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Foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) is 'a distinct complex set of self-perceptions, beliefs, feelings and behaviours related to classroom language learning arising from the uniqueness of the language learning process' (Horwitz, Horwitz and Cope 1986: 128) [Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal 70, no. 2: 125–32] which potentially has a negative impact on achievement and engagement in language learning. The purpose of the investigation reported here was to examine how two online modalities – Zoom video conferencing and the virtual world, Second Life – affected FLCA among Chinese language beginners performing tasks using the different modes. Through statistical and thematical analyses of survey data along with open-ended questions from 55 participants, it was found that the relationship between FLCA levels experienced by learners on these modalities was influenced by various factors such as gender differences, task-related language skills, and self-perceived language proficiency. The study also suggests that FLCA is dependent on the learners' immediate learning experience, particularly in relation to their level of engagement and task awareness. Despite the small sample size, the study sheds light on the advantages and limitations of each modality in terms of its effect on students' FLCA and performance in task-based language teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the reuse of traction batteries, many different scenarios exist, for example, stationary storage farms or fast charging stations. Another second-life usage scenario is the reuse of batteries as home energy storage in combination with a photovoltaic installation in a private household. This application is the focus of the present study. Home energy storage is a reasonable possibility for storing renewable energy and conserving resources, but it also includes multiple challenges regarding reliability and safety requirements. Within this study, these challenges are investigated. A battery inspection concept was developed, and a logistic model for considering the legal requirements was created. Data from different use cases were selected, and their structure was homogenized. To assess their safety, fire tests were performed. In addition, a concept for a reliability assessment that provides the possibility to evaluate the suitability of a battery for a second-life application based on usage data in its first life was developed. Based on the results, a prototype of a second-life storage system was built from traction battery cells removed from electric vehicles. This prototype is currently used to store energy from a photovoltaic system, and its usage data were collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metaverse is not a new concept; since 2005, online platforms have been experimenting with 3D virtual worlds, which are permanent spaces built by users. The most successful experience in this regard was Second Life, which rekindled the previous hype around the metaverse between the end of 2006 and the beginning of 2007. Through the narrative of the reports taken with the avatar Marco Manray, the early history of Second Life is retraced, comparing it to recent attempts at creating a metaverse. The topic of in-game photography is also introduce.

This study explores the anticipated changes in team collaboration driven by the rise of AI-reliant businesses in the metaverse. The research is motivated by the rapid technological advancements and increasing interest from major tech companies in creating shared virtual environments for distributed teams. The main objective is to investigate how team collaboration will evolve in this new context, providing insights for future metaverse team members and leaders. The qualitative study employs semi-structured, in-depth interviews in January-February 2022 with team members from the virtual world of Second Life, focusing on payment satisfaction, globalized team culture, training and learning, and fictional identities. This research period is contemporary, reflecting current trends and capabilities. The primary methods include thematic analysis of interview data to identify emerging patterns. Data is analyzed using "Dedoose", a web application for mixed methods research, and collected in several codes and subcodes that will eventually form a "code tree". Descriptive validity, interpretative validity, theoretical validity and generalizable validity were confirmed. Key findings reveal that metaverse-native teams need innovative payment methods and a focus on authentic self-expression. A globalized team culture will require balancing work and social life in virtual environments, with Corporate Social Responsibility being vital to attracting Generation Alpha. Payment satisfaction will shift towards fulfilment and unique experiences rather than just financial security, and businesses should explore alternative payment methods beyond cryptocurrency. Fictional identities will necessitate building metaverse-specific reputations for professionalism and trust. Training and learning will connect virtual and real-life scenarios, enhancing skills and quality. The study confirms that traditional collaboration models may only partially apply in augmented virtuality. These results have practical significance for businesses and professionals preparing to operate in the metaverse, offering a foundation for future research and development in virtual team collaboration.

The Metaverse is a regenerated digital environment that fully immerses people in a virtual world experience. It is often referred to as the "internet of the future" and has drawn the interest of businesses and academics as well. An analysis was carried out utilizing Second Life as a platform in order to investigate this idea and comprehend consumers' motivations to purchase. 267 valid responses to a web-based survey using judgment and convenience sampling were obtained. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 20 to assess the validity and reliability of the seven-dimension Technology Acceptance Model. Multiple regression modeling, validity and reliability analyses, and descriptive statistics have been carried out. The study's other hypotheses, such as the benefits of telepresence on trust, perceived usefulness, and enjoyment; perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness; perceived usefulness on attitudes; trust on attitudes; perceived social presence on trust and enjoyment; and enjoyment on attitudes in Second Life, were supported by the findings, even though the hypothesis that perceived social presence positively influenced perceived usefulness in Second Life was not supported. This research provides insights into the Metaverse and its users' virtual product purchase intentions, shedding light on its potential impact on future internet experiences.

