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Podarcis wall lizards mainly feed on coleopterans, orthopterans, arachnids, and other small invertebrates. However, Aegean wall lizards, Podarcis erhardii, are widely distributed across Aegean islands and are increasingly observed eating non-traditional food items ranging from plant material to conspecific eggs and body parts. Here, we report the first documented case of P. erhardii consuming a large centipede, Scolopendra cingulata. The predator-prey relationship between these species has appeared to go both ways and may intensify on islands.

Through a combination of morphological and DNA data, a new scolopendrid centipede from southern and southwestern China was revealed: O. tricarinatus sp. nov. The species belong to the politus group but has three sharp tergal keels. Validation of phylogenetic status was performed through molecular analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 16S rRNA, and 28S rRNA sequences from 16 Otostigmus species. Otostigmus tricarinatus sp. nov. was found to be two populations and varied in the number of spines on the ultimate prefemur, the sutures on a sternite, and a pore-free median longitudinal strip in the pore field. The Yunnan-Guizhou plateau population of O. tricarinatus sp. nov. was sister to the clade O. politus politus + O. politus yunnanensis + Guangxi population of O. tricarinatus sp. nov. with strong support from both BI (bayesian inference) and ML (maximum likelihood) analyses (PP = 1, BS = 97%).

Otostigmus consonensis sp. nov. was described from Vietnam, and O. sulcipes Verhoeff, 1937 was recorded for the first time in this country. The new species can be recognized by having 18 antennomeres including 2.3–2.5 glabrous basal ones, three coxosternal teeth, tergites 5–20 with complete paramedia sutures, sternites with incomplete paramedian sutures, and the ultimate leg with 11–15 prefemoral spines. The fragment of the COI gene was extracted for each species; thus, a new species and a record of O. sulcipes were supported by the COI genetic distances and the corresponding phylogenetic analysis.

Scolopendra clavipes C. L. Koch, 1836 S. clavipes C. L. Koch, 1836 is the currently accepted name of a species propria with the herewith corrected date “1836” instead of the widely used “1847” (see Bonato et al. 2016, founded on Würmli 1980). The name is not yet registered with Zoobank. This species is often cited explicitly or with the implicit understanding that it was first published in C. L. Koch’s well-known monograph and catalogue “System der Myriapoda ” (Koch 1847), see for example Attems (1902, 1930), Kraepelin (1903), and Bonato et al. (2016), and a posthumously published work of C. L. Koch himself (Koch 1863a, see also Kohlrausch 1879, p. 72; 1881, p. 83). In fact, the text in Koch (1847, p. 169) is just the first comprehensive description, while the first illustration is found in Koch (1863a). Publications before 1847 by Stein (1839, p. 278), Brandt (1840, p. 149) and Ranzani (1841, pp. 394, 441) as well as the coetaneous work of Walckenaer & Gervais (1847; p. 257), quoted the source of the description in two different ways. Stein (1839, p. 278) cited this as “Koch (in den von Dr. Herrich-Schäffer herausgeg. Deutschl. Krust. Myriap. und Arachn.)” while the other authors did it as “Koch (Deutschl. Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden, Heft [German term for “fascicle”] (or as Fasc.) 9, tab. [abbreviation of the Latin tabula = “plate”] (or as pl.) 1.)”, but not any of them specified the year of the paper’s release. This work certainly was published in two versions, both with identical content but with different numbering and title (Nagel & Grieder 2019, e.g. Figures 2 - 7) (Figs. 1, 2). The species S. clavipes was published by C. L. Koch in the section “Anmerkungen” (notes) of the letterpress associated with the text to index species Tab. 1 and plate 1 (S. italica), but not appearing in the index itself nor in an illustration in the following parts of the two parallel editions [Author of letterpress and illustrations in both editions: C. L. Koch] (Fig. 1D, 2D): Koch, C.L. (1836a). Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Fauna. [Herausgegeben von Dr. Herrich-Schäffer] [N. B.: This statement “Edited by Dr. Herrich-Schäffer“ is true for the whole Koch series, despite it was printed only on few title pages]. 9th fascicle, 24 plates and associated letterpress. Regensburg: Fr. Pustet. [in the present paper quoted as the “Koch series”]. and Koch, C.L. (1836b) in Herrich-Schäffer G. A. W. (ed.). Deutschlands Insecten, herausgegeben von G. W. F. Panzer, fortgesetzt von Dr. G. A. W. Herrich-Schäffer. 142nd fascicle, 24 plates and associated letterpress. Regensburg: Fr. Pustet. (in the present paper quoted as the “Herrich-Schäffer series”) The index pages (wrappers) of these Hefte of both editions display a footnote with the imprinted date “Den 1. Oktober 1836” (Figs. 1B, 2B). This date was confirmed as the actual date of publication of both Hefte 9 and 142 (Nagel & Grieder 2019). Consequently, the original description of S. clavipes has to be dated as “1 st. Oct. 1836 ” and the publication should be chosen as Heft 9 of the “Koch series” or as Heft 142 of the “Herrich-Schäffer series”. The citation of Heft 9 as part of the Koch series in the form of a separate line of the text in Heft 142 of the Herrich-Schäffer series (see Fig. 2C) by Koch himself is an objective evidence of the precedence of Heft 9 in the case of a simultaneous publication (Nagel & Grieder 2019). The detailed statement in Nagel & Grieder (2019, p. 119) quoting “1836” rather than “1837” of Heft 9 in the Koch series “Deutschlands Crustaceen …” reveals a minor uncertainty: Indeed, a few subsequent references seem to support the publication date “1837”, without denying the wrapper date “1836” (ICZN 1999, Article 21.2; Nagel & Grieder 2019, pp. 119-120). Identical description of S. clavipes in Heft 142 of the Herrich-Schäffer series “Deutschlands Insecten …” was equally dated as “ 1. Oktober 1836 ” with stronger evidence: Five subsequent records of Heft 142 have to be dated “1836” with the utmost probability (Nagel & Grieder 2019, p. 70). In summary, both Hefte 9 and 142 were published contemporaneously. Heft 9 was cited in Heft 142 and hence marked as the original publication (see above). Consequently, the work containing the original description must be determined as follows: Scolopendra clavipes C. L. Koch, 1836 in Koch, C.L., Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Fauna. Heft 9, unpaginated letterpress titled “Anmerkung [no.] 3)” [1 p.], listed subsequently to index species no. 9.1. Regensburg: Fr. Pustet. Date of publication 1 October 1836 (cf. Fig. 1B). The application of this amendment will contribute to the stability of nomenclature with regard to the date and title of publication. However, some other nomenclatural issues such as the list of subspecies or eventual synonyms were not checked in detail as this would be beyond the scope of the present contribution., Published as part of Doménech, Carles & Nagel, Peter, 2022, On the dates of publication of four European species of Scolopendra Linnaeus 1758 described by C. L. Koch (Myriapoda, Chilopoda), pp. 125-135 in Zootaxa 5159 (1) on pages 126-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6770984, {"references":["Wurmli, M. (1980) Statistische Unterschungen zur Systematik und postembryonalen Entwicklung der Scolopendra canidens Gruppe (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). Sitzungsberichte der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 189, 315 - 353.","Koch, C. L. (1847) Kritische Revision der Insectenfaune Deutschlands von Dr. Panzer and Dr. Herrich-Schaffer, Heft 1 - 190. III. Bandchen, enthaltend die Verzeichnisse und Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden und ein System der Myriapoden von C. L. Koch [additional title page: System der Myriapoden mit den Verzeichnissen und Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Heft 1 - 40. von C. L. Koch)]. Pustet, Regensburg, 272 pp., 10 pls. [date on title page: 1847, date of preface: 1 April 1846, in the text referred to as \" System der Myriapoda \"] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49866","Attems, K. (1902) Myriapoden von Kreta, nebst Beitragen zur allgemienen Kenntnis einiger Gattungen. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. CXI. Band. Abtheilung I. Heft I bis X. K. - K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei in Commission bei C. Gerold's Sohn, Wien, pp. 527 - 614.","Attems, C. G. (1930) Myriopoda. 2. Scolopendromorpha. In: Schulze, F. E. & Kukenthal, W. (Eds.), Das Tierreich. Vol. 54. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin and Leipzig, pp. 1 - 308.","Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 20 (2), 1 - 276.","Koch, C. L. (1863 a) Die Myriapoden: getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. Band 1. H. W. Schmidt, Regensburg, 134 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10639","Kohlrausch, E. (1879) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Scolopendriden. Journal des Museum Godeffroy, 5 (14), 51 - 74, pl. 6.","Stein, F. (1839) VIII Annulata, Crustacea, Arachnidae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 5 (2), 241 - 280.","Brandt, J. F. (1840) Observations sur les especes qui composent le genre Scolopendra, suivies des characteres des especes qui se trouvent dans le Museum zoologique de l' Academie des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg et de quelques coups d' oeil sur leur distribution geographique. Bulletin Scientifique publie par l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg, 155 (7), 11, 147 - 160. [1841: Title page of completed Tome VII; published 15 May 1840, see pp. 160].","Ranzani, C. (1841) Rendiconto delle Sedunt dell' Imp. Academie delle Scienze Di Pietroburgo. Nuovi annali delle scienze naturali, 3 (5), 391 - 395. [published 22 February]","Walckenaer, C. A. & Gervais, P. (1847) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Apteres. Tome IV. Myriapodes. Paris, Librairie encyclopedique de Roret (France). 330 pp. [date title page: 1847, date preface: 15 April 1847, date Bibliographie de la France. 1847, No. 20, 15 May 1847 = earliest evidence of existence]","Nagel, P. & Grieder, L. (2019) Herrich-Schaffer's Deutschlands Insecten ... (1829 - 1844), the associate publication of Koch's Deutschlands Crustaceen ... (1835 - 1844), and Heft 110 (1823) of Panzer's Faunae Insectorum Germanicae ...: bibliographic notes and dating. Sherbornia, 5 (1), 1 - 156.","ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 304 pp."]}

Current studies on European Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 revealed inconsistencies in the use of the date of publications containing original descriptions by C. L. Koch. These dates are reviewed in the present paper. As a result, the following commonly attributed dates of description have to be amended: S. clavipes C. L. Koch, 1847, S. italica C. L. Koch, 1837, S. graeca C. L. Koch, 1847, and S. germanica C. L. Koch, 1837. The work containing the original description of all these taxa was published in 1836 by C. L. Koch as Heft 9 of the rare series “Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden”. Two of these taxa were introduced by a short, inconspicuous paragraph and without illustration. The remaining two were wrongly dated short time after their descriptions, which were never questioned and have still being used until today.

