enhanced with a bidirectional GRU and self-attention, alongside SenticNet to extract affective words. The combined embeddings are processed through a CNN and classified using a multilayer perceptron (MLP). SAWE is evaluated on two benchmark datasets, Sarcasm Corpus V2 (SV2) and Self-Annotated Reddit Corpus 2.0 (SARC 2.0), outperforming previous methods, particularly on long texts, with a 4.2% improvement on F1-Score for SV2. Our results emphasize the importance of multi-level embeddings and contextual information in detecting sarcasm, demonstrating a new direction for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the issue of the increase in the number of cases of domestic violence known to law enforcement agencies. Factors affecting the increase of legal awareness of citizens and encouraging them to take decisive actions for zero tolerance to various types of violence in families are analyzed in detail. We analyzed the changes in the legislation of Ukraine, which became the driving force for the fight against domestic violence, the protection of victims and the punishment of offenders. An important step for this was the introduction of amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the addition of Article 126-1 "Domestic violence". At the same time, an important factor in the formation of public awareness of the inadmissibility of domestic violence is the activity of public organizations, public figures, the media community, and mass media. The trend of increasing the level of legal culture of the individual in terms of zero tolerance for the actions of offenders is being followed. Society increasingly does not tolerate violence and strives for justice. It also shows that the legal culture of the individual is growing, people respect the law more and more and understand the importance of human rights. The connection is investigated, according to which increasing the level of awareness of citizens about their rights and about the possibilities of protection against violence leads to an increase in the number of appeals to the police and restoration of their rights by legal means. It has been proven that people seek help more and more often, knowing that they have su pport from the state. The number of sentences contained in the Unified State Register of Court Decisions for domestic violence in the period 2020-2024 is analyzed. It has been studied that the increase in the number of sentences for committing domestic violence is directly proportional to the increase in the level of legal culture of the individual and society. This fact confirms the opinion, however, that domestic violence is gradually leaving the category of latent crimes and victims are no longer ready to put up with violence in fami lies. It was concluded that the development of legal culture in this context means that people not only know about the inadmissibility of violence, but also realize the importance of observing laws and actively participating in the fight against this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the problem of how to elucidate the concept of nonsense. Viewed from a general philosophical standpoint this matters because the concept is used by certain philosophers in their criticism of philosophical questions and theses. I start with a presentation of examples of utterances considered nonsense, along with Baier's classification of kinds of nonsense. I then present various approaches, pointing out that none of them are completely satisfactory. I subsequently propose an approach that is a modification of the austere conception: while consistent with the latter in that it treats nonsense as a lack of something, it differs by holding that a determination of the nature of various instances of nonsense can only be accomplished by examining how we show that some given utterance is nonsense. This approach places the emphasis on distinguishing the question of the meaninglessness of an utterance from the question of the incorrectness of linguistic expressions. The advantage of my conception is that on the one hand, it does not deny that there is an important non-psychological difference between philosophical nonsense and gibberish, while on the other it avoids the absurdity that philosophical utterances are nonsense because what they say is nonsensical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Peru, the excessive increase in the prison population turns out to be one of the most complex problems faced by the State in the framework of its prison policies. The purpose of this research is to determine the factors that have influenced the increase in the prison population in Peru between 2007 and 2022. The methodology used is explanatory with a mixed approach, divided into two stages: first, literature review with qualitative analysis and a second stage of empirical analysis with a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional approach. The main result was the trend of increase in the prison population in Peru in the last fifteen years. At the conclusion level, it has been possible to determine that the most influential factors in the increase in the penitentiary population in Peru between the years 2007 and 2022 are the high rate difference between the admissions and discharges of inmates to penal establishments, the disproportionate increase in sentences that generate a longer stay in penitentiary establishments, the prohibition of extramural penitentiary benefits and the excessive use of preventive detention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to propose a sentencing model with a gender perspective for judges, which contributes to guaranteeing the application of women's human rights and reducing errors in sentences, such as: revictimization, poor access to justice, discrimination, as well as gender stereotypes or prejudices that can affect judicial reasoning. The methodological design of this study is based on the qualitative paradigm based on the data collection technique and a descriptive legal content analysis of specialized guidelines in the doctrinal and normative field, as well as thirty sentences for gender-based crimes in the period 2020-2023 issued by the Judicial Branch of the State of Michoacán. As a result, a guide or model of sentencing in criminal matters is proposed so that judges can identify and apply it in cases where gender violence has been proven, this will make it possible to have a more precise and solid judgment in its argumentation, as well as to meet the main criteria for the protection of women's human rights before the corpus iuris of law on the matter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research yields inconsistent results with regard to differences among type of counsel in criminal cases. Studies in the area generally compare the effectiveness of indigent versus retained counsel, and public defenders versus assigned counsel, and focus on broad categories of crime. The present work expands this literature through comparing case outcomes between assigned and retained counsel in the processing of criminal trespassing cases. It also contributes through measuring type of counsel in relation to the imposition of charge enhancements, a variable largely absent from the research literature. Results suggest that type of counsel does impact case outcomes, as defendants with assigned counsel were more likely to have a charge enhancement, be sentenced to jail, and spend more time in jail. Focusing on less serious offenses provides a more reflective account of what often occurs in court given that most crimes are less serious in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to analyze female existentialism in Helen Garner's "Monkey Grip" using a descriptive qualitative method. In this context, the data obtained were carefully reviewed, presented, and analyzed through stylistic analysis. The results showed that female existentialism was expressed in two patterns. Firstly, the female speech was similar to the male, accompanied by the open expression of sexual desires and male circle words. Secondly, female actions contained the feminine movement to overcome discrimination problems and interact with many males. The results showed that the female character was considered a feminist representative against male stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe plea of accused persons, whether guilty or not, forms a central part of the legal process. Such a decision must exclusively rest with the accused person and be devoid of judicial and extrajudicial influence. This study seeks to interrogate the contexts within which accused persons determine their plea in court. It is argued that all the forms of plea are employed by accused persons as a means of navigating the sentencing outcomes of their cases. The study used a mixed-methods approach to data gathering and analysis. The respondents explained their guilty plea within the context of leniency, the expedition of cases, and to avoid prison remand. Those who pleaded not guilty largely thought of it within the context of identifying a legal loophole and having the opportunity to appeal their sentence after conviction. The extent to which the police influenced the accused to plead guilty requires further investigation.