Large quantities of battery systems will be discarded from electric vehicles in the future. Non-destructive separation of used electric vehicle (EV) traction batteries enables a second life of battery components, extraction of high value secondary materials, and reduces the environmental footprint of recycling and separation processes. In this study, the key performance indicators (KPIs) for the second life application of spent EV batteries are identified. Three battery packs are analyzed in terms of the joining techniques used—and possible separation techniques—considering only direct recycling methods. The components that can be recovered from these batteries are evaluated against the KPIs. This study shows that all the batteries analyzed allow a second life in stationary and semi-stationary electrical storage systems and marine applications when used at the pack and module levels. Two packs can be reused in electric vehicles such as forklifts. However, the feasibility of re-use in micro-mobility and consumer electronics is very limited. This study shows that technically feasible separation methods are dictated and constrained by the joining techniques used. As welding and adhesive bonding pose challenges to separation processes, future efforts should prioritize 'design for disassembly' to ensure sustainable battery life cycle management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest in consumer behavior in the digital environment is leading scholars and companies to focus on consumer behavior and choices on digital platforms, such as the metaverse. On this immersive digital shopping platform, consumer neuroscience provides an optimal opportunity to explore consumers' emotions and cognitions. In this study, neuroscience techniques (EEG, SC, BVP) were used to compare emotional and cognitive aspects of shopping between metaverse and traditional e-commerce platforms. Participants were asked to purchase the same product once on a metaverse platform (Second Life, SL) and once via an e-commerce website (EC). After each task, questionnaires were administered to measure perceived enjoyment, informativeness, ease of use, cognitive effort, and flow. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine differences between SL and EC at the neurophysiological and self-report levels, as well as between different stages of the purchase process. The results show that SL elicits greater cognitive engagement than EC, but it is also more mentally demanding, with a higher workload and more memorization, and fails to elicit a strong positive emotional response, leading to a poorer shopping experience. These findings provide insights not only for digital-related consumer research but also for companies to improve their metaverse shopping experience. Before investing in the platform or creating a digital retail space, companies should thoroughly analyze it, focusing on how to enhance users' cognition and emotions, ultimately promoting a better consumer experience. Despite its limitations, this pilot study sheds light on the emotional and cognitive aspects of metaverse shopping and suggests potential for further research with a consumer neuroscience approach in the metaverse field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of 2035, the European Union has ratified the obligation to register only zero-emission cars, including ultra-low-emission vehicles (ULEVs). In this context, electric mobility fits in, which, however, presents the critical issue of the over-exploitation of critical raw materials (CRMs). An interesting solution to reduce this burden could be the so-called second life, in which batteries that are no longer able to guarantee high performance in vehicles are used for other applications that do not require high performance, such as so-called stationary systems, effectively avoiding new over-exploitation of resources. In this study, therefore, the environmental impacts of second-life lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries are verified using a life cycle perspective, taking a second life project as a case study. The results show how, through the second life, GWP could be reduced by −5.06 × 101 kg CO2 eq/kWh, TEC by −3.79 × 100 kg 1.4 DCB eq/kWh, HNCT by −3.46 × 100 kg 1.4 DCB eq/kWh, −3.88 × 100 m2a crop eq/kWh, and −1.12 × 101 kg oil eq/kWh. It is further shown how second life is potentially preferable to other forms of recycling, such as hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling, as it shows lower environmental impacts in all impact categories, with environmental benefits of, for example, −1.19 × 101 kg CO2 eq/kWh (compared to hydrometallurgical recycling) and −1.50 × 101 kg CO2 eq/kWh (pyrometallurgical recycling), −3.33 × 102 kg 1.4 DCB eq/kWh (hydrometallurgical), and −3.26 × 102 kg 1.4 DCB eq/kWh (pyrometallurgical), or −3.71 × 100 kg oil eq/kWh (hydrometallurgical) and −4.56 × 100 kg oil eq/kWh (pyrometallurgical). By extending the service life of spent batteries, it may therefore be possible to extract additional value while minimizing emissions and the over-exploitation of resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to understand the role of metaverse in libraries and librarians. The new conceptions; such as virtual reality, augmented reality, second life, metaverse, metamodernism, metaliteracy, and metalibrarian, have been discussed in the context of realworld libraries and librarians in the article. The organization of the article has been divided into four sections, which are interconnected with libraries and librarians. The first section starts with virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies and underlines the important roles of the library and librarians. The second section continues the Second Life (SL), which is the preperiod of metaverse, and points out the importance of librarians and libraries. Finally, the fourth and last section focuses on the metaverse, as it is a new contradictory concept in the digital age, and discusses the metamodernism within the metaverse age by providing new roles and tasks for both libraries and librarians, which will be called "metalibrarian" thereafter. A systematic literature review has been used to position the role of metalibrarians among the other target groups such as educators, communicators, designers, et al. at the metamodernism age. As the existing literature indicates that metalibrarians have heavy duties on their shoulders to both design curricula for the metalibrary users, and manage information resources. Research has been proposed on the new roles, tasks, responsibilities, and competencies for metalibrarians to embrace the metaverse environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual Worlds (VWs) provide an improved learning experience as they have an increased level of user participation and technological involvement. They avoid content duplication and following a set of predefined rules to overcome the issues in game environments. VWs are coherent, persistent and collaborative social places that believe in realism through immersion. Client viewer software is used for user immersion in the form of avatars and in-world content creation in these environments. This work presents a simple bi-lingual environment developed for kids' learning in English and Urdu using the well-known VW development framework called OpenSimulator (OpSim). It used Firestorm viewer for in-world content development and Linden Scripting Language for making the content dynamic and interactive. This work used Blender, Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator for developing images of different objects and adding their related dynamics before integrating them within the OpSim. It developed some basic activities for learning about colours, national personalities of Pakistan, Urdu alphabets, geometrical shapes and fruits. Bots were used to populate the content for making it more appealing. The proposed environment provides an arbitrary number of tries to perform each activity and guides kids through a real time positive feedback towards an improved learning. This work conducted initial validation tests of the proposed presence on standalone mode of OpSim framework with the help of domain experts, which confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism. However, it was suggested to conduct further validation on grid mode of OpSim framework. The developed environment shall be compared with other methods for learning purposes. It could incorporate more languages, activities and lessons. 3D working models of the alphabets, fruits and vegetables, and customized avatars capable of interacting with kids would offer more positive impact on learning. Similarly, the simple tasks could be extended to multiplayer collaborative games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar-based home PV systems are the most amazing eco-friendly energy innovations in the world, which are not only climate-friendly but also cost-effective solutions. The tropical environment of Malaysia makes it difficult to adopt photovoltaic (PV) systems because of the protracted rainy monsoon season, which makes PV systems useless without backup batteries. Large quantities of lithium-ion battery (LIB) trash are being produced by the electric vehicle (EV) sector. A total of 75% of the highest capacity levels have been discarded. By 2035, it is predicted that the wasted LIBs held as a result of expensive recycling and difficult material separation would carry up to 1200 GWh. An economical and sustainable option is offered by our study, which prototypes a replicated LIB pack that is incorporated into a PV home system. This study investigates the transformational power of second-life electric vehicle batteries (SLEVBs) when incorporated into home photovoltaic (PV) systems. The concept entails reusing existing electric vehicle batteries for stationary applications, offering a unique approach to extending the life of these batteries while meeting the growing need for sustainable domestic energy storage. The study looks at the technological feasibility, economic viability, and environmental effect of introducing SLEVBs into household PV systems, giving vital insight into their role in revolutionizing energy storage techniques and promoting sustainability. In comparison to the Lead–Acid Battery (LAB) system, the SLEVB system has a cheaper total cost of ownership, with savings of 12.62% compared with new LABs. A CO2 emission reduction of at least 20% is achieved by using the SLEVB system compared with LABs. Electricity can be provided in houses in rural areas where there is no electricity. As a result, the security and superiority of the life of rural residents will improve. It is anticipated that the suggested strategy will lower EV pricing, enabling EV adoption for M40 and B40 groups. Consequently, the Malaysian and worldwide EV business will remain viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Net zero targets have resulted in a drive to decarbonise the transport sector worldwide through electrification. This has, in turn, led to an exponentially growing battery market and, conversely, increasing attention on how we can reduce the environmental impact of batteries and promote a more efficient circular economy to achieve real net zero. As these batteries reach the end of their first life, challenges arise as to how to collect and process them, in order to maximise their economical use before finally being recycled. Despite the growing body of work around this topic, the decision-making process on which pathways batteries could take is not yet well understood, and clear policies and standards to support implementation of processes and infrastructure are still lacking. Requirements and challenges behind recycling and second life applications are complex and continue being defined in industry and academia. Both pathways rely on cell collection, selection and processing, and are confronted with the complexities of pack disassembly, as well as a diversity of cell chemistries, state-of-health, size, and form factor. There are several opportunities to address these barriers, such as standardisation of battery design and reviewing the criteria for a battery's end-of-life. These revisions could potentially improve the overall sustainability of batteries, but may require policies to drive such transformation across the industry. The influence of policies in triggering a pattern of behaviour that favours one pathway over another are examined and suggestions are made for policy amendments that could support a second life pipeline, while encouraging the development of an efficient recycling industry. This review explains the different pathways that end-of-life EV batteries could follow, either immediate recycling or service in one of a variety of second life applications, before eventual recycling. The challenges and barriers to each pathway are discussed, taking into account their relative environmental and economic feasibility and competing advantages and disadvantages of each. The review identifies key areas where processes need to be simplified and decision criteria clearly defined, so that optimal pathways can be rapidly determined for each end-of-life battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