Scolopendra graeca C. L. Koch, 1836 Original description: Scolopendra graeca C. L. Koch 1836 [1. Oct.]. Text 9.1 [Anmerkung 2, 1 p., unpaginated] - In: Koch, C.L. (1836a) Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Fauna. Herausgegeben von Dr. Herrich-Schäffer. [see S. clavipes above] 9 tes Heft. Regensburg: Fr. Pustet. This case is similar to S. clavipes (see above). The pretended original description in Koch (1847) is just a comprehensive redescription from Koch (1836a, b). The original description was published as “ Anmerkung 2” in line with the description of S. italica in Heft 9 of the Koch series and, concurrently, Heft 142 of the Herrich-Schäffer series without being listed in the index and neither illustrated. The name S. graeca C. L. Koch, 1836 is corrected herewith from the wrong “1847” or referenced work “System der Myriapoda ”, respectively (Koch 1847, pp. 161, 269, plate 5 detail drawings). The latter reference was used in the sense of the first description e.g. by Koch (1863b pp. 70, 71, plate 95 habitus), Kraepelin (1903, p. 254), Attems (1930, p. 28) and Bonato et al. (2016). The currently accepted name is Scolopendra cingulata Latreille, 1829 (see Bonato et al. 2016, founded on Kraepelin 1903)., Published as part of Doménech, Carles & Nagel, Peter, 2022, On the dates of publication of four European species of Scolopendra Linnaeus 1758 described by C. L. Koch (Myriapoda, Chilopoda), pp. 125-135 in Zootaxa 5159 (1) on page 130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6770984, {"references":["Koch, C. L. (1847) Kritische Revision der Insectenfaune Deutschlands von Dr. Panzer and Dr. Herrich-Schaffer, Heft 1 - 190. III. Bandchen, enthaltend die Verzeichnisse und Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden und ein System der Myriapoden von C. L. Koch [additional title page: System der Myriapoden mit den Verzeichnissen und Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden. Heft 1 - 40. von C. L. Koch)]. Pustet, Regensburg, 272 pp., 10 pls. [date on title page: 1847, date of preface: 1 April 1846, in the text referred to as \" System der Myriapoda \"] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49866","Koch, C. L. (1836 a) Deutschlands Insecten, herausgegeben von G. W. F. Panzer, fortgesetzt von Dr. G. A. W. Herrich-Schaffer. 142. Heft. In: Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W. (Ed.), Favnae insectorvm Germanicae initia, oder, Deutschlands Insecten, F. Pustet, Nurnberg, pp. 1 - 90. [Author of text and illustrations; the series referred to in the present text as \" Herrich-Schaffer series \"; published 1 October] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15007","Koch, C. L. (1863 b) Die Myriapoden: getreu nach der Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. Band 2. H. W. Schmidt, Regensburg, 112 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10639","Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 20 (2), 1 - 276.","Attems, C. G. (1930) Myriopoda. 2. Scolopendromorpha. In: Schulze, F. E. & Kukenthal, W. (Eds.), Das Tierreich. Vol. 54. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin and Leipzig, pp. 1 - 308.","Latreille, M. (1829) Les Myriapodes. In: Cuvier, P. M. L., Le regne animal distribue d'apres son organisation. Nouvelle Edition, Revue et Augmentee. Tome IV. Crustaces, Arachnides et Partie des Insectes. Deterville, Paris, pp. 326 - 339."]}

Large Scolopendrid centipedes are capable of preying on small vertebrates. However, details on their foraging behavior and diet under natural conditions are lacking. We describe novel behaviors of a widely distributed Southeast Asian centipede, Scolopendra dehaani, in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. We report the first documented observation of a Scolopendra species actively foraging and capturing prey diurnally, as well as the first arboreal predation by S. dehaani, and provide brief insight into prey handling strategies large Scolopendrids may use to subdue vertebrate prey. Each of the three predation events were of S. dehaani feeding on small vertebrates, indicating that vertebrate prey may make up an important component of S. dehaani diet in the wild. We suggest S. dehaani, and likely other large “terrestrial” Scolopendrid centipedes which live in tropical forests, forage arboreally and may rely on large trees as arboreal refuges when terrestrial refuges are limited. Additionally, these observations demonstrate that some S. dehaani individuals may occasionally actively search for prey diurnally. Further studies are needed to better understand the ecological habits of S. dehaani and other tropical Scolopendra species.

Otostigmus consonensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2–4) Material examined Holotype. Ba Ria - Vung Tau Province, Con Dao National Park, Hon Ba trail; 08.65026N, 106.55683E; 35 m a.s.l.; 09 Nov. 2019; Vu Thi Ha leg.; natural forest; IEBR-Chi326. Paratypes. Six specimens; the same data as for holotype; IEBR-Chi325, IEBR-Chi331, IEBR-Chi332, IEBR- Chi333, IEBR-Chi377, IEBR-Chi379. Diagnosis Otostigmus consonensis sp. nov. differs from its congeners by 18 antennomeres (of them, 2.3–2.5 basal ones are glabrous); forcipular tooth plates with 3 + 3 teeth; tergites 5–20 with complete paramedian sutures; sternites with incomplete paramedian sutures; the ultimate leg with 11–15 prefemoral spines. Description Color: Antennae, head and tergites blackish blue, whereas other parts yellow. Body length, ca. 30 mm; width, LBS 10 сa. 1.2 mm. Head: Cephalic plate with an incomplete median longitudinal sulcus, puncta and setae, and lateral marginations (Fig. 1A). Antennae with 18 antennomeres, 2.3–2.5 glabrous basal ones (Fig. 2A–B). Forcipular segment: coxosternite not setose; tooth plates well-developed, completely separated; each plate with three teeth: a larger and two smaller. Trochanteroprefemur processes with two tiny or only traces of teeth (Fig. 2D). Tergites 1–4 without sutures or keels; tergites 5–20 with complete paramedian sutures (Fig. 3A presents the paramedian structure on tergites 9–10). The last tergite without sulcus (Fig. 3C). Spiracles oval, on LBS 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 (Fig. 4A presents the spiracle on segment 10). Sternites not setose; paramedian sutures incomplete; marginations absent (Fig. 3B). Ultimate sternite subtrapeziform with concave posterior margin (Fig. 3D). Ultimate LBS: coxopleuron with many large pores covering nearly all its surface (Fig. 3D); coxopleural process short, with 2 apical, 1 subapical, and 1 lateral spines (Fig. 3D). Legs long and slender. Leg 1 with 2 tarsal spurs (Fig. 4B), 1 tibial and 1 femoral spur; legs 2–20 with only 1 tarsal spur, without tibial and femoral spurs. The ultimate leg very long and slender, with 14 relatively thin prefemoral spines: 1 located on the corner, 2 dorsomedial, 7 medial and 4 ventromedial ones (Fig. 4 C-D). Variability The number of prefemoral spines varies from 11 to 15, including 1–2 dorsomedial spines, 4–7 medial spines, and 2–5 ventromedial spines. The number of coxopleural spines also varies from 2 (1 apical, 1 subapical) to 4 (2 apical, 1 subapical, and 1 lateral). Etymology Named after the “Con Son” Island, the largest island of Con Dao National Park, where type series were collected. Distribution The new species was found only in the Con Son Island, which is about 80 km from the mainland of southern Vietnam. Remarks The number of glabrous basal antennomeres is systematically important (Schileyko 1995). By having 2–2.5 ones, the new species is close to O. astenus, O. multidens, O. scaber, and O. spinosus. The new species is different from O. scaber in the absence of longitudinal tergal keels and sternites lacking (or poorly developed) paramedian sutures. Otostigmus consonensis readily differs from all the aforementioned species (except for O. astenus) in having 3 + 3 (vs. 4 + 4 or even more) teeth of forcipular tooth plates. Two other diagnostic characters are the number of antennomeres (18 vs. 17 or 19–24) and the number of coxopleural spines (3–4 vs. more than 4), but both of them may be a subject in individual variability in Otostigmus s. str. and should not be used alone for distinguishing species in this taxon (as suggested by Schileyko et al., 2020) The new species is closely related to O. voprosus. Both have 18 antennomeres, a tooth plate with three distinct teeth, and tergites with paramedian sutures, but they can be distinguished by the number of glabrous basal antennomeres (2.3–2.5 in the new species vs. 2.5–3 in O. voprosus), the number of coxopleural spines (3–4 vs. 5), and the number of tarsal spurs on legs 2 and 3 (2 vs. 1). The phylogenetic analysis also revealed that O. voprosus is a sister species of the new one (Fig. 9). A detailed comparison between the new species and Otostigmus species recorded in Vietnam is presented in Table 2. (Data from Schileyko (1992, 1995), Lewis (2001) and Vu et al. (2020)), Published as part of Vu, Ha T., Eguchi, Katsuyuki, Le, Son X., Nguyen, Thu-Anh T. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2022, A new species and a new record of the genus Otostigmus Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) in Vietnam, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5129 (1) on pages 64-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6488136, {"references":["Schileyko, A. A. (1995) The scolopendromorph centipedes of Vietnam (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha), (Part 2). Arthropoda Selecta, 4, 73 - 87.","Schileyko, A. A., Vahtera, V. & Edgecombe, G. D. (2020) An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses. Zootaxa, 4825 (1), 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4825.1.1","Schileyko, A. A. (1992) Scolopenders of Viet-Nam and some aspects of the system of Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda: Epimorpha). Part 1. Arthropoda Selecta, 1, 5 - 19.","Lewis, J. (2001) The scolopendrid centipedes in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History in Sofia (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae). Historia Naturalis Bulgarica, 13, 5 - 51. [http: // biostor. org / reference / 102264]","Vu, T. H., Nguyen, D. H., Le, X. S., Nguyen, A. D., Eguchi, K. & Tran, T. T. B. (2020) A review and notes on the phylogenetic relationship of the centipede genus Otostigmus Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa, 4808 (3), 401 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4808.3.1"]}

Otostigmus sulcipes Verhoeff, 1937 (Figs. 1, 5–8), Published as part of Vu, Ha T., Eguchi, Katsuyuki, Le, Son X., Nguyen, Thu-Anh T. & Nguyen, Anh D., 2022, A new species and a new record of the genus Otostigmus Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) in Vietnam, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5129 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5129.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6488136

Otostigmus (O.) lewisiSong et al., 2005 was described from sub-adult specimens from Jiacha County (Xizang, China), but was synonymized by Lewis (2010) with the Nepalese species O. (O.) beroni Lewis, 2001. The latter was also recorded from Jilong County (Xizang, China) by Song et al. (2005). Following a comparison of O. (O.) beroni from Jilong County with new materials of O. (O.) lewisi from Jiacha County, we reaffirm that O. (O.) lewisi is a valid species.

Centipedes feed mainly on insects and other invertebrates. However, they may occasionally enhance their diet with small vertebrates. Lizard consumption by centipedes is rather rare. Here, we report an incident of saurophagy by the most common Mediterranean scolopendrid, Scolopendra cingulata, on the Aegean wall lizard, Podarcis erhardii. Island particularities may trigger such behaviours that could be more frequent than previously thought.