ObjectiveElectrocortical stimulation mapping (ECS) is widely used to identify essential language areas, but sentence-level processing has rarely been investigated.MethodsWhile undergoing awake surgery in the dominant left hemisphere, 6 subjects were asked to comprehend sentences varying in their demands on syntactic processing.ResultsIn all 6 subjects, stimulation of the inferior frontal gyrus disrupted comprehension of passive sentences, which critically depend on syntactic processing to correctly assign grammatical roles, without disrupting comprehension of simpler tasks. In 4 of the 6 subjects, these sites were localized to the pars opercularis. Sentence comprehension was also disrupted by stimulation of other perisylvian sites, but in a more variable manner.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that there may be language regions that differentially contribute to sentence processing and which therefore are best identified using sentence-level tasks. The functional consequences of resecting these sites remain to be investigated.

The paper examines the essence of the appellate court as a controlling judicial instance and clarifies the basic principle according to which the appellate court works and issues judicial acts. Based on this, a check was made to match the nature of the appellate court proceedings with the nature of the classification of his powers as proposed in art. 334 of the Bulgarian Criminal Procedure Code. At the end of the paper, a new classification of his powers, compatible with the nature of appellate judicial review, was developed.

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Emotion recognition plays a crucial role in our social interactions and overall well-being. The present cross-sectional study aimed to develop and validate Emotion Laden Sentences Toolbox for Emotion Recognition (ELSTER), that utilizes emotion-laden sentences as stimuli to assess individuals' ability to perceive and identify emotions conveyed through written language. Methods: In Phase I, a comprehensive set of emotion-laden sentences in English language were validated by 25 (eight males and 17 females) qualified mental health professionals (MHPs). In Phase II, the sentences that received high interrater agreement in Phase I were selected and then a Hindi version of the same sentences was also developed. The English and Hindi database was then validated among 50 healthy individuals (30 males and 20 females). Results: The percentage hit rate for all the emotions after exclusion of contempt was 84.3% with a mean kappa for emotional expression being 0.67 among MHPs. The percentage hit rate of all emotion-laden sentences across the database was 81.43% among healthy lay individuals. The mean hit rate percentage for English sentences was similar to Hindi sentences with a mean kappa for emotional expression being 0.63 for the combined English and Hindi sentences. Conclusion: The ELSTER database would be useful in the Indian context for researching textual emotion recognition. It has been validated among a group of experts as well as healthy lay individuals and was found to have high inter-rater reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dementia is a cognitive decline that leads to the progressive deterioration of an individual's ability to perform daily activities independently. As a result, a considerable amount of time and resources are spent on caretaking. Early detection of dementia can significantly reduce the effort and resources needed for caretaking. Aims: This research proposes an approach for assessing cognitive decline by analysing speech data, specifically focusing on speech relevance as a crucial indicator for memory recall. Methods & Procedures: This is a cross‐sectional, online, self‐administered. The proposed method used deep learning architecture based on transformers, with BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and Sentence‐Transformer to derive encoded representations of speech transcripts. These representations provide contextually descriptive information that is used to analyse the relevance of sentences in their respective contexts. The encoded information is then compared using cosine similarity metrics to measure the relevance of uttered sequences of sentences. The study uses the Pitt Corpus Dementia dataset for experimentation, which consists of speech data from individuals with and without dementia. The accuracy of the proposed multi‐QA‐MPNet (Multi‐Query Maximum Inner Product Search Pretraining) model is compared with other pretrained transformer models of Sentence‐Transformer. Outcomes & Results: The results show that the proposed approach outperforms the other models in capturing context level information, particularly semantic memory. Additionally, the study explores the suitability of different similarity measures to evaluate the relevance of uttered sequences of sentences. The experimentation reveals that cosine similarity is the most appropriate measure for this task. Conclusions & Implications: This finding has significant implications for the early warning signs of dementia, as it suggests that cosine similarity metrics can effectively capture the semantic relevance of spoken language. The persistent cognitive decline over time acts as one of the indicators for prevalence of dementia. Additionally early dementia could be recognised by analysis on other modalities like speech and brain images. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject: It is already known that speech‐ and language‐based detection methods can be useful for dementia diagnosis, as language difficulties are often early signs of the disease. Additionally, deep learning algorithms have shown promise in detecting and diagnosing dementia through analysing large datasets, particularly in speech‐ and language‐based detection methods. However, further research is needed to validate the performance of these algorithms on larger and more diverse datasets and to address potential biases and limitations. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: This study presents a unique and effective approach for cognitive decline assessment through analysing speech data. The study provides valuable insights into the importance of context and semantic memory in accurately detecting the potential in dementia and demonstrates the applicability of deep learning models for this purpose. The findings of this study have important clinical implications and can inform future research and development in the field of dementia detection and care. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: The proposed approach for cognitive decline assessment using speech data and deep learning models has significant clinical implications. It has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of dementia diagnosis, leading to earlier detection and more effective treatments, which can improve patient outcomes and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Didasc@lia: Didáctica y Educación is the property of Universitaria de Las Tunas, Centro de Estudios de Didactica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The widening of the range of abbreviated procedural forms provided for by the current criminal procedure legislation has resulted in a significant difference in the legal status of individual participants in criminal proceedings, depending on which arrangements for criminal proceedings are applied. In particular, the restriction of the victim's rights when concluding a pre-trial cooperation agreement in a criminal case is a cause for concern. In this case, a special trial procedure is applied regardless of the victim’s will. Such a provision is unlikely to be fully consistent with the principle of equality of all before the law and clearly impedes the victim’s access to justice. The purpose of the study is to solve the problem of restricting the victim's rights in the application of special trial procedure in the event of concluding a pre-trial cooperation agreement in a criminal case and to justify the possibility of compensating such a restriction by expanding the victim's right to appeal against a court decision. Methods: the dialectical method serves as the methodological framework for the research. In addition, the general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and systematic approach are used, as well as special legal methods, primarily, logical legal and legal interpretation. Results: the study shows that adequate compensation for the victim's lack of the right to object to the conclusion of a pre-trial cooperation agreement and the subsequent application of special trial procedure may be the possibility of appealing against the sentence on all grounds provided for by law. To this end, it is proposed that the court be required to include in the sentence an analysis and evaluation of all the evidence underlying the court’s findings, even if they were not examined directly in the trial. Such a step would remove the restriction on appellate review of the factual aspect of the judg ement.