End-of-life electric vehicle (EV) batteries can be reused to reduce their environmental impact and economic costs. However, the growth of the second-life market is limited by the lack of information on the characteristics and performance of these batteries. As the volume of end-of-life EVs may exceed the amount of batteries needed for stationary applications, investigating the possibility of repurposing them in mobile applications is also necessary. This article presents an experimental test that can be used to collect the data necessary to fill a battery passport. The proposed procedure can facilitate the decision-making process regarding the suitability of a battery for reuse at the end of its first life. Once the battery passport has been completed, the performance and characteristics of the battery are compared with the requirements of several mobile applications. Mobile charging stations and forklift trucks were identified as relevant applications for the reuse of high-capacity prismatic cells. Finally, a definition of the state of health (SoH) is proposed to track the suitability of the battery during use in the second-life application considering not only the energy but also the power and efficiency of the battery. This SoH shows that even taking into account accelerated ageing data, a repurposed battery can have an extended life of 11 years at 25 °C. It has also been shown that energy fade is the most limiting performance factor for the lifetime and that cell-to-cell variation should be tracked as it has been shown to have a significant impact on the battery life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the anticipated changes in team collaboration driven by the rise of AI-reliant businesses in the metaverse. The research is motivated by the rapid technological advancements and increasing interest from major tech companies in creating shared virtual environments for distributed teams. The main objective is to investigate how team collaboration will evolve in this new context, providing insights for future metaverse team members and leaders. The qualitative study employs semi-structured, in-depth interviews in January-February 2022 with team members from the virtual world of Second Life, focusing on payment satisfaction, globalized team culture, training and learning, and fictional identities. This research period is contemporary, reflecting current trends and capabilities. The primary methods include thematic analysis of interview data to identify emerging patterns. Data is analyzed using "Dedoose", a web application for mixed methods research, and collected in several codes and subcodes that will eventually form a "code tree". Descriptive validity, interpretative validity, theoretical validity and generalizable validity were confirmed. Key findings reveal that metaverse-native teams need innovative payment methods and a focus on authentic self-expression. A globalized team culture will require balancing work and social life in virtual environments, with Corporate Social Responsibility being vital to attracting Generation Alpha. Payment satisfaction will shift towards fulfilment and unique experiences rather than just financial security, and businesses should explore alternative payment methods beyond cryptocurrency. Fictional identities will necessitate building metaverse-specific reputations for professionalism and trust. Training and learning will connect virtual and real-life scenarios, enhancing skills and quality. The study confirms that traditional collaboration models may only partially apply in augmented virtuality. These results have practical significance for businesses and professionals preparing to operate in the metaverse, offering a foundation for future research and development in virtual team collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second-life applications for lithium-ion batteries offer industry opportunities to defer recycling costs, enhance economic value, and reduce environmental impacts. However, cells are affected by numerous aging phenomena which can lead to an acceleration in capacity loss. This paper uses postmortem techniques to compare aging phenomenon in 1.1 Ah 18650 graphite/LFP cells, examining the differences between a pristine cell and three cells aged to 40~30% of state of health (SoH). Macroscopic and microscopic techniques are used to identify aging phenomenon occurring in the cell on both positive and negative electrodes. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) with back-scattered electron (BSE) detector are used to analyze each electrode. These methods are used to analyze the morphology and the material on each electrode. The results show a stable positive LFP electrode whereas numerous deposits and cracking occurred on the negative electrode. A discussion of the appearance of those aging phenomenon is presented. Impacts for industrial cells in second-life applications are finally discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1992, Stephenson described a type of metaverse in his science fiction novel Snow Crash. Through his imagination, Stephenson is said to have directly influenced the makers of Google Earth, and, more recently, Silicon Valley’s “Metaverse”. In addition, there was a spate of literature published 15–20 years ago, related to metaverse concepts with the introduction of Second Life in June 2003 by Linden Labs. Many users experienced virtual spaces, shopped with virtual currency (Linden dollar, L ${\$}$), and even frequented virtual storefronts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the roads has led to a rise in the number of batteries reaching the end of their first life. Such batteries, however, still have a capacity of 75–80% remaining, creating an opportunity for a second life in less power-intensive applications. Utilising these second-life batteries (SLBs) requires specific preparation, including grading the batteries based on their State of Health (SoH); repackaging, considering the end-use requirements; and the development of an accurate battery-management system (BMS) based on validated theoretical models. In this paper, we conduct a technical review of mathematical modelling and experimental analyses of SLBs to address existing challenges in BMS development. Our review reveals that most of the recent research focuses on environmental and economic aspects rather than technical challenges. The review suggests the use of equivalent-circuit models with 2RCs and 3RCs, which exhibit good accuracy for estimating the performance of lithium-ion batteries during their second life. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests provide valuable information about the SLBs' degradation history and conditions. For addressing calendar-ageing mechanisms, electrochemical models are suggested over empirical models due to their effectiveness and efficiency. Additionally, generating cycle-ageing test profiles based on real application scenarios using synthetic load data is recommended for reliable predictions. Artificial intelligence algorithms show promise in predicting SLB cycle-ageing fading parameters, offering significant time-saving benefits for lab testing. Our study emphasises the importance of focusing on technical challenges to facilitate the effective utilisation of SLBs in stationary applications, such as building energy-storage systems and EV charging stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The battery electric drive is an important component of sustainable mobility. However, this is associated with energy-intensive battery production and high demand for raw materials. The circular economy can be used to overcome these barriers. In particular, the secondary use of batteries in stationary energy storage systems (B2U storage systems) has been proposed for the circularity of electromobility. To implement such systems, a circular business model and a cross-industry ecosystem are required. However, the meaning, scope, and structure of these concepts have received little research to date. To close this gap, a theoretical construct for a circular business model based on the theory of business model, sustainability, circular economy, and ecosystem must be developed. On this basis, 16 expert interviews were conducted and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Numerous challenges resulted from the analysis. The willingness to pay for B2U storage systems is limited, the availability of second-life batteries is restricted, and dismantling as well as testing the batteries is time-consuming. Product-service systems help to increase the willingness to pay and expand the value proposition and value capture, digital technologies realize cost-efficient value creation, and an effective ecosystem enables the expansion of battery procurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–ion batteries are well established as traction batteries for electric vehicles. This has led to a growing market for second-life batteries that can be used in applications like home energy storage systems. Moreover, the recyclability and safe handling of aged or damaged cells and packs has become more important. While there are several indicators, like state of health (SOH), state of power (SOP), or state of safety (SOS), which describe the state of a battery before its defined end of life (EOL), there is no consistent classification methodology by