Bird's nest ferns (Asplenium spp.) support large numbers of invertebrates, including centipedes. As top invertebrate predators, centipedes drive ecosystem function, for example, by regulating decomposer populations, but we know little of their ecology in forest canopies. We provide the first detailed observations of the diversity and structure of the centipede communities of bird's nest ferns, revealing the importance of these epiphytes as nurseries for centipedes. We collected 305 centipedes equating to ˜11,300 mg of centipede biomass from 44 bird's nest ferns (22 of which were from the high canopy and 22 from the low canopy) in primary tropical rainforest in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Most abundant were the Scolopendromorpha (n = 227 individuals), followed by the Geophilomorpha (n = 59), Lithobiomorpha (n = 14), and Scutigeromorpha (n = 5). Although we observed very little overlap in species between the forest strata, scolopendromorph centipedes dominated throughout the canopy. Null model analysis revealed no significant competitive interactions; on the contrary, we observed centipedes sharing nest sites within the ferns on three of the ten occasions that we found nests. All nests belonged to centipedes of the family Scolopendridae, which are typically aggressive, and usually show negative spatial association. This study reveals a diverse community of canopy centipedes, providing further evidence of the importance of bird's nest ferns to a wide range of animals, many of which use the ferns at critical life stages. Future conservation strategies should regard these ubiquitous epiphytes as umbrella species and protect them accordingly in landscape management decisions.

Otostigmus (Otostigmus) xizangensis n. sp. Figs 1���18 Material examined. Holotype, ♂ (Ar. -MHU-SoBM1705250501, figs 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10���13): Bomi County, Xizang, China, lat. 30��06���, long. 95��06���, 25/5/2017, leg. Zhiyong Di. Paratypes, (4 males, 5 females and 4 immatures: Ar. -MHU-SoBM1705250502���14, figs 3, 4, 7, 9, 14���15): Bomi County, Xizang, China, lat. 30��06���, long. 95��06���, 25/5/2017, leg. Zhiyong Di; (1 male, 2 females and 1 immature: Ar. -MHU-SoBM1705250101���04), Taohua ditch, Bomi County, Xizang, China, lat. 29��57���, long. 95��38���, 25/5/2017, leg. Zhiyong Di; dissected specimens (2 males and 2 females: Ar. -MHU-SoBM1705250515���18, figs 16���18): Bomi County, Xizang, China, lat. 30��06���, long. 95��06���, 25/5/2017, leg. Zhiyong Di. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the locality where the specimen was collected. The prefecture name ���xizang��� is compounded with the suffix ���ensis���. Diagnosis. Tergites grayish-blue to dark green (in 75% ethanol). Body length up to 53 mm. Antennae 17���19 articles (mainly 19), ca 2.4 basal ones glabrous dorsally and ca 2.2 ones ventrally, basal articles cylindrical, definitely longer than wide. Forcipular tooth-plate with 4 teeth; trochanteroprefemur with long process, with two median tubercles. Tergites (5) 6���20 with complete paramedian sutures; well-developed lateral margination on tergites (6) 9���21. Sternite 21 narrowed towards the slightly concave posterior margin, with posterior longitudinal median depression. Legs 1���16 with two tarsal spurs. Coxopleural process of female long and curved, male coxopleural process short and straight. Description of Holotype (♂) Length of holotype about 51 mm (anterior margin of cephalic plate to posterior margin of tergite 21) (Figs 1, 2). Color (in 75% ethanol for 4 years): antennomeres l���10 dark blue, 11���19 pale green (Fig. 5); head sapphire blue dorsally, red-brown ventrally; tergites (TT) 1���2, sternites (SS) 1���2 dark blue to grayish-blue; TT3���21, SS3���21, and all legs dark green; margin of coxosternal tooth plates, coxopleuron, tibial and tarsal spurs, and distal parts of pretarsus red-brown. Antenna: 19 articles, extending to nearly the posterior margin of T4 when reflexed. Basal 2.3 to 2.4 articles glabrous dorsally (Figs 6, 8) and ca 2.2 ones ventrally, subsequent articles densely pilose. Basal articles cylindrical, definitely longer than wide. Cephalic plate: approximately rounded and without sutures, its posterior margin overlapped by T1 (Fig. 6). Forcipular segment: tooth-plates 4 + 4 (Fig. 8), lateral tooth much smaller than the others. The basal sutures of tooth-plates form an obtuse angle, their lateral ends bifurcate. Trochanteroprefemur with a large process, with two median tubercles; this process extends much beyond the tooth-plates. Tarsungula long, their inner surface rounded. Tergites (T): T2 very short (only as long as 1/2 of T1) (Figs 1). TT1���3 without sutures; T4 with incomplete paramedian sutures in the posterior half, TT5���20 with complete paramedian sutures and well-developed (Fig. 10). TT5���20 with a median keel (Fig. 10), which is incomplete on ultimate tergite. Ultimate tergite much narrower than T20, somewhat wider than long, without median suture, with a posterior median depression (Fig. 12). Lateral margination virtually absent on TT6���7, incomplete on T8, complete and well-developed on TT9���20 and ultimate tergite. Sternites (S): SS5���21 narrowed posteriorly (Fig. 11), SS4���19 with very short, poorly-developed paramedian sutures anteriorly. S1 with shallow median depression, SS2���3 with two hardly visible longitudinal (paramedian) depressions in the middle. SS4���20 with three longitudinal depressions in the middle. Ultimate sternite (S21) somewhat wider than long, distinctly narrowed towards the slightly concave posterior margin, with longitudinal median depression in the posterior half (Fig. 13). Coxopleural process: relatively long, surface without setae, with sharp tip. Coxopleuron considerably longer than ultimate sternite, almost completely covered with coxal pores of various sizes (Fig. 13), with two/three apical, one lateral and two dorsal spines. Pore field extending near to posterior margin of coxopleuron (Figs 12���13). Legs (L): L1���5 each with one tibial spur near distal end of tibia; L6���20 without tibial spur. Two tarsal spurs on L1���16, L17���20 with one tarsal spur. Ultimate legs glabrous, all articles (prefemur, femur, tibia, tarsus 1, tarsus 2) cylindrical. Pretarsus welldeveloped. Prefemur with four rows of spines, each on a prominent base. Prefemoral spines: VL 4, VM 2, M 3, DM 2, CS 1 (Fig. 13). Variation in paratypes. Body length 48���53 mm (the largest of specimens, figs 3, 4) in adults. Antennae mainly of 19 articles (one adult ♀ with 18 left and 17 right articles). Both topography and structure of the setae at the antennal articles identical to that of the holotype (Fig. 7). Forcipular tooth-plate with 4 teeth, the outer two teeth coalesced in one adult female (Fig. 9). In the paratypes, tergite 5 has very short (1/4 of tergite length) paramedian sutures posteriorly, TT6���20 with complete paramedian sutures. Median keel essentially as in the holotype; lateral margination on TT(6) 7���21 in the paratypes. Sternites (4)5���(17)19 with much shortened anterior paramedian sutures; configuration and topography of sternal depressions virtually the same as in the holotype. Coxopleural process bearing 2/3 apical spines, 1/2 lateral and 1/2 dorsal spines; ultimate leg prefemoral spines arranged as VL 3/4, VM 2, M3, DM 1/2, CS 1 (Figs 14���17). Sexual dimorphism. In O. (O.) xizangensis n. sp., there are two notably different shapes of the coxopleural process among 22 specimens, one long and curved, the other short and straight. We inferred the existence of sexual dimorphism in this new species. We dissected two males and two females, finding that the individuals with a short and straight coxopleural process are relatively small, and they have some pairs of testes (Fig. 18) and vas deferens and are therefore males; while the individuals with a long and curved coxopleural process contain ovaries and are thus females. In immatures, coxopleural process slender and straight, unable to distinguish sexual dimorphism. Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 19)., Published as part of Niu, Meilian, Li, Yixuan & Di, Zhiyong, 2021, Otostigmus (Otostigmus) xizangensis n. sp., from China and a case of sexual dimorphism in the subgenus Otostigmus (Otostigmus) Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae), pp. 295-300 in Zootaxa 5081 (2) on pages 296-299, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5771838

Key to the valid species of the Otostigmus rugulosus group (Modified from Lewis, 2010) 1 With prefemoral distodorsal spine on leg 20................................................................. 2 - Without prefemoral distodorsal spine on leg 20.............................................................. 3 2 Typically with 4+4 main forcipular coxosternal teeth, tergites without spinules, sternite 21 with sides converging posteriorly.. O. spinosus - Typically with 3+3 main forcipular coxosternal teeth, tergites typically with spinules, sternite 21 with sides �� parallel............................................................................................... O. punctiventer 3 With 3+3 main forcipular coxosternal teeth................................................................. 4 - With 4+4 main forcipular coxosternal teeth................................................................. 5 4 With a single apical coxopleural spine............................................................. O. martensi - With two or three apical coxopleural spines................................................................. 6 5 Coxopleural process long, and curved in females, ultimate leg prefemora with four rows of spines, leg 20 with one tarsal spur..................................................................................... O. xizangensis n. sp. - Coxopleural process short and straight, ultimate leg prefemora with three rows of spines, leg 20 without tarsal spur.......................................................................... O. rugulosus incl. O. rugulosus striaturatus 6 Sternite paramedian sutures absent or present on anterior sternites only and very short............................... 7 - Sternite paramedian sutures present...................................................................... 10 7 Tergites with small tubercles................................................................... O. noduliger - Tergites without small tubercles.......................................................................... 8 8 Coxopleural process without lateral spines........................................................ O. olivaceus - Coxopleural process with one or two lateral spines........................................................... 9 9 First 3 pairs of legs with two tarsal spurs, ultimate legs without tarsal spur................................... O. feae - First 15 pairs of legs with two tarsal spurs, ultimate legs with tarsal spur................................. O. fossuliger 10 With (19)20���21 antennomeres and two apical and one subapical coxopleural spine................................ 11 - With 18 antennomeres and two apical coxopleural spines................................................ O. beroni 11 Sternite paramedian sutures complete in mid-body region, the basal 2.66 antennomeres glabrous. Sternite 21 narrowed posteriorly........................................................................ O. angusticeps schindleri - Paramedian sutures occupying at most anterior 50% of each sternite in mid-body region, the basal 2.33 antennomeres glabrous. Sternite 21 with sides diverging, parallel or converging posteriorly........................................ O. astenus, Published as part of Niu, Meilian, Li, Yixuan & Di, Zhiyong, 2021, Otostigmus (Otostigmus) xizangensis n. sp., from China and a case of sexual dimorphism in the subgenus Otostigmus (Otostigmus) Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae), pp. 295-300 in Zootaxa 5081 (2) on page 300, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5771838, {"references":["Lewis, J. G. E. (2010) A revision of the rugulosus group of Otostigmus subgenus Otostigmus Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae). Zootaxa, 2579 (1), 1 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2579.1.1"]}