Анализируется актуальное членение предложения в русском и персидском языках. Рассмотрение и сопоставление коммуникативного строя русского и персидского предложения, а также закономерностей порядка слов является актуальным как в теоретической, так и в практической сфере, в том числе с целью развития иноязычных коммуникативных навыков у студентов, изучающих указанные языки как иностранные, для повышения качества перевода предложения с персидского языка на русский и наоборот. Проведено исследование, в рамках которого проанализирована смысловая структура предложения, а также выявлены особенности и правила порядка слов на уровне коммуникативного строя предложения в данных исследуемых языках в сравнительном аспекте. Существуют сходства и различия в коммуникативной структуре предложения в русском и персидском языках. В нейтральной речи тема находится в начале предложения в обоих языках, а рема – в конце. Однако в экспрессивно окрашенной речи каждый из этих языков обладает своей спецификой, что обусловлено структурными особенностями персидского и русского языков. Члены предложения в русском языке не имеют строго фиксированной позиции и могут перемещаться в предложении в зависимости от коммуникативной ситуации. Так, в экспрессивно окрашенной речи меняется коммуникативная структура предложения, поскольку в таких высказываниях отражается движение мысли от сообщаемого к исходной информации, рема находится в начале предложения и тема – после нее, то есть актуальная информация предшествует известной. Прямой и обратный порядок слов в русском языке имеет тесную связь с той ролью, которую эти компоненты предложения играют в тема-рематических отношениях. В действительности рассмотрение коммуникативной структуры предложения в русском языке позволяет определить синтаксический и стилистический строй предложения. Однако персидский язык характеризуется фиксированным словопорядком в предложении и инверсии на уровне членов смыслового членения предложения не существует. В этом языке, в отличие от русского, исходная информация (тема) всегда как в нейтральной, так и в экспрессивно окрашенной речи выражается в начале предложения, а актуальная информация (рема) всегда следует за ней и стоит в конце предложения.

This article addresses the issue of access to the written word for deaf people whose main language is sign language. We question the status of sentence processing in the acquisition of a written language by deaf people, visual beings par excellence. This written language is both the written form of another language (namely a vocal language) and another modality, that of writing (as opposed to the oral form of language i.e., the face-to-face form of language), which they have not experienced in their own, non-written language. We highlight two points in the literature that we feel are crucial to addressing this issue: first, the significant linguistic distance between their L1 (SL) and their L2 (written vocal language), which severely limits the possibility of positive transfer from one to the other; and secondly, the evidence of a cognitive functioning specific to deaf people, marked in particular by higher processing capacities in the visual domain. Based on the results of two studies on the written output of deaf people, we suggest that particularities in the acquisition of the sentence are closely linked both to the structure of SL and to the visual functioning of this population. Finally, we emphasize the importance of using sign language as a metalanguage in teaching writing to deaf signers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relevance of the sentence concept to the understanding of three types of implicitness (presupposition, conversational implicatures, irony). Our experimental protocol involved 105 children (aged 6 to 11) and 82 adults who were asked to read short texts composed of a context about some characters and a target sentence conveying one of the three implicit contents. After reading, children and adults had to answer a comprehension yes-no question and indicate the segments from the text that helped them answer the question. Results showed a difference between the three types of implicitness, with presupposition being detected and understood at a subsentential level, whereas implicatures and irony come under extrasentential level requiring the context to be taken into account. Referring to sentence as a unit of meaning does not seem relevant as soon as understanding is not limited to the literal meaning of what is written, but also concerns what is meant by the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbs with the meaning ’to wear’, have functions and rules of use. Even though they have the same meaning, namely “to wear” in Indonesian, in Japanese the verb “to wear” varies depending on the object used. This is different from the verb “wearing” in Indonesian, which is the same when used on different objects. The formulation of the problem in this study is: (1) How is the ability to use the verb to wear in Japanese sentences by Semester II Students of PBJ FBS UNIMA Study Program? (2) What verbs are difficult for Semester II students of PBJ FBS UNIMA in using the verb wear in Japanese sentences? The method used in this research was descriptive. The results showed: (1) the average mastery of the verb to wear by Semester II Students of PBJ FBS UNIMA Study Program was divided into two large groups. The group that is categorized as “capable” is 40% and “poor” is 48%, while those who were unable are only 12%. The standard assessment criteria were judged based on the difficulty level of the question. There were 10 students who were able to use the verb to wear with a percentage of 40%, there were 12 students who were less able to use the verb to wear with a percentage of 48%, and there were 3 people who were unable to use the verb to wear with a percentage of 12%. (2) Based on the results of research tests on the level of difficulty of the questions, it was found that the verbs considered difficult were the verbs tsukemasu (つけます), shimasu (します), makimasu (まきます), and hamemasu (はめます). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dynamis is the property of Dynamis - Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Granada and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jezikoslovlje is the property of University of Osijek, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mecmua is the property of MECMUA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Via Inveniendi et Iudicandi is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is difficult to overestimate the role of the institution of jurors in criminal procedural law, since due to its existence the possibility of people's participation in the justice process is realized. The process of forming the jury bench and their direct participation in criminal cases in practice is possible with the use of various information technologies. In the rapidly changing socio-political situation in society, the participation of representatives of the people in administaring justice is impossible without modern information and digital technologies. The expansion of the scope of jury activities and extension of their competence to the categories of criminal cases under the jurisdiction of not only regional, but also district level, predetermined the study and analysis of problems arising in the formation of the jury panel and organization of their activities in the trial in the traditional and remote format as the purpose of the study. The following tasks are defined: to identify, with the help of information and digital technologies, the reasons for the low activity of the population in realization of the right to participate in justice administration; to determine the strategy for screening candidates and their subsequent preparation for participation in court session; to solve organizational problems of implementing new forms of this institution of criminal justice in the Russian Federation. An attempt has been made to update the scientific position regarding the process of formation and further activities of the jury panel in criminal proceedings based on the available digital and information capabilities. Implementation of the results of the work is possible both for practitioners of the judicial system and for researchers in the field of criminal procedure envolved with formation, development and improvement of the institution of jurors. It can be concluded that transformation of forms of criminal proceedings taking place in the modern world, emergence of new technologies, penetration of digitalization into all spheres of human life have significantly affected the genesis of popular representation in justice administration in criminal cases and become an integral part of it, requiring legal certainty.

