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Objective In 2019, Ward et al. proposed a method to adjust BMI calculated from self‐reported weight and height for bias relative to measured data. They did not evaluate the adjusted values relative to measured BMI values for the same individuals. Methods A large data set (n = 37,439) with both measured and self‐reported weight and height was randomly divided into two groups. The proposed method was used to adjust the BMI values in one group to the measured data from the other group. The adjusted values were then compared with the measured values for the same individuals. Results Before adjustment, 24.9% were incorrectly classified relative to measured BMI categories, including 7.9% in too high a category; after adjustment, 24.3% were incorrectly classified, with 12.8% in too high a category. The variance of the difference was unchanged. The adjustments reduced some errors and introduced new errors. At an individual level, results were unpredictable. Conclusions The suggested method has little effect on misclassification, can introduce new errors, and could magnify errors associated with factors, such as age, race, educational level, or other characteristics. State‐level estimates and projections of obesity prevalence from values adjusted by this method may be incorrect.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine associations between self-reported weight history and sarcopenic obesity in adults with advanced knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Self-reported weight history was collected from n = 151 adults (58.9% female) with knee OA and BMI ≥30 kg/m2 in a cross-sectional study. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Sarcopenic obesity was defined as appendicular skeletal muscle mass, adjusted by BMI

Objective:To describe characteristics of self-identified popular diet followers and compare mean BMI across these diets, stratified by time following diet.Design:Cross-sectional, web-based survey administered in 2015.Setting:Non-localised, international survey.Participants:Self-selected followers of popular diets (n 9019) were recruited to the survey via social media and email announcements by diet community leaders, categorised into eight major diet groups.Results:General linear models were used to compare mean BMI among (1) short-term (P < 0·05 for all) among longer-term followers (≥1 year) of whole food, plant-based (WFPB), vegan, whole food and low-carb diets compared with shorter-term followers. Among those following their diet for 1–5 years (n 4067), geometric mean BMI (kg/m2) were lower (P < 0·05 for all) for all groups compared with TTEH (26·4 kg/m2): WFPB (23·2 kg/m2), vegan (23·5 kg/m2), Paleo (24·6 kg/m2), vegetarian (25·0 kg/m2), whole food (24·6 kg/m2), Weston A. Price (23·5 kg/m2) and low-carb (24·7 kg/m2).Conclusion:Our findings suggest that BMI is lower among individuals who made active decisions to adhere to a specific diet, particularly more plant-based diets and/or diets limiting highly processed foods, compared with those who simply TTEH. BMI is also lower among individuals who follow intentional eating plans for longer time periods.

Professionals working in eating disorder prevention, treatment, and public health aim to improve eating behaviors to stabilize weight, which is more adaptive for health and well-being than weight variation. However, it is unknown which eating behaviors are linked to weight stability in non-intervention samples. This study examines how intuitive eating and eating restraint (flexible and rigid control) are linked to retrospective reports of weight stability (i.e., maintained weight) and instability (i.e., lost, gained, or cycled weight) during the past year. Community women (

Objective:\ud The aims of the present manuscript are to analyse self-reported data on weight, including the missing data, from the 2014 Scottish Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study, and to investigate whether behavioural factors related with overweight and obesity, namely dietary habits, physical activity and sedentary behaviour, are associated with weight non-response. Research Methods & Procedures: 10839 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds participated in the cross-national 2014 Scottish HBSC Study. Weight missing data was evaluated using Little's Missing Completely at Random (MCAR) test. Afterwards, a fitted multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine all possible multivariate associations between weight response and each of the behavioural factors related with obesity.\ud \ud Results:\ud 58.9% of self-reported weight was missing, not at random (MCAR p

Objective The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study was designed to compare outcomes in patients with obesity treated by bariatric surgery and a matched control group given usual care. The aim of this study was to analyze self-reported weight-loss methods and weight changes over 10 years in the SOS control group. Methods Self-reported weight-loss methods in the control group (n = 2,037; 71% women; 48.7 ± 6.3 years; BMI 40.1 ± 4.7 kg/m2 ) were analyzed at baseline and after 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 years of follow-up and studied in relation to weight changes. Results The average 10-year weight change was +2.1% (95% CI: 1.4%-2.8%). At every follow-up, 82.7% (95% CI: 81.3%-84.1%) of participants reported weight-loss attempts. At 10 years, 12.5% of the participants had ≥ 10% weight loss and 22.3% had ≥ 10% weight gain. Participants who lost or gained weight reported similar usage of weight-loss methods. Conclusions Over 10 years, the majority of the participants of the SOS control group reported continuous efforts to lose weight. These results illustrate the constant struggle individuals with severe obesity are facing and that, on average, the results of long-term weight loss and weight maintenance were discouraging.

Previous US population-based studies have found that body weight may be underestimated when self-reported. However, this research may not apply to all US Hispanics/Latinos, many of whom are immigrants with distinct cultural orientations to ideal body size. We assessed the data quality and accuracy of self-reported weight in a diverse, community-based, US sample of primarily foreign-born Hispanic/Latino adults.Using baseline data (2008-2011) from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), we described the difference between contemporaneous self-reported and measured current body weight (n = 16,119) and used multivariate adjusted models to establish whether the observed trends in misreporting in potential predictors of inaccuracy persisted after adjustment for other predictors. Last, we described the weighted percentage agreement in body mass classification using either self-reported or measured weight (n = 16,110).Self-reported weight was well correlated with (r = 0.95) and on average 0.23 kg greater than measured weight. The range of this misreporting was large and several factors were associated with misreporting: age group, gender, body mass categories, nativity, study site by background, unit of self-report (kg or lb), and end-digit preference. The percentage agreement of body mass classification using self-reported versus measured weight was 86% and varied across prevalent health conditions.The direction of misreporting in self-reported weight, and thus the anticipated bias in obesity prevalence estimates based on self-reported weights, may differ in US Hispanic/Latinos from that found in prior studies. Future investigations using self-reported body weight in US Hispanic/Latinos should consider this information for bias analyses.See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B276.