which to describe the usability of a cell or pack after its EOL is reached. The proposed state of usability (SOU) provides a new indicator that accounts for the usability for second life, recyclability, and possible required safety handling of a lithium–ion battery after its first intended life cycle. This work presents a decision tree method, which in turn leads to five discrete usability levels enabling a fast and rough determination of the SOU for practical use. Further, a calculation methodology for reasonable continuous regions of the SOU is proposed. Both methods are based on a literature-based rating of all of the relevant defect and aging mechanisms displayed in a risk matrix. Finally, some experimental methods that can be used for SOU determination are proposed. The developed methodology and the hands-on approach using a decision tree are well-suited for real world application in recycling companies and battery test laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The driving and charging behaviours of Electric Vehicle (EV) users exhibit considerable variation, which substantially impacts the battery degradation rate and its root causes. EV battery packs undergo second-life application after first-life retirement, with SoH measurements taken before redeployment. However, the impact of the root cause of degradation on second-life performance remains unknown. Hence, the question remains whether it is necessary to have more than a simple measure of state of health (SoH) before redeployment. This article presents experimental data to investigate this. As part of the experiment, a group of cells at around 80% SoH, representing retired EV batteries, were cycled using a representative second-life duty cycle. Cells with a similar root cause of degradation in the first life (100–80% SoH) exhibited the same degradation rate in second life after being cycled with the same duty cycle during the second life. When the root cause of degradation in the first life is different, the degradation rate in the second life may not be the same. These findings suggest that the root cause of a cell's first-life degradation impacts how it degrades in its second life. Postmortem analysis (photographic and SEM images) reveals the similar physical condition of negative electrodes which have similar degradation rates in their second life cycle. This demonstrates that cells with a similar first life SoH and root cause of degradation indeed experience a similar life during their second life. The experimental results, along with the subsequent postmortem analysis, suggest that relying solely on SoH assessment is insufficient. It is crucial to take into account the root causes of cell degradation before redeployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been an increasing commitment to give batteries a second life, as they are being consumed for different uses and the recycling methods are not defined. This work aims to show how a storage system based on disused Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries has been recovered and integrated into the CE.D.E.RCIEMAT smart microgrid over a period of ten years during which the operation of the system has been affected. During the recovery process, the cells have been classified according to their voltage, and a series of charge-discharge processes have been carried out on them at different voltages to determine their state of health and capacity. Once characterised, the system was assembled and commissioned with the appropriate cells. In addition, for the storage system, a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) has been developed in Home Assistant for its integration into the CE.D.E.R.’s microgrid management system. This allows the microgrid to be managed more efficiently, storing surplus energy from distributed generation sources and discharging the stored energy during peak consumption periods to reduce peaks, reduce discharges to the distribution grid and reduce the cost of electricity bills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to tackle climate change, various sectors, including the transport sector, are turning towards increased electrification. As a result, there has been a swift increase in the sales of electric vehicles (EVs) that use lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). When LIBs reach their end of life in EVs, it may still be possible to use them in other, less demanding applications, giving them a second life. This article describes a case study where the feasibility of a hypothetical business repurposing Tesla Model S/X batteries in the Ostrobothnia region, Finland, is investigated. A material-flow analysis is conducted to estimate the number of batteries becoming available for second-life applications from both the Ostrobothnia region and Finland up to 2035. The cost of repurposing batteries is evaluated for four different scenarios, with the batteries being processed either on the pack, module, or cell level. Three scenarios were found to be feasible, with repurposing costs of 27.2–38.3 EUR/kWh. The last scenario, in which all battery packs are disassembled at the cell level, was found not to be feasible due to the labor intensiveness of disassembly and testing at the cell level. This work gives indications of the potential for repurposing batteries in the Ostrobothnia region and Finland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In electric vehicles (EVs), because of the high current demand, lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) degradation makes the EVs suffer from limitations in their maximum autonomy and acceleration. Thus, after a certain point, the LiBs cannot continue to operate in these applications. However, after the LiB is removed from the EV, it still has about 80% of its nominal capacity available. Therefore, an interesting alternative to not discarding these LiBs is to reuse them in applications with lower current demand, such as power backup systems, this process is known as second-life. In second-life applications, due to the high degradation state of the LiBs, the need to implement an algorithm to estimate the remaining useful life (RUL) is necessary as it provides an aid to preventive maintenance. Many methods can be applied to estimate the RUL of LiBs; nevertheless, many of them require a large amount of training data, or are not suitable for embedded applications. Also, due to the nature of second-life LiBs, the degradation curve of these LiBs can be very unpredictable, and estimating their RUL is a challenge. In this context, this work proposes a method that employs an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and a degradation curve model to perform online estimations of the RUL of second-life LiBs. The proposed algorithm was validated using experimental data that consists of the degradation curve of six distinct second-life LiBs. During the validation of the algorithm, in the worst-case scenario, a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and R2 score, equal to 5.279% and 0.726, were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Net zero targets have resulted in a drive to decarbonise the transport sector worldwide through electrification. This has, in turn, led to an exponentially growing battery market and, conversely, increasing attention on how we can reduce the environmental impact of batteries and promote a more efficient circular economy to achieve real net zero. As these batteries reach the end of their first life, challenges arise as to how to collect and process them, in order to maximise their economical use before finally being recycled. Despite the growing body of work around this topic, the decision-making process on which pathways batteries could take is not yet well understood, and clear policies and standards to support implementation of processes and infrastructure are still lacking. Requirements and challenges behind recycling and second life applications are complex and continue being defined in industry and academia. Both pathways rely on cell collection, selection and processing, and are confronted with the complexities of pack disassembly, as well as a diversity of cell chemistries, state-of-health, size, and form factor. There are several opportunities to address these barriers, such as standardisation of battery design and reviewing the criteria for a battery’s end-of-life. These revisions could potentially improve the overall sustainability of batteries, but may require policies to drive such transformation across the industry. The influence of policies in triggering a pattern of behaviour that favours one pathway over another are examined and suggestions are made for policy amendments that could support a second life pipeline, while encouraging the development of an efficient recycling industry. This review explains the different pathways that end-of-life EV batteries could follow, either immediate recycling or service in one of a variety of second life applications, before eventual recycling. The challenges and barriers to each pathway are discussed, taking into account their relative environmental and economic feasibility and competing advantages and disadvantages of each. The review identifies key areas where processes need to be simplified and decision criteria clearly defined, so that optimal pathways can be rapidly determined for each end-of-life battery.