The Supreme Court has wide discretion to choose the cases it will decide. But how does the Court exercise this discretion? The Supreme Court’s rules explain that it may hear any case “important” enough for it to decide. Unsurprisingly, commentators have criticized this standard as “hopelessly indeterminate” and “intentionally vague.” The Court, however, has said more about how it decides whether to grant review. We need simply to look to its merits opinions. These decisions sometimes offer a brief, informative description of the decision to grant review. These oft-overlooked statements may, in aggregate, be suggestive of trends in the Court’s agenda-setting discretion. This Article presents a text and data analysis of thousands of Supreme Court opinions describing the reason for granting review, collectively illuminating which cases are important enough to merit certiorari. This view into certiorari helps reveal which cases earn the Court’s attention and how the Court’s priorities change over time. This analysis finds, for example, that the Court’s docket shifts in response to large events (e.g., depressions and wars) and to significant political developments (e.g., landmark legislation). And, perhaps more concerning, individual appointments also shape the Court’s docket. The Court should thus better explain its decisions to grant review in the mode of a common law of certiorari. Doing so can improve the interbranch dialogue over judicial reform, offer better information to litigants, and instill greater confidence in our Supreme Court.

Plagiarism detection (PD) is a process of identifying instances where someone has presented another person's work or ideas as their own. Plagiarism detection is categorized into two types (i) Intrinsic plagiarism detection primarily concerns the assessment of authorship consistency within a single document, aiming to identify instances where portions of the text may have been copied or paraphrased from elsewhere within the same document. Author clustering, closely related to intrinsic plagiarism detection, involves grouping documents based on their stylistic and linguistic characteristics to identify common authors or sources within a given dataset. On the other hand, (ii) extrinsic plagiarism detection delves into the comparative analysis of a suspicious document against a set of external source documents, seeking instances of shared phrases, sentences, or paragraphs between them, which is often referred to as text reuse or verbatim copying. Detection of plagiarism from documents is a long-established task in the area of NLP with remarkable contributions in multiple applications. A lot of research has already been conducted in the English and other foreign languages but Urdu language needs a lot of attention especially in intrinsic plagiarism detection domain. The major reason is that Urdu is a low resource language and unfortunately there is no high-quality benchmark corpus available for intrinsic plagiarism detection in Urdu language. This study presents a high-quality benchmark Corpus comprising 10,872 documents. The corpus is structured into two granularity levels: sentence level and paragraph level. This dataset serves multifaceted purposes, facilitating intrinsic plagiarism detection, verbatim text reuse identification, and author clustering in the Urdu language. Also, it holds significance for natural language processing researchers and practitioners as it facilitates the development of specialized plagiarism detection models tailored to the Urdu language. These models can play a vital role in education and publishing by improving the accuracy of plagiarism detection, effectively addressing a gap and enhancing the overall ability to identify copied content in Urdu writing.