Cormocephalus (C.) guildingii Newport, 1845 Figs 2���31 Cormocephalus guildingi Newport, 1845: 425; Cormocephalus impressus Porat, 1876: 15; Cupipes microstoma Kohlrausch, 1878: 24; Otostigma cormocephalinum Pocock, 1888: 473; Cupipes impressus: Kraepelin, 1903: 181; Cupipes neglectus Chamberlin, 1914: 186; Cupipes guildingi: Chamberlin, 1918: 156; Cormocephalus bonaerius Attems, 1928: 287; Cormocephalus (C.) impressus: Attems, 1930: 104; Cormocephalus (C.) impressus var. neglectus: Attems, 1930: 104; Cormocephalus (C.) bonaerius: Attems 1930: 99; Cormocephalus bonaerius: B��cherl, 1939: 249; Cormocephalus (C.) bonaerius: B��cherl, 1941: 298; Cormocephalus (C.) impressus: B��cherl, 1941: 298; Cormocephalus (C.) impressus var. neglectus: B��cherl 1941: 299; Cormocephalus (C.) bonaerius: B��cherl, 1942: 125; Cormocephalus bonaerius: B��cherl, 1943: 22; Cormocephalus (C.) impressus impressus: B��cherl, 1943: 23; Cormocephalus (C.) impressus neglectus: B��cherl, 1950: 179; Cormocephalus (C.) impressus glabrus B��cherl, 1950: 179; Cormocephalus (C.) impressus peruanus B��cherl, 1953: 118; Cormocephalus (C.) impressus: Kraus, 1957: 380; Cormocephalus bonaerius: Kraus, 1957: 382; Cormocephalus impressus: Crabill, 1960: 171; Cormocephalus bonaerius: B��cherl, 1974: 100; Cormocephalus (C.) impressus: Schileyko, 2002: 497; Cormocephalus bonaerius: Schileyko & Stagl 2004: 106; Cormocephalus impressus: Cupul-Maga��a, 2009: 90; Cormocephalus impressus: Chagas-Jr et al., 2014: 139; Cormocephalus impressus: Cruz-Trujillo et al., 2015: 308; Cormocephalus impressus: Schileyko & Stoev, 2016: 274; Cormocephalus guildingi: Schileyko, 2018: 59; Cormocephalus guildingi: Schileyko et al., 2018: 559; Cormocephalus guildingi: Mart��nez-Mu��oz & Perez-Gelabert, 2018: 82; Cormocephalus guildingi: Iorio & Coulis, 2019: 18. Locus typicus: Saint Vincent Island, Lesser Antilles. Studied material. Holotype of C. guildingii (No MYRI-016-01 in OMNH), Figs 2���5 (digital photos examined by the first author; also figs 28���31 in Schleyko 2018). Holotype of C. impressus (= C. guildingii) (No 453 in GMNH), Figs 6, 7 (digital photos examined by the first author). Mexico (Figs 13, 14, 16���21), South of Jalisco State, Chamela Biological Research Station of UNAM, tropical deciduous forest at coastal plain, inside the epiphytic bromeliad genus Tillandsia L.: 1 ad. (spm 1, No EBCh-CHI-0001 in EBCh), 1 ad (spm 2, No EBCh-CHI-0002 in EBCh), 19��20���- 19��34���N, 104��58���- 105��04���W, 26.II.1989, col. E. Ram��rez; 1 ad. (spm 3, No EBCh-CHI-0003 in EBCh), 19��29���59.29���N, 105��02���36.86���W, 15.IX.2010, col. F. Cupul; 1 ad. (spm 4, No EBCh-CHI-0004 in EBCh), 19��29���56.30���N, 105��02���31.32���W, 15.IX.2012, col. F. Cupul. Jamaica (Figs 15, 22���27): 1 ad. (ca. 37 mm), Rc 7687, JBS 1, St. Catherine Parish, Caymanas area, hills north of Caymanas Estate, N slope, 4.7 road km from A1 at Ferry Town, 18��02.63���N, 076��53.86���W, alt. 40���60 m, 24.V. 1999, col. I.V. Muratov & G. Rosenberg; 1 sad. (ca. 27 mm), No Rc 7690, JBS 159, Clarendon Parish, Portland Ridge, Trail 27, primary forest, limestone, red soil, flat, 17��44.41���N, 077��08.69���W, alt. 80 m, 12.X.1999, col. I.V. Muratov & G. Rosenberg; 1 ad. (ca. 31 mm), Rc 7688, JBS 161, Clarendon Parish, Portland Ridge, by gun club gate, secondary forest and costal scrub, limestone, orange soil, 0���20��N slope, 17��45.33���N, 077��10.28���W, alt. 5���20 m, 12.X.1999, col. I.V. Muratov & G. Rosenberg; 1 sad. (ca. 30 mm), Rc 7691, JBS 54, St. Thomas Paris, Pera, forested hillside near sugar cane plantation, 17��52.92���N, 076��17.56���W, alt. 0 m, 2.VI.1999, col. I.V. Muratov & G. Rosenberg; 2 ad. (ca. 32 mm), Rc 7689, JBS 85, St. Andrew Parish, Lucky Valley, around walls of abandoned estate, 2.0 road km N on E side of Mammee River, secondary forest, 17��58.57���N, 076��40.64���W, alt. 360 m, 25.IX.1999, col. I.V. Muratov & G. Rosenberg. Hispaniola (= Haiti) Island (Figs 28���31), Dominican Republic: 1 sad. (ca. 25 mm) Rc 7074, St. Cristobal [San Crist��bal Province], ���La Cueva��� Colonia, 97H6, alt. 550 m, 03.1997, col. I.V. Muratov & G. Robinson. Other personally examined material of C. guildingii. 1 ad. (CIRAD), Lesser Antilles, Martinique Island, Morne Aca, Le Marin, 22.11.2017, lat. 14.4614, long. -60.9002, alt. 213 m, col. Mathieu Coulis (Figs 8, 9, digital photos examined by the first author; also figs 1���3 on page 19 in Iorio & Coulis 2019) 1 (s)ad (ATESB), Lesser Antilles, Guadeloupe island group, La D��sirade Island about 8 km off the eastern end of Guadeloupe Island, сol. Karl Questel (Figs 10���12, digital photos examined by the first author). Type series of C. bonaerius Attems, 1928 (= C. guildingii synonymy by Schileyko 2018): 1 ad. lectotype (designated by Schileyko & Stagl 2004) + 1 sad. paralectotype (No 919 in NHMW), 10 sad. paralectotypes (No 921 in NHMW), Lesser Antilles, Bonnaire Island near Cura��ao, leg. & don. A. Gabriel (all specimens personally examined by the first author, see pp. 106���109 and figs 22���25 in Schileyko & Stagl 2004). Composite diagnosis of C. guildingii. Maximal body length 46.5 mm, color of live specimens from yellow to dark brownish (head and both body ends visibly darker than middle portion of body and legs) with some purplish reflections on tergites (Figs 8, 9, fig. 1 at page 19 in Iorio & Coulis 2019); antennae pale blue (Fig. 9). Antennae of 17 (rarely 15���19) articles, 5���7 basal ones practically glabrous. Cephalic plate (Figs 10, 13, 22, fig. 22 in Schileyko & Stagl 2004) with shortened anteriorly (as long as 1/2���2/3 of cephalic plate) paramedian sutures, their posterior ends crossed by transverse suture; basal plates well-developed. Forcipular coxosternite (Figs 7, 11, 14, 23, 24, 29) with two complete (or slightly shortened posteriorly) longitudinal sutures which much converging anteriorly, meeting each other in a short semilunar suture plus complete (rarely somewhat shortened) transverse suture approximately at the level of condyles. Forcipular tooth-plate typically with 4 (Figs 4, 7, 11, 14, 23) (occasionally / abnormally with 3, Fig. 15) teeth, lateral one clearly isolated; their basal sutures form very obtuse angle or practically straight line. Tergite 1 with complete paramedian sutures (Fig. 13), tergite 21 in most cases with complete median suture (Figs 12, 21 and fig. 22 in Schileyko & Stagl 2004); number of laterally marginated posterior tergites (Fig. 21) varies from 4 to 10, but often only tergite 21 has this margination complete and definite. Sternites 2���20 with complete paramedian sutures (Fig. 16), presternites as paired triangles in sternites 1���20 (Figs 6, 15, 16, 23). Coxopleuron without welldeveloped process, its rounded median corner with 0���2 small apical spines (Figs 17, 18, 19, 26); coxal pore-field oval, slightly longer than sternite 21. Ultimate legs ���truly pincer-shaped��� (sensu Schileyko, Vahtera & Edgecombe 2020; Figs 5, 8, 9, 17, 21, 27, 31; fig. 25 in Schileyko & Stagl 2004); prefemur (Figs 12, 17, 20, 21, 25, 26, 27, 31) with 0���4 spines ventrally and ventro-laterally, 0���5 ones medially and ventro-medially plus 1���3 dorso-medially (of these, 1 or 2 at the position of corner spine, Figs 5, 12, 21, 25, 27, 30). Prefemur ventro-medially with spineless area bordered by very low U-shaped ridge (Figs 20, 26); prefemur, femur and tibia apically with dorso-medial longitudinal depression or sulcus (Figs 5, 21, 25); ventral surface of (at least) tarsus 1 swollen distally (Figs 5, 17, 27, fig. 25 in Schileyko & Stagl 2004); pretarsus enlarged, approximately twice as long as tarsus 2. Composite description of Mexican specimens (Figs 13, 14, 16���21). Length of body 35���46.5 mm. Color in ethanol: the whole body and legs light yellow, tergites 10���19 may be indistinctly marginated by accumulations of the small granules of pale grey pigment. Antennae composed of 15���17 cylindrical articles, reaching the middle of tergite 3 when reflexed. 6 or 7 basal articles practically glabrous with scattered long setae and the subsequent articles densely covered by short setae. Cephalic plate: oval, convex anteriorly and relatively narrow (considerably narrower than tergite 1, Fig. 13); its posterior margin with rounded corners, covered by tergite 1. Anteriorly incomplete paramedian sutures visibly diverge forwards, nearly as long as 2/3 of the cephalic plate (or slightly shorter); their posterior ends are crossed by a transverse suture forming well-developed basal plates (Fig. 13). Maxillae 2 with a well-developed dorsal brush. Pretarsus approximately as long as 1/4 length of article 3 of telopodite with a claw-shaped tip; accessory spines absent. Dorsal spur of telopodite article 2 not visible. Forcipular coxosternite (Fig. 14) with two complete longitudinal sutures, which much converging anteriorly and meet each other in a short semilunar suture, the latter encircling a minor coxosternal median diastema. Longitudinal sutures are crossed by a complete and branching transverse suture (Fig. 14); chitin-lines absent. Tooth-plates slightly higher than wide (or, less often, as long as wide), definitely narrowing anteriorly. Tooth-plate with 4 teeth (Fig. 14), the lateral tooth is the shortest one and is clearly isolated; two medial teeth are the longest ones and have a common base, being fused to a varying degree. A single minute seta in a small rounded depression directly under tooth margin. The basal sutures of the tooth-plates form a very obtuse angle (Fig. 14) or a practically straight line. Process of the trochanteroprefemur with apical and two medial tubercles, considerably longer than the tooth-plate (Fig. 14); this process is with a basal suture and a characteristic additional transverse suture just below the former. Tarsungulum of normal length, its interior surface with two sharp longitudinal ridges. Tergites: tergite 1 with complete (rarely shortened anteriorly) paramedian sutures (Fig. 13) which are practically parallel or slightly converging anteriorly. Tergites 2���20 with complete paramedian sutures, other tergal sutures absent. Tergites 11���20 with nearly complete (= slightly shortened posteriorly) definite lateral margination (Fig. 21), only tergite 21 is definitely and completely marginated. Tergite 21 (Fig. 21) with complete median suture, considerably (1.5 times) wider than long and slightly broadened towards the posterior margin; the latter convex apically. Sternites 2���20 with complete paramedian sutures. Sternite 21 (Figs 17���19) with a poorly-developed longitudinal median depression in its anterior half, trapeziform (somewhat longer than wide (spm 1, 2) or vice versa (spm 3, 4) and distinctly narrowed towards the slightly concave (spm 1, 2) or practically straight (spm 3, 4) posterior margin. Presternites (Figs 14, 16) are well-developed as paired triangles in sternites 1���20. Spiracles small, the first pair triangular and the others praсtically round. The spiracle atrium is tightly closed by the two (upper and lower) cuticular folds, so the inner portion of the atrium is not visible; the third (median) fold is very strongly reduced. Legs: pretarsus of legs 1���20 with two well-developed accessory spines. Ultimate LBS: coxopleuron visibly longer than sternite 21, with a rounded median corner at the position of the coxopleural process (Figs 17���19); coxopleural surface without setae. Coxal pores numerous, coxal pore-field oval, slightly longer than sternite 21; it does not reach closely to the lateral margin of the coxa and considerably less so to the caudal one. 0���2 small apical spines positioned at the rounded median corner of the coxopleuron and a small lateral spine (Fig. 18) may be present at its posterior