This study evaluates accuracy of self-reported weight in adolescent bariatric surgery patients. During follow-up visits, participants self-reported weight and had weight measured. The differences between self-reported and measured weights were analyzed from 60 participants. Participants were 70% (n = 42) female, 72% (n = 43) white, mean age of 20.8 years and a median body mass index of 36.6 kg/m2. At an average of 3.5 years following surgery, females underestimated weight (0.5 kg, range: −18.7 to 5.6 kg), while males overestimated (1.1 kg, range: −7.8 to 15.2 kg). Most (80%, n = 48) reported within 5 kg of measured weight. The majority of adolescents who previously underwent bariatric surgery reported reasonably accurate weights, but direction of misreporting varied by gender. Self-reported weights could be utilized when measured values are unavailable without markedly biasing the interpretation of outcomes.

TO THE EDITOR: I read with great interest the article by Blum et al. recently published in the Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology ([1][1]). The authors aimed to assess the reliability of the self-reported weight and height of nuclear medicine patients in view of recommendations for weight

The aim of the study was to assess the reliability of the self-reported weight and height of nuclear medicine patients in view of recommendations for weight-dependent tracer application for imaging and therapy. Methods: In total, 824 patients (334 men and 490 women) were asked to report their weight and height before imaging or therapy and their level of confidence. Subsequently, the weight and height of each patient were measured, and body mass index, body surface area, and lean body mass were calculated. Differences between reported and true values were compared for statistically significant differences. Results: The average patient age was 60 ± 14 y (range, 17–91 y). An over- or underestimation of weight by at least 10% was observed in 2% of patients, and height was overestimated by 1% by the patients. The BMI calculation was affected by incorrect self-reported values. Conclusion: Most self-reported weights and heights of nuclear medicine patients are accurate. However, since over- and underestimation of weight and height lead to incorrect body mass index, body surface area, and lean body mass values, patient weights should be measured at least for patients receiving a weight-adapted therapy or if quantification in PET/CT is needed.

This study's aim was to examine the joint influence of self-reported weight and body weight dissatisfaction on weight control strategies and physical and psychological complaints. A number of 5404 Romanian adolescents, aged between 13 and 15 years (50.6% girls) participated in a larger study assessing health risk behaviors and attitudes in youth. Participants were asked to fill in their weight and height (in order to calculate the BMI). Questions regarding body weight dissatisfaction, unhealthy weight control and physical and psychological health complaints were also addressed. We used logistic regressions to test the associations between BMI, body weight dissatisfaction, unhealthy weight control behaviors, and health complaints. The proportion of adolescents who reported being too fat was 21% with 10% of normal weight boys and 20% of normal weight girls adolescents being dissatisfied with their body weight. The most common health complaints reported by adolescents were headaches (23.3%), sleep problems (16.7%) and feeling low (32%). There were significant interactions between BMI and body weight dissatisfaction in predicting unhealthy weight control and physical and psychological symptoms. Non-overweight adolescents who perceived themselves as being too fat were more likely to engage in unhealthy weight control behaviors and more likely to report both physical and psychological symptoms compared to their overweight or those who considered themselves as being too thin. The present study suggests that the use of unhealthy weight control methods is not uncommon among adolescents who believe they are too fat but who have BMIs within the normal range. Interventions informed by research should aim to address boy weight concerns and to equip adolescents with skills in order to critically appraise body weight ideals., El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la influencia común del índice de masa corporal (IMC) e insatisfacción con el peso corporal en las estrategias del control de peso y quejas físicas y psicológicas. Un total de 5404 adolescentes rumanos a la edad de entre 13 y 15 años (50.6% chicas) participaron en un estudio más grande que examinaba las conductas y actitudes de riesgo de salud en los jóvenes. Los participantes tenían que dar su peso y altura (para calcular el IMC). También respondieron a las preguntas sobre su insatisfacción con el peso corporal, control de peso insalubre y quejas sobre molestias de salud física y psicológica. Hemos usado la regresión logística para examinar la relación entre el IMC, la insatisfacción con el peso corporal, el control de peso insalubre y las molestias de salud. 21% de adolescentes autoevaluaron que padecen sobrepeso, con 10% de adolescentes de peso normal insatisfechos con su peso corporal. Las molestias de salud más frecuentes reportadas por los adolescentes fueron dolor de cabeza (23.3%), problemas con el sueño (16.7%) y mal humor (32%). Hubo una interacción significativa entre el IMC y la insatisfacción con el tamaño corporal para predecir el control de peso insalubre y síntomas físicos y psicológicos. Los adolescentes sin sobrepeso pero insatisfechos con su cuerpo mostraban más tendencias a las conductas de control de peso insalubre y reportaban tanto síntomas físicos como psicológicos en comparación con sus compañeros con el sobrepeso o aquellos más satisfechos con su cuerpo. El presente estudio sugiere que el uso de métodos del control de peso insalubre no es poco común entre los adolescentes con niveles altos de insatisfacción, y que tienen el IMC dentro de lo normal. Las intervenciones deberían tratar de abordar las preocupaciones sobre el peso corporal y proporcionar a los adolescentes habilidades para valorar críticamente ideales de peso corporal.