Abstract The use of three-dimensional virtual worlds (3DVWs) in language education has been widely acknowledged in the field, and researchers have expressed a growing interest in their proliferation in second language (L2) learning and instruction. In order to improve the Thai-speaking abilities of learners of Thai as a foreign language (TFL) in three Asian nations, this study implemented collaborative tasks in the Redesign of Instruction for foreign Language and Communication Achievement (RILCA) World hosted by Second Life over a 10-weeks period. The participants were forty second-year undergraduate students enrolled in Thai courses in China, Japan, and Hong Kong. A pre-experimental design was employed, which involved administering a pretest measure, followed by ten identical collaborative tasks, and a posttest to each of the three classes in RILCA World. The results of the investigation demonstrate that the use of collaborative tasks in RILCA World can provide L2 learners with educational opportunities that are unrestricted by time and geography and enhance TFL speaking results. The implications of these findings for the applicability of 3DVWs and collaborative tasks in boosting foreign language speaking skills are highlighted. The collaborative tasks and insights presented in this study not only serve as a practical resource for TFL educational scenarios, but also contribute to the body of knowledge regarding a range of L2 learning and teaching in 3DVWs.

Battery needs are increasing due to the exponential growth in demand for electric vehicles and renewable energy generation. These factors lead to the growing waste management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Thus, recycling or finding a second life for LIBs is a growing industry due to its environmental and economic benefits. This work compares the benefits, economic advantages and disadvantages of battery recycling, including second-life battery applications. Different reports and case studies are analyzed to define the materials that may be recovered and the efficiency of the recycling process. To understand the economics of using recycled, second use, or new LIBs, this work evaluates three distinct projects, namely residential, commercial, and solar farm storage. The investigation aims to calculate and compare the net present value (NPV) for the residential storage project and the equivalent annual cost (EAC) for each project to determine the most viable industrial process within those parameters. The data analysis demonstrated that the second-life battery project has the lowest EAC, making it the most viable industrial process. However, although the second-life battery project presents the highest NPV for the project's first 10 years, the recycled battery project shows the highest NPV for the remainder of a typical 20-year project.

