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ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusions Interest has grown recently in childhood diet's role in allergy development. However, the studies focusing on organic food consumption are scarce. We address the relationships between such consumption and respiratory/allergic morbidity at school age in the PARIS (Pollution and asthma risk: An infant study) cohort.Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire completed by the parents at 8 years. Dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis based on the consumption frequency of 30 foods (either organic or conventional) and 19 organic foods. Associations between dietary patterns and respiratory/allergic morbidity (asthma, rhinitis, eczema and sensitisation) were studied using multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders, including family socioeconomic status and adherence to the Mediterranean diet as a proxy for dietary balance.Among 1258 children, three dietary patterns were identified, which differed significantly in terms of organic food consumption frequency: low frequency in G0 (51% of children), moderate in G1 (28%) and high in G2 (21%). No association was found between dietary patterns and asthma, eczema, rhinitis or sensitisation to food allergens. Children in G2 had lower likelihood of sensitisation to any allergen than those in G0 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40–0.91), particularly to inhalant allergens (aOR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42–0.99).Our findings suggest that frequent organic food consumption may be protective against allergic sensitisation at school age, based on the assumption that organic food consumption at the age of eight reflects consumption at earlier ages. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms for this association, including nutritional and environmental exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of patients on the waiting list for a kidney retransplant has increased. Patients who are candidates for a second kidney transplant often have higher levels of PRA (Panel of Reactive Antibodies). The previous failed kidney transplant is one of the main factors that leads to the production of antibodies against human leukocyte antigens -- HLA. The consequences of sensitisation are a long waiting time for repeated kidney transplantation and a negative effect on graft survival after retransplantation. The aim of our analysis was to evaluate the immunological parameters of patients undergoing renal retransplantation at the Kosice Transplant Centre, their influence on graft function, the occurrence of rejection episodes and to analyse the sensitisation status of recipients on the waiting list for renal retransplantation at the Kosice Transplant Centre. We retrospectively analysed 46 adult patients who underwent secondary renal transplantation. In the group of retransplanted patients, we found a higher immunological risk and PRA values (p<0.001) and a higher need for induction therapy to reduce the lymphocyte count (p<0.001). Retransplant patients with DGF were 48% more likely to experience acute rejection. In the context of the published literature, we have observed increased sensitisation in retransplanted patients, which is a major challenge to overcome the immunological barrier in transplantation medicine (Tab. 4, Fig. 1, Ref. 24). Text in PDF www.elis.sk [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been proposed to be instrumental in building immune competence. To explore the role of HMOs in allergy prevention, twenty-one HMOs were quantified in breast milk samples and associated with sensitisation in infants. 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) levels were positively associated with an increased risk of sensitisation, atopic dermatitis and recurrent skin rash. Interestingly, 2′-FL levels, ranging from 1.35 to 1.95 g/L, were associated with a higher prevalence of non-allergic and non-sensitised infants. The role of 2′-FL and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) was further investigated in allergic sensitisation models in vivo. Oral administration of HMOs decreased allergic sensitisation. This was associated with gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production changes. Aligned with the clinical associations, the decreased sensitisation was not observed with lower and higher tested doses of the HMOs supporting a U-shape association between 2′-FL and LNnT levels and allergic sensitisation risk reduction in humans and mice. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02550236. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an immune response to chemical haptens, involving induction and elicitation phases. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) reviewing the skin sensitisation potential for all ingredients and using chemical‐specific induction thresholds for skin allergens remains the current best approach for the safety evaluation of consumer products. However, elicitation thresholds have utility in secondary protection for pre‐sensitised consumers.The objectives were to (1) review the current elicitation threshold database, (2) evaluate whether predicted relationships between chemical induction and elicitation potencies enable elicitation threshold prediction and (3) discuss elicitation threshold utility as a secondary method of consumer protection.In total, 28 publications (with 39 elicitation datasets) were included in non‐linear regression analysis to derive elicitation thresholds for 22 allergens, including fragrances, preservatives and metals.The median elicitation threshold (ED10) for the expanded database was 0.95 μg/cm2, which supports previously published general elicitation thresholds. The derived ED10 for each chemical had only weak to moderate correlation with corresponding induction thresholds, thus limiting suitability as the predictive model.Assessment of current EU fragrance allergen labelling and sensitiser labelling under the globally harmonised system in the context of general and chemical‐specific elicitation thresholds shows that current practices are health protective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Parental adverse childhood experiences (ACE) might affect the offspring health through intergenerational inheritance. The aim of this study was to investigate how paternal ACE associate with offspring sensitisation and allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: The study included 590 Finnish father‐child dyads from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study. Outcomes were offspring sensitisation against allergens and AR at age 5.5 years. Paternal ACE up to 18 years were assessed using the Trauma and Distress Scale (TADS) with the lowest quarter as the reference group. Results: Of the children, 317 (54%) were males. Sensitisation occurred in 162/533 (30%) and AR in 122/590 (21%). Paternal TADS (median 17 points; interquartile range 11–27) was inversely associated with the risk of sensitisation. Children whose fathers scored the highest quarter had the lowest risk of sensitisation (adjusted odds ratio 0.42; 95% confidence interval 0.24–0.75), followed by those in the second highest quarter (0.58; 0.34–0.99). The association between the highest quarter and reduced risk of AR was similar. Conclusion: Paternal ACE were associated with a low risk of offspring sensitisation and AR, suggesting paternal childhood stress might influence immune responses in their offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To investigate disparities in sensitisation to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A/B (SEA/SEB) and olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), those with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and healthy controls who underwent septoplasty only. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 388 subjects aged ≥ 8 years, collected between January 2021 and June 2023. We analysed patient demographics, medical history, serum IgE levels against staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), and serum total IgE levels against inhalant allergens. We performed olfactory and taste function tests in the participants to evaluate the relationship between olfactory function and SEs. Of 388 patients enrolled, 145 were healthy controls, 111 had CRSsNP, and 133 had CRSwNP. The prevalence of SEA/SEB positivity was significantly higher among the patients with CRSwNP than among those in the CRSsNP and healthy controls. The olfactory test results showed significant differences among the groups; anosmia was observed in 9.7% of healthy controls, 22.7% of patients with CRSsNP, and 45.1% of patients with CRSwNP. Olfactory threshold deterioration was evident in patients with CRS. Distinction and identification were more impaired in patients with CRSwNP than in those of the other groups. Finally, the olfactory function scores decreased as the serum levels of SEs increased. Sinusitis patients seem to suffer from perceiving odours, and patients with CRSwNP have difficulty distinguishing odours. Olfactory function test scores decreased in patients with a history of asthma, and as serum levels of staphylococcus enterotoxin and blood eosinophil percentage increase. Furthermore, our result suggests a potential role for SE sensitisation and eosinophil percentage in deteriorating olfaction, especially in patients with CRSwNP.