margin. Ultimate legs (Figs 17, 21) ���truly pincer-shaped��� (sensu Schileyko, Vahtera & Edgecombe 2020), 6.9���8.3 mm long, much shortened and broadened (with prefemur ratio of length: width 1���1.4). Prefemur (Fig. 20) with 0���4/5 ventral (including 0 or 1 ventro-lateral) spines, 0���5 medial + ventro-medial ones and 1���3 dorso-medial (including 1 or 2 ones at the position of the corner spine). Prefemur ventro-medially with a spineless area bordered by a low U-shaped ridge. Prefemur (Fig. 21), femur and tibia distinctly flattened dorsally, ventral surface of tibia and tarsus 1 somewhat swollen distally. Distal end of prefemur, femur and tibia with a well-developed dorso-medial longitudinal depression which is approximately as long as 1/4 of length of the corresponding article (Fig. 21). Pretarsus enlarged, twice as long as tarsus 2 but somewhat shorter than the tarsal articles taken together; ventral surface of pretarsus forms a sharp ridge, accessory spines absent. Variability. Right antenna of spm 1 has 13 articles (Fig. 13) most probably having been regenerated. The specimens studied demonstrate considerable variation in spination of the coxopleuron. Spm 1 (46 mm long) lacks any coxopleural spines (Fig. 19), in spm 2 (46.5 mm long) the right coxopleuron is also spineless whereas the left one has 1 apical spine only (Fig. 17), in spm 3 (35 mm long) each coxopleuron is with 2 apical plus 1 lateral spine (Fig. 18), in spm 4 (40 mm long) the right coxopleuron is with 2 apical plus 1 lateral spine and the left one with 1 apical plus 1 lateral one. The only other difference between these specimens is the number of spines of the ultimate prefemur: spm 1 has 2 distal dorso-medial plus 1 ventral spine, spm 2 has left leg with 2 distal dorso-medial and right leg with 1 distal dorso-medial plus 1 medial spine (Fig. 17), spm 3 has left leg with 2 distal dorso-medial plus 7 ventral spines and right leg with 1 distal dorso-medial plus 5 ventral spines (Fig. 20). Spm 4 has both these legs with 2 distal dorso-medial plus 5 ventral spines. Remarks on Mexican specimens. Studied specimens are typical representatives of this species but show considerable intraspecific variability of the spine numbers on the coxopleuron and ultimate prefemur. Thus the taxonomic weight of both these characters should be decreased in the species of the guildingii -subgroup. Composite description of Jamaican specimens (Rc 7687���7691, Figs 15, 22���27) Length of body up to 37 mm. Color in ethanol: the whole body and legs light yellow. The whole body (head, forcipular segment, all tergites and sternites) is covered by numerous very short setae. Antennae composed of 16 or 17 cylindrical articles, practically reaching the posterior margin of tergite 2 when reflexed. 5 or 6 basal articles practically glabrous with scattered long setae and the subsequent articles densely covered by short setae. Cephalic plate (Fig. 22): oval and relatively narrow (considerably narrower than tergite 1), its posterior margin with rounded corners, covered by tergite 1. Paramedian sutures visibly diverge forwards, approximately as long as 1/2 of cephalic plate (or slightly longer), their posterior ends are crossed by a transverse suture forming welldeveloped basal plates (Fig. 22). Maxillae 2 with well-developed dorsal brush. Pretarsus approximately as long as 1/4 length of article 3 of telopodite (Fig. 24) with claw-shaped tip; of two accessory spines the dorsal one is more slim and much adpressed to the pretarsus being very poorly recognizable. Telopodite article 2 with a clearly visible dorso-apical spur. Forcipular coxosternite (Figs 15, 23, 24) with two shortened posteriorly (sometimes slightly exceeding the mid-point of the coxosternite) longitudinal sutures, which much converging anteriorly and meet each other in a semilunar suture, the latter encircling a minor coxosternal median diastema. These longitudinal sutures are crossed by a practically complete, branching transverse suture; chitin-lines absent. Tooth-plates approximately as long as wide, definitely narrowing anteriorly. Tooth-plate (Fig. 23) with 4 teeth (in sad. Rc 7690 occasionally/abnormally 3 teeth, Fig. 15), of these the lateral one is clearly isolated and visibly shorter than the medial teeth, the latter have a common base being fused to a variable degree (to practically fully fused in Rc 7687, Fig. 24). A single clearly visible seta occurs in a rounded depression directly under the tooth margin. The basal sutures of the tooth-plates form a practically straight line. Process of trochanteroprefemur (Figs 15, 23, 24) with one apical and one medial tubercle, considerably longer than the tooth-plate. This process with a basal suture and a characteristic additional transverse suture just below the former. Tarsungulum of normal length, its interior surface with two sharp longitudinal ridges Tergites: tergite 1 with complete paramedian sutures which slightly converging anteriorly (Fig. 22). Tergites 2��� 20 with complete paramedian sutures, other tergal sutures not visible. Tergites 10/13���20 with incomplete (somewhat shortened posteriorly) and more or less definite lateral margination, only tergite 21 definitely and completely marginated. Tergite 21 (Fig. 25) without a median suture, an incomplete shallow median longitudinal sulcus (not suture) may be visible in the middle of this tergite (Rc 7687, 7688); tergite 21 considerably (approximately 1.5���2 times) wider than long and slightly broadened towards the posterior margin, the latter convex apically. Sternites 2���20 with complete paramedian sutures. Sternite 21 (Fig. 26) with a very poorly-developed longitudinal median depression in the anterior half, trapeziform (approximately as long as wide) and distinctly narrowed towards the practically straight posterior margin. Presternites well-developed as paired triangles (Figs 15, 23) in sternites 1���20. Spiracles small, the first pair somewhat elongated and the others praсtically round. The spiracle atrium is tightly closed by the two (upper and lower) cuticular folds, the third (median) fold is very much reduced being practically invisible. Legs: pretarsus of legs 1���20 with two well-developed accessory spines. Ultimate LBS: coxopleuron (Fig. 26) visibly longer than sternite 21, with a rounded median corner at the position of the coxopleural process; coxople, Published as part of Schileyko, Arkady A. & Cupul-Maga��a, Fabio G., 2021, Cormocephalus (Cormocephalus) guildingii Newport, 1845 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): a composite description, new samples from Western Mexico and a new species subgroup of Neotropical Cormocephalus (Cormocephalus), pp. 301-325 in Zootaxa 5071 (3) on pages 304-313, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5071.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5723692, {"references":["Porat, C. O. (1876) Om nagra exotiska Myriopoder. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akadamien Handlingar, 4 (7), 1 - 48.","Kohlrausch, E. (1878) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Scolopendriden. Tesis profesional, Hochloblicher Philosophischen Facultat zu Marburg Hannover, Hannover, 27 pp.","Pocock, R. I. (1888) Contributions to our knowledge of the Myriapoda of Dominica. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London, Series 6, 2, 472 - 483.","Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum Hamburg, 20, 1 - 278.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1914) The Stanford expedition to Brazil, 1911, John C. Branner, Director. The Chilopoda of Brazil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 58 (3), 151 - 221.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1918) The Chilopoda and Diplopoda of the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 62, 151 - 262.","Attems, G. (1928) Neue Scolopendriden der Museum Wien und Hamburg. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 78 (11 / 12), 279 - 309.","Attems, G. (1930) Myriapoda. 2. Scolopendromorpha. Das Tierreich, 54. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 308 pp.","Bucherl, W. (1939) Os quilopodos do Brasil. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 13, 43 - 362.","Bucherl, W. (1941) Catalogo dos Quilopodos da zona Neotropica. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 15, 251 - 372.","Bucherl, W. (1942) Quilopodos novos da colecao miriapodologica do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 15, 119 - 146.","Bucherl, W. (1943) Quilopodos do Peru I. Memoires do Instituto Butantan, 17, 19 - 27.","Bucherl, W. (1950) Quilopodos do Peru II. Memoires do Instituto Butantan, 22, 173 - 186.","Bucherl, W. (1953) Quilopodos, arahnas e escorpioes enviados ao Instituto Butantan para determinacao. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 25 (1), 109 - 151.","Kraus, O. (1957) Myriapoden aus Peru VI. Chilopoden. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 38, 359 - 404.","Crabill, R. E. (1960) Centipedes of the Smithsonian-Bredin expeditions to the West-Indies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 111 (3427), 167 - 195.","Bucherl, W. (1974) Die Scolopendromorpha der Neotropischen Region. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 32, 99 - 133.","Schileyko, A. (2002) 5.1. 3 Scolopendromorpha. In: Adis, J. (Ed.), Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda. Vol. 24. Identification keys to all classes, orders, families, some genera, and lists of known terrestrial species. Pensoft Series Faunistica, Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, pp. 479 - 500.","Schileyko, A. & Stagl, V. (2004) The collection of scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda) in the Natural History Museum in Vienna: a critical re-evaluation of former taxonomic identifications. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 105 V, 67 - 137.","Cupul-Magana, F. G. (2009) Redescubrimiento de Cormocephalus impressus (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) para Mexico. BIOCYT, 2 (8), 89 - 93.","Cruz-Trujillo, L. E., Cupul-Magana, F. G., Mireles-Merchant, R. (2015) Primer registro del ciempies Cormocephalus impressus Porat, 1876 (Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) de Morelos, Mexico. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa (S. E. A.), 56, 308.","Schileyko, A., Iorio E. & Coulis M. (2018) A contribution to the knowledge of scolopendromorph centipedes of Martinique Island, with descriptions of two new species (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). Zootaxa, 4486 (4), 559 - 574. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4486.4.9","Martinez-Munoz, C. A. & Perez-Gelabert, D. E. (2018) Checklist of the Centipedes (Chilopoda) of Hispaniola. Novitates Caribaea, 12, 74 - 101.","Iorio, E. & Coulis, M. (2019) Etude des myriapodes de Martinique. Avec un pre-atlas partiel et une evaluation preliminaire de leurs enjeux \" patrimoniaux \". Rapport de Martinique Entomologie pour la DEAL Martinique, 2019, 1 - 72.","Schileyko, A., Vahtera, V. & Edgecombe, G. D. (2020) An overview of the extant genera and subgenera of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda): a new identification key and updated diagnoses. Zootaxa, 4825 (1), 001 - 064. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4825.1.1","Meinert, F. (1886) Myriapoda Musei Cantabrigiensis. Part I. Chilopoda. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 23, 161 - 233.","Kraepelin, K. (1904) Catalogue des Scolopendrides des collections du Museum d'histoire naturelle de Paris. Premiere partie: Scolopendrides en dehores du genre Scolopendra. Bulletin du Museum d'histoire naturelle, 5, 243 - 253."]}