Large quantities of battery systems will be discarded from electric vehicles in the future. Non-destructive separation of used electric vehicle (EV) traction batteries enables a second life of battery components, extraction of high value secondary materials, and reduces the environmental footprint of recycling and separation processes. In this study, the key performance indicators (KPIs) for the second life application of spent EV batteries are identified. Three battery packs are analyzed in terms of the joining techniques used—and possible separation techniques—considering only direct recycling methods. The components that can be recovered from these batteries are evaluated against the KPIs. This study shows that all the batteries analyzed allow a second life in stationary and semi-stationary electrical storage systems and marine applications when used at the pack and module levels. Two packs can be reused in electric vehicles such as forklifts. However, the feasibility of re-use in micro-mobility and consumer electronics is very limited. This study shows that technically feasible separation methods are dictated and constrained by the joining techniques used. As welding and adhesive bonding pose challenges to separation processes, future efforts should prioritize ‘design for disassembly’ to ensure sustainable battery life cycle management.

The growing interest in consumer behavior in the digital environment is leading scholars and companies to focus on consumer behavior and choices on digital platforms, such as the metaverse. On this immersive digital shopping platform, consumer neuroscience provides an optimal opportunity to explore consumers’ emotions and cognitions. In this study, neuroscience techniques (EEG, SC, BVP) were used to compare emotional and cognitive aspects of shopping between metaverse and traditional e-commerce platforms. Participants were asked to purchase the same product once on a metaverse platform (Second Life, SL) and once via an e-commerce website (EC). After each task, questionnaires were administered to measure perceived enjoyment, informativeness, ease of use, cognitive effort, and flow. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine differences between SL and EC at the neurophysiological and self-report levels, as well as between different stages of the purchase process. The results show that SL elicits greater cognitive engagement than EC, but it is also more mentally demanding, with a higher workload and more memorization, and fails to elicit a strong positive emotional response, leading to a poorer shopping experience. These findings provide insights not only for digital-related consumer research but also for companies to improve their metaverse shopping experience. Before investing in the platform or creating a digital retail space, companies should thoroughly analyze it, focusing on how to enhance users’ cognition and emotions, ultimately promoting a better consumer experience. Despite its limitations, this pilot study sheds light on the emotional and cognitive aspects of metaverse shopping and suggests potential for further research with a consumer neuroscience approach in the metaverse field.

The article, through an ethnographic investigation in the well-known virtual reality called Second Life, attempts to analyze what an avatar is and what its functions are in the virtual world. To this end, the author has observed the role of the avatar in the expression of different, virtual but real identities, the different modes of participation in virtual reality, and the consequences of a multiple identity on a Self that can be said to be dialogical in that it is always contextually different depending on its relationship with the environment and with the other avatars with whom it interacts.