To investigate disparities in sensitisation to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A/B (SEA/SEB) and olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), those with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), and healthy controls who underwent septoplasty only. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 388 subjects aged ≥ 8 years, collected between January 2021 and June 2023. We analysed patient demographics, medical history, serum IgE levels against staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), and serum total IgE levels against inhalant allergens. We performed olfactory and taste function tests in the participants to evaluate the relationship between olfactory function and SEs. Of 388 patients enrolled, 145 were healthy controls, 111 had CRSsNP, and 133 had CRSwNP. The prevalence of SEA/SEB positivity was significantly higher among the patients with CRSwNP than among those in the CRSsNP and healthy controls. The olfactory test results showed significant differences among the groups; anosmia was observed in 9.7% of healthy controls, 22.7% of patients with CRSsNP, and 45.1% of patients with CRSwNP. Olfactory threshold deterioration was evident in patients with CRS. Distinction and identification were more impaired in patients with CRSwNP than in those of the other groups. Finally, the olfactory function scores decreased as the serum levels of SEs increased. Sinusitis patients seem to suffer from perceiving odours, and patients with CRSwNP have difficulty distinguishing odours. Olfactory function test scores decreased in patients with a history of asthma, and as serum levels of staphylococcus enterotoxin and blood eosinophil percentage increase. Furthermore, our result suggests a potential role for SE sensitisation and eosinophil percentage in deteriorating olfaction, especially in patients with CRSwNP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in Clinical & Experimental Allergy explores how exposure to house dust mite (HDM) can promote the development of allergy to egg white in mice. The study found that inhalation of egg white and HDM led to systemic Th2 responses in mice, indicating a potential link between respiratory exposure to food allergens and systemic sensitization. The research suggests that prior sensitization to egg proteins through the respiratory tract, facilitated by HDM components, could lead to food allergies when egg is later ingested. The study highlights the adjuvant activity of HDM in enhancing the development of a Th2-driven immune response to egg white through the airways, with protease activity playing a modest role in this context. [Extracted from the article]