Aims: The aim was to explore the association between weight-related attitudes and behaviours and the accuracy of body mass index (BMI) derived from self-reported weight and height. Methods: A total of 828 adolescents from the Health In Adolescents study were included. Self-reported and objective weight and height data were collected, and BMI was computed. Information about weight-related attitudes and behaviours was obtained. The association between weight-related attitudes and behaviours and the difference between BMI computed from self-reported and objective measures was assessed using generalized linear mixed model analyses. Results: BMI was under-reported by overweight girls ( p

Background Self-reported weight and height are commonly used in lieu of direct measurements of weight and height in large epidemiological surveys due to inevitable constraints such as budget and human resource. However, the validity of self-reported weight and height, particularly among adolescents, needs to be verified as misreporting could lead to misclassification of body mass index and therefore overestimation or underestimation of the burden of BMI-related diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the validity of self-reported weight and height among Malaysian secondary school children. Methods Both self-reported and directly measured weight and height of a subgroup of 663 apparently healthy schoolchildren from the Malaysian Adolescent Health Risk Behaviour (MyAHRB) survey 2013/2014 were analysed. Respondents were required to report their current body weight and height via a self-administrative questionnaire before they were measured by investigators. The validity of self-reported against directly measured weight and height was examined using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the Bland-Altman plot and weighted Kappa statistics. Results There was very good intraclass correlation between self-reported and directly measured weight [r = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93, 0.97] and height (r = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90, 0.96). In addition the Bland-Altman plots indicated that the mean difference between self-reported and direct measurement was relatively small. The mean difference (self-reported minus direct measurements) was, for boys: weight, −2.1 kg; height, −1.6 cm; BMI, −0.44 kg/m2 and girls: weight, −1.2 kg; height, −0.9 cm; BMI, −0.3 kg/m2. However, 95% limits of agreement were wide which indicated substantial discrepancies between self-reported and direct measurements method at the individual level. Nonetheless, the weighted Kappa statistics demonstrated a substantial agreement between BMI status categorised based on self-reported weight and height and the direct measurements (kappa = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.84). Conclusion Our results show that the self-reported weight and height were consistent with direct measurements and therefore can be used in assessing the nutritional status of Malaysian school children from the age of 13 to 17 years old in epidemiological studies and for surveillance purposes when direct measurements are not feasible, but not for assessing nutritional status at the individual level.

BackgroundPublic interest in nutrition is at the forefront of health and wellness and a major driver of popular diet adoption. Cohort studies lack specific data from followers of popular diets. Adh...

Objective: To evaluate the validity of self-reported weight and height measurements among residents of São Paulo, as well as the accuracy of these measurements for determining nutritional status, and to present calibration coefficients. Methods: A cross-sectional, population-based study was performed with a sample of 299 adolescents, adults and elderly of both genders, in São Paulo in 2008. Bland-Altman difference plot and intraclass correlation were used to determine agreement between measured and self-reported parameters. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed for overweight, and calibration coefficients were estimated for correction of weight, height and body mass index data. Results: The intraclass correlation was high between self-reported and measured parameters for weight (r > 0,94) and body mass index (BMI) (r > 0,85). The agreement between measured and self-reported weight, height and BMI was good. Sensibility was > 91% and specificity was > 83%. Conclusion: Self-reported weight measurements can substitute measured parameters in this population, in both genders and in the age groups studied. Self-reported height measurements should be used with caution. Calibration coefficients can be used to adjust self-reported measurements. Objetivo: Avaliar a validade de peso e altura autorreferidos em residentes do município de São Paulo, a acurácia do uso dessas medidas na classificação do estado nutricional, bem como apresentar os coeficientes de calibração. Métodos: Foram utilizadas análises de Bland e Altman e correlação intraclasse para determinar concordância e validade entre as medidas aferidas e referidas, verificando sensibilidade e especificidade para excesso de peso. Também foram estimados os coeficientes de calibração para correção dos dados de peso, altura e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Resultados: Pode-se observar alta correlação intraclasse entre as medidas de peso (r > 0,94) e IMC (r > 0,85) referidas e aferidas. Também foi observada boa concordância entre as medidas de peso, altura e IMC, assim como alta sensibilidade (> 91%) e especificidade (> 83%) para IMC. Conclusão: Medidas autorreferidas de peso podem ser utilizadas em substituição às medidas aferidas nessa população de estudo, em ambos os sexos e nas faixas etárias estudadas. Já as medidas de altura devem ser utilizadas com cautela. Os coeficientes de calibração podem ser usados como estratégia para ajuste das medidas.