Question sentences are forms of speech addressed to the interlocutor in order to get an answer. The speaker aims to learn something through these sentences. Due to the structure of each language, these sentences are used in different forms. There are different types of interrogative sentences in Arabic, such as the affirmative interrogative sentence, the interrogative sentence indicating preference, and the negative interrogative sentence. These are the most basic types of interrogative sentences in Arabic. This study examines the answers given to negative interrogative sentences among these types of interrogative sentences. The aim of this study is to reveal that the Turkish translations attributed to the word "لبى" used in these response expressions are erroneous. In doing so, by making use of classical dictionaries, basic and modern grammatical sources, both the meaning and usage of لبى will be determined and the Turkish equivalent of this word will be determined. The study focuses especially on Turkish translations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By establishing the initial legal status of the person held criminally liable as a "state of innocence", the presumption of innocence exerts a substantial influence on the entire criminal process: it determines the direction and rules of the criminal-procedural evidence during the entire process; it conditions and guarantees the inherence of the rights and freedoms of the accused, making it impossible to restrict them in the absence of sufficient grounds and necessities to do so. In the study, on the basis of the analysis of the provisions on the presumption of innocence in criminal proceedings, the opinion that the purpose of criminal procedural evidence is to obtain authentic knowledge of the guilt of the person in committing the crime, i.e. to rebut the presumption of innocence, is justified. This objective can be achieved only if all the circumstances of the case are fully and objectively investigated. The theoretical and practical importance of the study on the impact of the presumption of innocence on the distribution of the burden of proof in criminal proceedings is determined by the interpretation of the current problems of the criminal process, examined from the position of the presumption of innocence as a principle of the criminal process, focused on strengthening the procedural guarantees of the rights and freedoms of the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding Chinese is not just about the spoken word, but also the written word. Chinese has thousands of strokes that need to be understood, one of the oldest being the 汉字 (hànzi) strokes. In the scope of education, teaching 汉字 (hànzi) strokes and Chinese sentence construction is a challenge. The reason is that students have not found it easy to learn the material. The results of Chinese 汉字 (hànzi) strokes and sentence construction are the variables to be tested. Using a quantitative approach with an experimental nonequivalent control group design, this study involved 45 students who were divided into experimental and control groups. The results showed a significant improvement in the learning outcomes of the experimental group after being assisted with the Trainchinese digital dictionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing evidence that face-to-face treatments for verb and sentence production deficits in aphasia can be effective. However, very few studies have investigated supplementing such treatments with self-managed computer-based home practice. Given the increasing importance of computer-based aphasia treatment, it is imperative that the feasibility of this mode of delivering verb and sentence treatments is explored. This study explored the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a novel computer-based treatment for sentence production deficits in aphasia, delivered by a combination of face-to-face and self-managed treatment sessions. The effect of treatment on verb and sentence production, discourse and functional communication was assessed. The study used a pre-post design with six single cases: three males and three females aged 49 – 81 years. The Sentence Production Treatment (SPT) was developed based on the evidence from systematic reviews of verb-in-isolation and sentence treatments respectively. The SPT was low dose (8 hours) and clinician delivered, supplemented by a minimum set level (16 hours) of self-managed computer-based treatment. The feasibility of the SPT was investigated by: monitoring recruitment and retention of participants; logging any technical issues; assessing the fidelity of face-to-face treatment delivery using checklists; and monitoring compliance with self-delivered treatment. The SPT was found to be feasible and acceptable