Summary Sleep disturbances exacerbate chronic pain, increase psychological load, and increase inflammation. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) mimics aspects of chronic pain, predominantly affecting peripheral pain mechanisms, while experimental sleep provocations have been shown to impact central pain mechanisms. This study aimed to combine a DOMS model with total sleep deprivation (TSD) to create a novel model affecting both peripheral and central pain mechanisms. A total of 30 healthy participants attended two sessions (baseline and follow‐up) separated by 24 h of TSD and a home rating after 48 h. Assessments of interleukin 6 (IL‐6) levels, sleep quality, pain catastrophising, affect, and symptoms of depression and anxiety were included in the baseline and follow‐up sessions. Additionally, pressure pain and tolerance thresholds, temporal summation, and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) were assessed using cuff‐pressure algometry in the baseline and follow‐up sessions. DOMS was induced with eccentric calf raises during the baseline session followed by 24 h of TSD. At follow‐up pain tolerance (p = 0.012) was significantly reduced, and CPM (p = 0.036) was significantly impaired compared to baseline. Psychological changes included decreases in pain catastrophising (p = 0.027), positive affect (p < 0.001), negative affect (p = 0.003), and anxiety (p = 0.012). Explorative regression models predicted 58% and 68% of DOMS pain intensity after 24 and 48 h, respectively, based on baseline body mass index, pain thresholds, psychological measures, and IL‐6 (p < 0.01). Combining DOMS with 1 night of TSD induced pain hypersensitivity, impaired CPM, and altered psychological states. A combination of baseline inflammation, psychological measures, and pain sensitivity significantly predicted DOMS pain intensity after 24 and 48 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of Re(CO)5Br with deprotonated 1H‐(5‐(2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine)pyrid‐2‐yl)tetrazole yields a triangular assembly formed by tricarbonyl Re(I) vertices. Photophysical measurements reveal blue‐green emission with a maximum at 520 nm, 32 % quantum yield, and 2430 ns long‐lived excited state decay lifetime in deaerated dichloromethane solution. Coordination of lanthanoid ions to the terpyridine units red‐shifts the emission to 570 nm and also reveals efficient (90 %) and fast sensitisation of both Eu(III) and Yb(III) at room temperature, with a similar rate constant kET on the order of 107 s−1. Efficient sensitisation of Eu(III) from Re(I) is unprecedented, especially when considering the close proximity in energy between the donor and acceptor excited states. On the other hand, comparative measurements at 77 K reveal that energy transfer to Yb(III) is two orders of magnitude slower than that to Eu(III). A two‐step mechanism of sensitisation is therefore proposed, whereby the rate‐determining step is a thermally activated energy transfer step between the Re(I) centre and the terpyridine functionality, followed by rapid energy transfer to the respective Ln(III) excited states. At 77 K, the direct Re(I) to Eu(III) energy transfer seems to proceed via a ligand‐mediated superexchange Dexter‐type mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Component-resolved diagnostics enables the detection of allergen-specific immunoglobulins E (asIgE) to house dust mite (HDM) proteins, which may help clinicians to face the difficulties in diagnostics of HDM allergy. Currently, almost 40 proteins of Dermatophagoides species, that are able to bind asIgE, have been identified, and this number will certainly increase. The association between sensitisation to particular molecules and allergy symptoms is extensively studied. This investigation enables us to identify HDM molecules that promote respiratory, skin, or food allergies, and it could help us predict the possible course of allergic diseases. The individual repertoire of asIgE improves our understanding of immunological response, which underlies allergy symptoms, and helps to form individual therapeutic regimens. This review provides clinicians with information on Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus proteins available in commercial arrays, and their role in the diagnostics and management of HDM allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: In the last 10 years methylisothiazolinone (MI) emerged as a global cause of preservative‐related ACD. New Zealand has liberal regulations for the MI concentration limit in cosmetic products compared to Europe and Australia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MI sensitisation in New Zealand, explore sources of MI exposure and make recommendations on New Zealand regulations for MI use. Methods: This retrospective study included data from patients who underwent patch testing with MI from 2008 to 2021 in a tertiary hospital dermatology clinic and a private dermatology clinic in Auckland, New Zealand. Patient baseline characteristics were recorded along with results of patch testing. Sources of MI exposure were identified from medical records. Results: Over the study period, 1049 patch tests were performed in 1044 patients. MI was only tested as a stand‐alone allergen from 2015; positive reactions to MI increased from 5.3% in 2015 to a peak of 11.9% in 2017 and then decreased to 6.4% in 2021. The most common source of MI exposure was shampoo or conditioner (27.7% of all relevant reactions) followed by occupational exposures to paints, biocides or glue (19.1%). Conclusion: Both sensitisation and ACD to MI appear to be decreasing, likely secondary to changes in product compounding due to stricter concentration limits internationally. We recommend New Zealand adopt lower MI concentration limits for cosmetics to match the limits of Australia and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potential kidney transplant patients with HLA-specific antibodies have reduced access to transplantation. Their harmful effects are mediated by the Fc portion of IgG, including activation of the complement system and Fc receptor-initiated cytotoxic processes by circulating leucocytes. Avoiding antibody incompatibility is the conventional approach, but for some patients this can mean extended waiting times, or even no chance of a transplant if there are no alternative, compatible donors. For these cases, pretransplant antibody removal may provide access to transplantation. Plasmapheresis is currently used to achieve this, with acceptable outcome results, but the process can take days to reduce the antibody levels to a safe level, so has limited use for deceased donors. There is now an alternative, in the form of an IgG-digesting enzyme, Imlifidase, which can be administered for in vivo IgG inactivation. Imlifidase cleaves human IgG, separating the antigen-binding part, F(ab')2 from Fc. Typically, within six hours of dosing, most, if not all, of the circulating IgG has been inactivated, allowing safe transplantation from a previously incompatible donor. For deceased donor transplantation, where minimizing cold ischaemia is critical, this six-hour delay before implantation should be manageable, with the compatibility testing processes adjusted to accommodate the treatment. This agent has been used successfully in phase 2 clinical trials, with good short to medium term outcomes. While a donation rate that matches demand may be one essential answer to providing universal access to kidney transplantation, this is currently unrealistic. IgG inactivation, using Imlifidase, is, however, a realistic and proven alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xenotransplantation is a potential option for individuals for whom an acceptable human allograft is unavailable. Individuals with broadly reactive HLA antibodies due to prior exposure to foreign HLA are potential candidates for a clinical xenotransplant trial. It remains controversial if allosensitisation results in the development of cross‐reactive antibodies against SLA. This may require increased histocompatibility scrutiny for highly sensitised individuals prior to enrollment in a clinical trial. Serum samples were obtained from non‐human primates sensitised via serial skin transplantation from maximally MHC‐mismatched donor, as reported. Sera from pre‐ and post‐allosensitisation timepoints were assessed in a flow crossmatch (FXM) for IgM and IgG binding to pig splenocytes with or without red blood cell adsorption. Xenoreactive antibodies were eluted from pig splenocytes and screened on a single antigen HLA bead assay. A MHC Matchmaker algorithm was developed to predict potential conserved amino acid motifs among the pig, NHP, and human. Our sensitised NHP model was used to demonstrate that allosensitisation does not result in an appreciable difference in xenoreactive antibody binding in a cell‐based FXM. However, antibody elution and screening on single antigen HLA beads suggest the existence of potential cross‐reactive antibodies against SLA. The cross‐reactive IgG after allosensitisation were predicted by comparing the recipient Mamu alleles against its previous allograft donor Mamu alleles and the donor pig SLA alleles. Our study suggests that allosensitisation could elevate cross‐reactive antibodies, but a more sensitive assay than a cell‐based FXM is required to detect them. The MHC Matchmaker algorithm was developed as a potential tool to help determine amino acid motif conservation and reactivity pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Biggest challenges coal-fired power plants are facing are improving their energy efficiencies and reducing their environmental impact due to CO2 and NOX emissions, can be attained by maximizing the steam pressure and temperature. However, the operating temperatures and pressures in boiler materials were restricted due to limited weldability of essential dissimilar joints between Austenitic Stainless Steel (ASS) and Creep-Enhanced Ferritic Steel (CEFS) due to carbon migration and sensitization. Present research work provides enhanced metallurgical and mechanical properties of weldment by optimizing the welding process and welding parameters. The aim of the manuscript is to explores the welding compatibility of TP347H (stabilized ASS) with solution annealed T91 (CEFS), by Auto TIG welding technique, such that carbon migration at the fusion line of SA213 T91 and sensitization in the heat affected zone of TP347H can be minimized. Influence of Auto TIG welding parameters on the mechanical, microstructure, and corrosion properties are studied and discussed. Carbon migration, mechanical and corrosion properties for lower (0.792 KJ/mm) and higher (1.124 KJ/mm) heat inputs weldments were compared. Investigation on mechanical properties test such as tensile, hardness, and root bend performed as per American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Section IX. Optical microscopy and Analytical Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) have been performed to investigate carbon migration and sensitization behaviour. Sensitization susceptibility further validated by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) A 262 Practice E. Investigation on tensile, hardness, and root bend tests revealed that mechanical properties for lower heat input weldment were superior. Restricted carbon migration due to optimized heat input improves mechanical properties and this was evidenced by satisfactory results of the bend test which showed no opening at the fusion line. A noticeable improvement in Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) 666 and 680N/mm2 (compared to 578 and 561N/mm2 for 1.124 KJ/mm heat input) and an acceptable hardness of 307 HV (compared to 399 HV for 1.124 KJ/mm heat input) were observed at T91 and weld metal interface. No fissures on bend surface and no Cr23C6 precipitation at grain boundary after performing ASTM A 262 Practice E and SEM-EDS respectively on heat affected zone (TP347H) of lower heat input weldment which shows higher resistance to intergranular corrosion (Sensitization). Optimizing the welding parameters and decreasing the heat input mitigate the carbon migration at T91 fusion zone and, meeting the requirements for satisfactory mechanical properties in materials used for power generation applications. Further optimized welding heat input have lesser Cr23C6 precipitation in the heat-affected zone of TP347H, making the heat affected zone less susceptible to sensitization. Heat input must be controlled to (1) avoid intergranular corrosion failure or sensitization and (2) improve the mechanical properties of the weldment where requirement of post weld heat treatment is mandatory in the application (as recommended in the ASME Section 1, PW 39.1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Chemotherapy is included in treatment regimens for many solid cancers, but when administered as a single agent it is rarely curative. The addition of immune checkpoint therapy to standard chemotherapy regimens has improved response rates and increased survival in some cancers. However, most patients do not respond to treatment and immune checkpoint therapy can cause severe side effects. Therefore, there is a need for alternative immunomodulatory drugs that enhance chemotherapy. Methods We used gene expression data from cyclophosphamide (CY) responders and non-responders to identify existing clinically approved drugs that could phenocopy a chemosensitive tumor microenvironment (TME), and tested combination treatments in multiple murine cancer models. Results The vitamin A derivative tretinoin was the top predicted upstream regulator of response to CY. Tretinoin pre-treatment induced an inflammatory, interferon-associated TME, with increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells, sensitizing the tumor to subsequent chemotherapy. However, while combination treatment significantly improved survival and cure rate in a CD4+ and CD8+ T cell dependent manner in AB1-HA murine mesothelioma, this effect was model-selective, and could not be replicated using other cell lines. Conclusions Despite the promising data in one model, the inability to validate the efficacy of combination treatment in multiple cancer models deprioritizes tretinoin/cyclophosphamide combination therapy for clinical translation.