The use of three-dimensional virtual worlds (3DVWs) in language education has been widely acknowledged in the field, and researchers have expressed a growing interest in their proliferation in second language (L2) learning and instruction. In order to improve the Thai-speaking abilities of learners of Thai as a foreign language (TFL) in three Asian nations, this study implemented collaborative tasks in the Redesign of Instruction for foreign Language and Communication Achievement (RILCA) World hosted by Second Life over a 10-weeks period. The participants were forty second-year undergraduate students enrolled in Thai courses in China, Japan, and Hong Kong. A pre-experimental design was employed, which involved administering a pretest measure, followed by ten identical collaborative tasks, and a posttest to each of the three classes in RILCA World. The results of the investigation demonstrate that the use of collaborative tasks in RILCA World can provide L2 learners with educational opportunities that are unrestricted by time and geography and enhance TFL speaking results. The implications of these findings for the applicability of 3DVWs and collaborative tasks in boosting foreign language speaking skills are highlighted. The collaborative tasks and insights presented in this study not only serve as a practical resource for TFL educational scenarios, but also contribute to the body of knowledge regarding a range of L2 learning and teaching in 3DVWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) are used in many personal electronic devices (PED) and energy-demanding applications such as electric vehicles. After their first use, rather than dispose of them for recycling, some may still have reasonable capacity and can be used in secondary applications. The current test methods to assess them are either slow, complex or expensive. The voltage integral during the constant current (CC) charge of the same model of LIBs strongly correlates with the state of health (SOH) and is faster than a full capacity check. Compared to the filtering requirement in the incremental capacity (IC) and differential voltage (DV) or the complex analysis in the electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS), the voltage integral offers a simple integration method, just like the simple capacity Coulomb's counter that is installed in many BMS for estimating the SOC of LIBs. By obtaining the voltage integral of a relatively new cell and an old cell of the same model with known SOH at a given ambient temperature and CC charge, the SOH of other similar cells can be easily estimated by finding their voltage integrals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are a key technology in decarbonizing the transportation and electricity sectors, yet the use of critical materials, such as cobalt, nickel, and lithium, lead to environmental and social impacts. Reusing, repurposing, and recycling mitigate battery impacts by extending their lifespan and reducing reliance on virgin materials. Innovation that reduces demand for these problematic materials and increases battery efficiency also reduces impacts. Two examples of this technological innovation include, (1) the development of energy dense cathode chemistry containing less cobalt, a material with high social and environmental impacts; and (2) the use of columnar silicon thin film anode, which results in increased energy density compared to the commonly used graphite anode. This research assesses whether these technological innovations change the currently understood waste hierarchy, which prioritizes reuse or repurposing prior to recycling. This is of interest because retired high‐cobalt batteries could supply their constituent materials sooner if recycled immediately and be used in low‐cobalt, higher‐performing batteries. The assessment considers the life cycle environmental impacts of two end‐of‐life management routes for a high‐cobalt LIB: first, recycling the battery immediately after the first use life to produce a new, and less material intensive battery, and second, repurposing the battery for a stationary storage application followed by recycling. Findings show that battery reuse reduces life cycle environmental impacts relative to immediate recycling. Thus, from an environmental perspective, the waste hierarchy holds, and steps to retain the batteries in their highest value use, such as through repurposing, should still be prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Metaverse has the potential to form the next pervasive computing archetype that can transform many aspects of work and life at a societal level. Despite the many forecasted benefits from the metaverse, its negative outcomes have remained relatively unexplored with the majority of views grounded on logical thoughts derived from prior data points linked with similar technologies, somewhat lacking academic and expert perspective. This study responds to the dark side perspectives through informed and multifaceted narratives provided by invited leading academics and experts from diverse disciplinary backgrounds. The metaverse dark side perspectives covered include: technological and consumer vulnerability, privacy, and diminished reality, human–computer interface, identity theft, invasive advertising, misinformation, propaganda, phishing, financial crimes, terrorist activities, abuse, pornography, social inclusion, mental health, sexual harassment and metaverse-triggered unintended consequences. The paper concludes with a synthesis of common themes, formulating propositions, and presenting implications for practice and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Battery needs are increasing due to the exponential growth in demand for electric vehicles and renewable energy generation. These factors lead to the growing waste management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Thus, recycling or finding a second life for LIBs is a growing industry due to its environmental and economic benefits. This work compares the benefits, economic advantages and disadvantages of battery recycling, including second-life battery applications. Different reports and case studies are analyzed to define the materials that may be recovered and the efficiency of the recycling process. To understand the economics of using recycled, second use, or new LIBs, this work evaluates three distinct projects, namely residential, commercial, and solar farm storage. The investigation aims to calculate and compare the net present value (NPV) for the residential storage project and the equivalent annual cost (EAC) for each project to determine the most viable industrial process within those parameters. The data analysis demonstrated that the second-life battery project has the lowest EAC, making it the most viable industrial process. However, although the second-life battery project presents the highest NPV for the project's first 10 years, the recycled battery project shows the highest NPV for the remainder of a typical 20-year project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the perception of university students regarding the use of the collaborative virtual reality platform Second Life in the learning of science subjects. The research found that students showed high levels of interaction and motivation in immersive activities, which increased their participation. It is concluded that the use of virtual reality in higher education offers diverse didactic possibilities and stimulates new forms of participation. The study highlights the potential of virtual reality to improve educational practices. [Extracted from the article]