to the six participants. Treatment effects were noted on trained verb production and sentence production for five participants each. Generalisation to untrained verb and sentence targets and discourse was more limited, however four participants perceived functional communication improvements. The study represents the first preliminary evidence that a computer-based sentence level treatment for sentence production deficits in aphasia, which included a self-managed component, is feasible and can be effective. Given these overall positive findings of feasibility and benefit, further feasibility testing is warranted, exploring intervention refinement and candidacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When youth commit serious violent or sexual offenses, this often generates a call for more severe punishments and longer detention sentences. An important question is whether (long) detention sentences are effective in decreasing recidivism among serious young offenders. To estimate recidivism rates in serious young offenders and elucidate the link between sentencing (in terms of custodial vs. non-custodial and length of imprisonment) and recidivism, three multilevel meta-analyses were conducted. With a systematic literature search, 27 studies and four datasets were traced, involving N = 2,308 participants, yielding 90 effect sizes for overall recidivism, 24 for specifically violent recidivism, and 23 for the association between length of imprisonment and recidivism. The average weighted overall recidivism rate was 44.47% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37.59–51.46%) over an average period of 8.68 years. The rate of violent recidivism was estimated at 30.49% (95% CI: 20.92–40.52%), over an average period of 11.45 years. Recidivism rates were higher when recidivism was defined as an arrest for any new offense rather than for a specific offense and in studies conducted in the United States versus European studies. Violent recidivism rates were higher in studies with longer follow-up periods. Based on the limited available studies, no difference in recidivism rates following custodial and non-custodial sentences were found, nor an association between length of imprisonment and recidivism. To increase rehabilitation chances for youth offenders, further research is warranted to better understand the impact of sentencing and to ascertain what is needed to make custodial and non-custodial sentences more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second year of the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the question of bringing the perpetrators to criminal responsibility for committing war crimes is urgent. At the same time, the criminal law qualification of actions within the scope of the provisions of Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine stays debatable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the content of some verdicts in proceedings on violations of the laws and customs of war, which were passed after February 24, 2022 in Ukraine, to identify the problems of law enforcement and the performance of procedural requirements regarding their content, since they acquired not only social significance and resonance, but also international ones, and the requirements for their quality can be defined as increased. The study used various methods of scientific research, the most effective and active among which were as follows: systemic-structural, comparative, analysis, and terminological. According to the results of processing the verdicts of the courts of first instance in the proceedings under Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, some issues were identified regarding the procedural order of special court proceedings. A causal connection between the violation of the laws and customs of war and the particular situation of a military conflict was established. The circumstances subject to proof for the commission of the specified criminal offence were substantiated and investigated, and the need to specify particular circumstances was argued. Emphasis was placed on the need to consider the particular war situation, the difference and the nature of the connection between these violations and the crime of aggression when proving a violation of the laws and customs of war, with the assumption of the possibility of their influence on political, legal, and other processes, even after its end. The practical significance of this study lies in the need to reflect the results of the application of legal norms related to the implementation of in absentia proceedings in verdicts, primarily regarding the procedure for informing the suspect, the accused about criminal proceedings, ensuring the right to defence and the effectiveness of its implementation