Introduction: Neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and stroke represent a substantial health burden to the world's ageing population. Cerebrovascular dysfunction is a key contributor to these conditions, affecting an individual's risk profile, age of onset, and severity of neurological disease. Recent data shows that early‐life events, such as maternal health during pregnancy, birth weight and exposure to environmental toxins can 'prime' the vascular system for later changes. With age, blood vessels can become less flexible and more prone to damage. This can lead to reduced blood flow to the brain, which is associated with cognitive decline and an increased risk of stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases. These in turn increase the risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Objectives: We aim to explore how early life factors influence cerebrovascular health, ageing and disease. Methods: We have reviewed recently published literature from epidemiological studies, clinical cases and basic research which explore mechanisms that contribute to cerebrovascular and blood‐brain barrier dysfunction, with a particularly focus on those that assess contribution of early‐life events or vascular priming to subsequent injury. Results: Perinatal events have been linked to acute cerebrovascular dysfunction and long‐term structural reorganisation. Systemic disease throughout the lifetime that produce inflammatory or oxidative stress may further sensitise the cerebrovasculature to disease and contribute to neurodegeneration. Conclusions: By identifying these early‐life determinants and understanding their mechanisms, scientists aim to develop strategies for preventing or mitigating cerebrovascular ageing‐related issues. Key points: Early‐life events, such as low birth weight or preterm birth, can increase an individuals' risk of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease.Perinatal inflammation or oxidative stress can cause short‐term changes in vascular tone and blood‐brain barrier (BBB) function.Altered angiogenesis and cerebrovascular structure also occur and may sensitise the brain and cerebrovasculature to subsequent injury.More work is required to understand mechanisms of injuries and find biomarkers to predict risk or therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a non-invasive biomarker of eosinophilic airway inflammation. FeNO is elevated in allergic asthma and its production increases in the airways in the presence of Type-2 inflammation. Both individual and occupational factors are associated with increased FeNO in workers with occupational asthma. This review focuses on identifying the specific predictors of elevated FeNO in workers at risk of developing occupational respiratory allergy and asthma, with a specific focus on those settings where it is used for medical screening and surveillance. The review found that individual factors such as age and atopy are associated with increased FeNO, whereas smoking and inhaled steroid use are consistently associated with decreased FeNO levels. Occupational factors such as exposure to either high or low molecular weight agents, occupational allergic sensitisation, the nature of work, the duration of employment and the level of exposure to occupational allergen(s) are associated with elevated FeNO. More recent evidence suggests that it is the agent's ability to induce an IgE-mediated mechanism, and not its molecular weight or its nature, that is responsible for elevated FeNO levels in occupationally exposed workers. Stronger epidemiological study designs such as cohort studies are needed that offer better opportunities to investigate these relationships in a more refined manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papain-like cysteine proteases are widespread and can be detected in all domains of life. They share structural and enzymatic properties with the group's namesake member, papain. They show a broad range of protein substrates and are involved in several biological processes. These proteases are widely exploited for food, pharmaceutical, chemical and cosmetic biotechnological applications. However, some of them are known to cause allergic reactions. In this context, the objective of this review is to report an overview of some general properties of papain-like cysteine proteases and to highlight their contributions to allergy reactions observed in humans. For instance, the literature shows that their proteolytic activity can cause an increase in tissue permeability, which favours the crossing of allergens through the skin, intestinal and respiratory barriers. The observation that allergy to PLCPs is mostly detected for inhaled proteins is in line with the reports describing mite homologs, such as Der p 1 and Der f 1, as major allergens showing a frequent correlation between sensitisation and clinical allergic reactions. In contrast, the plant food homologs are often digested in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, they only rarely can cause allergic reactions in humans. Accordingly, they are reported mainly as a cause of occupational diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the use of an autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) donor kidney in a paediatric recipient. A 14-year-old boy on haemodialysis for 4 years following loss of a first kidney transplant, highly sensitised, and with limited vascular options for ongoing dialysis access, was offered a deceased brain death donor transplant from a mid-30s donor with known ADPKD but normal kidney function and negligible proteinuria. After extensive discussion with the patient and family, discussing all alternative options and review of available literature, the kidney was accepted and implanted. Graft function was immediate. An early post-transplant creatinine rise was attributed to possible antibody-mediated rejection, treated with plasmapheresis and rituximab. Ten months post-transplant, the patient remains dialysis-free with stable function. Extended criteria kidneys are already considered for highly sensitised or long-waiting dialysis patients. Though the literature is limited, kidneys from patients with ADPKD could be considered within extended criteria offers on a case-by-case basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in intestinal contents may influence immune function, while less is known about SCFAs in blood plasma. The aims were to investigate the relation between infants’ and maternal plasma SCFAs, as well as SCFAs in mother’s milk, and relate SCFA concentrations in infant plasma to subsequent sensitisation and atopic disease. Methods: Infant plasma (N = 148) and corresponding mother’s milk and plasma were collected four months postpartum. Nine SCFA (formic, acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, succinic, valeric, isovaleric, and caproic acid) were analysed by UPLC-MS. At 12 months of age, atopic disease was diagnosed by a pediatric allergologist, and sensitisation was measured by skin prick test. All families participated in the Swedish birth cohort NICE (Nutritional impact on Immunological maturation during Childhood in relation to the Environment). Findings: Infants with sensitisation, atopic eczema, or food allergy had significantly lower concentrations of five, three, and two SCFAs, respectively, in plasma at four months. Logistic regressions models showed significant negative associations between formic, succinic, and caproic acid and sensitisation [ORadj (95% CI) per SD: 0.41 (0.19–0.91); 0.19 (0.05–0.75); 0.25 (0.09–0.66)], and between acetic acid and atopic eczema [0.42 (0.18–0.95)], after adjusting for maternal allergy. Infants’ and maternal plasma SCFA concentrations correlated strongly, while milk SCFA concentrations were unrelated to both. Butyric and caproic acid concentrations were enriched around 100-fold, and iso-butyric and valeric acid around 3-5-fold in mother’s milk, while other SCFAs were less prevalent in milk than in plasma. Interpretation: Butyric and caproic acid might be actively transported into breast milk to meet the needs of the infant, although mechanistic studies are needed to confirm this. The negative associations between certain SCFAs on sensitisation and atopic disease adds to prior evidence regarding their immunoregulatory potential. Funding: Swedish Research Council (Nr. 2013-3145 and 2019-0137 to A-S.S.), Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare FORTE, Nr 2018-00485 to A.W.), The Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association's Research Fund (2020-0020 to A.S.).