Aim: To assess trends in the biases of self-reported versus measured weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) in adults over the period 2000-2010 in a Mediterranean adult population.Methods: The sample population consisted of young (18-35) and middle-aged (36-55) adults living in the Balearic Islands, Spain. The data represent 1,089 people during 1999-2000 and 1,081 people during 2000-2010. Weighted-based frequency estimates were used.Results: While no differences between self-reported and measured weight, height and BMI were found in the respondents, it was seen that a decreasing percentage of the population knows their own weight and/or height. A rise in awareness was found in normal-weight men (from 95.0% to 98.9%), and also in normal-weight men and in the middle-aged obese category whose self-reported BMI was not defi ned as “correct” (from 41.2% to 85.7% and from 41.0% to 67.6% respectively). Conclusions: A substantial proportion of the population does not know their own weight or height. The obtained results suggest the need to develop strategies to enhance awareness of own weight and height.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the agreement between self-reported and measured weight and stature in adolescents. METHODS: Ninety-seven students from public and private high schools of Cuiabá, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil (14 to 19 years old), were examined to assess the validity of self-reported weight and stature. The adolescents reported their weight and stature, which were subsequently measured by standard procedures. The body mass index was calculated from both self-reported and measured data. Weight status was classified according to body mass index Z-score and World Health Organization criteria. The differences between the self-reported and measured means were tested by the Student's paired t-test. Weighted Kappa's coefficient of agreement was used to assess the variations in weight status categorization using informed and measured data. Agreement between measurements was assessed by the Bland-Altman method and intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The means of self-reported and measured weights (p=0.30), statures (p=0.76) and body mass index (p=0.47) were not significantly different. There was high agreement between self-reported and measured measurements according to intraclass correlation coefficient (weight: r=0.99; stature: r=0.96; body mass index: r=0.97) and the mean agreements estimated by the Bland-Altman method were 99% for weight and 100% for stature. CONCLUSION: Given the excellent agreement with measured data, self-reported weight and stature are considered valid to be used in epidemiological studies on adolescents of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância entre as medidas de peso e estatura autorreferidas e aferidas em adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Noventa e sete estudantes de 14 a 19 anos de idade do ensino médio público e privado de Cuiabá, (Mato Grosso) foram examinados a fim de se avaliar a validade de medidas de peso e estatura autorreferidas. Os adolescentes referiram o peso e a estatura e, na sequência, as respectivas medidas foram aferidas com base em procedimentos padronizados. O índice de massa corporal foi determinado a partir das medidas estimadas e aferidas. O status de peso foi classificado com base no escore-Z do índice de massa corporal segundo proposta da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student pareado para avaliar as diferenças entre as médias das medidas autorreferidas e aferidas. O coeficiente de concordância Kappa ponderado foi utilizado para se avaliarem as variações na categorização do status de peso estimado a partir de medidas informadas e aferidas. A concordância entre as medidas foi avaliada pelo método de Bland-Altman e pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. RESULTADOS: Não se observaram diferenças entre as médias das medidas autorreferidas e aferidas de peso (p=0,30),: estatura (p=0,76) e índice de massa corporal (p=0,47). Houve elevada concordância entre as medidas autorreferidas e aferidas de acordo com o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (peso: r=0,99; estatura: r=0,96; índice de massa corporal; r=0,97) e segundo o método de Bland-Altman (concordância média: peso=99%; estatura=100%). CONCLUSÃO: Dada a excelente concordância com as medidas aferidas, o peso e a estatura autorreferidos são considerados válidos para serem utilizados em estudos epidemiológicos com adolescentes de Cuiabá.

The purpose of the study was to examine whether retrospective self-reported weight changes during childhood and adolescence were associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors in Mexican young adults. Mexican college applicants to the Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 18 to 25 years old (n = 4187) who had applied for the 2009 academic year were included in the study. Participants underwent a health screening—anthropometrics and blood drawn—and completed a questionnaire. Five major weight change categories were defined based on self-reported weight during childhood and adolescence: consistently normal, consistently underweight, consistently overweight/ obese, weight gain, and weight loss. Most participants self-reported being normal weight during childhood (58.7%) and adolescence (58.3%). Only a small proportion reported being overweight or obese during childhood (10.1%) or adolescence (15.9%). Weight change patterns during childhood and adolescence were marked by overall stability: 40.1% of participants were consistently normal, 15.6% underweight and 3.6% overweight/obese. Among those whose weight changed, 25.0% gained weight and 15.7% lost weight. In regression analyses, weight change categories based on self-reported weight statuses during childhood and adolescence were not associated with current metabolic syndrome risk factors after controlling for measured current BMI. Studies addressing the association between weight gains in early life with metabolic syndrome outcomes in early adulthood should not rely on recalled weight status during early life alone.

Objective: Self-reported weight may underestimate measured weight. Researchers have tried to reduce the error using statistical models to predict weight from self-reported weight. We investigate whether deriving equations within separate BMI categories improves the prediction of weight compared with an equation derived regardless of an individual's BMI. Design and Methods: The analysis included self-reported and measured data from 20,536 individuals participating in the EPIC-Norfolk study. In a derivation set (n = 15,381) two approaches were used to predict weight from self-reported weight: (1) using a linear regression model with measured weight as outcome and self-reported weight and age as predictors, and (2) using the same model fit separately within 3 strata defined by BMI (< 25, 25-30, ≥30 kg m−2). The performance of these approaches was assessed in a validation set (n = 5,155). Measured weight was compared to self-reported weight and predicted weight. Results: Self-reported weight underestimated measured weight (P < 0.0001): mean difference −1.2 ± 3.1 kg (men), −1.3 ± 2.5 kg (women). Underestimation was greater in obese participants (P < 0.0001). Predicted weight using approach 1 was not significantly different from measured weight (P < 0.05). However, in individuals with BMI < 25 kg m−2, weight was overestimated in men (0.90 ± 3.87 kg) and women (0.57 ± 2.06 kg), but underestimated in overweight (−0.29 ± 3.58, −0.20 ± 2.62 kg) and obese (−1.46 ± 5.05 kg, −0.73 ± 3.54 kg) men and women. Conclusions: Using separate prediction equations in strata of BMI did not further improve prediction of weight. In conclusion, predicted weight was closer to measured weight compared with self-reported weight, but using equations derived in strata of BMI did not further improve the prediction and are not recommended for prediction of weight.