Genus Cormocephalus (Cormocephalus) Newport, 1844 Type-species. Cormocephalus rubriceps Newport, 1843 (by subsequent designation of Attems 1930: 61). Range. All tropical and subtropical regions with temperate climate., Published as part of Schileyko, Arkady A. & Cupul-Maga��a, Fabio G., 2021, Cormocephalus (Cormocephalus) guildingii Newport, 1845 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): a composite description, new samples from Western Mexico and a new species subgroup of Neotropical Cormocephalus (Cormocephalus), pp. 301-325 in Zootaxa 5071 (3) on page 304, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5071.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5723692, {"references":["Attems, G. (1930) Myriapoda. 2. Scolopendromorpha. Das Tierreich, 54. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 308 pp."]}

Cormocephalus (C.) ungulatus (Meinert, 1886) Figs 33���38 Cupipes ungulatus Meinert, 1886: 187; Cupipes graecus Meinert, 1887: 123; Cupipes ungulatus: Pocock, 1893: 460; Cupipes ungulatus: Kraepelin, 1903: 177; Cupipes ungulatus: Chamberlin, 1914: 184; Cupipes ungulatus: Chamberlin, 1921: 17; Cupipes ungulatus: Chamberlin, 1922: 7; Cupipes ungulatus: Chamberlin, 1925: 37; Cormocephalus (C.) ungulatus: Attems, 1930: 101; Cormocephalus (C.) ungulatus: B��cherl, 1941: 300; Cormocephalus mundus Chamberlin, 1955: 46; Cormocephalus (Cupipes) tingonus Chamberlin, 1957: 31; Cormocephalus mundus: Kraus, 1957: 383; Cormocephalus tingonus: B��cherl, 1974: 103; Cormocephalus ungulatus: Schileyko 2018: 72; Cormocephalus ungulatus: Mart��nez-Mu��oz & Perez-Gelabert 2018: 83, 92. Terra typica: Haiti (= Hispaniola) Island and Pernambuco (Eastern Brazil). Studied material. Panama, IBISCA project, Col��n Province, San Lorenzo Forest, tree canopies, 1 sad. (Rc 7155), 2004, col. I. Tuf. Brazil, Amazonas, Reserva Florestal A. Ducke, near [about 25 km N of] Manaus, 59 59���W, 2 55���S, primary tropical rainforest forest on Terra firme, 1 ad. (Rс 6483), 06-011. III.1998, col. S.I. Golovatsch. Description of ad. Rc 6483 [data on sad. Rc 7155 in square brackets where it differs]. Length ca. 30 [15] mm. Coloration in alcohol uniformly yellow [greyish] with head visibly darker [head, body (including sternites) and ultimate legs with small aggregations of dark pigment, Figs 33, 34]; numerous small setae at all body surface. Head (Fig. 35) with much shortened anteriorly (as long as �� [1/3] of head), but well-developed [indefinite] paramedian sutures; very short antennae (left 15, right 17 articles [both 17]) hardly extending to the posterior margin of tergite 1 [2] when reflexed. Forcipular coxosternite (Figs 36, 33) with two much shortened posteriorly (as long as 1/2 [1/3] of coxosternite) and converging anteriorly typical longitudinal sutures; transverse suture absent. Tooth-plate with 4 teeth, of these the most lateral and the most median ones are approximately of the same length, being much shorter than 2 remaining teeth; long and pointed trochanteroprefemoral process with one lateral tubercle. Tergites 1���20 with complete paramedian sutures; tergite 21 (Fig. 38), with complete median suture [plus a median depression in the posterior half], only this tergite is marginated laterally. Sternites 2���20 with complete paramedian sutures disposed in paramedian sulci; sternite 21 (Fig. 38) trapeziform, slightly [noticeably] longer than wide, its posterior margin rounded [straight]; sternite 21 with a short, shallow median sulcus / depression in the posterior third. Legs with 2 short [minute] but clearly recognizable [hardly recognizable] pretarsal accessory spines. Ultimate LBS (Fig. 37): coxal pore field as long as [very slightly longer than] sternite 21, coxopleuron slightly longer than sternite 21, with rounded posterior margin, lacking either any process or spines [the only minute spine at the very inner corner of the coxopleuron]. Ultimate legs (Figs 37, 38): prefemur, femur and tibia much flattened dorsally. These articles are each with characteristic dorso-medial longitudinal depression apically; tibia and tarsus 1 somewhat swollen / bulbous ventrally. Prefemur with the only spine at the position of the corner spine (Fig. 38) [prefemur (Fig. 34) with 3 unusually large dorso-medial spines���2 of them disposed at a remarkably enlarged corner spine���plus 1 ventro-medial and 1 medial one, both of the latter are disposed at the distal margin of the prefemur, forming a transverse row together with the corner spine; no any ventral spines]. Remarks. Adult spm Rc 6483 has been mentioned by Schileyko (2002) as C. brasiliensis Humbert & Saussure, 1870 but the present re-investigation shows that it is C. ungulatus, because it shares with the latter such important peculiarities of the forcipular coxosternite as very short paramedian sutures plus a total absence of a transverse one. This specimen also has no paired dorso-distal ���bifid spines��� on the ultimate femur (!), which should be diagnostic for C. brasiliensis (see Chamberlin 1914: 183) and being very unusual (if not unique) within Cormocephalus; Lewis (1989: 1006) wrote that C. brasiliensis ���was described on the basis of a defective specimen���., Published as part of Schileyko, Arkady A. & Cupul-Maga��a, Fabio G., 2021, Cormocephalus (Cormocephalus) guildingii Newport, 1845 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): a composite description, new samples from Western Mexico and a new species subgroup of Neotropical Cormocephalus (Cormocephalus), pp. 301-325 in Zootaxa 5071 (3) on pages 314-316, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5071.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5723692, {"references":["Meinert, F. (1886) Myriapoda Musei Cantabrigiensis. Part I. Chilopoda. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 23, 161 - 233.","Pocock, R. I. (1893) Contributions to our knowledge of the arthropod fauna of the West Indies. Part II. Chilopoda. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 24, 454 - 473.","Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum Hamburg, 20, 1 - 278.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1914) The Stanford expedition to Brazil, 1911, John C. Branner, Director. The Chilopoda of Brazil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 58 (3), 151 - 221.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1921) Results of the Bryant Walker expeditions of the University of Michigan to Columbia 1913 and British Guiana 1914. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 97, 1 - 28.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1922) The centipedes of Central America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 60 (2402), 1 - 17.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1925) Notes on chilopods and diplopods from Barro Colorado id., and other parts of the canal zone, with diagnoses of new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 38, 35 - 44.","Attems, G. (1930) Myriapoda. 2. Scolopendromorpha. Das Tierreich, 54. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 308 pp.","Bucherl, W. (1941) Catalogo dos Quilopodos da zona Neotropica. Memorias do Instituto Butantan, 15, 251 - 372.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1955) Reports of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948 - 49. 18. The Chilopoda of the Lund University and California Academy of Science Expeditions. Acta Universitatis Lundensis, New Series, Avd. 2, 51 (5), 1 - 61.","Chamberlin, R. V. (1957) Scolopendrid chilopods of the Northern Andes region taken on the California Academy South America Expedition of 1954 - 1955. Great Basin Naturalist, 17, 30 - 41.","Kraus, O. (1957) Myriapoden aus Peru VI. Chilopoden. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 38, 359 - 404.","Bucherl, W. (1974) Die Scolopendromorpha der Neotropischen Region. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 32, 99 - 133.","Martinez-Munoz, C. A. & Perez-Gelabert, D. E. (2018) Checklist of the Centipedes (Chilopoda) of Hispaniola. Novitates Caribaea, 12, 74 - 101.","Schileyko, A. (2002) 5.1. 3 Scolopendromorpha. In: Adis, J. (Ed.), Amazonian Arachnida and Myriapoda. Vol. 24. Identification keys to all classes, orders, families, some genera, and lists of known terrestrial species. Pensoft Series Faunistica, Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, pp. 479 - 500.","Lewis, J. G. E. (1989) The scolopendromorph centipedes of St John U. S. Virgin Islands collected by Dr W. B. Muchmore. Journal of Natural History, 23, 1003 - 1016."]}

guildingii -subgroup: Cormocephalus guildingii Newport, 1845 (W Mexico, Antilles from Cuba Cayman Islands and Jamaica to Bonnaire Island near Cura��ao, Northern Venezuela, Ecuador, Western Colombia, Northern, Central and Southern Peru) Cormocephalus andinus Kraepelin, 1903 (South-Eastern Mexico, Bolivia, Central and Southern Peru, Ecuador (including Galapagos Islands), Brazil: Amazonas and Par��) Cormocephalus ungulatus Meinert, 1886 (Haiti, Panama, French Guiana, Venezuela, Brazil: Pernambuco and Amazonas (possibly transbrazilian distribution), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina) Cormocephalus lineatus Newport, 1845 (Lesser Antilles) ? Cormocephalus brasiliensis Humbert & Saussure, 1870 (Brazil: Amazonas, Venezuela?) ? Cormocephalus amazonae Chamberlin, 1914 (Brazil: Amazonas), Published as part of Schileyko, Arkady A. & Cupul-Maga��a, Fabio G., 2021, Cormocephalus (Cormocephalus) guildingii Newport, 1845 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha): a composite description, new samples from Western Mexico and a new species subgroup of Neotropical Cormocephalus (Cormocephalus), pp. 301-325 in Zootaxa 5071 (3) on pages 324-325, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5071.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5723692

New subgroup within the Neotropical clade of Cormocephalus s.str.: list of members The genus Cormocephalus s.str. occurs in the New World in the Neotropical region only (see Appendix 1) being represented there solely by the main part of the gervaisianus species group (i.e. by the majority of species of the former genus Cupipes Kohlrausch, 1878 in the sense of Kraepelin 1903). We consider these ten (or approximately so; see below) species to form the general Neotropical clade, which is well circumscribed morphologically. The present study allows to correct and much extend the group of four closely related Antillean species mentioned for the first time by Schileyko (2018: 72–75). The species investigated personally (including the recently studied and re-examined material)— C. guildingii, C. ungulatus, C. andinus, C. lineatus (Figs 43–47) and Cormocephalus sp. (Rc 7468, see above)—definitely form a well-defined subclade within the general clade of Neotropical Cormocephalus. We name this new subclade as the “ guildingii -subgroup” after its oldest member; it is unequivocally united by nine diagnostic synapomorphies (see paragraph “Diagnosis of the guildingii -subgroup” below). The guildingii -subgroup may also include two questionable New World members of the gervaisianus -group, namely C. brasiliensis (see above) and C. amazonae (Chamberlin, 1914), the latter is known from a single specimen (most likely of C. andinus) with abnormally developed forcipular tooth-plates. Also under question remain five poorly described Venezuelan species of González-Sponga (2000) (C. glabratus, C. edithae, C. abundantis, C. facilis and C. maritime; see also Schileyko 2014: 188). According to the accompanying drawings, two of these forms are not members of the guildingii- subgroup: C. glabratus has no sutures on the forcipular coxosternite while C. abundantis has an unusually short ultimate pretarsus; C. edithae may be a junior synonym of C. ungulatus as it has a forcipular coxosternite with the typical paired longitudinal sutures only. However we are not able to analyze these questionable forms in more detail here as the corresponding types are not currently available. At present at least three members of the general Neotropical clade can not be included in the new subclade/ subgroup because of some disparity in the diagnostic peculiarities. They are: the questionable C. venezuelianus (see above), the well-described C. impulsus (US Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles) and C. lineatus biminensis, poorly described from three small (20–24 mm long) immature (?) specimens (South Bimini, Bahama Islands). These three species distinctly do not fit to the diagnosis of the new subgroup, in particular by the total (!) absence of spines on the ultimate prefemur, which condition, however, may be a subject of rare individual variation or an abnormality. Hence the type series should be re-examined to draw any conclusions about the relations of these forms with the guildingii –subgroup and about the validity of both C. venezuelianus and C. lineatus biminensis.