The allergenicity and protein risk assessments in food safety are facing new challenges. Demands for healthier and more sustainable food systems have led to significant advances in biotechnology, the development of more complex foods, and the search for alternative protein sources. All this has increased the pressure on the safety assessment prediction approaches anchored into requirements defined in the late 90's. In 2022, the EFSA's Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms published a scientific opinion focusing on the developments needed for allergenicity and protein safety assessments of new products derived from biotechnology. Here, we further elaborate on the main elements described in this scientific opinion and prioritize those development needs requiring critical attention. The starting point of any new recommendation would require a focus on clinical relevance and the development of a fit-for-purpose database targeted for specific risk assessment goals. Furthermore, it is imperative to review and clarify the main purpose of the allergenicity risk assessment. An internationally agreed consensus on the overall purpose of allergenicity risk assessment will accelerate the development of fit-for-purpose methodologies, where the role of exposure should be better clarified. Considering the experience gained over the last 25 years and recent scientific developments in the fields of biotechnology, allergy, and risk assessment, it is time to revise and improve the allergenicity safety assessment to ensure the reliability of allergenicity assessments for food of the future.

Biocompatibility testing ensures the safety of medical devices by assessing their compatibility with biological systems and their potential to cause harm or adverse reactions. Thus, it is a critical part of the overall safety evaluation process for medical devices. Three primary types of biocompatibility tests--cytotoxicity, irritation, and sensitisation assessment--are standard for nearly all medical devices. However, additional biocompatibility tests, such as genotoxicity, systemic toxicity, hemocompatibility, and implantation studies, may also be necessary, depending on the device's nature and intended use. The testing is partly conducted in vitro, but the industry still heavily relies on animal experiments. Compared to other industrial sectors, implementing alternatives in medical device biocompatibility testing has been notably slower. This delay can be attributed to the absence of specific validation processes tailored to medical devices and the resulting hesitation regarding the predictive capacity of these alternative methods despite their successful applications in other domains. This review focuses on the progress and obstacles to implementing new approach methodologies in the areas of cytotoxicity, irritation and sensitisation testing of medical devices. While challenges persist in adopting these innovative methods, the trend towards embracing alternatives remains robust. This trend is driven by technological advancements, ethical considerations, and growing industrial interest and support, all collectively contributing to advancing safer and more effective medical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: this study examines the escalating issue of graduate unemployment and underrepresentation in certain academic programmes in Cameroon. It aims to evaluate the effectiveness of orientation and sensitisation programmes at Cameroonian universities and their impact on students’ career development and choices. Design/methodology/approach: using a descriptive survey methodology, the study engaged 200 students across various universities and disciplines in Cameroon. The research employed both online and in-person questionnaires, with data analysis combining descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and ANOVA to assess perspectives across institutions. Findings: the results highlight a significant lack of adequate career orientation and sensitisation among students, revealing disparities in the quality of orientation and the need for improved career guidance strategies. Research limitations/implications: while the study offers valuable insights, it acknowledges the limitations of its focus on specific universities and survey-based data collection. It suggests further research into the barriers to effective guidance and the long-term impact of orientation programmes. Practical implications: the study underscores the need for universities to enhance orientation programmes involving expert collaboration and online platforms to ensure students make informed career decisions. Social implications: addressing orientation disparities, particularly in rural areas, is critical for equitable access to career guidance, which has implications for social equality and quality of life improvements. Originality/value: this paper contributes new insights into the impact of orientation and sensitisation on students’ career choices within the Cameroonian context, offering a foundation for future policy and educational practice enhancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Food allergy is a common concomitant disease in patients with atopic dermatitis. Sensitisation and subsequent development of food allergy might result from the application of skincare products containing food allergens, particularly when the skin barrier is impaired and inflamed. Emollients are the mainstay of the management of atopic dermatitis; however, the prevalence of food allergens in skincare products used for atopic dermatitis is unknown. Aim: To analyse the prevalence of major food allergens in skincare products for atopic dermatitis. Material and methods: Three major online cosmetic retailers in Poland were screened for atopic skincare products. The major food allergens under the mandatory allergen labelling regulation of the European Union were searched for using the INCI nomenclature of cosmetics ingredients. Results: We screened 396 skincare products, out of which 127 (32.1%) products contained at least one derivative of a major food allergen. The most common allergens were almonds, macadamia nuts, soya and cereals, followed by sesame and milk. There was no significant difference in the presence of food derivatives between leave-on and rinse-off skincare products, as well as between those intended for use by infants and children, and adults only. Conclusions: Our analysis revealed that major food allergens are prevalent in skincare products for eczema. Applying skincare products containing food derivatives on affected and inflamed skin can promote percutaneous sensitisation. Therefore, clinicians and patients with atopic dermatitis must be careful of products used for treating eczema that may contain derivatives of a major food allergen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocompatibility testing ensures the safety of medical devices by assessing their compatibility with biological systems and their potential to cause harm or adverse reactions. Thus, it is a critical part of the overall safety evaluation process for medical devices. Three primary types of biocompatibility tests—cytotoxicity, irritation, and sensitisation assessment—are standard for nearly all medical devices. However, additional biocompatibility tests, such as genotoxicity, systemic toxicity, hemocompatibility, and implantation studies, may also be necessary, depending on the device’s nature and intended use. The testing is partly conducted in vitro, but the industry still heavily relies on animal experiments. Compared to other industrial sectors, implementing alternatives in medical device biocompatibility testing has been notably slower. This delay can be attributed to the absence of specific validation processes tailored to medical devices and the resulting hesitation regarding the predictive capacity of these alternative methods despite their successful applications in other domains. This review focuses on the progress and obstacles to implementing new approach methodologies in the areas of cytotoxicity, irritation and sensitisation testing of medical devices. While challenges persist in adopting these innovative methods, the trend towards embracing alternatives remains robust. This trend is driven by technological advancements, ethical considerations, and growing industrial interest and support, all collectively contributing to advancing safer and more effective medical devices.