Objective This study was designed to test two competing hypotheses regarding bias in self-report of weight and height in bulimia nervosa. Method: General population samples of 102 young women with bulimia nervosa and 204 age and social class-matched healthy control women were recruited. Subjective and measured values of height and weight were obtained and compared within and between the groups. Results: The healthy control subjects reported that they were lighter and taller than they actually were, and the degree of this discrepancy was related both to their actual weight and, more strongly, to the difference between their actual and desired weight. In contrast, the bulimia nervosa subjects showed little reporting bias. Discussion: The results support the hypothesis that the intense interest of bulimia nervosa subjects in their weight is expressed by heightened precision of their self-report. Epidemiological studies of bulimia nervosa can capitalize on this cognitive “distortion.” © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 24: 267–273, 1998.

Misclassification of body mass index (BMI) categories arising from self-reported weight and height can bias hazard ratios in studies of BMI and mortality. We examined the effects on hazard ratios of such misclassification using national US survey data for 1976 through 2010 that had both measured and self-reported weight and height along with mortality follow-up for 48,763 adults and a subset of 17,405 healthy never-smokers. BMI was categorized as

Analisou-se a validade do peso e altura autorreferidos para determinação do estado nutricional, e as implicações do seu uso em análises de associação com desfechos em saúde. Baseando-se em um estudo transversal de base populacional realizado em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em 2007 (n = 2.986), sorteou-se uma subamostra de 276 indivíduos com idade > 20 anos. Em média, o peso autorreferido foi similar ao medido; a altura medida foi superestimada nos homens (1,4cm) e nas mulheres (2,5cm); o índice de massa corporal (IMC) real foi subestimado em quase 1kg/m². Mesmo com diferenças médias pequenas, a variabilidade dos dados foi grande. Sexo, idade e escolaridade influenciaram nos resultados. O uso de medidas autorreferidas gerou subestimativas de sobrepeso e obesidade, assim como erros imprevisíveis em análises de associação com desfechos em saúde (subestimativa, superestimativa e inversão nas medidas reais de efeito). Equações de correção reduziram a média das diferenças com os valores medidos, mas não reduziram a variabilidade das diferenças e nem solucionaram erros de classificação ou vieses nas associações.

ObjectiveEpidemiological studies have shown that adults tend to underestimate their weight and overestimate their height. This may lead to a misclassification of their BMI in studies based on self-reported data. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of self-reported weight and height in Austrian adults.DesignData on weight, height, health behaviour and sociodemographic characteristics of adults were collected in a standardized procedure via a self-filling questionnaire and a medical examination including measurements of weight and height.SettingA publicly accessible out-patient clinic in southern Austria.SubjectsAustrian residents (n473) aged 18 years and older who attended a health check participated in the study.ResultsThe mean difference between reported and measured BMI was not significant in younger adults (2;P< 0·08) but increased significantly with age (≥55 years: mean difference −0·68 kg/m2;P< 0·001). The prevalence of normal weight (BMI = 18·5–24·9 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI = 25·0–29·9 kg/m2) was overestimated based on the self-reported data on BMI, while that for underweight (BMI < 18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m2) was underestimated (P< 0·001). The self-reported data showed an obesity prevalence of 12·5 %, while measurement showed a prevalence of 15·4 % (P< 0·001).ConclusionsOur results indicate that prevalence rates of obesity are probably underestimated for Austrian adults when using self-reported weight and height information. The deviations from the measured data clearly increased with age. Analyses based on self-reported data should therefore be adjusted for the age dependency of the validity.

Este articulo calcula, en primer lugar, la magnitud de los sesgos en los datos declarados de peso y altura por medio de utilizar una muestra de individuos obtenidos a partir de la combinacion de la Encuesta Catalana de Salud y el Examen de Salud de Cataluna del 2006. En segundo lugar, se examina empiricamente cuales son los determinantes de estos sesgos prestando una especial atencion al impacto que puedan ejercer los denominados �social norms�. Nuestros resultados evidencian que las �normas sociales� ejercen un impacto dual y significativo sobre esos sesgos en los datos declarados: cuanto mayor (menor) es la distancia entre el peso (altura) medido individual y el del promedio del grupo de referencia, mayor (menor) es el sesgo en el peso (altura) declarado o mas (menos) inclinado estan los individuos a declarar erroneamente su peso (altura). Esta evidencia empirica confirma como los factores especificos de grupos o las normas sociales influyen en la declaracion de datos sobre atributos individuales. Finalmente, la relacion hallada entre los datos antropometricos medidos y declarados en nuestra base de datos combinada de Cataluna, se traslado a la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) de 2006 para corregir los datos autodeclarados de peso y altura. Como se esperaba, tanto el BMI como la prevalencia de la obesidad en Espana (basada en datos declarados) estan fuertemente subestimadas, siendo esta mayor entre las mujeres.

This study examined the degree of misreport in weight, height, and BMI among overweight adults (n = 392) with binge eating disorder (BED) and tested whether the degree of misreport was associated with eating disorder psychopathology and psychological variables. Male (n = 97) and female (n = 295) participants self-reported height and weight, and were subsequently measured by clinic staff. Participants also completed a series of diagnostic interviews and self-report assessments. Discrepancies between self-reported and measured values were modest. The degree of misreport for weight, height, and BMI was not related to eating disorder features, depression, and self-esteem. Overall, the errors in self-reported weight and height by overweight patients with BED were very slight. The degree of discrepancy between self-reported and measured values was not related to eating disorder or psychological features, suggesting that such data are not biased or systematically related to individual differences in overweight patients with BED.