Arapçada cümleyi oluşturan üç temel unsur vardır. Bunlar: İsnad, müsnedün ileyh ve müsneddir. İsnad, belâgat ilminin üç kısmından biri olan meânî ilminin en önemli konularından biridir. Müsned ile müsnedün ileyh arasındaki yani özne ile yüklem arasındaki anlam ilişkisini ifade eden isnad, müfred lafızların bir araya gelmesiyle teşekkül eden terkiplerle onların manalarını ve terkibi oluşturan unsurlar arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkiyi konu edinmesi yönünden meânî ilminin temelini oluşturur. Cümleyi oluşturan unsurlardan müsnedün ileyh ve müsnede umde, bunların dışındaki öğelere ise kayıt veya fazla denir. Belâgat âlimleri, belâğî isnadı üç başlık altında toplamışlardır. Bunlar: Haber-i isnadın halleri, müsnedün ileyhin halleri ve müsnedin halleridir. Bu araştırmada konunun çok geniş olması hasebiyle belâgat ilminde cümlenin temel unsurlarını teşkil eden isnad, müsnedün ileyh ve müsnedin durumlarını bütün yönleriyle inceleme imkânı bulunmadığından isnadın sözlük ve terim anlamı, belâgat açısından isnad, isnadın halleri ile müsnedün ileyh ve müsnedin hazif, zikir, takdîm, te’hîr vb. durumlarına temas edilmiştir.