As of 2035, the European Union has ratified the obligation to register only zero-emission cars, including ultra-low-emission vehicles (ULEVs). In this context, electric mobility fits in, which, however, presents the critical issue of the over-exploitation of critical raw materials (CRMs). An interesting solution to reduce this burden could be the so-called second life, in which batteries that are no longer able to guarantee high performance in vehicles are used for other applications that do not require high performance, such as so-called stationary systems, effectively avoiding new over-exploitation of resources. In this study, therefore, the environmental impacts of second-life lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries are verified using a life cycle perspective, taking a second life project as a case study. The results show how, through the second life, GWP could be reduced by −5.06 × 101 kg CO2 eq/kWh, TEC by −3.79 × 100 kg 1.4 DCB eq/kWh, HNCT by −3.46 × 100 kg 1.4 DCB eq/kWh, −3.88 × 100 m2a crop eq/kWh, and −1.12 × 101 kg oil eq/kWh. It is further shown how second life is potentially preferable to other forms of recycling, such as hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling, as it shows lower environmental impacts in all impact categories, with environmental benefits of, for example, −1.19 × 101 kg CO2 eq/kWh (compared to hydrometallurgical recycling) and −1.50 × 101 kg CO2 eq/kWh (pyrometallurgical recycling), −3.33 × 102 kg 1.4 DCB eq/kWh (hydrometallurgical), and −3.26 × 102 kg 1.4 DCB eq/kWh (pyrometallurgical), or −3.71 × 100 kg oil eq/kWh (hydrometallurgical) and −4.56 × 100 kg oil eq/kWh (pyrometallurgical). By extending the service life of spent batteries, it may therefore be possible to extract additional value while minimizing emissions and the over-exploitation of resources.

Solar-based home PV systems are the most amazing eco-friendly energy innovations in the world, which are not only climate-friendly but also cost-effective solutions. The tropical environment of Malaysia makes it difficult to adopt photovoltaic (PV) systems because of the protracted rainy monsoon season, which makes PV systems useless without backup batteries. Large quantities of lithium-ion battery (LIB) trash are being produced by the electric vehicle (EV) sector. A total of 75% of the highest capacity levels have been discarded. By 2035, it is predicted that the wasted LIBs held as a result of expensive recycling and difficult material separation would carry up to 1200 GWh. An economical and sustainable option is offered by our study, which prototypes a replicated LIB pack that is incorporated into a PV home system. This study investigates the transformational power of second-life electric vehicle batteries (SLEVBs) when incorporated into home photovoltaic (PV) systems. The concept entails reusing existing electric vehicle batteries for stationary applications, offering a unique approach to extending the life of these batteries while meeting the growing need for sustainable domestic energy storage. The study looks at the technological feasibility, economic viability, and environmental effect of introducing SLEVBs into household PV systems, giving vital insight into their role in revolutionizing energy storage techniques and promoting sustainability. In comparison to the Lead–Acid Battery (LAB) system, the SLEVB system has a cheaper total cost of ownership, with savings of 12.62% compared with new LABs. A CO2 emission reduction of at least 20% is achieved by using the SLEVB system compared with LABs. Electricity can be provided in houses in rural areas where there is no electricity. As a result, the security and superiority of the life of rural residents will improve. It is anticipated that the suggested strategy will lower EV pricing, enabling EV adoption for M40 and B40 groups. Consequently, the Malaysian and worldwide EV business will remain viable.

End-of-life electric vehicle (EV) batteries can be reused to reduce their environmental impact and economic costs. However, the growth of the second-life market is limited by the lack of information on the characteristics and performance of these batteries. As the volume of end-of-life EVs may exceed the amount of batteries needed for stationary applications, investigating the possibility of repurposing them in mobile applications is also necessary. This article presents an experimental test that can be used to collect the data necessary to fill a battery passport. The proposed procedure can facilitate the decision-making process regarding the suitability of a battery for reuse at the end of its first life. Once the battery passport has been completed, the performance and characteristics of the battery are compared with the requirements of several mobile applications. Mobile charging stations and forklift trucks were identified as relevant applications for the reuse of high-capacity prismatic cells. Finally, a definition of the state of health (SoH) is proposed to track the suitability of the battery during use in the second-life application considering not only the energy but also the power and efficiency of the battery. This SoH shows that even taking into account accelerated ageing data, a repurposed battery can have an extended life of 11 years at 25 °C. It has also been shown that energy fade is the most limiting performance factor for the lifetime and that cell-to-cell variation should be tracked as it has been shown to have a significant impact on the battery life.

Second-life applications for lithium-ion batteries offer industry opportunities to defer recycling costs, enhance economic value, and reduce environmental impacts. However, cells are affected by numerous aging phenomena which can lead to an acceleration in capacity loss. This paper uses postmortem techniques to compare aging phenomenon in 1.1 Ah 18650 graphite/LFP cells, examining the differences between a pristine cell and three cells aged to 40~30% of state of health (SoH). Macroscopic and microscopic techniques are used to identify aging phenomenon occurring in the cell on both positive and negative electrodes. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) with back-scattered electron (BSE) detector are used to analyze each electrode. These methods are used to analyze the morphology and the material on each electrode. The results show a stable positive LFP electrode whereas numerous deposits and cracking occurred on the negative electrode. A discussion of the appearance of those aging phenomenon is presented. Impacts for industrial cells in second-life applications are finally discussed.

El objetivo del estudio es conocer las percepciones de estudiantes universitarios sobre el uso de Second Life como plataforma colaborativa de realidad virtual en el aprendizaje de asignaturas de ciencias. Se desarrolló una investigación empírico analítica de diseño descriptivo no experimental transversal, sostenida por técnicas cuantitativas que recogen datos de 123 estudiantes sobre experiencias de inmersión. Los resultados demuestran formas auténticas para identificarse rápidamente con el entorno y altas dosis de interacción y motivación que incrementan su nivel participativo en las actividades inmersivas. Se concluye que la intención de migrar contenidos de ciencias en un mundo virtual implica una diversidad de posibilidades didácticas y nuevas actuaciones de los participantes en los procesos educativos. El estudio abre las posibilidades de uso de la realidad virtual en la educación superior.