The present study examined the accuracy of self-reported weight, height and the consequent BMI, among people who exercised in Greek fitness centers. One hundred and ten individuals (88 males and 22 females) aged 19 to 61 years old voluntarily participated in the study. Weight and height were self-reported without knowledge that these variables would be subsequently measured. Comparison between self-reported and measured data showed that participants tended to under-report their weight, over-report their height resulting in significant BMI bias. Despite however the significant results, calculation of the effect sizes showed that these differences (0.58 kg for weight, 0.86 cm for height and 0.44 points of BMI) were in fact trivial (Cohen's d ranged from .04 to .13). It was concluded that self-reported weight and height from individuals involving in physical exercise can be trusted to reliably estimate BMI.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a acurácia das informações de peso pré-gestacional, estatura, índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional e peso na última consulta de pré-natal, segundo características maternas, variáveis sociodemográficas e de pré-natal. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi desenvolvido com dados do questionário face a face e do cartão da gestante (padrão-ouro) do estudo “Nascer no Brasil, 2011–2012”. Para avaliar as diferenças entre as variáveis antropométricas medidas e referidas, utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para as variáveis dividas em quartis. Para as variáveis contínuas, adotou-se o teste de Wilcoxon, gráficos de Bland e Altman, diferença média entre as informações medidas e referidas pelas mulheres. Estimou-se a sensibilidade e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. RESULTADOS: No estudo, 17.093 mulheres possuíam cartão de gestante. Observou-se uma subestimação do peso pré-gestacional em 1,51 kg (DP = 3,44) e do índice de massa corporal em 0,79 kg/m2 (DP = 1,72), e superestimação da estatura em 0,75 cm (DP = 3,03) e do peso na última consulta em 0,22 kg (DP = 2,09). Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (CCIC) obtidos para as variáveis antropométricas foram: estatura (CCIC = 0,89), peso pré-gestacional (CCIC = 0,96), índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional (CCIC = 0,92) e peso na última consulta (CCIC = 0,98). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que as variáveis antropométricas referidas foram válidas para a população de estudo, e podem ser utilizadas em estudos com populações que tenham características semelhantes.

This paper investigated the validity of self-reported height and weight of adolescents for the diagnosis of underweight, overweight and obesity and the influence of weighing behaviour on the accuracy. A total of 982 adolescents reported their height, weight, weighing behaviour and eating patterns in a questionnaire. Afterwards, their height and weight were measured and their Body Mass Index (BMI)-categories were determined using age- and gender-specific BMI cut-off points. Both girls and boys underreported their weight, whilst height was overestimated by girls and underestimated by boys. Cohen’s d indicated that these misreportings were in fact trivial. The prevalence of underweight was overestimated when using the self-reported BMI for classification, whilst the prevalence of overweight and obesity was underestimated. Gender and educational level influenced the accuracy of the adolescents’ self-reported BMI. Weighing behaviour only positively influenced the accuracy of the self-reported weight and not height or BMI. In summary, adolescents’ self-reported weight and height cannot replace measured values to determine their BMI-category, and thus the latter are highly recommended when investigating underweight, overweight and obesity in adolescents.

Objective Self-reported height and weight data are commonly reported within eating disorders research, and often used clinically. The aims of this study are to demonstrate the accuracy of self-reported height and weight among a group of women with eating disorders, and to determine whether that accuracy is associated with clinical diagnosis or levels of eating psychopathology. Method Sixty-four female patients (39 diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa or atypical Anorexia Nervosa and 25 with Bulimia Nervosa or atypical Bulimia Nervosa) were asked to self-report their height and weight. They then completed the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q). Finally, they were weighed and their height was measured in a standardised manner. Accuracy scores for height and weight were calculated by subtracting their actual weight and height from their self-reports. Results Both diagnostic groups were relatively accurate in self-reporting their height. However, women with Bulimia Nervosa or atypical Bulimia Nervosa significantly underestimated their weight while women with Anorexia Nervosa or atypical Anorexia Nervosa overestimated it. Weight estimation was associated with higher levels of restraint among the Anorexia Nervosa group only. Discussion These findings highlight the importance of obtaining objective height and weight data both within clinical and research settings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.

To assess the difference between self-reported and measured weight values in Japanese men and women and to determine the underlying determinants of the differences between self-reported and measured values. The data were collected from 363 general Japanese individuals aged 16–88 years living in Kumamoto prefecture. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire designed for this study with self-reported weight and height values. Measured weight and height were measured immediately after questionnaire completion. Paired t-tests identified differences between self-reported and measured values by sex. Multiple-stepwise regression analysis examined the independent variables’ effects on the differences between self-reported and measured weights. Significant differences were found between self-reported and measured values for both sexes (p