Este artículo analiza la aportación de José Nicolás Vacas a la teoría gramatical ecuatoriana de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, a través del análisis de su tratado de Sintaxis castellana extractada de varias obras, especialmente de la Gramática del Sr. Don Andrés Bello y dedicada á los estudiantes del Colegio Seminario de Ibarra (1899). Se analiza la influencia en él de las fuentes canónicas hispánicas de la época, como Andrés Bello, su única fuente declarada, y la Real Academia Española, así como de otras fuentes extendidas en la enseñanza gramatical del Ecuador finisecular, como los manuales de los Hermanos de las Escuelas Cristianas. En concreto, se contrasta el tratamiento de los conceptos de sintaxis, concordancia, régimen, construcción y proposición. Los resultados permiten cuestionar la influencia real de Bello en la doctrina de este autor, así como vislumbrar la presencia en esta obra de otras posibles fuentes no canónicas.

The imprisonment, from mere temporary custody pending the conclusion of the judgment, becomes an autonomous and gradable penalty through the work of the Church in the modern age. A vivid representation of the conditions of the prisons of the Papal States is given by G.B. Scanaroli in his work De visitatione carceratorum (1655), which inspired L.A. Muratori in his treatises La carità cristiana (1723) and Della pubblica felicità (1749). Finally, the eighteenth-century reformism on the one hand expressed hostility to the cruelty of punishment, including prison (C. Beccaria), for the other conceived forced labor as a “utilitarian” way to exploit the detention of prisoners (J. Bentham).

Avvertenza La giustizia ha un volto? E quale storia personale esiste dietro chi commette un reato? E, ancora, come la giustizia interviene sulla biografia di un imputato? Come, in caso di perdita della libertà personale, la giustizia modifica la fisionomia del condannato? Nella sezione Fisiognomica e biografia sono state accolte le relazioni dei giuristi che nel 2022 hanno partecipato al convegno di Ventotene: non saggi referati, ma contributi importanti per la diffusione della cultura giuridica che introducono riflessioni necessarie sull’applicazione delle misure cautelari (Antinori), sulle funzioni della pena (Santinelli), sulle istanze difensive (Sgroi), sul garantismo processuale (Truppa). Con questa sezione, arricchita da una riflessione su Dante e la responsabilità etica della letteratura di fronte al male (Anselmi), ci auguriamo di contribuire alla comunicazione pubblica della giustizia e, per dirla con Camporesi, del governo del corpo, perché ogni scelta individuale, dal reato al giudizio alla punizione, interessa individui in carne e ossa, siano essi colpevoli o innocenti.

This article examines the use of compulsory tattooing in Greco-Roman antiquity. During the ancient period, ornamental, prophylactic, apotropaic or religious body marking was practiced in many of the civilisations with which the Greeks and Romans interacted. However, the Greeks and Romans disapproved of the custom of voluntary tattooing on the grounds that it violated the integrity of the human body and was contrary to traditional morality. In Hellenic and Roman society, tattooing was necessarily an expression of punishment or domination. Penal tattoos were used to punish prisoners of war, delinquent slaves and criminal freemen. It served to punish by infamy the person who had it, but also to distinguish him or her from other individuals so as to prevent their escape. As for the tattoo of belonging, it was most often affixed to Roman soldiers and imperial officials. Its purpose was to identify agents of the state and thus easily prevent or repress the evasion of their duties.

This article craves to investigate the presence of children and teenagers in contexts of intimate or domestic feminicide on the Paraná state, as well as to understand the treatment of court sentences for these groups. Therefore, based on empirical data, the collected information is divided into two groups: (1) what is the profile of the victim’s descendants – and if they are or aren’t common with the feminicide defendant –, especially regarding the age group and the existence or not of aggravation resulting from interventions at the crime scene; and (2) whether or not the court decision in the case considers, in any way, the presence of descendants. The results point to a differential treatment offered by the criminal justice system that has different consequences for perpetrators of femicide, but also produces a diverse decision-making repertoire for situations involving the presence, intervention and aggravation involving children and teenagers in femicide contexts.

One of the known truths that the arabic syntax had passed through several stages, many skillful proficient grammatical scientists had appeared during a long historic voyage. Abu Ali al-farisy was one of these, and accordingly this research came to introduce the most important issues concerning the (sentence) has as one of the most prominent topics dealt with by the grammar studying. it was from these issues is a sentence authored and a coalition of their parts, classified into types, get to know the foundations of this classification, addressed to reference the time to it, sites which the sentences is fill, and their meanings, and studying the positions which had al-farisy special effort in directing and interpretation of the problem of them to agree to rules enacted by grammarians for the sentence construction, or depart from these rules sometimes, and taking a new unique opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]