Background and purpose: Addition of preservatives ensures microbial stability, especially in multidose containers of parenterally administered pharmaceuticals. These compounds can cause side effects, and particularly at the site of application, might elicit or facilitate pain. TRPA1 is a cation channel expressed in peripheral neurons which contributes to pain and inflammation and is sensitive to many irritants. The most commonly used preservatives, in particular with a focus on parenteral formulations, were investigated for their potential to activate TRPA1. Experimental approach: Sixteen preservatives were screened for mediating calcium influx in human TRPA1-transfected HEK293t cells. Untransfected cells served as control, results were further validated in mouse sensory neurons. In addition, proinflammatory mediators serotonin, histamine and prostaglandin E2 were co-administered to probe a potential sensitisation of preservativeinduced TRPA1 activation. Key results: Butylparaben, propylparaben, ethylparaben, bronopol, methylparaben, phenylethyl alcohol and phenol induced a TRPA1-dependent calcium influx in transfected HEK293t cells at concentrations used for preservation. Other preservatives increased calcium within the used concentration ranges, but to a similar degree in untransfected controls. Serotonin, histamine, and prostaglandin enhanced TRPA1 activation of phenylethyl alcohol, bronopol, ethylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben. Conclusion and implications: Systematic screening of common preservatives applied for parenterally administered drugs resulted in identifying several preservatives with substantial TRPA1 channel activation. This activation was enhanced by the addition of proinflammatory meditators. This allows selecting a preservative without TRPA1 activation, particularly in case of pharmaceuticals that could act proinflammatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Professional cleaners are commonly affected by hand eczema (HE) due to wet work and exposure to cleaning products in the work environment. Objective: To investigate (1) the prevalence of HE in a group of professional hospital cleaners, (2) the association of HE with various comorbidities and self‐reported signs/symptoms of skin lesions and (3) the association of HE with various occupational and personal risk factors in the same population. Methods: A cross‐sectional questionnaire‐based study including all cleaners working in three hospitals in Denmark. The questionnaire was composed of 35 questions. Prevalence is reported using proportions with 95% confidence intervals and compared using difference of proportions and Fisher's exact test. Results: A total of 122 out of 180 cleaners (response rate = 68%) participated in this study. The self‐reported lifetime prevalence of HE among the cleaners was 30.3%, while the 1‐year prevalence was 18.9%. HE was significantly associated with a history of atopic diseases. There was a significant correlation between having HE, and self‐reported redness and itch of the hands in the last 12 months, as well as the use of hydrochloric acid ≥4 days/week during the last 12 months. Logistic regression analysis found HE significantly associated with washing hands ≥20 times during a working day and a history of atopic dermatitis. Conclusion: Cleaners are at an elevated risk of developing HE. More focus on education/information regarding the prevention and treatment of HE is necessary for the cleaning profession. Self‐reported redness and itching of the hands may be a useful prediction of HE in cleaners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantages of cellulose and its derivatives as the latest materials for devices that generate, store, and convert electricity are their low cost, environmental friendliness, ease of recycling and the ability to be manufactured in various ways and from various raw materials, including agricultural waste. This predetermines the relevance of their study as materials for modern technology and electronics. The research aims to determine the luminescent characteristics of composite films made based on nanocellulose and polycrystalline oxide K3Tb0.9Eu0.1(PO4)2. Optical microscopy and the spectral-luminescence method were used to characterise the films and their initial components. It was found that crystallites with an average size of about 50mm are distributed quite evenly in the film “nanocellulose+K3Tb0.9Eu0.1(PO4)2”. A Raman scattering band with a maximum of 564 nm under laser excitation at 473 nm was observed for the investigated samples in the form of suspensions. The intensity of photoluminescence of nanocellulose in suspension and films is low compared to the luminescence of oxide as a filler. The luminescence of Eu3+ ions is intense in the red region of the spectrum. The calculated values of the degree of asymmetry indicate low symmetry of the positions occupied by europium ions in the oxide and the contribution of Tb3+ ion emission to the overall spectrum of the composite film. The study results show that the luminescence of Eu3+ ions is sensitised by Tb3+ ions, which absorb the excitation light and then transfer energy to europium ions. The position of the absorption bands of Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum and the intense emission of Eu3+ in the red region indicates the prospects of using nanocellulose+ K3Tb0.9Eu0.1(PO4)2 films to improve the efficiency of solar panels. Testing of the films under the excitation of luminescence by ultraviolet radiation of an LED (λex=375 nm) showed the possibility of developing white LEDs on their basis. In particular, the chromaticity coordinates of the uncoated LED were (x=0.214; y=0.079), and the use of a film composite as a coating causes a shift in the coordinates to the red region: x=0.304, y=0.196. The obtained results on the morphology and luminescent properties can be used to optimise the composition and manufacturing conditions of composite films of the following types “nanocellulose+K3Tb0.9Eu0.1(PO4)2” for use as fluorescent converters in LEDs or solar panels

Background. For now, there is little data on sensitivity features to specific allergen antigens in infants with initial allergy manifestations.Objective. The aim of the study is to determine the features of the primary molecular sensitisation profile in infants with risk of atopic disease according to their postnatal age.Methods. Full-term infants with burdened familial allergic history and/or skin/gastrointestinal allergy symptoms were examined: Group 1 — 50 children, age — 2.0 [1.0–3.0] months; Group 2 — 35 children, age — 9.0 [8.0–11.0] months.Results. The hereditary atopy risk was observed in 74% of cases (37/50) in Group 1 and in 71% of cases (25/35) in Group 2. 38% of children (19/50) in Group 1 were breastfed, in Group 2 — 60% of children (21/35). Supplemental feeding was implemented in 5.5 [5.0–6.0] months. Sensitisation was reported in 10% and 37% of children. Children of Group 1 were sensitised to food allergen antigens: cow's milk/meat (Bos d 6, Bos d 8), egg-white (Gal d 1, Gal d 2, Gal d 3), soybeans (Gly m 6), shrimps (Pen m 4); airborne allergens: house dust mite (Blo t 5, Der h 10), Anisakidae (Ani s 3), cockroach (Bla g 7). Children of Group 2 were sensitised to food allergen antigens: cow's milk (Bos d 6), egg-white (Gal d 1, Gal d 2), soybeans (Gly m 6), peanut (Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 6), kiwi (Act d 1), corn (Tri a 19); airborne allergens: cat (Fel d 1, Fel d 4), birch pollen (Bet v 1). Polyvalent sensitisation was revealed in 4% and 6% of cases, respectively.Conclusion. Infants have much wider range of allergens to which they are sensitive than it is commonly believed. Beside obligate food allergens, sensitisation can be caused by airborne allergens: house dust mites, epidermal, birch pollen; crossreactive component — tropomyosin.

The linking of ethacrynic acid with ethylenediamine and 1,4-butanediamine gave EDEA and BDEA, respectively, as membrane-permeable divalent pro-inhibitors of glutathione S-transferase (GST). Their divalent glutathione conjugates showed subnanomolar inhibition and divalence-binding to GSTmu (GSTM) (PDB: 5HWL) at ∼0.35 min−1. In cisplatin-resistant SK-OV-3, COC1, SGC7901 and A549 cells, GSTM activities probed by 15 nM BDEA or EDEA revealed 5-fold and 1.0-fold increases in cisplatin-resistant SK-OV-3 and COC1 cells, respectively, in comparison with the susceptible parental cells. Being tolerable by HEK293 and LO2 cells, BDEA at 0.2 μM sensitised resistant SK-OV-3 and COC1 cells by ∼3- and ∼5-folds, respectively, released cytochrome c and increased apoptosis; EDEA at 1.0 μM sensitised resistant SK-OV-3 and A549 cells by ∼5- and ∼7-fold, respectively. EDEA at 1.7 μg/g sensitised resistant SK-OV-3 cells to cisplatin at 3.3 μg/g in nude mouse xenograft model. BDEA and EDEA are promising leads for probing cellular GSTM and sensitising cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancers.