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a validade do peso e altura referidos no diagnóstico da obesidade e identificar características sociodemográficas e individuais que podem constituir viés de informação. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal populacional realizado na cidade de Goiânia em 2001. Em entrevista domiciliar com 1.023 indivíduos de 20-64 anos, foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas e sobre peso e altura referidos. Na ocasião, os indivíduos foram pesados e medidos. Foram calculadas diferenças entre médias, coeficiente de correlação e de medidas referidas e aferidas, segundo idade, índice de massa corporal, escolaridade, renda e altura. RESULTADOS: Homens e mulheres superestimaram a altura (p0,05). O comportamento de supestimar a altura foi influenciado pela idade, escolaridade, altura e índice de massa corporal. Embora o índice obtido a partir dos dados referidos tenha sido subestimado (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of motivation, anxiety and self-efficacy in self-reported behaviour that may be important for weight loss and weight maintenance. One hundred and twenty-nine females aged 18-81 years were recruited from a variety of social, sporting venues and work places within a local community. Participants completed questionnaires assessing their levels of participation and perseverance in weight management activities, their motivation levels, their anxiety levels (State Anxiety Inventory) and their levels of self-efficacy for weight management behaviours. Motivation was found to play a major role in participation in weight management activities. Anxiety and self-efficacy played no significant role. The findings are discussed in relation to previous studies, and directions for future studies are indicated. It is argued that the level of motivation is a key factor that should be taken into account for each individual engaging in women's weight management programmes, and that further research should be undertaken to identify other relevant factors.

This study examined whether 1) the immigrant Mexican Americans reported weight and height differently from the non-immigrant Mexican Americans and, 2) self-reporting errors influenced weight classification. A U.S. national sample of 3085 Mexican Americans from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used to investigate validity using paired t-tests, multiple linear regressions, sensitivity and specificity. While immigrant Mexican American women reported their weight and height higher than non-immigrant women, no significant differences were found between immigrant and non-immigrant Mexican American men. Sensitivity and specificity of weight classification with self-reported weight and height were not different between immigrant and non-immigrant Mexican Americans; however, underweight Mexican Americans showed the lowest sensitivity. Therefore, self-reported weight and height can be used for the purpose of weight classification with immigrant and non-immigrant Mexican Americans, with an exception of underweight Mexican Americans.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a validade do peso e da estatura informados e do índice de massa corporal (IMC). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 3.713 funcionários públicos de uma universidade no Rio de Janeiro, participantes da Fase 1 de um estudo longitudinal. As informações foram obtidas por meio de questionário auto-preenchível; as aferições foram realizadas após a aplicação. Para avaliar as diferenças entre os parâmetros aferidos e informados, utilizou-se o teste t pareado de Student, gráficos de Bland & Altman e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCIC). Estimou-se a sensibilidade e a especificidade das várias categorias do IMC. RESULTADOS: Houve alta concordância entre a aferição e a informação do peso (CCIC=0,977) e da estatura (CCIC=0,943). A sensibilidade do IMC, em suas várias categorias, variou em torno de 80%, e a especificidade foi próxima de 92%. Houve tendência leve e uniforme à subestimação do peso informado e à superestimação da estatura informada em ambos os sexos. CONCLUSÕES: As informações relatadas e aferidas de peso e estatura apresentaram boa concordância e validade; em populações similares, que disponham de recursos escassos, é possível utilizar dados informados ao invés de valores aferidos. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the validity of self-reported weight and height and the body mass index (BMI). METHODS: A study was made of 3,713 employees of a public university in Rio de Janeiro, in which they were participants in Phase 1 of a longitudinal study. Information was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire, and measurements were carried out after its application. Student's paired t-test, Bland & Altman's graphs and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were utilized to evaluate the differences between the measured and the reported parameters. The sensitivity and specificity of the various BMI categories were estimated. RESULTS: There was high agreement between the measured and reported weights (ICC=0.977) and heights (ICC=0.943). The BMI sensitivity, in its various categories, was around 80%, and the specificity was close to 92%. There was a slight and uniform tendency toward self-reported weight underestimation and self-reported height overestimation in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported and measured weight and height information had good agreement and validity. In similar populations, when few resources are available, it is possible to use self-reported data instead of actual measurements.

Objective: Previous research has shown that women, restrained eaters, and over- weight/obese individuals have a tendency to underreport their weight. This study investi- gated gender, dietary restraint, and BMI to determine which is the best predictor of errors in self-reported weight. Method: A total of 241 college students completed questionnaires pertaining to height and weight and then were weighed in the laboratory. Results: Although overall students were fairly accurate in reporting their weight, restraint status was the best predictor of weight underestimation. Discussion: These results suggest that restrained eaters, regardless of gender or BMI, have a tendency to underestimate their weight. # 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 177-180, 2003.

Background: previous studies of the accuracy of self-reported weight have been criticised for using inadequate methods and have included only young or middle aged adults. Self-report is more likely to be relied upon in both clinical and research practice in older age groups. The cultural pressures that may cause the tendency among younger women to underestimate their weight, particularly when they arc overweight, may operate differently in older women. Objective: to determine the accuracy of self-reported weight among older women. Methods: national cross sectional survey of women aged 60-79 from 9 towns across England, Scotland and Wales. Self-reported weight from a participant questionnaire was compared to measured weight at examination. Results: of 2729 women who were invited, 1636 (60%) returned the questionnaire (of whom 1549 gave a self-reported weight) and 1384 (51%) attended for examination (of whom 1381 were weighed). In total there were 1310 (48% of the total invited sample) with complete self-report and measured weight. Self-reported and measured weight were highly correlated (Pearson's correlation coefficient, 0.982 95% confidence interval, 0.979-0.983) and self-reported weight differed from measured weight by only 1.0 kg (95% confidence interval 0.8 kg, 1.1 kg) on average. However, a difference plot, with limits of agreement at -4.0 kg to +6.0 kg (95% confidence intervals: lower limit -4.3 kg, -3.8 kg; upper limit +5.7 kg, +6.2 kg) revealed poor agreement between methods. Obese individuals, in particular, were more likely to underestimate their weight. Conclusions: though self-report of weight by women in their 60s and 70s is highly correlated, at an individual level differences between self-report and measured weight arc frequently large. Obese individuals, in particular, tend to underestimate their weight. Self-report of weight should not be relied upon in prospective epidemiological studies or Clinical practice when accuracy at the level of the individual is required.