Cormocephalus (C.) guildingii Newport, 1845—one of the oldest names in this genus—is described in detail for the first time, based on material from Western Mexico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic; the range of this species is much expanded. Synonymy of C. impressus Porat, 1876 under C. guildingii is analyzed and confirmed. Relations between the latter and both C. ungulatus (Meinert, 1886) and C. andinus (Kraepelin, 1903) are analysed in detail. Both C. mundus Chamberlin, 1955 and C. (Cupipes) tingonus Chamberlin, 1957 are junior synonyms of C. ungulatus (Meinert, 1886). Cormocephalus mediosulcatus Attems, 1928 is suggested to be transferred to the genus Scolopendropsis as S. thayeri (Meinert, 1886) syn. nov. A new subclade (designated as the “guildingii-subgroup”) is established within the Neotropical clade of the genus Cormocephalus. It includes most Neotropical representatives of the gervaisianus species-group (sensu Schileyko & Stagl 2004) united by nine diagnostic synapomorphies. Relations within the new subclade are analysed and its diagnosis is given.

Only a single blind species is known in the centipede family Scolopendridae, representing the monotypic genus Tonkinodentus Schileyko, 1992, from Vietnam. All of more than 400 other species have four ocelli on each side of the cephalic plate. A complex of three new blind species of the genus Cormocephalus Newport, 1844, is described from the subterranean fauna of the central Pilbara region of Western Australia. Phylogenies based on sequence data for the barcode region of COI and a concatenated matrix that also includes 12S rRNA, 28S rRNA and ITS2 unite the blind Pilbara species as a monophyletic group, albeit with moderate bootstrap support, informally named the C. sagmus species group. Cormocephalus sagmus, C. pyropygus and C. delta spp. nov. supplement 17 epigean congeners previously described from Australia. The new species are all morphologically similar, but can be distinguished using the shape and spinulation of the ultimate leg prefemur. Two additional genetically distinct lineages were recovered that are not described, owing to the specimens being immature or lacking diagnostic morphological characters. The subterranean radiation in the Pilbara is more closely related to species from forests in the south-west of Western Australia than to congeners from the arid zone. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6F67FD31-A373-4DC5-A5FD-374D32DEE02C

The taxonomic position of the monotypic Vietnamese genus Tonkinodentus Schileyko, 1992 (for T. lestes Schileyko, 1992) has been considered in the light of the first obtained molecular data. Both molecular (28S rRNA) and morphological data support the position of this extraordinary eye-less genus within the family Scolopendridae Leach, 1814, a sighted clade, and thus suggests the polyphyly of blind scolopendromorphs. The species diagnosis has been amended and color images of T. lestes provided for the first time.

115. Rhysida brasiliensis Kraepelin, 190��3 Fig. 14B Kraepelin 1903: 152, figs. 95, 96 (as Rhysida brasiliensis n. sp.) Type locality and specimens. Brasilien [Brazil] (Minhas Geraes, Espirito Santo), Argentinien [Argentina] (Neu- Freiburg [Nova Friburgo]), Paraguay. Dimensions. L��nge bis [length up to] 70 mm. Type material. Syntypes 6. BRAZIL: (ZMH-A0000656, ZMH-A0003221-3224), Minas Gerais and Esp��rito Santo States (mountain area in between) [ca. 18��49���S, 42��22���W]; (ZMH-A0003528), Rio de Janeiro State, Nova Friburgo (��� Neu Freiburg ���) [ca. 22��17���S, 42��32���W]. Preservation. 2 jars. Jar 1 (ZMH-A 0000656, ZMH-A 0003221-3224): Label 1. Gebirge zwischen Espiritō Santō und Minhas Ger��es. Brasilien. J. Michaelis leg. 1899. vend. 26.II.1900; Label 2. Rhysida brasiliensis Krpln Typus Espirito Santo Brasilien, Michaelis v. 26.II.00 (Kraepelin handwriting). Jar 2 (ZMH-A 0003528): Label 1. Heterostoma Neu Freiburg Wiengreen 9.II.97; Label 2. Rhysida Heterostoma brasiliensis Krpln Neu Freiburg Argentinien F. Wiengreen d. 9.II.1897 (Kraepelin handwriting). Old type catalogue. Weidner (1960), p. 70, No. 71. Syntypes 5, paratype 1. Taxonomic remarks. Kraepelin (1903) did not give the number of specimens in his original description and Weidner (1960: 70) listed 5 syntypes from Brazil, Esprito Santo and 1 paratype from Argentina, Neu-Freiburg. Additional material. There is an additional syntype from Paraguay at the ZMB (catalog no. 3614). Collection remarks. The specimens from Espir��to were collected by J. Michaelis and that from Nova Friburgo by the German trader Fritz Wiengreen (1834���1902). Current systematic position. Rhysida brasiliensis Kraepelin, 1903., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 20, 276 pp.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104."]}

123. Scolopendra fissispina L. Koch, 1865 L. Koch 1865: 891���892 (as Scolopendra fissispina) Type locality and specimens. Vorkommen [Occurrence]. Penang (Ostindien [East India]). Dimensions. L��nge des K��rpers: 0 m. 06 [body length 60 mm]. L��nge eines Schleppbeines: 0 m. 016 [length of a ultimate leg 16 mm]. Type material. Holotype (ZMH-A0003531). MALAYSIA: Penang State [Pulau Pinang] [ca. 5��26���N, 100��20���E]. Preservation. 1 jar: Label. Scolopendra subspinipes Leach var. fissipina L. Koch (pencil). Old type catalogue. Weidner (1960), p. 70, No. 78. Holotype. Taxonomic remarks. According to Kohlrausch (1879), Koch used a specimen from the Museum Godeffroy (No. 2030) for his description. Haase (1887: 46) referenced this specimen as one of the varieties of S. subspinipes (S. subspininipes: ���Var. Scol. Fissispina���), noting that he had other specimens from the museums in Leiden and Berlin that were collected in Sumatra. In contrast, Kraepelin (1903: 260) listed S. fissispina as a junior synonym of S. subspinipes, var. dehaani Brandt 1840, and critizised Haase���s division of S. subspinnipes into two varieties (Var. fissispina and Var. concolor) because he found both to overlap morphologically (Kraepelin 1903: 261). Haase also mentioned that his variety ���Var. Scol. Fissispina��� may actually deserve species rank (���Bei strengerer Fassung des Artbegriffes k��nnen diese Variet��ten auch als Spezies angesehen werden.���) but Kraepelin obviously did not agree with this assessment. Finally, Kronm��ller (2012) elevated S. subspinipes, var. dehaani to species level because it lacks ventral spines at the prefemur of the terminal legs that are present in subspinipes. Regardless of taxonomic assignments, the present specimen is the holotype of fissispina sensu Koch, 1865 and listed as such in the ZMH catalogue. Current systematic position. Scolopendra dehaani (Brandt, 1840) according to Kronm��ller (2012: 24)., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Koch, L. (1865) Beschreibungen neuer Arachniden und Myriapoden. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 15, 857 - 892.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104.","Kohlrausch, E. (1879) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Scolopendriden. Journal des Museum Godeffroy, 14, 51 - 74.","Haase, E. (1887) Die Indisch-Australischen Myriopoden. Pt. I. Chilopoden. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Koniglichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden, 1, 1 - 118.","Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 20, 276 pp.","Kronmuller, C. (2012) Review of the subspecies of Scolopendra subspinipes Leach, 1815 with the new description of the South Chinese member of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 named Scolopendra hainanum spec. nov. (Myriapoda, Chilopoda, Scolopendridae). Spixiana, 35, 19 - 27."]}

150��. Perustigmus alticolus Verhoeff, 1941 Verhoeff 1941: 64 (as P. alticolus n. sp.) Type locality and specimens. S��dperu [Southern Peru], Rio Sondondo, 2370 m, 18.4.1936; Sivia, 500 m, in Gartenerde [in garden soils]. Corrected in the reprint edition (Verhoeff, 1951) to Querobamba, 3560 m. Dimensions. 45 mm L��nge [length]. Type material. Syntypes 2. PERU: Ayacucho Region, Ri�� Sondono [ca. 13��56���S, 73��52���W]. Old type catalogue. Weidner (1960), p. 70, No, 69. Holotype. Collection remarks. The specimens were collected during the Hamburger S��dperu-Expedition in 1936. They are from R��o Sondondo in Ayacucho, Per��. Additional remarks. The specimen was destroyed by fire in World War II (Weidner 1960). Current systematic position. Junior synonym of Cormocephalus andinus (Kraus, 1957). Also note that the genus name Perustigmus is unavailable because it was proposed without designating a type species. Shelley & Chagas (2005: 179) placed it in the synonymy of Cormocephalus., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Verhoeff, K. W. (1941). Chilopoden und Diplopoden. In: Titschack, E. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Fauna Perus, Band I, C. Behre, Hamburg, pp. 5 - 72.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104.","Kraus, O. (1957) Myriapoden aus Peru, VI: Chilopoden. Senckenbergiana biologica, 38, 359 - 404.","Shelley, R. M. & Chagas Jr, A. (2005) Perustigmus and Perustigminae Verhoeff, 1941, invalid genus- and family-group names in the centipede family Scolopendridae (Scolopendromorpha). Entomological News, 115, 178 - 179."]}