Background and purpose: Addition of preservatives ensures microbial stability, especially in multidose containers of parenterally administered pharmaceuticals. These compounds can cause side effects, and particularly at the site of application, might elicit or facilitate pain. TRPA1 is a cation channel expressed in peripheral neurons which contributes to pain and inflammation and is sensitive to many irritants. The most commonly used preservatives, in particular with a focus on parenteral formulations, were investigated for their potential to activate TRPA1.Experimental approach: Sixteen preservatives were screened for mediating calcium influx in human TRPA1-transfected HEK293t cells. Untransfected cells served as control, results were further validated in mouse sensory neurons. In addition, proinflammatory mediators serotonin, histamine and prostaglandin E2 were co-administered to probe a potential sensitisation of preservative-induced TRPA1 activation.Key results: Butylparaben, propylparaben, ethylparaben, bronopol, methylparaben, phenylethyl alcohol and phenol induced a TRPA1-dependent calcium influx in transfected HEK293t cells at concentrations used for preservation. Other preservatives increased calcium within the used concentration ranges, but to a similar degree in untransfected controls. Serotonin, histamine, and prostaglandin enhanced TRPA1 activation of phenylethyl alcohol, bronopol, ethylparaben, propylparaben and butylparaben.Conclusion and implications: Systematic screening of common preservatives applied for parenterally administered drugs resulted in identifying several preservatives with substantial TRPA1 channel activation. This activation was enhanced by the addition of proinflammatory meditators. This allows selecting a preservative without TRPA1 activation, particularly in case of pharmaceuticals that could act proinflammatory.

IntroductionHighly sensitised (HS) patients represent up to 30% of patients on the kidney transplant waiting list. When they are transplanted, they have a high risk of acute/chronic rejection and long-term allograft loss. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) (CD4+CD25hiCD127lo) are T cells involved in the suppression of immune alloresponses. A particular subset, called T follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr, CXCR5+Bcl-6+), is involved in regulating interactions between T effectors and B cells within the germinal centre and can be found in peripheral blood. Therefore, we wanted to identify specific subsets of Tregs in the peripheral blood of HS individuals.MethodsWe recruited prospectively healthy volunteers (HV) (n = 9), non-sensitised patients on haemodialysis (HD) (n = 9) and HS individuals, all of whom were on haemodialysis (n = 15).ResultsWe compared the Treg phenotypes of HV, HD and HS. HS patients had more CD161+ Tregs (p = 0.02) and more CD45RA−CCR7− T effectors (Teffs) (p = 0.04, memory Teffs able to home to the germinal centre) compared to HVs. HS patients had more Bcl-6+ Tregs (p

Rhinitis is defined by a combination of two or more nasal symptoms (running, blocking, itching, and sneezing). Allergic Rhinitis (AR) occurs when these symptoms are due to Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammation following exposure to the allergen. The current review article has attempted to revisit the pathophysiologic basis of this disease in order to understand the likely therapeutic targets. Controlling histone acetylation with histone deacetylase inhibitors, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hypermethylation with DNA methyl transferase inhibitors and post-transcriptional gene expression with micro Ribonucleic Acid (miRNA) mimetics which target epigenetic changes, may aid in the treatment of AR. The allergen-induced nasal hypersecretion in allergic patients can also be definitively blocked by vidian neurectomy. Probiotics are non pathogenic microorganisms that are assumed to exert a positive influence on host health and physiology which may aid in the treatment of AR. Reversing or targeting the epigenetic changes in susceptible individuals can help prevent sensitisation of the individual and better treatment outcome in patients with AR, help cure the symptoms and lack of drug dependance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review summarises and analyses data on the preparation, structure, and spectral-luminescent properties of LiMeBO3-based borates, Me = bivalent metal. These polycrystalline borates are prepared traditionally by solid-phase reactions and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis and its modifications based on a combustion reaction. Frameworks of lithium borates with alkaline earth metals, zinc, and cadmium are formed from large metal polyhedra between which there are boron-oxygen triangles isolated from each other. Doping with rare-earth and heavy metal ions leads to the formation of solid solutions which normally have defective structures. Doped activator ions often become the main part of the luminescence centre in the phosphor. The luminescent properties of ions of rare-earth elements arise from the possibility of electronic transitions between states within the 4f-configuration. The paper discusses the most likely mechanisms of charge compensation during heterovalent substitution in LiMeBO3 borates (co-doping and formation of cation vacancies). It is shown that charge compensation during the combined introduction of ions of REEs and alkali metals into the structure has a positive effect on the emission yield. The review considers the results of thermoluminescent, upconversion, and photoluminescent properties and processes and phenomena that cause them. It also explains the mechanism of resonance energy transfer from the sensitiser to the activator using the example of Yb3+→Er3+. It discusses the possibility of using the considered borates as phosphors that emit green, blue, and red light in white LEDs and as effective materials for personnel neutron dosimetry and the dosimetry of weak ionising radiation

Papain-like cysteine proteases are widespread and can be detected in all domains of life. They share structural and enzymatic properties with the group’s namesake member, papain. They show a broad range of protein substrates and are involved in several biological processes. These proteases are widely exploited for food, pharmaceutical, chemical and cosmetic biotechnological applications. However, some of them are known to cause allergic reactions. In this context, the objective of this review is to report an overview of some general properties of papain-like cysteine proteases and to highlight their contributions to allergy reactions observed in humans. For instance, the literature shows that their proteolytic activity can cause an increase in tissue permeability, which favours the crossing of allergens through the skin, intestinal and respiratory barriers. The observation that allergy to PLCPs is mostly detected for inhaled proteins is in line with the reports describing mite homologs, such as Der p 1 and Der f 1, as major allergens showing a frequent correlation between sensitisation and clinical allergic reactions. In contrast, the plant food homologs are often digested in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, they only rarely can cause allergic reactions in humans. Accordingly, they are reported mainly as a cause of occupational diseases.