Obesity is of increasing concern especially among firefighters. Bias in self-reported body weight, height and body mass index (BMI) has received a great deal of attention given its importance in epidemiological field research on obesity.To determine the validity of self-reported weight, height and BMI and identify potential sources of bias in a national sample of US firefighters.Self-reported and measured weight and height (and BMI derived from them) were assessed in a national sample of 1001 career male firefighters in the USA and errors in self-reported data were determined.There were 1001 participants. Self-reported weight, height and BMI were significantly correlated with their respective measured counterparts, i.e. measured weight (r = 0.990; P0.001), height (r = 0.961; P0.001) and BMI (r = 0.976; P0.001). The overall mean difference and standard deviation between self-reported weight, height and BMI were 1.3±2.0kg, 0.94±1.9cm and 0.09±0.9kg/m(2), respectively, for male firefighters. BMI-based weight status (P0.001) was the most consistent factor associated with bias in self-reported BMI, weight and height, with heavier firefighters more likely to underestimate their weight and overestimate their height, resulting in underestimated BMIs. Therefore, using self-reported BMI would have resulted in overestimating the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0) by 1.8%, but underestimating the prevalence of more serious levels of obesity (Class II and III) by 1.2%.Self-reported weight and height (and the resulting BMI) were highly correlated with measured values. A primary and consistent source of error in self-reported weight, height and BMI based on those indices was BMI-based weight status.

Objective This study investigated the accuracy of self-reported weight and height in individuals with an eating disorder (i.e., anorexia nervosa [AN] and bulimia nervosa [BN]) and in individuals without an eating disorder (i.e., dieters and nondieters). Method Self-reported and measured weights and heights were obtained from the eating disorder sample (n = 81) and the college student sample (n = 163) and were compared within and between the groups. Results Eating disorder patients were extremely accurate at self-reporting their weight. However, there was a significant difference in accuracy between AN and BN patients. AN patients slightly overreported their weight, whereas BN patients slightly underreported their weight. Both dieters and nondieters significantly underreported their weight. However, dieters significantly underreported their weight to a greater degree than did the nondieters. Discussion The implications of these subgroup differences and their specificity to weight reporting are discussed with reference to the accuracy of self-reported height.© 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 59–64, 2001.

STUDY OBJECTIVE—To determine whether self reported heights and weights from Scottish adults can provide an accurate assessment of obesity prevalence in the population. DESIGN—Standardised clinic measurements of weight and height were compared against self reported values on a postal questionnaire in the fourth Scottish MONICA cross sectional study. SETTING—A sex and five year age band stratified random population sample drawn from general practitioner registers in north Glasgow in 1995. Response rate 63% for men and 62% for women. PARTICIPANTS—A total of 865 men and 971 women aged between 25 and 64 years. RESULTS—Men and women under-reported their weight by a mean (SD) of 0.63 (3.45) kg and 0.95 (2.64) kg respectively, and their height by a mean (SD) of 1.3 (2.50) cm and 1.7 (2.37) cm respectively. Estimated body mass index, BMI (kg/m2) varied from true (measured) BMI by +0.19 (1.40) for men and by +0.17 (1.34) for women. The only age/sex group in which BMI was under-estimated from self reports (mean 0.2) was the 55-64 year old women. Prediction equations that explained 90% (men) and 88% (women) of the difference between self reported and measured height included age and self reported weight. The equivalent prediction equations for weight explained 93% of the difference between self reported and measured weight for men and included smoking and diabetic status, while for women 96% of the variance was explained with no further variables being significant. Sensitivity and specificity for determining clinical obesity (BMI⩾30) were 83% and 96% respectively for men, and 89% and 97% for women. CONCLUSIONS—This Scottish population was unique in the under-reporting of height as well as weight, which resulted in BMI estimates with low error. These data suggest that self reported weights and heights would be satisfactory for the monitoring of obesity prevalence in Scotland. Keywords: obesity measurement; obesity prevalence; self reports

AIM: To explore the relationship between self-reported weight and height to actual weight and height in a cross-sectional nationally representative sample of young adolescents. METHODS: Weights and heights were obtained on 1932 adolescents aged 12–16 y enrolled in the NHANES III study. Self-reported weights and heights were available on 1657 of the adolescents (86%). RESULTS: Correlation between self-reported weight and actual weight ranged between 0.87 and 0.94, depending on gender or race. However, self-reported weights were significantly lower than measured weights among girls, compared to boys (P

INTRODUCTION: Self-reported weight and height were compared with direct measurements in order to evaluate the agreement between the two sources. METHOD: Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study on health status from a probabilistic sample of 1,183 employees of a bank, in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Direct measurements were made of 322 employees. Differences between the two sources were evaluated using mean differences, limits of agreement and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Men and women tended to underestimate their weight while differences between self-reported and measured height were insignificant. Body mass index (BMI) mean differences were smaller than those observed for weight. ICC was over 0.98 for weight and 0.95 for BMI, expressing close agreement. Combining a graphical method with ICC may be useful in pilot studies to detect populational groups capable of providing reliable information on weight and height, thus minimizing resources needed for field work.