132. Scolopendra subspinipes spinosissima Kraepelin, 190��3 Kraepelin 1903: 262���263 (as Scolopendra subspinipes var. spinosissima n. var.) Type locality and specimens. Philippinen. Mus. Paris. Dimensions. L��nge [length] 150 mm. Type material. Syntype (ZMH-A0000633). PHILIPPINES: Luzon Island, Manilia [ca. 14��36���N, 121�� 0���20���E]. Preservation. The specimen is presently on loan. Card file reads ���Phillippines, Manila, Mus. Paris Comm VI. 1903. Kraepelin���. Old type catalogue. Weidner (1960), p. 71, No. 86. Paratype. Collection remarks. The specimen came from the MNHN collections where additional types may be held. Current systematic position. Scolopendra spinosissima Kraepelin, 1903; elevated to species rank by Attems (1930: 31)., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on page 77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 20, 276 pp.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104.","Attems, C. (1930) Myriapoda. 2. Scolopendromorpha. Das Tierreich. 54, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin & Leipzig, 308 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112373002"]}

10��9. Otostigmus productus Karsch, 1884 Karsch 1884: 55���56 (as Otostigmus inermis Por. S. Thom��, Rolas) Type locality and specimens. S. Thom��, Rolas [S��o Tom��, Ilh��u da Rolas]. Dimensions. Neben zahlreichen normalen St��cken von ca. 49 mm Leibesl��nge ohne die Analbeine und mit Einmass derselben ca. 60 mm liegt von Rolas ein viel l��ngeres, ��brigens im Wesentlichen gleich gebildetes mon- str��ses Exemplar vor. Die K��rperl��nge betr��gt ca. 90, ohne Analbeine 80 mm. [Beside many normal specimens of 49 mm body length without ultimate legs and 60 mm including them, 1 huge and uniformly structured specimen from Rolas is available. The body length reaches ca. 90 mm, without ultimate legs 80 mm.]. Type material. Syntypes 14 (ZMH-A0000650, ZMH-A0009336-9348). S��O TOM�� AND PR��NCIPE: Ilh��u das Rolas (island) [ca. 0��00���S, 6��31���E]. Preservation. 1 jar: Label. Otostigmus inermis Por. muticus [Stein] productus Karsch St. Thom��, Coll. Greef, Mus. Marburg d. 1.IX.1901 Karsch det. Old type catalogue. Weidner (1960), p. 69, No. 63. Syntypes 8. Taxonomic remarks. Karsch (1884) did not give the number of specimens in his description and Weidner (1960: 69) listed 8 syntypes from St. Thom�� at ZMH although 14 are actually present. Additional material. There are syntypes from S��o Tom�� / Rolas Island at the ZMB (no. 926-27). Collection remarks. See Geophilus fossuliferus Karsch, 1884 for collection details. The specimens came from the Collection Greef at the Museum Marburg (Zoologische Sammlung der Universit��t Marburg). Current systematic position. Otostigmus productus Karsch, 1884., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Karsch, F. (1884) Myriapoda. In: Greeff, R. (Ed.), Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Beforderung der gesamten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg, 2, pp. 55 - 59.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104."]}

75. Cormocephalus elegans Kraepelin, 190��3 Kraepelin 1903: 206���207 (as Cormocephalus elegans n. sp.) Type locality and specimens. Transvaal (Lydenburg, Missionsstation Mphome). Dimensions. L��nge bis [length up to] 85 mm. Type material. Syntypes 3. SOUTH AFRICA: Mpumalanga Province: (ZMH-A0000589, ZMH-A0009267), Lydenburg (today Mashishing) [ca. 25��05���S, 30��26���E]; (ZMH-A0009268), Haenertsburg (Mphone Missionary Sta- tion) [ca. 23��56���S, 29��57���E]. Preservation. 2 jars. Jar 1 (ZMH-A 0000589, ZMH-A 0009267): Label. Cormoceph. elegans Krpln ex Typis Lydenburg Transvaal Mus. Berlin C. 25. V.03. (Kraepelin handwriting). Jar 2 (ZMH-A 0009268): Label. Cormo. elegans Krpln Mphome [���] Transvaal. Mus. Berlin 25. V.03. (Kraepelin handwriting). Old type catalogues. Weidner (1960), p. 65, No. 16. Paratypes 3. Type status. Weidner (1960: 65) listed 2 paratypes from Lydenburg and 1 paratype from the ��� Missionsstation Mphome ���. All specimens are syntypes. Additional material. There are syntypes from Transvaal at the ZMB (no. 3472, 3481���82, 3647). Collection remarks. The Mission Station Mphone, based in the South African town of Haenertsburg (near Lydenburg), was established by the Berliner Missionsgesellschaft. The specimens originate from the ZMB collections. Taxonomic remarks. Lawrence (1955: 159) synonymized this species as a subspecies of C. westwoodi (C. westwoodi elegans) which was synonymized with C. westwoodi by Koch (1983: 828). Current systematic position. Junior synonym of Cormocephalus westwoodi (Newport, 1844) according to Lawrence (1955)., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 20, 276 pp.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104.","Lawrence, R. F. (1955) A revision of the centipedes (Chilopoda) of Natal and Zululand. Annals of the Natal Museum, 13, 121 - 174.","Koch, L. E. (1983) Revision of the Australian centipedes of the genus Cormocephalus Newport (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae: Scolopendrinae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 31, 799 - 833. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / zo 9830799"]}

10��2. Otostigmus caraibicus Kraepelin, 190��3 Kraepelin 1903: 130 (as Otostigmus caraibicus n. sp.) Type locality and specimens. St. Thomas [Saint Thomas]. Dimensions. L��nge [length] 35 mm. Type material. Holotype (ZMH-A0000641). UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS: Saint Thomas Island [ca. 18��20���N, 64��53���W]. Preservation. 1 jar: Label 1. St. Thomas Calwood l. d. 28.III.98; Label 2. Otostigmus caraibicus Kraepelin (typewriting). Old type catalogue. Weidner (1960), p. 69, No. 56. Holotype. Current systematic position. Otostigmus caraibicus Kraepelin, 1903., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 20, 276 pp.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104."]}

82. Cormocephalus incongruens Kraepelin, 190��3 Kraepelin 1903: 200, fig. 132 (as Cormocephalus incongruens n. sp.) Type locality and specimens. Madagaskar (Abohimitomboo). 3 gleiche Exemplare [similar specimens]. Brit. Museum. Dimensions. L��nge [length] 70 mm. Type material. Syntype (ZMH-A0000599). MADAGASCAR: Ambrosita District, Ambohimitombo [ca. 20��43���S, 47��26���E]. Preservation. 1 jar: Label. Cormoc. incongruens Krpln ex typis Abohimi Tomboo Madagaskar. Mus. London 30. VI.03 (Kraepelin handwriting). Old type catalogues. Weidner (1960), p. 66, No. 22. Paratype. Collection remarks. The specimen comes from the BMNH where the remaining two syntypes are likely held. Current systematic position. Cormocephalus incongruens Kraepelin, 1903., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 20, 276 pp.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104."]}

149. Cormocephalus mediosulcatus Attems, 1928 Attems 1928: 285, figs 1���4 (as Cormocephalus mediosulcatus nov. spec.) Type locality and specimens. Brasilien [Brazil], Staat Grao Para, Insel [Isle] Marajo, Distrikt [District] Caldeirao [Caldeir��o]. Dimensions. (ohne Endbeine) [without terminal legs] 40 mm. Type material. Holotype. BRAZIL: Par�� State, Salvaterra [ca. 0��45���N, 48��31���W]. Old type catalogue. Weidner (960), p. 66, No. 26. Holotype. Remarks. The type is listed as present in Weidner (1960) and Kraepelin���s catalogue but actually lost. There is no record of how and when the specimen was lost but it is listed as lost (��� fehlt ���) on file card. The type locality probably refers to Vila De Caldeir��o in Salvaterra, Par��. Current systematic position. Cormocephalus mediosulcatus Attems, 1928., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Attems, C. (1928) Neue Scolopendriden der Museen Wien und Hamburg. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 78, 279 - 309.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104."]}

89. Cormocephalus pustulatus Kraepelin, 190��3 Kraepelin 1903: 189���190, fig. 127 (as Cormocephalus pustulatus n. sp.) Type locality and specimens. Neu-Kaledonien [New Caledonia] (Mus. Paris). Dimensions. L��nge [length] 65 mm. Type material. Syntype (ZMH-A0000609). CALEDONIA [ca. 22��16���S, 166��27���E for Noum��a]. No additional data. Preservation. 1 jar: Label. Cormoceph. pustulatus Krpln ex typis N.Caledonien Mus. Paris C. 18.X.03 (Kraepelin handwriting). Old type catalogue. Weidner (1960), p. 67, No. 31. Paratype. Type status. Only one specimen is measured in Kraepelin���s description (L��nge 65 mm). It is possible that the ZMH specimen is that specimen but an inventory of the MNHN collections is necessary to determine type status. Remarks. The specimen originates from the MNHN collections. Eug��ne Simon in Paris and Kraepelin frequently exchanged material and this is evident in the ZMH spider collections (Dup��rr�� & Harms 2018). It seems that Kraepelin sent spiders to Simon who was a well-known araneologist back then and Kraepelin received material of ��� Gliederspinnen ��� (arachnids with a segmented abdomen such as scorpions, whip spiders and whip scorpions) and centipedes for his monographs in return. Unfortunately, no personal communication (e.g., letters or notes) have been preserved at the ZMH that document the exchange. Current systematic position. Cormocephalus pustulatus Kraepelin, 1903., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 20, 276 pp.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104.","Duperre, N. & Harms, D. (2018) Raising the Dead: Rediscovery and redescription of some lost spider types (Araneae) described by Eugene Simon. Evolutionary Systematics, 2, 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / evolsyst. 2.24122"]}

111. Otostigmus silvestrii Kraepelin, 190��3 Kraepelin 1903: 126���127, figs. 66, 67. (as Otostigmus silvestrii n. sp.) Type locality and specimens. Ecuador (Pifo). Dimensions. L��nge bis [length up to] 50 mm. Type material. Syntypes 1♂, 1♀ (ZMH-A0000648, ZMH-A0009349). ECUADOR: Pichincha Province, Pifo [ca. 0��14���S, 78��20���W]. Preservation. 1 jar: Label. Otostigmus silvestrii Krpln ex Typis Pifo Ecuador Dr. Silvestri d. 15. VI.03. (Kraepelin handwriting). Old type catalogue. Weidner (1960), p. 69, No. 65. Holotype ♂, paratype ♀. Current systematic position. Otostigmus silvestrii Kraepelin, 1903., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 20, 276 pp.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104."]}

78. Cormocephalus flavescens Kraepelin, 190��3 Kraepelin 1903: 191, fig. 128 (as Cormocephalus flavescens n. sp.) Type locality and specimens. Zentral-Madagskar. 1 Exemplar (Museum Hamburg). Dimensions. L��nge [length] 28 mm (wohl. Juv. [probably juvenile]). Type material. Holotype (ZMH-A 0000591). MADAGASCAR: central Madagascar [ca. 18��46���S, 46��52���E]. Preservation. 1 jar: Label. Cormoceph. flavescens Krpl. Typus Centr. Madagaskar Hildebrandt l. 1903 (Kraepelin handwriting). Old type catalogues. Weidner (1960), p. 65, No. 19. Holotype. Current systematic position. Cormocephalus flavescens Kraepelin, 1903., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 20, 276 pp.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104."]}