Alloy 625 is a Ni-based alloy used in aerospace, energy, chemical, oil and gas industries, mainly as cladding material due to its corrosion resistance, high strength and creep resistance at high temperature. In this study, microstructural evaluation and susceptibility to intergranular corrosion of base metal and friction stir welded Alloy 625 were investigated. Friction stir welded joints exhibited a lower corrosion rate and degree of sensitisation compared to the base metal. It is mainly due to grain refinement and lower cooling rate of the friction stir welding process. The stir zone of the present weld has a finer grain structure and lower density of twin boundaries than the base metal and it led to the improvement of the mechanical and corrosion properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantages of cellulose and its derivatives as the latest materials for devices that generate, store, and convert electricity are their low cost, environmental friendliness, ease of recycling and the ability to be manufactured in various ways and from various raw materials, including agricultural waste. This predetermines the relevance of their study as materials for modern technology and electronics. The research aims to determine the luminescent characteristics of composite films made based on nanocellulose and polycrystalline oxide K3Tb0.9Eu0.1(PO4)2. Optical microscopy and the spectral-luminescence method were used to characterise the films and their initial components. It was found that crystallites with an average size of about 50 µm are distributed quite evenly in the film "nanocellulose +K3Tb0.9Eu0.1(PO4)2". A Raman scattering band with a maximum of 564 nm under laser excitation at 473 nm was observed for the investigated samples in the form of suspensions. The intensity of photoluminescence of nanocellulose in suspension and films is low compared to the luminescence of oxide as a filler. The luminescence of Eu3+ ions is intense in the red region of the spectrum. The calculated values of the degree of asymmetry indicate low symmetry of the positions occupied by europium ions in the oxide and the contribution of Tb3+ ion emission to the overall spectrum of the composite film. The study results show that the luminescence of Eu3+ ions is sensitised by Tb3+ ions, which absorb the excitation light and then transfer energy to europium ions. The position of the absorption bands of Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum and the intense emission of Eu3+ in the red region indicates the prospects of using nanocellulose + K3Tb0.9Eu0.1(PO4)2 films to improve the efficiency of solar panels. Testing of the films under the excitation of luminescence by ultraviolet radiation of an LED (λex = 375 nm) showed the possibility of developing white LEDs on their basis. In particular, the chromaticity coordinates of the uncoated LED were (x = 0.214; y = 0.079), and the use of a film composite as a coating causes a shift in the coordinates to the red region: x = 0.304, y = 0.196. The obtained results on the morphology and luminescent properties can be used to optimise the composition and manufacturing conditions of composite films of the following types "nanocellulose +K3Tb0.9Eu0.1(PO4)2" for use as fluorescent converters in LEDs or solar panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that extreme weather will increase and impact more and more people. This has led a growing number of governments to consider resettling vulnerable populations. Resettlement is a novel strategy to manage disasters. Due to the infancy of resettlement as a strategy to adapt to environmental change there is debate about the best approach. However, one area of agreement is that resettlement should be voluntary and participatory. Despite an extensive literature on participation and its future, there are still difficulties preventing participation occurring in practice. In-depth interviews about the resettlement decision were held with three flooding-impacted communities and stakeholders in government and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Malawi. The research shows how government and NGOs use sensitisation as a technique to determine the knowledge of those in flooding-vulnerable communities. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the way in which sensitisation can contribute to a participatory approach. Sensitisation is often spoken of as synonymous with education. This research finds that government and NGOs use sensitisation mainly as part of a one-way process of disseminating their perspective to communities, with little or no opportunity for community members to make their voices heard and for resettlement to be participatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diisocyanates are a group of chemicals widely used in different industrial applications. The critical health effects related to diisocyanate exposure are isocyanate sensitisation, occupational asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). Industrial air measurements and human biomonitoring (HBM) samples were gathered in specific occupational sectors to examine MDI, TDI, HDI and IPDI and the respective metabolites from Finnish screening studies. HBM data can give a more accurate picture of diisocyanate exposure, especially if workers have been exposed dermally or used respiratory protection. The HBM data were used for conducting a health impact assessment (HIA) in specific Finnish occupational sectors. For this purpose, exposure reconstruction was performed on the basis of HBM measurements of TDI and MDI exposures using a PBPK model, and a correlation equation was made for HDI exposure. Subsequently, the exposure estimates were compared to a previously published dose–response curve for excess BHR risk. The results showed that the mean and median diisocyanate exposure levels and HBM concentrations were low for all diisocyanates. In HIA, the excess risk of BHR from MDI exposure over a working life period was highest in the construction and motor and vehicle industries and repair sectors, resulting in estimated excess risks of BHR of 2.0% and 2.6%, and 113 and 244 extra BHR cases in Finland, respectively. Occupational exposure to diisocyanates must be monitored because a clear threshold for DI sensitisation cannot be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This empirical study set in a large multinational pharmaceutical company analyses three effects of repeat downsizing on commitment based on Moore and colleagues’ research (2004; 2006). Results confirm a legacy effect whereby previous exposure to downsizing continues to influence commitment years after the initial exposure and a recency effect given by a greater negative effect of recent downsizing events compared to previous downsizing. A sensitisation effect was observed only among employees with a double direct exposure to the same downsizing method.

Summary: Background: Recently we identified in patients with chronic cough a sensory dysregulation via which the urge-to-cough (UTC) or coughing are evoked mechanically from “somatic points for cough” (SPCs) in the neck and upper trunk. We investigated the prevalence and the clinical relevance of SPCs in an unselected population of patients with chronic cough. Methods: From 2018 to 2021, symptoms of 317 consecutive patients with chronic cough (233 females) were collected on four visits (V1–V4) 2 months apart at the Cough Clinic of the University Hospital in Florence (I). Participants rated the disturbance caused by the cough (0–9 modified Borg Scale). We attempted to evoke coughing and/or UTC using mechanical actions in all participants who were subsequently categorised as responsive (somatic point for cough positive, SPC+) or unresponsive (SPC−) to these actions. An association was established between chronic cough and its commonest causes; treatments were administered accordingly. Findings: 169 patients were SPC+ and had a higher baseline cough score (p

Background: Central sensitisation (CS) leads to pain amplification and impacts on the management of pelvic pain (PP). Identification of CS in patients with PP may provide additional treatment pathways and improve patient outcomes. Aims: The aims are to quantify the prevalence of questionnaire‐predicted CS (QPCS) in patients presenting with PP and investigate associations between QPCS and clinical variables. Materials and methods: This was an observational, cross‐sectional study. Subjects with PP completed a questionnaire comprising four validated tools: the Central Sensitisation Inventory (CSI) for QPCS, Pain Catastrophising Scale for Catastrophising Trait, Bladder Pain/Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Score for bladder pain syndrome (BPS) and the Rome IV criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Results: One hundred and eleven women were enrolled in the study; 74.8% (n = 83) had a CSI score of >40, indicating the presence of QPCS. Subjects with QPCS were more likely to screen positive for catastrophising trait (odds ratio (OR) 3.57, 95% CI 1.19–10.76, P = 0.02), BPS (OR 11.77, 95% CI 2.13–64.89, P = 0.005) and IBS (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.05–6.43, P = 0.04). They were more likely to experience pain for more than two years (OR 4.98, 95% CI 1.94–12.82, P = 0.001) and other pain symptoms involving bladder (OR 9.87, 95% CI 2.52–38.67, P = 0.001), bowel (OR 3.13, 95% CI 1.31–7.48, P = 0.01), back (OR 4.17, 95% CI 1.66–10.51, P = 0.002) and vulva (OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.21–10.82, P = 0.02). They also had higher previous diagnoses of mental health disorder (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.5–8.4, P = 0.005) or IBS (OR 8.9, 95% CI 1.6–49.1, P = 0.01). Conclusions: QPCS occurs frequently in patients with PP, and subjects with QPCS experience more prolonged and complex pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]